| dna hybridization evidence of hominoid phylogeny: a reanalysis of the data. | sibley and ahlquist (1984, 1987) presented the results of a study of 514 dna-dna hybrids among the hominoids and old world monkeys (cercopithecidae). they concluded that the branching order of the living hominoid lineages, from oldest to most recent, was gibbons, orangutan, gorilla, chimpanzees, and human. thus, a chimpanzee-human clade was indicated, rather than the chimpanzee-gorilla clade usually suggested from morphological evidence. the positions of the gibbon and orangutan branches in the ... | 1990 | 2109085 |
| characterization of cr1- and membrane cofactor protein-like proteins of two primates. | we have identified and characterized c3b binding proteins of two primates, orangutan (pongo pygmaeus) and gorilla (gorilla gorilla). detergent solubilized 125i surface-labeled e and pbmc were subjected to affinity chromatography with homologous or human ic3/c3b. these ligands bound a 225,000 single chain protein from orangutan e and pbmc and a 220,000 protein from gorilla e. proteins of the same mr were immunoprecipitated by a rabbit polyclonal and two murine mab to the human cr1 (cd35). the c3b ... | 1990 | 2140391 |
| intron-exon organization of the active human protein s gene ps alpha and its pseudogene ps beta: duplication and silencing during primate evolution. | the human protein s locus on chromosome 3 consists of two protein s genes, ps alpha and ps beta. here we report the cloning and characterization of both genes. fifteen exons of the ps alpha gene were identified that together code for protein s mrna as derived from the reported protein s cdnas. analysis by primer extension of liver protein s mrna, however, reveals the presence of two mrna forms that differ in the length of their 5'-noncoding region. both transcripts contain a 5'-noncoding region ... | 1990 | 2148111 |
| novel use of a chimpanzee pseudogene for chromosomal mapping of human cytochrome c oxidase subunit iv. | we have isolated a chimpanzee processed pseudogene for subunit iv of cytochrome c oxidase (cox; ec 1.9.3.1) by screening a chimpanzee genomic library in lambda charon 32 with a bovine liver cdna encoding cox subunit iv (cox iv), and localized it to a 1.9-kb hindiii fragment. southern-blot analysis of genomic dna from five primates showed that dnas from human, gorilla, and chimpanzee each contained the 1.9-kb pseudogene fragment, whereas orangutan and pigtail macaque monkey dna did not. this resu ... | 1990 | 2157630 |
| regional chromosomal assignment of the human mineralocorticoid receptor gene to 4q31.1. | the gene for human mineralocorticoid receptor (hmr), previously mapped to chromosome 4, has been further localized to 4q31.1 by in situ hybridization using a biotinylated 3.75 kb human cdna clone encoding the primary amino acid sequence of hmr as a probe. preliminary comparative mapping studies in orangutan (pongo pygmaeus) suggest localization of the probe to the long arm of chromosome 3. | 1990 | 2162806 |
| molecular genetic divergence of orang utan (pongo pygmaeus) subspecies based on isozyme and two-dimensional gel electrophoresis. | the orang utan (pongo pygmaeus), as currently recognized, includes two geographically separated subspecies: pongo pygmaeus pygmaeus, which resides on borneo, and p. p. abelii, which inhabits sumatra. at present, there is no known route of gene flow between the two populations except through captive individuals which have been released back into the wild over the last several decades. the two subspecies are differentiated by morphological and behavioral characters, and they can be distinguished b ... | 1990 | 2230076 |
| structure and evolution of the u2 small nuclear rna multigene family in primates: gene amplification under natural selection? | the organization of u2 genes was compared in apes, old world monkeys, and the prosimian galago. in humans and all apes (gibbon, orangutan, gorilla, and chimpanzee), the u2 genes were organized as a tandem repeat of a 6-kb element; however, the restriction maps of the 6-kb elements in these divergent species differed slightly, demonstrating that mechanisms must exist for maintaining sequence homogeneity within this tandem array. in old world monkeys, the u2 genes were organized as a tandem repeat ... | 1990 | 2233721 |
| specificity of rheumatoid factors in relation to the disease state in rheumatoid arthritis. | rheumatoid factors found in patients with rheumatoid arthritis react with human igg and with igg from some other species. the levels of rheumatoid factor give some indication of prognosis, albeit a rather poor one in this highly variable disease. the high degree of variability may, in part, be due to differences in the fine specificity of the rheumatoid factor in each individual patient, leading to differences in the types of immune complex formed. to study this hypothesis the fine specificity o ... | 1990 | 2241264 |
| the lamina propria of vertebrate seminiferous tubules: a comparative light and electron microscopic investigation. | the lamina propria of the seminiferous tubules was compared by means of light and electron microscopy in specimens obtained from the following vertebrates: mute swan, northern mallard, blackbird, grey short-tailed opossum, north american opossum, european rabbit, mouse, rat, golden hamster, mini pig, bull, llama, roebuck, horse, coati, cat, dog, java monkey, orang utan. the lamina propria consists of basal lamina, ground substance, collagen fibers, fibroblasts and myofibroblasts. myofibroblasts ... | 1990 | 2281881 |
| common fragile sites in man and three closely related primate species. | the expression of common fragile sites was studied in peripheral lymphocytes of man, gorilla, chimpanzee, and orangutan after induction with aphidicolin, methotrexate, or fluorodeoxyuridine. as far as the chromosomal localization is concerned, it appears that many of these sites have been highly conserved during primate evolution. however, differences were found in the relative expression of certain sites. in all four species, mapping of approximately 500 lesions disclosed the most breakage-pron ... | 1990 | 2323227 |
| ribosomal rna gene sequences and hominoid phylogeny. | sequences totaling 3,500 bases from the 28s rrna gene and from one of the ribosomal internal transcribed spacers (its1) have been determined for human, chimpanzee (pan troglodytes), gorilla (gorilla gorilla), and orangutan (pongo pygmaeus). analyses of the rrna alignments show (1) a clustering of substitutions in the "variable regions" of the 28s gene, (2) a 1.5-3-fold increase in divergence in the transcribed spacer over that in the exon, and (3) that human and chimpanzee are the most closely r ... | 1990 | 2359361 |
| evolution of the glycophorin gene family in the hominoid primates. | analysis of nucleotide sequences of the human glycophorin a (gpa) and glycophorin b (gpb) genes has indicated that the gpa gene most closely resembles the ancestral gene, whereas the gpb gene likely arose from the gpa gene by homologous recombination. to study the evolution of the glycophorin gene family in the hominoid primates, restricted dna on southern blots from man, pygmy chimpanzee, common chimpanzee, gorilla, orangutan, and gibbon was probed with cdna fragments encoding the human gpa and ... | 1990 | 2383247 |
| isolation and characterization of a rat delta-aminolevulinate dehydratase processed pseudogene. | southern blot analysis of genomic dna from different strains of rat indicated that there were multiple copies of the gene encoding the second enzyme of the heme biosynthetic pathway, delta-aminolevulinate dehydratase (ala-d). two types of genomic clones were isolated from a sprague-dawley rat library. one appears to be the expressed gene, whereas the nucleotide sequence of the other suggests that it contains an ala-d processed pseudogene because (1) there are no introns, (2) there are multiple m ... | 1990 | 2387590 |
| heterochromatin in the chromosomes of the gorilla: characterization with distamycin a/dapi, d287/170, chromomycin a3, quinacrine, and 5-azacytidine. | the chromosomes of the gorilla were extensively studied with various staining techniques labeling the different classes of heterochromatin. the chromosomal distribution of distamycin a/dapi-, d287/170-, quinacrine-, and chromomycin a3-positive heterochromatic regions, as well as the nucleolus organizer regions, is described and compared with the karyotypes of other hominoid species. lymphocyte cultures were treated with low doses of 5-azacytidine during the last hours of culture. this cytidine a ... | 1986 | 2420535 |
| epitope expression on primate lymphocyte surface antigens. | the cross-reactivity of peripheral blood mononuclear cells from 28 nonhuman primates was investigated with ten kinds of leu series of monoclonal antibodies specific to human t-, natural killer/killer-, and b-cells. the chimpanzees possessed all ten epitopes examined but the orangutan lacked leu4 and leu7 epitopes and the gibbons lacked leu4, leu7, and leu12 epitopes. in addition to the above epitopes, the old world monkeys lacked leu1 and leu10 epitopes. the leu3a/leu2a cell ratios varied from 0 ... | 1986 | 2426451 |
| characterization of a monoclonal antibody to a conserved epitope on human seminal vesicle-specific peptides: a novel probe/marker system for semen identification. | a novel sperm-coating antigen from the human seminal vesicles was discovered. we identified a monoclonal antibody mhs-5, recognizing an epitope with characteristics of a forensic semen marker: conservation in all vasectomized or normal semen samples tested (421); absence in all human tissues or biological fluids other than semen; and immunolocalization on the surface of ejaculated sperm. western blots of ejaculates allowed to liquefy for 5 min demonstrated the mhs-5 epitope to be located on pept ... | 1986 | 2431723 |
| a unique epitope on human serum albumin recognized by monoclonal antibody hsa-1: a probe for identification of the human origin of blood or tissue. | a panel of monoclonal antibodies was raised against human serum albumin from fusions of balb/c splenocytes and sp2/0-ag14 murine myeloma cells. this panel was screened against purified albumins from 21 species including chimpanzee, gorilla, and orangutan. a monoclonal antibody (hsa-1) specific for human albumin was identified. the epitope recognized by hsa-1 was shown to be conserved in all human blood samples tested. a double antibody elisa assay was developed using biotinylated hsa-1 as the sp ... | 1987 | 2437011 |
| nuclear dna-binding proteins determined by the epstein-barr virus-related simian lymphotropic herpesviruses h. gorilla, h. pan, h. pongo and h. papio. | nuclear dna-binding proteins were extracted from lymphoblastoid cell lines transformed with epstein-barr virus (ebv) or with the related lymphotropic herpesviruses of gorilla (herpesvirus gorilla), chimpanzee (h. pan), baboon (h. papio) or orang-utan (h. pongo). they were immunoblotted with the sera of all four simian species in comparison with ebv antibody-positive human sera. eight nuclear proteins were identified, and were designated gona-1 and gona-2 for h. gorilla-determined nuclear antigen ... | 1987 | 2438377 |
| three distinct epitopes of the human msk20 cell surface antigen are expressed on human and nonhuman primate cells. | five monoclonal antibodies which indirectly agglutinate human rbc were isolated and designated 2d8, 4e12, 4h10, 5a8, and 5h5. expression of the antigen defined by 2d8 was 100% concordant with the presence of human chromosome 19 in a panel of human-chinese hamster somatic cell hybrids. secondary clones isolated from antigen positive hybrids exposed to antibody 2d8 and complement were shown to have lost both the cell surface antigen and chromosome 19. small terminal deletions of 19p were observed ... | 1987 | 2443846 |
| primate involucrins: antigenic relatedness and detection of multiple forms. | hominoid apes (gorilla, chimpanzee, orangutan, gibbon), old world monkeys (rhesus, cynomolgus), new world monkeys (owl, cebus), and a prosimian (lemur) express involucrin-like proteins in cultured keratinocytes. primate involucrins can be precipitated with trichloroacetic acid, resolubilized at ph 8, and subsequently retain aqueous solubility in 67% ethanol. polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of keratinocyte extracts after this rapid partial purification has revealed in each species tested one ( ... | 1987 | 2444982 |
| evaluation of the maximum likelihood estimate of the evolutionary tree topologies from dna sequence data, and the branching order in hominoidea. | a maximum likelihood method for inferring evolutionary trees from dna sequence data was developed by felsenstein (1981). in evaluating the extent to which the maximum likelihood tree is a significantly better representation of the true tree, it is important to estimate the variance of the difference between log likelihood of different tree topologies. bootstrap resampling can be used for this purpose (hasegawa et al. 1988; hasegawa and kishino 1989), but it imposes a great computation burden. to ... | 1989 | 2509717 |
| concerted evolution of alpha satellite dna: evidence for species specificity and a general lack of sequence conservation among alphoid sequences of higher primates. | we investigated relationships among alpha satellite dna families in the human, gorilla, chimpanzee, and orangutan genomes by filter hybridization with cloned probes which correspond to chromosome-specific alpha satellite dnas from at least 12 different human chromosomes. these include representatives of both the dimer-based and pentamer-based subfamilies, the two major subfamilies of human alpha satellite. in addition, we evaluated several high-copy dimer-based probes isolated from gorilla genom ... | 1989 | 2515043 |
| lipoprotein(a) in nonhuman primates. presence and characteristics of lp(a) immunoreactive materials using anti-human lp(a) serum. | lipoprotein(a) (lp(a] immunoreactive materials were examined in serum samples from 77 nonhuman primates of 24 species by ouchterlony's double diffusion procedure and an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa) using rabbit antisera to human lp(a). the precipitates obtained with sera from orang-utan and chimpanzee formed reactions of complete identity with the lp(a) precipitate with human serum. when sera from old world monkeys and human subjects were tested in wells next to each other, spurs de ... | 1989 | 2527036 |
| serological evidence for variation in the incidence of herpesvirus infections in different species of apes. | sera from captive lowland gorillas, chimpanzees, orangutans, and gibbons were screened by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa) for antibody to herpesviruses serologically related to human herpes simplex virus types 1 and 2 (hsv-1, hsv-2), a baboon virus (sa8), and a macaque herpesvirus (b virus). the incidence of herpesvirus antibodies varied considerably among the different species, gorillas having the highest incidence of seropositivity (65.4%) and orangutans the lowest. the virus specifi ... | 1989 | 2546978 |
| primate evolution of a human chromosome 1 hypervariable repetitive element. | the clone designated hmf #1 represents a clustered dna family, located on chromosome 1, consisting of tandem arrays displaying a monomeric length of 40 bp and a repetition frequency of approximately 7 x 10(3) copies per haploid genome. the sequence hmf #1 reveals multiple restriction fragment length polymorphisms (rflps) when human genomic dna is digested with a variety of 4-6-bp recognition sequence restriction enzymes (i.e., taq i, eco ri, pst i, etc.). when hamster and mouse genomic dna was d ... | 1989 | 2564437 |
| the ontogeny of sexual dimorphism in the cranium of bornean orang-utans (pongo pygmaeus pygmaeus): i. univariate analyses. | based on a homogeneous sample of 212 individuals spanning all postnatal age periods, we examine the ontogeny of cranial sexual dimorphism in bornean orang-utans (pongo pygmaeus pygmaeus) by means of univariate statistics. a distinct pattern emerges at the early juvenile stage and continues at all subsequent stages with males tending to exceed females in all cranial dimensions. in conjunction, starting at mid-juvenile stage, there is a strong tendency for an increase in number and strength of sig ... | 1989 | 2603467 |
| molecular phylogeny of the family of apes and humans. | the morphological picture of primate phylogeny has not unambiguously identified the nearest outgroup of anthropoidea and has not resolved the branching pattern within hominoidea. the molecular picture provides more resolution and clarifies the systematics of hominoidea. protein and dna evidence divides hominoidea into hylobatidae (gibbons) and hominidae, family hominidae into ponginae (orangutan) and homininae, and subfamily homininae into two tribes, one for gorilla, and the other for pan (chim ... | 1989 | 2687100 |
| the involucrin gene of the orangutan: generation of the late region as an evolutionary trend in the hominoids. | in the evolutionary line leading to the higher primates, the coding region of the involucrin gene evolved a segment consisting of numerous repeats of a 10-codon sequence. additions to this segment of repeats have been made successively, thus generating regions that can be defined as early, middle, and late. the involucrin gene of the orangutan (pongo pygmaeus abelii) possesses a segment of repeats whose early region has the same repeat structure as that in other anthropoids. the middle region is ... | 1989 | 2796727 |
| stereophotogrammetric analysis of occlusal morphology of extant hominoid molars: phenetics and function. | because teeth are commonly preserved in the fossil record, dental remains have often been employed in estimating evolutionary relationships among fossil hominoids. this is appropriate, however, only to the extent that dental morphology is phylogenetically informative. i have used phenetic analytic techniques to assess whether hominoid molars are likely to be useful for phylogenetic inference. thirty-four occlusal landmarks for first and second molars were chosen; seven on each maxillary and ten ... | 1989 | 2801908 |
| evolution of four human y chromosomal unique sequences. | four cloned unique sequences from the human y chromosome, two of which are found only on the y chromosome and two of which are on both the x and y chromosomes, were hybridized to restriction enzyme-treated dna samples of a male and a female chimpanzee (pan troglodytes), gorilla (gorilla gorilla), and pig-tailed macaque (macaca nemestrina); and a male orangutan (pongo pygmaeus) and gibbon (hylobates lar). one of the human y-specific probes hybridized only to male dna among the humans and great ap ... | 1987 | 2822940 |
| the spider monkey psi eta-globin gene and surrounding sequences: recent or ancient insertions of lines and sines? | a phylogenetic comparison of the psi eta-globin dna sequence of the spider monkey (ateles geoffroyi) to orthologous sequences from other primates provides evidence for an evolutionarily recent (less than 17 million years ago (mya] insertion of a truncated l1 line (long interspersed repetitive element). an alu sine (short interspersed element), found 3 kb downstream of the poly(a) addition site, arose less than 40 mya subsequent to the divergence of platyrrhinies (new world monkeys) from catarrhi ... | 1988 | 2852163 |
| the capacity of animals to acquire language: do species differences have anything to say to us? | following the gardners' discovery that an ape named washoe could learn to produce and combine a number of hand movements similar to those used by deaf human beings, a variety of 'ape-language projects' sprang up. some projects used different symbol systems, others used different training techniques, and others used different species of apes. while debate still rages regarding the appropriate way to interpret the symbolic productions of apes, three species of great apes (gorilla, orangutan, and c ... | 1985 | 2858874 |
| methods for computing the standard errors of branching points in an evolutionary tree and their application to molecular data from humans and apes. | statistical methods for computing the standard errors of the branching points of an evolutionary tree are developed. these methods are for the unweighted pair-group method-determined (upgma) trees reconstructed from molecular data such as amino acid sequences, nucleotide sequences, restriction-sites data, and electrophoretic distances. they were applied to data for the human, chimpanzee, gorilla, orangutan, and gibbon species. among the four different sets of data used, dna sequences for an 895- ... | 1985 | 2897060 |
| orangutan tool use. | | 1989 | 2911726 |
| anomalous and selective dna mutations of the old world monkey alpha-globin genes. | it has been a widely accepted hypothesis that the molecular clock slows down during evolution of higher primates. by molecular cloning and nucleotide sequence comparison of a rhesus macaque alpha-globin gene to its homologs in man, orangutan, olive baboon, and other mammals, we demonstrate a burst of evolution of the baboon alpha-globin gene since its separation from the rhesus macaque. this mutation burst has occurred only at the nonsynonymous sites but not the synonymous sites. its magnitude i ... | 1989 | 2919180 |
| nucleotide sequences of immunoglobulin-epsilon pseudogenes in man and apes and their phylogenetic relationships. | to understand the phylogenetic relationships between hominoids, the nucleotide sequences of immunoglobulin-epsilon processed pseudogenes from chimpanzee, gorilla and orangutan were determined. the basic structures of these processed pseudogenes agreed with their human counterpart. although the degrees of nucleotide differences between man and the african apes had no statistical significance, all the analytical data examined supported the theory that chimpanzee is the closest relative of man. thi ... | 1989 | 2926810 |
| twofold cuznsod activity suggesting homozygous submicroscopic duplication of chromosome 21 in the orangutan. | a twofold cuznsod activity was observed in an orangutan as compared to man and a chimpanzee. this suggests that a submicroscopic duplication of chromosome 21 (similar to those demonstrated in patients with the trisomy 21 phenotype but with a normal karyotype) has occurred in the homozygous state during evolution of the orangutan phylum. such duplications could be important evolutionary mechanisms, together with visible chromosome rearrangements and classical gene mutations. | 1988 | 2969695 |
| the pattern of restriction enzyme-induced banding in the chromosomes of chimpanzee, gorilla, and orangutan and its evolutionary significance. | the pattern of banding induced by five restriction enzymes in the chromosome complement of chimpanzee, gorilla, and orangutan is described and compared with that of humans. the g banding pattern induced by hae iii was the only feature common to the four species. although hominid species show almost complete chromosomal homology, the restriction enzyme c banding pattern differed among the species studied. hinf i did not induce banding in chimpanzee chromosomes, and rsa i did not elicit banding in ... | 1985 | 3003371 |
| the alu i-induced bands in metaphase chromosomes of orangutan (pongo pygmaeus). implications for the distribution pattern of highly repetitive dna sequences. | restriction endonucleases have been recently proved to be active on fixed chromosomes, thus they are useful in chromatin structure studies. within this class of enzymes, alu i is able to detect the presence and localization of highly repetitive dna sequences in human and in other mammalian and dipteran species. in this paper the pattern obtained on fixed metaphase chromosomes of orangutan (pongo pygmaeus) by alu i digestion and giemsa staining is shown. the results are discussed in the light of ... | 1986 | 3007330 |
| sequence organization and genomic complexity of primate theta 1 globin gene, a novel alpha-globin-like gene. | the alpha-like and beta-like globin genes have provided a paradigm for the study of molecular evolution and regulation of multigene families in eukaryotes. the human alpha-globin gene cluster, which is on chromosome 16 (ref. 1), consists of six genes arranged in the order 5'-zeta(embryonic)-psi zeta-psi alpha 2-psi alpha 1-alpha 2(adult)-alpha 1(adult)-3'. dna sequencing data have demonstrated that zeta (ref. 6) and alpha 2 (or alpha 1, refs 7-9) are the embryonic and adult genes, respectively, ... | 1986 | 3012370 |
| insertion and/or deletion of many repeated dna sequences in human and higher ape evolution. | the total numbers of copies of two repeat families, l1 (kpn i) and alu, have been measured in the dna of four higher apes by an accurate titration method. the number of members of the alu family repeats in the four genomes are as follows: human, 910,000; chimpanzee, 330,000; gorilla, 410,000; orangutan, 580,000. for the kpn i family (3'-ward higher frequency region) the number of copies in these genomes are as follows: human, 107,000; chimpanzee, 51,000; gorilla, 64,000; orangutan, 84,000. therm ... | 1986 | 3012536 |
| nucleotide sequence and evolution of the orangutan epsilon globin gene region and surrounding alu repeats. | we have mapped and sequenced the epsilon globin gene and seven surrounding alu repeat sequences in the orangutan beta globin gene cluster and have compared these and other orangutan sequences to orthologously related human sequences. noncoding flanking and intron sequences, synonymous sites of alpha, gamma, and epsilon globin coding regions, and alu sequences in human and orangutan diverge by 3.2%, 2.7%, and 3.7%, respectively. these values compare to 3.6% from dna hybridizations and 3.4% from t ... | 1986 | 3031321 |
| leukocyte migration inhibition detects cross-reacting antigens between cells transformed by epstein-barr virus (ebv) and ebv-like simian viruses. | the leukocyte migration inhibition (lmi) technique was used to measure the t cell-mediated immune response of epstein-barr-virus (ebv)-seropositive human donors to antigens associated with b cell lines of simian origin, transformed by simian ebv-like viruses, herpesvirus papio (hvp), h. pan, h. gorilla and h. pongo. extracts of cell lines carrying three of the four simian viruses (from gorilla, chimpanzee and orangutan) induced a positive lmi response, whereas lines carrying baboon-derived hvp w ... | 1986 | 3034820 |
| orangutan fetal globin genes. nucleotide sequence reveal multiple gene conversions during hominid phylogeny. | we have determined the nucleotide sequences of the linked gamma 1- and gamma 2- fetal globin genes from a single orangutan (pongo pygmaeus) chromosome and compared them with the corresponding genes of other simian primates (gamma 1- and gamma 2-genes of human, chimpanzee, gorilla, and the single gamma-gene of the spider monkey). previous studies have indicated that the two gamma-gene loci in catarrhine primates resulted from a duplication about 25-35 million years ago. however, comparisons of al ... | 1987 | 3034897 |
| the l1 family (kpni family) sequence near the 3' end of human beta-globin gene may have been derived from an active l1 sequence. | we previously reported that some l1 family (kpni family) members are closely associated with the alu family sequence. to understand the details of the l1-alu association, the structure of a l1-alu unit downstream from the beta-globin gene was compared between human and primates. the results revealed that the l1-alu-associated sequence was formed by the insertion of the l1 sequence, t beta g41, into the 3' poly a tract of the preexisting alu family sequence. it was estimated that the t beta g41 s ... | 1987 | 3035487 |
| differences of superoxide production in blood leukocytes stimulated with thymol between human and non-human primates. | thymol induced superoxide production (o2-) by blood leukocytes was examined in various primates including man. leukocytes of chimpanzee and hamadryas baboon cells showed only 35% of the maximal o2- production rate obtained in human cells, and those of the japanese monkey and orang-utan failed to respond. in contrast, when cells were stimulated with 12-o-tetradecanoyl phorbol acetate, no significant difference in the o2- production rate was observed between human and monkey cells except for chimp ... | 1987 | 3041150 |
| sexual aggression in the great apes. | species-typical frequencies of copulation during the menstrual cycle differ among common chimpanzee, orang-utan, and gorilla, but all three species exhibit a midcycle enhancement associated with estrus. thus, in the natural habitat, chimpanzees mate for 10-14 days, orang-utans for 5-6 days, and gorillas for 2-3 days. in traditional laboratory pair-tests, however, conducted in a single cage with both animals freely accessible to each other, all three species of great apes copulate more frequently ... | 1988 | 3048166 |
| recent gene conversion between genes encoding human red and green visual pigments. | nucleotide sequences of the human x-linked red and green pigment genes were compared, and the number of silent substitutions per site (ksc) between these genes was analysed in comparison with the corresponding values of primate genes. taking the retarded mutation rate of x-linked genes into consideration (miyata et al., 1987), the red and green pigment genes were shown to have undergone gene conversion at around the time of separation of african apes and orangutan. thus the recent gene conversio ... | 1988 | 3078877 |
| an evolutionary conserved early replicating segment on the sex chromosomes of man and the great apes. | replication studies on prometaphase chromosomes of man, the chimpanzee, the pygmy chimpanzee, the gorilla, and the orangutan reveal great interspecific homologies between the autosomes. the early replicating x chromosomes clearly show a high degree of conservation of both the pattern and the time course of replication. an early replicating segment on the short arm of the x chromosomes of man (xp22.3) which escapes inactivation can be found on the x chromosomes of the great apes as well. furtherm ... | 1986 | 3096642 |
| nucleotide sequences of immunoglobulin epsilon genes of chimpanzee and orangutan: dna molecular clock and hominoid evolution. | to determine the phylogenetic relationships among hominoids and the dates of their divergence, the complete nucleotide sequences of the constant region of the immunoglobulin epsilon-chain (c epsilon 1) genes from chimpanzee and orangutan have been determined. these sequences were compared with the human epsilon-chain constant-region sequence. a molecular clock (silent molecular clock), measured by the degree of sequence divergence at the synonymous (silent) positions of protein-encoding regions, ... | 1987 | 3103123 |
| the number of nucleotides required to determine the branching order of three species, with special reference to the human-chimpanzee-gorilla divergence. | a mathematical theory for computing the probabilities of various nucleotide configurations among related species is developed, and the probability of obtaining the correct tree (topology) from nucleotide sequence data is evaluated using models of evolutionary trees that are close to the tree of mitochondrial dnas from human, chimpanzee, gorilla, orangutan, and gibbon. special attention is given to the number of nucleotides required to resolve the branching order among the three most closely rela ... | 1986 | 3104615 |
| a molecular phylogeny of the hominoid primates as indicated by two-dimensional protein electrophoresis. | a molecular phylogeny for the hominoid primates was constructed by using genetic distances from a survey of 383 radiolabeled fibroblast polypeptides resolved by two-dimensional electrophoresis (2de). an internally consistent matrix of nei genetic distances was generated on the basis of variants in electrophoretic position. the derived phylogenetic tree indicated a branching sequence, from oldest to most recent, of cercopithecoids (macaca fascicularis), gibbon-siamang, orangutan, gorilla, and hum ... | 1987 | 3106965 |
| phylogenetic relations of humans and african apes from dna sequences in the psi eta-globin region. | sequences from the upstream and downstream flanking dna regions of the psi eta-globin locus in pan troglodytes (common chimpanzee), gorilla gorilla (gorilla), and pongo pygmaeus (orangutan, the closest living relative to homo, pan, and gorilla) provided further data for evaluating the phylogenetic relations of humans and african apes. these newly sequenced orthologs [an additional 4.9 kilobase pairs (kbp) for each species] were combined with published psi eta-gene sequences and then compared to ... | 1987 | 3116671 |
| man's place in hominoidea as inferred from molecular clocks of dna. | divergence dates among primates were estimated by molecular clock analysis of dna sequence data. a molecular clock of eta-globin pseudogene was calibrated by setting the date of divergence between catarrhini and platyrrhini at 38 million years (myr) ago. the clock gave dates of 25.3 +/- 2.4, 11.9 +/- 1.7, 5.9 +/- 1.2, and 4.9 +/- 1.2 myr ago ( +/- refers to standard error) for the separation of rhesus monkey, orangutan, gorilla, and chimpanzee, respectively, from the line leading to humans. in p ... | 1987 | 3125331 |
| dna hybridization evidence of hominoid phylogeny: results from an expanded data set. | the living hominoids are human, the two species of chimpanzees, gorilla, orangutan, and nine species of gibbons. the cercopithecoids (old world monkeys) are the sister group of the hominoids. a consensus about the phylogeny of the hominoids has been reached for the branching order of the gibbons (earliest) and the orangutan (next earliest), but the branching order among gorilla, chimpanzees, and human remains in contention. in 1984 we presented dna-dna hybridization data, based on 183 dna hybrid ... | 1987 | 3125341 |
| a human-derived probe, p82h, hybridizes to the centromeres of gorilla, chimpanzee, and orangutan. | a human-derived centromeric sequence, p82h, hybridizes to dna from gorilla, chimpanzee, pygmy chimpanzee, and orangutan. on dna blots, multimeric ladders based on 170 or 340 bp repeat units are seen. in metaphase chromosome preparations from these species, p82h hybridizes to the centromeric region of every chromosome. p82h forms less stable hybrids with dna from the lion-tailed macaque and does not hybridize to dna or chromosomes of the owl monkey or the mouse. | 1988 | 3133178 |
| higher-primate phylogeny--why can't we decide? | at present, no definitive agreement on either the correct branching order or differential rates of evolution among the higher primates exists, despite the accumulated integration of decades of morphological, immunological, protein and nucleic acid sequence data, and numerous reasonable theoretical models for the analysis, interpretation, and understanding of those data. of the three distinct unrooted phylogenetic trees, that joining human with chimpanzee and the gorilla with the orangutan is cur ... | 1988 | 3133535 |
| molecular systematics of higher primates: genealogical relations and classification. | we obtained 5' and 3' flanking sequences (5.4 kilobase pairs) from the psi eta-globin gene region of the rhesus macaque (macaca mulatta) and combined them with available nucleotide data. the completed sequence, representing 10.8 kilobase pairs of contiguous noncoding dna, was compared to the same orthologous regions available for human (homo sapiens, as represented by five different alleles), common chimpanzee (pan troglodytes), gorilla (gorilla gorilla), and orangutan (pongo pygmaeus). the nucl ... | 1988 | 3174657 |
| ligament of the head of the femur in the orangutan and indian elephant. | a literature search revealed that for over 100 years there has been a consensus that the ligament of the head of the femur (lhf) is absent in the orangutan and elephant. a dissection of the hip joints of an adult orangutan and an adult indian elephant exposed, in each joint, a robust lhf that is functionally important. these lhfs are easily overlooked during a cursory examination of the hip joints because of the way they differ from the human lhf. | 1988 | 3201784 |
| isozymes as bioprobes for genetic analysis of nonhuman primates. | the identification and the utilization of genetically determined electrophoretic differences of enzymes between the individuals of species as well as between cell lines have played an important role in the advancement of mammalian genetics during the past quarter of a century. in an explicit search we found a number of red cell enzyme polymorphisms in each of the following four species: chimpanzees, orang utans, rhesus monkeys and brown capuchins. allelic distribution patterns among populations ... | 1987 | 3333351 |
| chromosome phylogenies of man, great apes, and old world monkeys. | the karyotypes of man and of the closely related pongidae--chimpanzee, gorilla, and orangutan--differ by a small number of well known rearrangements, mainly pericentric inversions and one fusion which reduced the chromosome number from 48 in the pongidae to 46 in man. dutrillaux et al. (1973, 1975, 1979) reconstructed the chromosomal phylogeny of the entire primate order. more and more distantly related species were compared thus moving backward in evolution to the common ancestors of the pongid ... | 1987 | 3333352 |
| molecular evolution of intergenic dna in higher primates: pattern of dna changes, molecular clock, and evolution of repetitive sequences. | a 3.1-kb intergenic dna fragment located between the psi beta-globin and delta-globin genes in the beta-globin gene cluster was cloned from gorilla, orangutan, rhesus monkey, and spider monkey, and the nucleotide sequence of each fragment was determined. the phylogeny of these four sequences, together with two previously published allelic sequences from humans and one from chimpanzee, was constructed, and the accumulation of mutations in the region was analyzed. the sites of base substitutions a ... | 1988 | 3357413 |
| monoclonal antibodies to different sites on human transcobalamin ii. | two igg1k monoclonal antibodies to human transcobalamin ii (tc ii) were generated. these antibodies, 16.1 and 16.6, did not cross-react with the other two types of human cobalamin-binding proteins, intrinsic factor and r binder (tc i). both antibodies cross-reacted with orangutan and simiang tc ii but not with tc ii from cynomolgus and howler monkeys, who are less closely related to humans. this finding suggests close structural similarity of human to ape tc ii. the antibodies also did not react ... | 1988 | 3368482 |
| nucleotide sequence of the human theta 1-globin gene. | we have cloned and sequenced the human theta 1-globin gene. the nucleotide sequence and organization of the human theta 1 gene (exons, introns, promoter, and polyadenylation signals) are similar to those reported for the orangutan theta 1-globin gene. if these genes are functional, the sequences of their theta 1-globin chains would differ by only one amino acid residue (at position 137). | 1988 | 3408475 |
| rhesus fetal globin genes. concerted gene evolution in the descent of higher primates. | the comparison of the nucleotide sequences of closely linked duplicated genes of higher eukaryotes has been important in the identification of molecular events that shape the evolution of mammalian genes, most notably recombinational events such as unequal crossovers and gene conversions. toward this goal we have been comparing the nucleotide sequences of the paired gamma 1- and gamma 2-fetal globin genes from species of catarrhine primates. previous comparisons document that, within each great ... | 1988 | 3410846 |
| structure and expression of the human theta 1 globin gene. | the recently identified theta-globin gene subfamily consists of the theta 1-globin gene located downstream from the alpha 1-globin gene, and several other members including at least one truncated, processed pseudogene psi theta 2 (refs 1,6). unlike the theta 1-globin genes of the rabbit and galago, the structure of these genes in the orangutan and baboon and their flanking regions show no apparent defects that would prevent their expression. both theta 1-globin genes are split into three exons w ... | 1988 | 3422341 |
| [inflammations of the laryngeal pouch in anthropoid apes (orangutan and chimpanzee)]. | | 1987 | 3439633 |
| a comparison of the small ribosomal rna genes from the mitochondrial dna of the great apes and humans: sequence, structure, evolution, and phylogenetic implications. | restriction endonuclease fragments produced by ecori/avai or kpni digestion and containing the small (12s) ribosomal rna (rrna) genes from the mitochondrial dnas (mtdnas) of the common chimpanzee, pygmy chimpanzee, gorilla, and orangutan were inserted into the plasmids pbr322 or padd1. after species verification the inserted fragments were digested with sauiiia, subcloned into m13mp7 vectors, and sequenced. the small rrna gene sequences were compared with each other and with the published human ... | 1986 | 3444394 |
| the orangutan adult alpha-globin gene locus: duplicated functional genes and a newly detected member of the primate alpha-globin gene family. | we have cloned and sequenced the complete alpha 1- and alpha 2-globin genes of the orangutan, and here we compare them to the homologous genes of the human. the pattern of similarity apparent among the genes is most consistent with a model of gene correction operating on the primate alpha-globin cluster. this correction breaks down in both human and orangutan in the 3'-untranslated region at 14 base pairs downstream from the termination codon. the unit evolutionary period values calculated for e ... | 1986 | 3456594 |
| sexual dimorphism in the cranium of infant and juvenile organutans. | the present study examines sexual dimorphism in the cranium of the immature orangutan. a series of 37 craniometric dimensions were measured on 56 immature crania. the total sample was divided into two subsamples: infants and juveniles. univariate statistics and an analysis of variance were prepared for each subsample. results indicate that the males and females in both subsamples are significantly different (p less than or equal to 0.05) for two measures of skull length. eight additional dimensi ... | 1987 | 3504418 |
| evolution of immunoglobulin allotypes and phylogeny of apes. | serum samples from 72 pan troglodytes, 5 pan paniscus, 22 gorilla gorilla, 23 pongo pygmaeus abelii, 5 pongo pygmaeus pygmaeus, 2 hybrids p.p. abelii x p.p. pygmaeus and 13 hylobates lar were tested for gm(1, 2, 3, 5, 6, 10, 11, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 21, 24, 28), km(1) and bm(1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8) immunoglobulin allotypes by the classical hemagglutination inhibition method. the distribution of the various alleles and phenotypes makes it possible to distinguish each species or subspecies. common ... | 1987 | 3504421 |
| variation among species in the endocrine control of mammary growth and function: the roles of prolactin, growth hormone, and placental lactogen. | prolactin, growth hormone, and placental lactogen form a family of structurally related hormones, which may have evolved from a common ancestral peptide. prolactin and growth hormone are present in all mammals, but the biological activity associated with placental lactogen has been detected in only some groups. attempts to detect placental lactogen using bioassay and radioreceptor assay are reported and have been unsuccessful in an insectivore (the shrew), a bat, an edentate (the armadillo), a l ... | 1986 | 3519707 |
| conservation of brain amyloid proteins in aged mammals and humans with alzheimer's disease. | the formation of clusters of altered axons and dendrites surrounding extracellular deposits of amyloid filaments (neuritic plaques) is a major feature of the human brain in both aging and alzheimer's disease. a panel of antibodies against amyloid filaments and their constituent proteins from humans with alzheimer's disease cross-reacted with neuritic plaque and cerebrovascular amyloid deposits in five other species of aged mammals, including monkey, orangutan, polar bear, and dog. antibodies to ... | 1987 | 3544219 |
| age-sex class differences in the positional behaviour of the sumatran orang-utan (pongo pygmaeus abelii) in the gunung leuser national park, indonesia. | during a three-year field study of the socio-ecology of sumatran orang-utans, their use of the canopy was investigated in the gunung leuser national park, indonesia. this paper concerns the positional behaviour of different age-sex classes of orang-utans. adolescents and females with infants differed significantly from an adult male in the following respects: the use of locomotion types (more 'quadrumanous scrambling' and perhaps also 'quadrupedal walking' and less 'tree swaying'); substrate use ... | 1986 | 3557227 |
| evidence that the recently discovered theta 1-globin gene is functional in higher primates. | a new subfamily of the alpha-globin-like family has recently been identified in higher primates, rabbit, galago and possibly the horse. one member of this subfamily, theta 1, is downstream from the adult alpha 1-globin gene. in orang-utan, but not in rabbit or galago, the theta 1-gene appears to be structurally intact, suggesting that it may be functional in this species. the orang-utan theta 1-gene possesses initiation and termination codons, and the predicted polypeptide differs from the orang ... | 1987 | 3561513 |
| on secondary hyperparathyroidism in orang-utans, pongo satyrus (linnaeus, 1758). | orang-utan crania with alterations in bone structure which could be determined morphologically were studied and evaluated. the alterations in bone structure were referred to in the literature up to about 1939 as "rickets"; when vitamin d was given to the animals, the alterations diminished, until they were almost unnoticeable. from about 1941/52, the alterations were diagnosed as "morbus paget". research on orang-utan crania has become possible through comparison of a larger number of single sym ... | 1987 | 3623037 |
| comparison of proto oncogene expression in seven primate fibroblast cultures. | in an interspecies comparison of seven primate species, the expression of the erbb proto oncogene was found to be higher in fibroblasts derived from three relatively long-lived species, the human, gorilla, and chimpanzee than in cells from the orangutan, pygmy chimpanzee, squirrel monkey, or red-bellied tamarin. no significant difference was found in the expression of the ras-k, myc, or src proto oncogenes. the difference would not seem to be the result of age differences of the donor animals as ... | 1987 | 3626640 |
| tubulin pseudogenes as markers for hominoid divergence. | processed pseudogenes arise via unimolecular events that result in the integration of nonfunctional (and therefore non-selected) regions of dna into the germ line. the sequence of such pseudogenes can be used as a novel form of evolutionary clock: the older a particular pseudogene, the more mutations it has acquired relative to the selectively constrained functional gene from which it was originally derived. we have used specific beta-tubulin gene probes to assay for the presence of fully sequen ... | 1986 | 3712438 |
| play profiles of captive adult orangutans: a developmental perspective. | the social play of 6 adult orangutan heterosexual dyads was observed, and the frequencies of the component behaviors extracted. frequencies were converted to proportions of total play outputs for each individual and for each age/sex class, and then compared to the proportions observed for the social play of juvenile and adolescent orangutans. adult play was more stationary, and contact maintaining, in style than was the play of younger orangutans. for the females, rolling and grabbing comprised ... | 1986 | 3732622 |
| fractures, dislocations and contusions in the borneon orang utan (pongo pygmaeus pygmaeus)--a review of 21 cases. | the clinical features, radiographic findings and management of traumatic lesions in the orang utan are described with reference to 21 cases. eight cases had fractures of the femur and five had humeral fractures; all the fractures were successfully treated. one case with a skull fracture (frontal parietal) died before treatment could be instigated. five orang utans with contusions recovered with symptomatic treatment and rest. | 1986 | 3739156 |
| evaluation of a ventricular septal defect in an orangutan: a case report. | a 15-year-old male sumatran orangutan (pongo pymaeus abeli) with a history of an interventricular septal defect was evaluated with cardiac catheterization and two-dimensional echocardiography. results demonstrated that by homo sapiens standards the right heart pressures were normal. the oxygen saturations were consistent with a small ventricular septal defect. echocardiography demonstrated a slight enlargement of the right ventricle. | 1986 | 3746889 |
| transition and transversion rate in the evolution of animal mitochondrial dna. | we present a further application of the stochastic model previously described (lanave et al., 1984, 1985) for measuring the nucleotide substitution rate in the mammalian evolution of the mitochondrial dna (mtdna). the applicability of this method depends on the validity of "stationarity conditions" (equal nucleotide frequencies at first, second and third silent codon positions in homologous protein coding genes). in the comparison of homologous sequences satisfying the stationarity condition at ... | 1986 | 3801602 |
| studies on the use of nonhuman primates to determine the dr status of the human hematopoietic stem cell. | monoclonal antibodies that recognize monomorphic determinants of human dr are potentially useful for the in vitro elimination of malignant cells from marrow for use in autologous transplantation. while dr is expressed on normal hematopoietic progenitor cells and the cells of the majority of the hematologic and lymphoid malignancies, there is the possibility that dr may not be expressed on the hematopoietic stem cells responsible for marrow regeneration after transplantation. to resolve the uncer ... | 1985 | 3862599 |
| significance of enamel thickness in hominoid evolution. | enamel thickness has assumed unique importance in the debate about the hominid status of ramapithecus, despite the fact that there is little agreement about the meaning of 'thick enamel' or the significance of enamel thickness for hominoid taxonomy. my aim here is to evaluate the usefulness of enamel thickness and microstructure as characteristics for determining the relationships of the later miocene hominoids, based both on a quantitative study of enamel thickness in extant hominoids and four ... | 1985 | 3920525 |
| on the loss of uricolytic activity during primate evolution--i. silencing of urate oxidase in a hominoid ancestor. | urate oxidase activity is not detectable in liver homogenates from the gibbon, orangutan, chimpanzee, gorilla and human. liver homogenates from five genera of old world and two genera of new world monkeys have easily detectable levels of urate oxidase activity. there is no evidence for extant detectable intermediate steps in the loss of urate oxidase activity in the hominoids. urate oxidase activity from old world and new world monkeys is stable, a simple observation which debunks a long-standin ... | 1985 | 3928241 |
| dating of the human-ape splitting by a molecular clock of mitochondrial dna. | a new statistical method for estimating divergence dates of species from dna sequence data by a molecular clock approach is developed. this method takes into account effectively the information contained in a set of dna sequence data. the molecular clock of mitochondrial dna (mtdna) was calibrated by setting the date of divergence between primates and ungulates at the cretaceous-tertiary boundary (65 million years ago), when the extinction of dinosaurs occurred. a generalized least-squares metho ... | 1985 | 3934395 |
| primate eta-globin dna sequences and man's place among the great apes. | molecular studies indicate that chimpanzee and gorilla are the closest relatives of man (refs 1-7 and refs therein). the small molecular distances found point to late ancestral separations, with the most recent being between chimpanzee and man, as judged by dna hybridization. kluge and schwartz contest these conclusions: morphological characters group a chimpanzee-gorilla clade with the asian ape orang-utan in kluge's cladistic study and with an orang-utan-human clade in schwartz's study. clearl ... | 1986 | 3945312 |
| evolution of glycophorin a in the hominoid primates studied with monoclonal antibodies, and description of a sialoglycoprotein analogous to human glycophorin b in chimpanzee. | comparison of human and primate erythrocyte membrane sialoglycoproteins showed that common chimpanzee, dwarf chimpanzee, gorilla, orangutan, and gibbon have major periodic acid schiff-positive proteins resembling human glycophorin a (gpa) monomer and dimer in electrophoretic mobility on sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gels. immunoperoxidase staining of western blots with monoclonal antibodies to human gpa showed that these primate bands express some gpa antigenic determinants. a new sialog ... | 1986 | 3950419 |
| characterization and evolution of a single-copy sequence from the human y chromosome. | to study the evolution and organization of dna from the human y chromosome, we constructed a recombinant library of human y dna by using a somatic cell hybrid in which the only cytologically detectable human chromosome is the y. one recombinant (4b2) contained a 3.3-kilobase ecori single-copy fragment which was localized to the proximal portion of the y long arm. sequences homologous to this human dna are present in male gorilla, chimpanzee, and orangutan dnas but not in female ape dnas. under s ... | 1985 | 3990685 |
| the organization of two related subfamilies of a human tandemly repeated dna is chromosome specific. | several clones containing clusters of repetitive elements were isolated from a human chromosome 22 specific library. an ecori-xhoi fragment of 860bp was subcloned and was shown to belong to a family of tandemly repeated dna linked to the y-specific 3.4 kb haeiii band. this probe hybridizes to several sets of sequences or subfamilies. the most abundant subfamily is a 1.8kb long sequence containing one ecorv site, and in most repeats, one avaii and one kpni site. using human-rodent somatic cell hy ... | 1985 | 4018797 |
| auditory brainstem and middle latency responses in non-human primates. | auditory brainstem (abr) and middle latency responses (mlr) were obtained from each ear in 8 crab-eating macaques, 4 white-handed gibbons, 4 siamangs and 2 orangutans. macaques ranged in age from 5 days to 15 years with the 6 older animals in age-matched, male-female pairs. from each animal, latency-intensity functions were obtained and multiple mlr recordings were measured at 60 and 70 db. latency-intensity functions, interwave intervals, thresholds and percent detectability were calculated for ... | 1985 | 4019328 |
| isolation and characterization of an alphoid centromeric repeat family from the human y chromosome. | a collection of human y-derived cosmid clones was screened with a plasmid insert containing a member of the human x chromosome alphoid repeat family, dxz1. two positive cosmids were isolated and the repeats they contained were investigated by southern blotting, in situ hybridization and sequence analysis. on hybridization to human genomic dnas, the expected cross-hybridization characteristic of all alphoid sequences was seen and, in addition, a 5500 base ecori fragment was found to be characteri ... | 1985 | 4040175 |
| eosinophilic enterocolitis in a juvenile orangutan. | | 1985 | 4077669 |
| hypertrophic pulmonary osteoarthropathy in an orang-utan (pongo pygmaeus). | | 1972 | 4116686 |
| [observations on behaviour during pregnancy and birth in orang-utan (pongo pygmaeus) at tierpark berlin (author's transl)]. | | 1974 | 4410247 |
| the histochemistry and light and electron microscopy structure of the orangutan (pongo pongo pygmaeus) placenta. | | 1974 | 4455586 |
| dental arch growth in the gorilla, chimpanzee and orang-utan. | | 1972 | 4506976 |
| knuckle waking hand postures in an orangutan (pongo pygmaeus). | | 1972 | 4553637 |
| hematologic and blood chemistry data for the orangutan (pongo pygmaeus). | | 1972 | 4650700 |
| exoerythrocytic schizonts of plasmodium silvaticum of the orang-utan. | | 1972 | 4652473 |