| evolution of pro-protamine p2 genes in primates. | protamines p1 and p2 form a family of small basic peptides that represent the major sperm proteins in placental mammals. in human and mouse protamine p2 is one of the most abundant sperm proteins. the protamine p2 gene codes for a p2 precursor, pro-p2 which is later processed by proteolytic cleavages in its n-terminal region to form the mature p2 protamines. we have used polymerase chain amplification to directly sequence the pro-p2 genes of the five major primate families: red howler (alouatta ... | 1993 | 8513810 |
| regional localization of human m-bcr gene to chromosome 23 band q11 in the great apes. | we hybridized a human m-bcr dna probe to the chromosomes of chimpanzee (pan troglodytes), gorilla (gorilla gorilla) and orangutan (pongo pygmaeus) by fish-technique. the human m-bcr gene was localized to chromosome 23 band q11 (23q11), which is equivalent to the human chromosome 22 band q11 in all three species. the conservation of m-bcr gene in higher primates at the corresponding human chromosome locus provides phylogenetic clues concerning the evolution of genes. | 1996 | 8765683 |
| human (homo sapiens) and chimpanzee (pan troglodytes) share similar ancestral centromeric alpha satellite dna sequences but other fractions of heterochromatin differ considerably. | the euchromatic regions of chimpanzee (pan troglodytes) genome share approximately 98% sequence similarity with the human (homo sapiens), while the heterochromatic regions display considerable divergence. positive heterochromatic regions revealed by the cbg-technique are confined to pericentromeric areas in humans, while in chimpanzees, these regions are pericentromeric, telomeric, and intercalary. when human chromosomes are digested with restriction endonuclease alui and stained by giemsa (alui ... | 1995 | 7726296 |
| a comparison of tspy genes from y-chromosomal dna of the great apes and humans: sequence, evolution, and phylogeny. | the genes for testis-specific protein y (tspy) were sequenced from chimpanzee (pan troglodytes), gorilla (gorilla gorilla), orangutan (pongo pygmaeus), and baboon (papio hamadryas). the sequences were compared with each other and with the published human sequence. substitutions were detected at 144 of the 755 nucleotide positions compared. in overviewing five sequences, one deletion in human, four successive nucleotide insertions in orangutan, and seven deletions/insertions in baboon sequence we ... | 1996 | 8798990 |
| comparative mapping of dna probes derived from the v kappa immunoglobulin gene regions on human and great ape chromosomes by fluorescence in situ hybridization. | fluorescence in situ hybridization (fish) of cosmid clones of human v kappa gene regions to human and primate chromosomes contributed to the dating of chromosome reorganizations in evolution. a clone from the kappa locus at 2p11-p12 (cos 106) hybridized to the assumed homologous chromosome bands in the chimpanzees pan troglodytes (ptr) and p. paniscus (ppa), the gorilla gorilla (ggo), and the orangutan pongo pygmaeus (ppy). human and both chimpanzees differed from gorilla and orangutan by the ma ... | 1995 | 7782075 |
| malignant rhabdoid tumor in the gastric wall of an aged orangutan (pongo pygmaeus). | a 34-year-old female orangutan (pongo pygmaeus) developed renal failure and became uremic. at necropsy, large gastric masses were present around the cardia and in the corpus. abdominal metastases occurred in the liver, pancreas, and right ovary. light microscopic examination of the tumor revealed polygonal cells with vesicular nuclei and prominent nucleoli. the growth pattern was predominantly solid. focal areas contained excentric cytoplasmic intermediate filament inclusions, as identified by i ... | 1994 | 7801428 |
| production and comprehension of referential pointing by orangutans (pongo pygmaeus). | we report 3 studies of the referential pointing of 2 orangutans (pongo pygmaeus). chantek was raised in an enculturated environment; puti, raised in a nursery, had a more typical captive life. in experiment 1, flexibility of pointing behavior was investigated by requiring subjects to point in novel circumstances (for an out-of-sight tool, not food). in experiment 2, we investigated the orangutans' comprehension of the significance of a human point in helping them to locate food. in experiment 3, ... | 1994 | 7813191 |
| comparative mapping of human alphoid satellite dna repeat sequences in the great apes. | heterochromatic regions of chromosomes contain highly repetitive, tandemly arranged dna sequences that undergo very rapid variation compared to unique dna sequences that are predominantly conserved. in this study the chromosomal basis of speciation has been looked at in terms of repeat sequences. we have hybridized twenty-one chromosome-specific human alphoid satellite dna probes to metaphase spreads of the chimpanzee (pan troglodytes), gorilla (gorilla gorilla), and orangutan (pongo pygmaeus) t ... | 1997 | 9465402 |
| mycobacterium tuberculosis infection in an orangutan (pongo pygmaeus). | a respiratory disorder was noted in a 5-year-old female orangutan kept in the yongin farmland. radiographically, multiple radiodense foci ranging from 2 to 6 mm diameter were seen throughout the lung lobes. grossly, the thoracic cavity revealed a firm texture and grayish-pink discoloration of the left apical lung lobe. histopathologically, multifocal areas of granulomatous pneumonia present the right and left apical lung lobes. both primers from is1081 and is6110 targeting 196 bp and 245 bp resp ... | 1995 | 8593311 |
| allelic diversity at the primate mhc-g locus: exon 3 bears stop codons in all cercopithecinae sequences. | twenty-seven major histocompatibility complex (mhc)-g exon 2, exon 3, and exon 2 and 3 allelic sequences were obtained together with 12 different intron 2 sequences. homo sapiens, pan troglodytes, pan paniscus, gorilla gorilla, pongo pygmaeus, macaca fascicularis, macaca mulatta, and cercopithecus aethiops individuals were studied. polymorphism does not follow the classical pattern of three hypervariable regions per domain and is found in all species studied; exon 3 (equivalent to the alpha 2 pr ... | 1996 | 8606053 |
| the relationship between the palatal form and the maxillary sinus in orang-utan. | the relationship between the palatal form and the maxillary sinus was studied in 40 skulls of male and female bornean orangutans (pongo satyrus borneensis) ontogenetically. univariate analyses of the measurements of the palate and the maxillary sinus showed that the sexual dimorphism appeared earlier in palatal length than in the maxillary sinus volume. bivariate statistical analyses, including correlation and linear regression analyses, revealed close relationships between the characteristics o ... | 1996 | 8637666 |
| comparative fluorescence in situ hybridization mapping of primate chromosomes with alu polymerase chain reaction generated probes from human/rodent somatic cell hybrids. | we have used alu polymerase chain reaction generated probes from rearranged human/rodent somatic cell hybrids for fluorescence in situ hybridization and comparative mapping of some intrachromosomal changes in the karyotypes of great apes (pan troglodytes, p. paniscus, gorilla gorilla, pongo pygmaeus), a gibbon (hylobates lar), and an old world monkey (macaca fuscata). probes containing chromosomes 2 and 18 fragments confirmed inversions already suggested by the banding pattern of great ape homol ... | 1996 | 8653267 |
| platynosomum fastosum in ex-captive orangutans from indonesia. | the liver fluke platynosomum fastosum was identified upon necropsy of three ex-captive orangutans (pongo pygmaeus) which had been part of a rehabilitation program for reintroduction to the wild. this trematode has not been reported in orangutans previously and is commonly found in cats in southeast asia. cross infection from cats via intermediate hosts, to orangutans kept in captivity as pets, could explain their presence in the latter. although p. fastosum caused intrahepatic and bile duct dama ... | 1998 | 9706579 |
| liquid conservation in orangutans (pongo pygmaeus) and humans (homo sapiens): individual differences and perceptual strategies. | four orangutans (1 juvenile, 2 subadults, and 1 adult) and ten 6-8-year-old children were tested in 4 liquid conservation tasks of increasing levels of difficulty. task difficulty depended on the type of transformation (continuous vs. discontinuous quantities) and the relative contrast between the shapes of the containers. results indicate that orangutans did not display conservation in the strict sense; instead they showed "partial" conservation (intermediate reactions according to j. piaget & ... | 1996 | 8858844 |
| the mitochondrial dna molecule of sumatran orangutan and a molecular proposal for two (bornean and sumatran) species of orangutan. | the complete mitochondrial dna (mtdna) molecule of sumatran orangutan, plus the complete mitochondrial control region of another sumatran specimen and the control regions and five protein-coding genes of two specimens of bornean orangutan were sequenced and compared with a previously reported complete mtdna of bornean orangutan. the two orangutans are presently separated at the subspecies level. comparison with five different species pairs-namely, harbor seal/grey seal, horse/donkey, fin whale/b ... | 1996 | 8875856 |
| assignment of human mycn proto-oncogene to chromosome band 12q24 in higher primates. | controversies concerning the reduction of chromosome number from 48 to 46 in humans by putative fusion of two ape chromosomes still persist. nevertheless, abundant evidence suggests that human chromosome 2 was derived by fusion. consequently, the recent availability of the human mycn gene probe which was localized to 2p24.3 facilitated our search for its location in the human equivalent chromosome(s) of chimpanzee (pan troglodytes), gorilla (gorilla gorilla) and orangutan (pongo pygmaeus). in al ... | 1996 | 8921863 |
| interspecific variation at the y-linked rps4y locus in hominoids: implications for phylogeny. | within- and between-species variation in restriction endonuclease recognition sites was examined at the y-linked rps4y locus of six hominoid species: human (homo sapiens), gorilla (gorilla gorilla), chimpanzee (pan troglodytes), bonobo (pan paniscus), orangutan (pongo pygmaeus), and gibbon (hylobates lar). rps4y is an expressed gene that maps to the non-recombining region of the y chromosome. an approximately 1,490 base pair fragment of the rps4y gene, including all of intron 3, was amplified by ... | 1996 | 8922180 |
| genomic differentiation among natural populations of orang-utan (pongo pygmaeus). | orang-utans exist today in small isolated populations on the islands of borneo (subspecies pongo pygmaeus pygmaeus) and sumatra (subspecies p. p. abelii). although, on the basis of their morphological, behavioral and cytogenetical characteristics, the bornean and sumatran orang-utan populations are generally considered as two separate subspecies, there is no universal agreement as to whether their genetic differentiation is sufficient to consider and manage them as species, subspecies or populat ... | 1996 | 8939569 |
| identification of evolutionarily invariant sequences in the protein c gene promoter. | recent studies on human protein c gene expression have revealed the presence of three transcription factor binding sites in close proximity to the transcription start site. binding sites for the liver-enriched hepatocyte nuclear factors 1 and 3 (hnf-1 and hnf-3, respectively) are located immediately upstream of the transcription start site, whereas just downstream of the start site a presently unidentified transcription factor may bind. to identify other candidate transcription factor binding si ... | 1998 | 9847407 |
| sex differences in the sciatic notch of great apes and modern humans. | the sciatic notch has been widely used as a sexing criterion in modern humans. in order to better understand the sex differences of this feature in modern humans and great apes, four measurements of the sciatic notch were taken on samples of modern humans and great apes of known sex. univariate (anova) analysis and discriminant function analysis were performed on the extant taxa to determine: (1) the discriminating power of each variable in these samples of known group membership; and (2) which ... | 1996 | 8967329 |
| pattern and timing of evolutionary divergences among hominoids based on analyses of complete mtdnas. | we have examined and dated primate divergences by applying a newly established molecular/ paleontological reference, the evolutionary separation between artiodactyls and cetaceans anchored at 60 million years before present (mybp). owing to the morphological transformations coinciding with the transition from terrestrial to aquatic (marine) life and the large body size of the animals (which makes their fossils easier to find), this reference can be defined, paleontologically, within much narrowe ... | 1996 | 8995062 |
| isolation of stlv-i from orangutan, a great ape species in southeast asia, and its relation to other htlv-is/stlv-is. | to study the evolutionary origin of human t-lymphotropic virus type i/simian t-lymphotropic virus type i (htlv-i/stlv-i), we isolated and characterized stlv-i from orangutans (pongo pygmaeus). plasma samples from 3 out of 41 animals examined were reactive by particle agglutination and immunofluorescence, and one of these three was confirmed to be anti-htlv-i antibody-positive by western blotting (wb). cultured peripheral blood mononuclear cells from the wb-positive orangutan were reactive to ant ... | 1997 | 9045888 |
| amoebic meningoencephalitis caused by balamuthia mandrillaris in an orang utan. | to describe a case of meningoencephalitis caused by balamuthia mandrillaris in an orang utan. | 1997 | 9066963 |
| the genomic structure of the human charcot-leyden crystal protein gene is analogous to those of the galectin genes. | the charcot-leyden crystal (clc) protein, or eosinophil lysophospholipase, is a characteristic protein of human eosinophils and basophils; recent work has demonstrated that the clc protein is both structurally and functionally related to the galectin family of beta-galactoside binding proteins. the galectins as a group share a number of features in common, including a linear ligand binding site encoded on a single exon. in this work, we demonstrate that the intron-exon structure of the gene enco ... | 1997 | 9119387 |
| survey of maximum ctg/cag repeat lengths in humans and non-human primates: total genome scan in populations using the repeat expansion detection method. | repeat expansion detection (red) is an efficient and simple method for detecting repeat expansions in the human genome, including expansion mutations resulting in disease. here we report the first population survey of ctg/cag repeat lengths in humans using the red method; we have determined maximum ctg/cag repeat length in 244 individuals from six human populations: danes, chinese, japanese, rondonian surui, maya and mbuti/biaka pygmies. we have also sampled a number of non-human primates includ ... | 1997 | 9147643 |
| relative position and extent of the nasal and orbital openings in gorilla, pan and the human species from the study of their areas and centres of area. | in order to quantify the relative position and extent of the nasal and orbital openings in hominoid primates, a new methodology based on image analysis was developed and applied to a series of 134 hominoid skulls (52 gorilla gorilla; 30 pan troglodytes; 44 homo sapiens, and, as comparison material, 8 pongo pygmaeus). the areas and the centres of area of the orbital and nasal openings were determined automatically. the orbitonasal triangle connecting these three centres of area was then construct ... | 1996 | 9159918 |
| diversity among the primate eosinophil-derived neurotoxin genes: a specific c-terminal sequence is necessary for enhanced ribonuclease activity. | the human eosinophil-derived neurotoxin (hedn) is a secretory effector protein from eosinophilic leukocytes that is a member of the ribonuclease a (rnase a) family of ribonucleases. edn is a rapidly evolving protein, accumulating non-silent mutations at a rate exceeding those of most other functional coding sequences studied in primates. although all primate edns retain the structural and functional residues known to be prerequisites for ribonuclease activity, we have shown previously that recom ... | 1997 | 9254715 |
| encephalomyocarditis virus infections in an australian zoo. | fatal encephalomyocarditis virus (emcv) infections in a ring-tailed lemur (lemur catta), a squirrel monkey (saimiri sciureus), three mandrills (mandrillus sphinx), a chimpanzee (pan troglodytes), a pygmy hippopotamus (choeropsis liberiensis), and two goodfellows tree kangaroos (dendrolagus goodfellowi) occurred at taronga zoo. this is the first description of emcv in a zoological collection outside of the united states. regardless of species, the most common clinical presentation was sudden deat ... | 1997 | 9279403 |
| meat-eating by adult female sumatran orangutans (pongo pygmaeus abelii). | information about meat-eating behavior by wild orangutans (pongo pygmaeus) is scant. the first article about such a case dates from 1981. since 1989, seven incidents of adult female sumatran orangutans eating slow lorises (nycticebus coucang) have been witnessed. three females from two study sites were involved. in three cases the females were seen catching the prey. there are too few cases to conclude whether this behavior is typically female. | 1997 | 9327098 |
| characterization of a simian t-lymphotropic virus from a wild-caught orang-utan (pongo pygmaeus) from kalimantan, indonesia. | in a recent serological survey among 143 ex-captive orang-utans two individuals were found that reacted positive in an elisa detecting antibodies which cross-react with human t-lymphotropic virus type i (htlv-i) antigens. infection of both animals with an htlv-i or simian t-lymphotropic virus (stlv)-like virus was confirmed by western blot analysis. a third wild-caught animal, which was not part of the original serological survey, was also found to be infected with an htlv-related virus in a dia ... | 1998 | 9460922 |
| technical note: modeling primate occlusal topography using geographic information systems technology. | most functional analyses of primate tooth form have been limited to linear or area measurements. such studies have offered but a limited glimpse at differences in occlusal relief among taxa. such differences in dental topography may relate to tooth function and, so, have considerable implications for the inference of diet from fossil teeth. in this article, we describe a technique to model and compare primate molars in three dimensions using geographic resources analysis support system (grass) s ... | 1998 | 9740307 |
| deferred imitation of object-related actions in human-reared juvenile chimpanzees and orangutans. | deferred imitation of object-related actions (e.g., picking up a cloth with a set of tongs) was assessed in 3 enculturated juvenile orangutans (pongo pygmaeus) and 3 enculturated juvenile chimpanzees (pan troglodytes). for each task, animals were given 4 min to explore the objects (baseline), followed by a demonstration of the target behavior, and 10 min later, were re-presented the objects (deferred phase). each animal displayed deferred imitation on at least one trial, with each species demons ... | 2000 | 10737867 |
| evolution of chromosome y in primates. | we have investigated, by fluorescence in situ hybridization (fish), the cytogenetic evolution of the y chromosome in primates using 17 yeast artificial chromosomes, representative of the y-specific euchromatic region of the human chromosome y. the fish experiments were performed on great apes (homo sapiens, pan troglodytes, gorilla gorilla and pongo pygmaeus pygmaeus), and on two old world monkeys species as an outgroup (cercopitecidae macaca fascicularis and papio anubis). the results showed th ... | 1998 | 9745049 |
| molecular phylogenetics of the hominoid y chromosome. | the human y-chromosome plays a central role in sex determination, and is composed of dna sequences homologous to the y-chromosome, families of y-specific repetitive dna sequences, and single copy sequences. we investigated the chromosomal location of y-specific dna sequences, in the chimpanzee (pan troglodytes), gorilla (gorilla gorilla), and orangutan (pongo pygmaeus) by the fluorescence in situ hybridization (fish) technique. the yq subtelomeric dna sequences (dys427) have been observed to be ... | 1998 | 9747032 |
| characterization and distribution of mhc-dpb1 alleles in chimpanzee and rhesus macaque populations. | allelic diversity at the nonhuman primate mhc-dpb1 locus was studied by determining exon 2 nucleotide sequences. this resulted in the detection of 17 chimpanzee (pan troglodytes), 2 orangutan (pongo pygmaeus) and 16 rhesus macaque (macaca mulatta) alleles. these were compiled with primate mhc-dpb1 nucleotide sequences that were published previously. based upon the results, a sequence specific oligotyping method was developed allowing us to investigate the distribution of mhc-dpb1 alleles in dist ... | 1998 | 9757948 |
| evaluation of a human immunometric assay for the determination of thyroid-stimulating hormone in nonhuman primates. | sera from nine species of clinically healthy nonhuman primates were assayed for t4 and thyroid-stimulating hormone (tsh) using human immunoassays (a fluorescence polarization immunoassay for t4, a microparticle enzyme immunoassay for tsh). the t4 levels ranged from 20 to 132 nmol/l (x +/- sd = 62.8 +/- 24.7 nmol/l). levels of tsh were detected only in western lowland gorillas (gorilla gorilla gorilla) and sumatran orangutans (pongo pygmaeus abelii) (range, 0.4-10.8 miu/l; detectable limit = 0.01 ... | 2000 | 10982149 |
| dental microwear of griphopithecus alpani. | the examination of microscopic dental wear allows inferences to be made about diet in extinct species. this study reconstructs the diet of griphopithecus alpani, a 15 ma fossil hominoid from the miocene site of paşalar in north-western turkey, using scanning electron microscopy (sem) to examine the microscopic wear on its molar teeth. the microwear patterns of griphopithecus are compared with those of three extant hominoid taxa-gorilla gorilla gorilla, pan troglodytes verus, and pongo pygmaeus p ... | 1999 | 9924132 |
| conservation of pericentromeric duplications of a 200-kb part of the human 21q22.1 region in primates. | we analyzed the conservation of large paralogous regions (more than 200 kb) on human chromosome regions 21q22.1 and 21q11.2 and on pericentromeric regions of chromosomes 2, 13, and 18 in three nonhuman primate species. orthologous regions were found by fish analysis of metaphase chromosomes from gorilla gorilla, pan troglodytes, and pongo pygmaeus. only one orthologous region was detected in chromosomes of p. pygmaeus, showing that the original locus was at 21q22.1 and that the duplication arose ... | 1998 | 10072600 |
| a two-year longitudinal study of deferred imitation of object manipulation in a juvenile chimpanzee (pan troglodytes) and orangutan (pongo pygmaeus). | changes in deferred imitation of novel actions on objects were assessed over a 2-year period in two enculturated, juvenile great apes (one chimpanzee, pan troglodytes, and one orangutan, pongo pygmaeus). both apes displayed deferred imitation, and both displayed improve ments in deferred imitation over the 2-year period, although the magnitude of improvement was greater for the chimpanzee. this is, to our knowledge, the first experimental demonstration of longitudinal improvements of deferred im ... | 2000 | 11084604 |
| dna profiling of orangutan (pongo pygmaeus) feces to prove descent and identity in wildlife animals. | in this study, orangutan (pongo pygmaeus ssp.) dna was extracted from excrements, obtained from individual zoo populations. to examine whether human short tandem repeat loci (str) are suitable for the reconstruction of kinship in orangutans, nine strs, commonly used in forensic studies in man and the amelogenin system, were amplified in a multiplex polymerase chain reaction (pcr) approach. five of the nine human autosomal strs in question amplified successfully in orangutans. furthermore, the ex ... | 1999 | 10435446 |
| sequences from higher primates orthologous to the human xp/yp telomere junction region reveal gross rearrangements and high levels of divergence. | a high level of sequence polymorphism combined with linkage disequilibrium has created a limited number of highly diverged haplotypes across the human xp/yp telomere junction region. to gain insight into the unusual genetic characteristics of this region, we have examined the orthologous sequences in the common chimpanzee (pan troglodytes ), the gorilla (gorilla gorilla) and the orang-utan (pongo pygmaeus). divergence from the human xp/yp sequence is higher (average 2.6-fold) than that observed ... | 1997 | 9361036 |
| serum antigen 85 levels in adjunct testing for active mycobacterial infections in orangutans. | diagnosis of active mycobacterial disease in orangutans (pongo pygmaeus) has been impeded by high levels of non-specific intradermal skin test reactivity to mycobacterial antigens. this may be due in part to cross reactivity between antigens, tuberculin concentrations used or other species-specific factors. antigen 85 (ag85) complex proteins are major secretory products of actively growing mycobacteria, and measurement of serum ag85 could provide a method for determining active mycobacterial inf ... | 2001 | 11272506 |
| suspected dermatophilosis in an adult orangutan (pongo pygmaeus pygmaeus). | an adult female bornean orangutan (pongo pygmaeus pygmaeus) had a pruritic, vesicular skin disease, particularly of the extremities, trunk, and face. over a 2-yr course, symptoms resolved only transiently after corticosteroid treatment. antibiotic treatment and withdrawal of all corticosteroids resulted in complete recovery of the animal and return to normal activity patterns. on the basis of the dermal histopathologic lesions, dermatophilus congolensis was suspected as the causative organism, a ... | 1997 | 9365949 |
| sexual dimorphic features within extant great ape faciodental skeletal anatomy and testing the single species hypothesis. | this paper examines sexually dimorphic skeletal characters within the face and upper dentition of extant hominids (great ape), not including members of the hominini. specimens of pan paniscus, pan troglodytes, gorilla gorilla, and pongo pygmaeus are used to help identify likely sex specific characters for the hominidae. the aim of this paper is to identify extant hominid faciodental sexual features which can be used to help sex fossil specimens. a morphometric and skeletal study of sexual variab ... | 1997 | 9428188 |
| mhc-e polymorphism in pongidae primates: the same allele is found in two different species. | mhc-e intron 1, exon 2, intron 2, and exon 3 from pygmy chimpanzee (pan paniscus), chimpanzee (pan troglodytes), gorilla (gorilla gorilla) and orangutan (pongo pygmaeus) have been sequenced; six new mhc-e alleles have been obtained but sequence changes are only placed either in introns or in synonymous exonic bases. one pygmy chimpanzee mhc-e dna sequence is identical to another sequence from chimpanzee; the fact that no variation is found also at the intronic level suggests that these two speci ... | 1997 | 9458133 |
| seroprevalence of specific viral infections in confiscated orangutans (pongo pygmaeus). | a serological survey of confiscated orangutans was conducted to determine the prevalence of specific viral infections cross reacting with human viruses. antibodies specific for human hepatitis a (hav) and b (hbv) viruses, herpes simplex viruses (hsv), and human t-lymphotropic virus (htlv types i and ii), as well as for the simian type d retroviruses (srv types 1 to 3) and simian immunodeficiency virus (siv) were tested in samples from 143 orangutans. results revealed a high prevalence of potenti ... | 1998 | 9606041 |
| use of experimenter-given cues during object-choice tasks by chimpanzees (pan troglodytes), an orangutan (pongo pygmaeus), and human infants (homo sapiens). | in a series of experiments, chimpanzees (pan troglodytes), an orangutan (pongo pygmaeus), and human infants (homo sapiens) were investigated as to whether they used experimenter-given cues when responding to object-choice tasks. five conditions were used in different phases: the experimenter tapping on the correct object, gazing plus pointing, gazing closely, gazing alone, and glancing without head orientation. the 3 subject species were able to use all of the experimenter-given cues, in contras ... | 1998 | 9642782 |
| object permanence in orangutans (pongo pygmaeus) and squirrel monkeys (saimiri sciureus). | the authors tested orangutans (pongo pygmaeus) and squirrel monkeys (saimiri sciureus) on object permanence tasks. in experiment 1, orangutans solved all visible displacements and most invisible displacements except those involving movements into 2 boxes successively. in experiment 2, performance of orangutans on double invisible displacements and control displacements (assessing simple strategies) was compared. orangutans did not use the simple strategy of selecting the box visited last by the ... | 1998 | 9642783 |
| distinguishing intentional from accidental actions in orangutans (pongo pygmaeus), chimpanzees (pan troglodytes), and human children (homo sapiens). | this study investigates the understanding of others' intentions in 2- and 3-year-old children, chimpanzees (pan troglodytes), and orangutans (pongo pygmaeus). during training, subjects learned to use a discriminative cue to select a baited box. during testing, the experimenter placed a marker on top of the baited box to inform the subject of the reward's location. however, the experimenter also accidentally dropped the marker on top of an unbaited box, so that during any given trial the experime ... | 1998 | 9642787 |
| evolutionary divergence of the oncogenes gli, hst and int2. | almost a quarter of a century ago, the banding patterns of human and other higher primate chromosomes were compared, creating a barrage of speculation. consequently, a number of approaches have been used to understand human descent. chromosome modifications are believed to be important in the origin of species, and pericentric inversions account for the majority of evolutionary chromosomal alterations seen in hominoidea. a comparative mapping fluorescence in situ hybridization technique, using l ... | 1998 | 9720300 |
| reconstruction of kinship by fecal dna analysis of orangutans. | genetic analysis is a useful tool for assigning biological relationships. thus, it will improve genetic management of wild animal populations and breeding colonies. kinship analysis will give new insights into the behavior, sociobiology and genetic management of orangutans. in this study, chromosomal dna from orangutan (pongo pygmaeus ssp.) was extracted from excrements. feces samples were screened for up to nine microsatellite markers from related zoo populations of orangutans (pongo pygmaeus s ... | 2000 | 10816788 |
| the nucleotide sequences of the parathyroid gene in primates (suborder anthropoidea). | nucleotide sequences of the parathyroid (pth) gene of 12 species of primates belonging to suborder anthropoidea were examined. the pth gene contains one intron that separates two exons that code the sequence of prepro and pth, respectively. the intron of the pth gene in cebus apella, callithrix jacchus, and saguinus oedipus was 102 bp long, whereas a 103-bp intron was observed in the remaining species. phylogenetic analysis using the nucleotide sequences of pth revealed that these 12 species of ... | 2002 | 11825036 |
| [electrophoretic polymorphism of post-albumin and transferrin in different subspecies of anthropoid apes]. | the electrophoretic polymorphism of post-albumin and transferin was investigated in 46 apes of the pan troglodytes, gorilla gorilla and pongo pygmaeus subspecies. this type of study enables the different subspecies to be distinguished and the ancestral form to be identified. the pattern of individual variability is found to be different between the various ape species and homo sapiens. | 1981 | 10819021 |
| microsatellite dna variation in bornean orangutans (pongo pygmaeus). | orangutans (pongo pygmaeus) on the islands of borneo and sumatra are considered two separate subspecies. however, the genetic relationships between isolated populations on borneo are not clear. this study determined the extent of variation within the bornean subspecies of orangutan, using microsatellite dna analysis. blood samples were collected from 96 individuals of known origin from east, west and central kalimantan. human microsatellite primer pairs located at human map position d2s141, d4s4 ... | 2000 | 10950452 |
| diverticulitis with rupture and fatal peritonitis in a sumatran orangutan (pongo pygmaeus). | a 30-year-old male sumatran orangutan (pongo pygmaeus) presented with signs of depression, lethargy, anorexia, and diarrhea that progressed to acute colic. exploratory laparotomy revealed fibrinopurulent peritonitis and 50 cm of devitalized small intestine. the surgically resected small intestine contained several mucosal diverticula along the mesenteric attachment; one had ruptured, resulting in peritonitis. fifteen days after surgery, the orangutan's abdominal incision dehisced. repeated lapar ... | 2000 | 11020166 |
| mtdna sequence diversity of orangutans from the islands of borneo and sumatra. | a comparison of mitochondrial dna sequences was undertaken for two genes among orangutans from borneo and sumatra. the distribution of haplotypes among 42 individuals for nadh dehydrogenease subunit 3 and 39 individuals for cytochrome b was used to infer population structure. the haplotypes among all bornean orangutans form a cluster of closely related individuals for both genes, with two distinct haplotypes occupying different regions of the island. sumatran haplotypes fall into three distinct, ... | 2000 | 11080370 |
| great ape dna sequences reveal a reduced diversity and an expansion in humans. | the extent of dna sequence variation of chimpanzees is several-fold greater than that of humans. it is unclear, however, if humans or chimpanzees are exceptional among primates in having low and high amounts of dna sequence diversity, respectively. to address this, we have determined approximately 10,000 bp of noncoding dna sequences at xq13.3 (which has been extensively studied in both humans and chimpanzees) from 10 western lowland gorillas (gorilla gorilla gorilla) and 1 mountain gorilla (gor ... | 2001 | 11175781 |
| speciation and intrasubspecific variation of bornean orangutans, pongo pygmaeus pygmaeus. | mitochondrial dna control region sequences of orangutans (pongo pygmaeus) from six different populations on the island of borneo were determined and analyzed for evidence of regional diversity and were compared separately with orangutans from the island of sumatra. within the bornean population, four distinct subpopulations were identified. furthermore, the results of this study revealed marked divergence, supportive evidence of speciation between sumatran and bornean orangutans. this study demo ... | 2001 | 11264398 |
| evidence for an hla-c-like locus in the orangutan pongo pygmaeus. | hla-b and c are related class i genes which are believed to have arisen by duplication of a common ancestor. previous study showed the presence of orthologues for both hla-b and c in african apes but only for hla-b in asian apes. these observations suggested that the primate c locus evolved subsequent to the divergence of the pongidae and hominidae. from an analysis of orangutan tengku two hla-c-like alleles (popy c*0101 and popy c*0201) were defined as well as three hla-b-like (popy-b) alleles. ... | 1999 | 10436180 |
| a new group of hepadnaviruses naturally infecting orangutans (pongo pygmaeus). | a high prevalence (42.6%) of hepatitis b virus (hbv) infection was suspected in 195 formerly captive orangutans due to a large number of serum samples which cross-reacted with human hbv antigens. it was assumed that such viral infections were contracted from humans during captivity. however, two wild orangutans were identified which were hbv surface antigen positive, indicating that hbv or related viruses may be occurring naturally in the orangutan populations. sequence analyses of seven isolate ... | 1999 | 10438880 |
| structure, molecular evolution, and gene expression of primate superoxide dismutases. | mn- and cu,zn-superoxide dismutase (sod) cdnas of eight primate species, pan troglodytes, pongo pygmaeus, hylobates lar, macaca fuscata, macaca fascicularis, macaca mulatta, cebus apella, and callithrix jacchus, were cloned. the whole protein-coding sequences were covered, comparing 198 and 153 (or 154) amino acids, for mn- and cu,zn-sods, respectively. residues forming metal ligands were completely conserved in the two primate sods and nucleotide/amino acid substitutions were more frequent in c ... | 2002 | 12383507 |
| localization of subtelomeric sequences of human chromosomes 1q, 11p, 13q, and 16q in the higher primates. | relative phylogenetic divergence of the members of the pongidae family has been based on genetic evidence. the recent isolation of subtelomeric probes specific for human (hsa) chromosomes 1q, 11p, 13q, and 16q has prompted us to cross-hybridize these to the chromosomes of the chimpanzee (pan troglodytes, ptr), gorilla (gorilla gorilla, ggo), and orangutan (pongo pygmaeus, ppy) to search for their equivalent locations in the great apes. hybridization signals to the 1q subtelomeric dna sequence pr ... | 1999 | 10483091 |
| surgical repair of an atrial septal defect in a juvenile sumatran orangutan (pongo pygmaeus sumatraensis). | a systolic heart murmur was auscultated in a 2-yr-old female sumatran orangutan (pongo pygmaeus sumatraensis) with a slower than expected growth rate. cardiac ultrasound revealed an 11-mm atrial septal defect. cardiac catheterization confirmed the diagnosis. surgical repair was performed during cardiopulmonary bypass using a pericardial patch. the bypass pump was primed with human albumin and donor orangutan whole blood of a compatible type. hematuria occurred shortly after the initiation of car ... | 1999 | 10484142 |
| sequence evolution of the ccr5 chemokine receptor gene in primates. | the chemokine receptor ccr5 can serve as a coreceptor for m-tropic hiv-1 infection and both m-tropic and t-tropic siv infection. we sequenced the entire ccr5 gene from 10 nonhuman primates: pongo pygmaeus, hylobates leucogenys, trachypithecus francoisi, trachypithecus phayrei, pygathrix nemaeus, rhinopithecus roxellanae, rhinopithecus bieti, rhinopithecus avunculus, macaca assamensis, and macaca arctoides. when compared with ccr5 sequences from humans and other primates, our results demonstrate ... | 1999 | 10486970 |
| human is a unique species among primates in terms of telomere length. | trf (terminal restriction fragments) length in various tissues of non-human primates such as macaca mulatta (rhesus monkey), macaca fuscata (japanese monkey), macaca fascicularis (crab-eating monkey), pan troglodytes (common chimpanzee), and pongo pygmaeus (orangutan) was at least 23 kb without exception, which was quite different from that of human somatic tissues (smaller than 10 kb). the distribution pattern of telomerase activity among tissues was similar between human and non-human primates ... | 1999 | 10491289 |
| characterization of the gorilla carboxyl ester lipase locus, and the appearance of the carboxyl ester lipase pseudogene during primate evolution. | in this study we report on the isolation and characterization of the gorilla carboxyl ester lipase gene, cel, and the corresponding cel pseudogene. we also report on the age of the cel pseudogene. the gorilla cel gene is 10.5kb long and comprises 11exons intervened by introns similar to the situation in man, mouse and rat. the encoded protein is 998amino acids long and includes a 23amino acid-long leader peptide. comparison of the coding sequence, excluding exon 11, of cel from gorilla and man r ... | 1999 | 10548728 |
| health evaluation of free-ranging and semi-captive orangutans (pongo pygmaeus pygmaeus) in sabah, malaysia. | baseline data on health of free-ranging wildlife is essential to evaluate impacts of habitat transformation and wildlife translocation, rehabilitation, and reintroduction programs. health information on many species, especially great apes, is extremely limited. between 1996 and 1998, 84 free-ranging orangutans captured for translocation, underwent a complete health evaluation. analogous data were gathered from 60 semi-captive orangutans in malaysia. baseline hematology and serology; vitamin, min ... | 2003 | 12685070 |
| molecular cytogenetic dissection of human chromosomes 3 and 21 evolution. | chromosome painting in placental mammalians illustrates that genome evolution is marked by chromosomal synteny conservation and that the association of chromosomes 3 and 21 may be the largest widely conserved syntenic block known for mammals. we studied intrachromosomal rearrangements of the syntenic block 3/21 by using probes derived from chromosomal subregions with a resolution of up to 10-15 mbp. we demonstrate that the rearrangements visualized by chromosome painting, mostly translocations, ... | 2000 | 10618396 |
| structural and evolutionary analysis of an orangutan foamy virus. | the full-length proviral genome of a foamy virus infecting a bornean orangutan was amplified, and its sequence was analyzed. although the genome showed a clear resemblance to other published foamy virus genomes from apes and monkeys, phylogenetic analysis revealed that simian foamy virus sfvora was evolutionarily equidistant from foamy viruses from other hominoids and from those from old world monkeys. this finding suggests an independent evolution within its host over a long period of time. | 2003 | 12857929 |
| a comparison of taste thresholds for sweet and astringent-tasting compounds in great apes. | taste responses to fructose and tannic acid were compared between great apes using the 'two-bottle test' with tests of brief duration. the taste thresholds for fructose were [10-20] mm in pongo pygmaeus, [40-50] mm in pan troglodytes, and [70-80] mm in gorilla gorilla. inhibition thresholds for tannic acid were [2.9-3.5] mm in pongo and [2.9-5.9] mm in pan. gorillas apparently significantly preferred tannins at low concentrations ([0.59-5.9] mm) but rejected concentrations above [8.8-14.7] mm. t ... | 2003 | 12876895 |
| genetic divergence of orangutan subspecies (pongo pygmaeus). | microsatellites and mitochondrial dna sequences were studied for the two subspecies of orangutans (pongo pygmaeus), which are located in borneo (p. p. pygmaeus) and sumatra (p. p. abelii), respectively. both subspecies possess marked genetic diversity. genetic subdivision was identified within the sumatran orangutans. the genetic differentiation between the two subspecies is highly significant for nd5 region but not significant for 16s rrna or microsatellite data by exact tests, although fst est ... | 2001 | 11443355 |
| chromosomes of the orang-utan (pongo pygmaeus). | | 1961 | 13878899 |
| object permanence in orangutans (pongo pygmaeus), chimpanzees (pan troglodytes), and children (homo sapiens). | juvenile and adult orangutans (n = 5; pongo pygmaeus), chimpanzees (n = 7; pan troglodytes), and 19- and 26-month-old children (n = 24; homo sapiens) received visible and invisible displacements. three containers were presented forming a straight line, and a small box was used to displace a reward under them. subjects received 3 types of displacement: single (the box visited 1 container), double adjacent (the box visited 2 contiguous containers), and double nonadjacent (the box visited 2 noncont ... | 2001 | 11459163 |
| sylvatic transmission of arboviruses among bornean orangutans. | wild populations of nonhuman primates live in regions of sylvatic arbovirus transmission. to assess the status of arbovirus transmission in bornean forests and the susceptibility of wild orangutans to arboviral infection, blood samples of wild orangutans, semi-captive orangutans, and humans were examined. samples were tested by plaque reduction neutralization test for antibodies to viruses representing three families (flaviviridae, alphaviridae, and bunyaviridae), including dengue-2, japanese en ... | 2001 | 11463123 |
| the first discovery of a complete skeleton of a fossil orang-utan in a cave of the hoa binh province, vietnam. | here we provide a description of the first complete adult fossil orang-utan skeleton from the asian mainland. this specimen, and remains of a juvenile orang, were collected in a late pleistocene cavern in the hoa binh province of the socialist republic of vietnam. the results confirm the suggestions by hooijer (1948) zool. meded. leiden29, 175-301 and later by schwartz et al. (1995) anthrop. pap. am. mus. nat. hist.76, 1-24, that ancient orang-utans had bigger teeth than those of modern pongo py ... | 2001 | 11535001 |
| morphological variation in great ape and modern human mandibles. | adult mandibles of 317 modern humans and 91 great apes were selected that showed no pathology. adult mandibles of pan troglodytes troglodytes, pongo pygmaeus pygmaeus and gorilla gorilla gorilla and from 2 modern human populations (zulu and europeans from spitalfields) were reliably sexed. thirteen measurements were defined and included mandibular height, length and breadth in representative positions. univariate statistical techniques and multivariate (principal component analysis and discrimin ... | 1999 | 10634689 |
| mitochondrial 16s rrna sequence diversity of hominoids. | we determined nucleotide sequences of the 16s rrna gene of mitochondrial dna (mtdna) (about 1.6 kb) for 35 chimpanzee, 13 bonobo, 10 gorilla, 16 orangutan, and 23 gibbon individuals. we compared those data with published sequences and estimated nucleotide diversity for each species. all the ape species showed higher diversity than human. we also constructed phylogenetic trees and networks. the two orangutan subspecies were clearly separated from each other, and sumatran orangutans showed much hi ... | 2001 | 11948216 |
| male orangutan subadulthood: a new twist on the relationship between chronic stress and developmental arrest. | both in the wild and in captivity, a marked and enduring arrest of secondary sexual developmental occurs in some male orangutans (pongo pygmaeus) (kingsley [1982] the orang-utan: its biology and conservation, the hague: junk; utami [2000]). researchers have hypothesized that chronic stress, perhaps related to aggression from mature males, causes endocrine changes altering growth and maturation rates in these males (maple [1980] orangutan behavior, new york: van nostrand reinhold; graham [1988] o ... | 2002 | 11953942 |
| another look at shape variation in the distal femur of australopithecus afarensis: implications for taxonomic and functional diversity at hadar. | previous studies have recognized two patterns of distal femoral morphology among the specimens from hadar (ethiopia) assigned to australopithecus afarensis. size and shape differences between the well-preserved large (al 333-4) and small (al 129-1a) distal femora have been used to invoke both taxonomic and functional differences within the a. afarensis hypodigm. nevertheless, prior studies have not analyzed these specimens in a multivariate context, nor have they compared the pattern of shape di ... | 2002 | 11969299 |
| referential understanding of videos in chimpanzees (pan troglodytes), orangutans (pongo pygmaeus), and children (homo sapiens). | performance on identical search tasks based on cues directly perceived or indirectly perceived through video were compared among a group of 4 adult chimpanzees (pan troglodytes), a group of 2 adult orangutans (pongo pygmaeus), and a group of 36 children (between 2 and 3 years of age). children comprehended directly perceived cues but had difficulty with video cues. in contrast, chimpanzees and 1 orangutan were successful in using video to guide their search for a hidden object. two follow-up stu ... | 2003 | 14717644 |
| maintenance of self-imposed delay of gratification by four chimpanzees (pan troglodytes) and an orangutan (pongo pygmaeus). | delay maintenance, which is the continuance over time of the choice to forgo an immediate, less preferred reward for a future, more preferred reward, was examined in 4 chimpanzees (pan troglodytes) and 1 orangutan (pongo pygmaeus). in the 1st experiment, the apes were presented with 20 chocolate pieces that were placed, one at a time, into a bowl that was within their reach. the apes could consume the available chocolate pieces at any time during a trial, but no additional pieces would be given. ... | 2002 | 12038494 |
| nk cell receptors of the orangutan (pongo pygmaeus): a pivotal species for tracking the coevolution of killer cell ig-like receptors with mhc-c. | cd94, nkg2, ly49, and killer cell ig-like receptor (kir) expressed by orangutan peripheral blood cells were examined by cloning and sequencing cdna from a panel of individuals. orthologs of human cd94, nkg2a, d, and f were defined. nkg2c and e are represented by one gene, popy-nkg2ce, that is equidistant from the two human genes. several popy-cd94, nkg2a, and nkg2ce alleles were defined. popy-ly49l is expressed in cultured nk cells and has a sequence consistent with it encoding a functional rece ... | 2002 | 12077248 |
| extensive mhc-dqb variation in humans and non-human primate species. | non-human primates are often used in biomedical research, and the application of these animals as a model in immune-related diseases necessitates the characterisation of their mhc system. in particular, the mhc class ii regions of the chimpanzee (pan troglodytes), the rhesus macaque (macaca mulatta)and the common marmoset (callithrix jacchus) have been subject of molecular biological studies in recent years. in this study the emphasis was on mhc class ii genes of another macaque species, macaca ... | 2002 | 12136334 |
| chromosome mapping of miller-diecker, smith-magenis and rara loci in non-human primates: implications in the evolution of human chromosome 17. | molecular cytogenetics allows to verify chromosomal homologies previously hypothesised on the base of banding pattern comparison in different species. so far only the chromosome painting technique has been extensively used in studies of chromosomal evolution. this technique allows to detect only interchromosomal rearrangements. human and great apes chromosomes basically differ by intrachromosomal rearrangements, in particular inversions; with chromosome painting it has just been possible to conf ... | 2002 | 12206366 |
| new tool use by wild sumatran orangutans (pongo pygmaeus abelii). | two forms of tool use by wild sumatran orangutans are reported from the agusan monitoring station, a new research site in indonesia. one form, a branch "hook" used in locomotion, has not been reported previously in wild orangutans. the second form, a leaf "pad" used to protect the hands and feet from thorns while feeding, shares similarities in form and function with a tool type used by orangutans at ketambe, a nearby research site. both instances of tool use occurred in areas of disturbance, an ... | 2002 | 12237938 |
| early hominin limb proportions. | recent analyses and new fossil discoveries suggest that the evolution of hominin limb length proportions is complex, with evolutionary reversals and a decoupling of proportions within and between limbs. this study takes into account intraspecific variation to test whether or not the limb proportions of four early hominin associated skeletons (al 288-1, oh 62, bou-vp-12/1, and knm-wt 15000) can be considered to be significantly different from one another. exact randomization methods were used to ... | 2002 | 12393007 |
| population subdivision and gene flow among wild orangutans. | genetic variability among populations of orangutans from borneo and sumatra was assessed using seven ssr loci. most ssr loci were highly polymorphic and their allele frequencies exhibited substantial variation across subpopulations. while significant genetic subdivision was observed among the island populations, genetic distance did not increase with geographic distance and sufficient gene flow persists to prevent marked genetic subdivision. since it is unlikely that the bornean orangutans dispe ... | 2002 | 12426465 |
| molecular evolution of igg subclass among nonhuman primates: implication of differences in antigenic determinants among apes. | the cross-reactivity of five different rabbit polyclonal antibodies to human igg and igg subclass (igg1, igg2, igg3, and igg4) was determined by competitive elisa with nine nonhuman primate species including five apes, three old world monkeys, and one new world monkey. as similar to those previously reported, the reactivity of anti-human igg antibody with plasma from different primate species was closely related with phylogenic distance from human. every anti-human igg subclass antibody showed l ... | 2002 | 12426468 |
| comparative urinary androstanes in the great apes. | urinary androstanes from seven species of male great apes (human, bonobo, chimpanzee, lowland gorilla, mountain gorilla, bornean orangutan, and sumatran orangutan) were separated by hplc and detected by ria using two testosterone antibodies. all animals examined showed the presence of testosterone and six additional immunoreactive peaks. although testosterone was the dominant peak (85%) in human urine, its proportion in urine was much less in the other apes, ranging from a high of 59% in the bon ... | 2003 | 12535626 |
| microarray analysis of nonhuman primates: validation of experimental models in neurological disorders. | nonhuman primates (nhps) have provided robust experimental animal models for many human-related diseases due to their similar physiologies. nonetheless, profound differences remain in the acquisition, progression, and outcome of important diseases such as aids and alzheimer's, for which the underlying basis remains obscure. we explored the utility of human high-density oligonucleotide arrays to survey the transcription profile of nhp genomes. total rna from prefrontal cortices of human (homo sap ... | 2003 | 12626435 |
| genetic sex identification in orangutans. | to date, no established protocol for genetic sex identification in orangutans (pongo pygmaeus) exists. in nearly all apes (gibbons, gorillas, chimpanzees, and humans), genetic sex identification is possible using the amelogenin gene because copies located on x and y chromosomes have different sizes. here we report that orangutan sex identification can be resolved through multiplex polymerase chain reaction (pcr) of the y-linked sry locus and the amelogenin locus. pcr amplifications of orangutan ... | 2003 | 12712768 |
| neuroanatomical localization of the motor hand area with magnetic resonance imaging: the left hemisphere is larger in great apes. | magnetic resonance images of the brain were obtained from 2 gorillas (gorilla gorilla gorilla), 4 orangutans (pongo pygmaeus), 14 chimpanzees (pan troglodytes), and 4 bonobos (pan paniscus). the region on the motor cortex of humans identified as responsible for motor skill of the hand (the "knob") was identified in this sample on consecutive 1-mm axial scans. the shape of the knob area was traced on each scan from both hemispheres, and the area from all scans was summed to calculate the knob vol ... | 2001 | 11584929 |
| homosexual behavior in wild sumatran orangutans (pongo pygmaeus abelii). | wild male sumatran orangutans at two study sites engaged in homosexual behavior. these observations demonstrate that homosexual behavior is not an artifact of captivity or contact with humans. in separate instances, homosexual behavior was associated with affiliative and agonistic behaviors. these observations add orangutans to the list of primates in which homosexual behavior forms part of the natural repertoire of sexual or sociosexual behavior. | 2001 | 11746281 |
| telomere biology and cellular aging in nonhuman primate cells. | to determine how cellular aging is conserved among primates, we analyzed the replicative potential and telomere shortening in skin fibroblasts of anthropoids and prosimians. the average telomere length of the new world primates ateles geoffroyi (spider monkey) and saimiri sciureus (squirrel monkey) and the old world primates macaca mulatta (rhesus monkey), pongo pygmaeus (orangutan), and pan paniscus (pigmy chimpanzee) ranged from 4 to 16 kb. we found that telomere shortening limits the replicat ... | 2002 | 11777339 |
| characterization of the mhc class i-related mr1 locus in nonhuman primates. | we characterized the mhc-related 1 ( mr1) locus in two nonhuman primates species, pongo pygmaeus and pan troglodytes. mr1 cdna sequences encoding several isoforms generated through alternative splicing were observed in both species. amino acid alignment between the five species in which mr1 has been characterized to date - human, chimpanzee, orangutan, mouse, and rat - reveals a very high degree of conservation specially in the alpha1 and alpha2 domains of the molecule. the main differences conc ... | 2001 | 11797097 |
| nonenculturated orangutans' (pongo pygmaeus) use of experimenter-given manual and facial cues in an object-choice task. | several experiments have been performed, to examine whether nonhuman primates are able to make use of experimenter-given manual and facial (visual) cues to direct their attention to a baited object. contrary to the performance of prosimians and monkeys, great apes repeatedly have shown task efficiency in experiments such as these. however, many great ape subjects used have been "enculturated" individuals. in the present study, 3 nonenculturated orangutans (pongo pygmaeus) were tested for their a ... | 2004 | 15482058 |
| spontaneous use of magnitude discrimination and ordination by the orangutan (pongo pygmaeus). | the ability to discriminate quantity is descriptive of general cognitive ability. in this study, the authors presented 2 orangutans (pongo pygmaeus) with a quantity judgment task. each trial consisted of 2 choices, ranging from 1 to 6 food items in each. the orangutan chose 1 of the quantities, which was removed, and the remaining array was given as a reward. in contrast to chimpanzees previously tested on the same task (s. t. boysen & g. g. berntson, 1995; s. t. boysen, g. g. berntson, m. b. ha ... | 2001 | 11824901 |
| cortical orofacial motor representation in old world monkeys, great apes, and humans. ii. stereologic analysis of chemoarchitecture. | this study presents a comparative stereologic investigation of neurofilament protein- and calcium-binding protein-immunoreactive neurons within the region of orofacial representation of primary motor cortex (brodmann's area 4) in several catarrhine primate species (macaca fascicularis, papio anubis, pongo pygmaeus, gorilla gorilla, pan troglodytes, and homo sapiens). results showed that the density of interneurons involved in vertical interlaminar processing (i.e., calbindin- and calretinin-immu ... | 2004 | 14685003 |
| plasticity of human chromosome 3 during primate evolution. | comparative mapping of more than 100 region-specific clones from human chromosome 3 in bornean and sumatran orangutans, siamang gibbon, and old and new world monkeys allowed us to reconstruct ancestral simian and hominoid chromosomes. a single paracentric inversion derives chromosome 1 of the old world monkey presbytis cristata from the simian ancestor. in the new world monkey callithrix geoffroyi and siamang, the ancestor diverged on multiple chromosomes, through utilizing different breakpoints ... | 2004 | 14706448 |
| tool-use and tool-making by captive, group-living orangutans (pongo pygmaeus abelii) at an artificial termite mound. | the present study examined the use and making of tools to obtain foodstuffs in artificial-mound holes by five captive, group-living sumatran orangutans (pongo pygmaeus abelii). three adult orangutans frequently stripped leaves and twigs from a branch provided (tool-making), and then inserted the tool into a hole to obtain foodstuffs (tool-using). a 5-year-old female juvenile usually used the tools that adult orangutans had previously used, but rarely made tools herself. a 2-year-old male infant ... | 2004 | 14744550 |