| female sexual behavior and sexual swelling size as potential cues for males to discern the female fertile phase in free-ranging barbary macaques (macaca sylvanus) of gibraltar. | although female catarrhine primates show cyclic changes in sexual behavior and sexual swellings, the value of these sexual signals in providing information to males about timing of the fertile phase is largely unclear. recently, we have shown that in barbary macaques, males receive information from females which enables them to discern the fertile phase and to focus their reproductive effort accordingly. here, we investigate the nature of the cues being used by examining female sexual behavior a ... | 2007 | 17644098 |
| chronic levonorgestrel treatment in macaca sylvanus: effects on perineal swelling size and fecal sex steroid excretion. | administered levonorgestrel enables contraception under normal cyclicity of the ovaries and does not suppress the development of cyclic perineal swellings. this study investigated the influence of levonorgestrel on fecal gonadal steroid excretion rates and the expression of perineal swelling size. | 2007 | 17627271 |
| reproductive success in relation to dominance rank in the absence of prime-age males in barbary macaques. | in some primate species dominance rank of males is correlated with reproductive success, whereas in other species this relationship is inconsistent. barbary macaques (macaca sylvanus) live in a promiscuous mating system in which males are ranked in a dominance hierarchy that influences their access to females. high-ranking males usually monopolize fertile females during their estrous period and show increased mating activities. subadult males generally rank below adult males. for barbary macaque ... | 2008 | 17583557 |
| female ovarian cycle phase affects the timing of male sexual activity in free-ranging barbary macaques (macaca sylvanus) of gibraltar. | although all macaques have a multimale multifemale mating system, the degree of promiscuity shown by the barbary macaque is considered to be extreme in terms of both mating frequency and number of mating partners. how mating activity is distributed throughout the female menstrual cycle and whether or not copulations are concentrated around the fertile phase as in other members of the genus is, however, not known. to examine this, we collected data on rates of copulation throughout 29 ovarian cyc ... | 2008 | 17577208 |
| the function of teeth chattering in male barbary macaques (macaca sylvanus). | teeth chattering is seen in many primate species and has been proposed to have a range of social functions. this observational study tested specific hypotheses relating to the function of teeth chattering in a semi-free-ranging group of barbary macaques, macaca sylvanus. during focal watches of males, the outcome of male-male dyadic social interactions in which teeth chattering was present or absent was compared. using these data, we tested the predictions of four hypotheses: teeth chattering fu ... | 2007 | 17358007 |
| grooming in barbary macaques: better to give than to receive? | it is well established that grooming underpins sociality in group-living primates, and a number of studies have documented the stress-reducing effects of being groomed. in this study, we quantified grooming behaviour and physiological stress (assessed by faecal glucocorticoid analysis) in free-ranging barbary macaques, macaca sylvanus. our results indicate that it is the giving rather than the receiving of grooming that is associated with lower stress levels. these findings shed important new li ... | 2007 | 17327200 |
| pediculosis in macaca sylvanus of gibraltar. | pedicinus spp. parasitize several species of nonhuman primates. this is the first published report confirming the presence of pedicinus albidus (rudow) infestation in the free-ranging macaques (macaca sylvanus) of gibraltar. the diagnosis of pediculosis was based upon finding adult lice on host animals. | 2007 | 17280788 |
| influence of perineal swellings on behavior and stress reaction in levonorgestrel implanted macaca sylvanus females. | contraceptives are common tools in controlling the reproductive physiology in primates. levonorgestrel, a synthetic gestagen, can usually enable contraception and does not suppress the extension of perineal swellings. | 2013 | 16648796 |
| patterns of anogenital swelling size and their endocrine correlates during ovulatory cycles and early pregnancy in free-ranging barbary macaques (macaca sylvanus) of gibraltar. | in macaques and other cercopithecoid primates, large anogenital swellings (as) are generally found only in those species in which reproduction is not seasonally restricted. in this respect, the barbary macaque is unusual because while it shows a marked degree of reproductive seasonality, it also exhibits a striking, exaggerated swelling of the circumanal region and labia. information on the characteristics of as in female barbary macaques is limited in that it is largely based on semiquantitativ ... | 2005 | 16104035 |
| do barbary macaques 'comment' on what they see? a first report on vocalizations accompanying interactions of third parties. | primates acquire knowledge about relationships of third parties and group structure by monitoring their conspecifics. we show that barbary macaques (macaca sylvanus) utter specific vocalizations while monitoring interactions of other group members. as they did not direct other behaviours to the interacting group members, we provisionally termed these vocalizations 'vocal comments'. we investigated the acoustic properties of these comments and the social contexts in which they occurred. most adul ... | 2005 | 15316830 |
| an overview of the barbary macaque, macaca sylvanus, vocal repertoire. | this study provides an overview of the vocalizations of barbary macaques, macaca sylvanus. spectrographic displays of calls are presented along with photographs of the accompanying facial gestures. we give a general description of the contexts in which the different calls are uttered, with special regard to the age and sex of the caller. the vocal repertoire of barbary macaques mainly consists of screams, shrill barks, geckers, low-frequency pants and grunts, with gradation occurring within and ... | 2003 | 12065939 |
| testing the reliability of noninvasive genetic sampling by comparing analyses of blood and fecal samples in barbary macaques (macaca sylvanus). | genetic studies of wild animal populations are often hindered by difficulties in obtaining blood samples. recent advances in molecular biology have allowed the use of noninvasive samples as sources of dna (e.g., hair or feces), but such samples may provide low-quality dna and prevent the determination of true genotypes in subsequent dna analysis. we present a preliminary study aimed at assessing the reliability of using fecal samples for genotyping in barbary macaques (macaca sylvanus). the test ... | 2001 | 11746278 |
| sequence conservation of nine barbary macaque (macaca sylvanus) microsatellite loci: implication of specific primers for genotyping. | | 2004 | 11490133 |
| is male-infant caretaking related to paternity and/or mating activities in wild barbary macaques (macaca sylvanus)? | in species with a promiscuous mating system, the functions of male-infant caretaking remain unclear in the absence of genetic paternity tests. we tested paternal investment and hypotheses concerning reproductive tactics in wild groups of barbary macaques, including results of genetic paternity tests. our study revealed that male-infant caretaking was not related to the probability of paternity. in principle, males could use access to females to estimate paternity. however, we found that mating s ... | 2001 | 11476001 |
| perception of female reproductive state from vocal cues in a mammal species. | while acoustic signalling by males is known to affect male-male competition, mate attraction and the timing of ovulation, the extent to which sexual selection has shaped the evolution of female acoustic signals is poorly understood. among mammals, experimental evidence indicates that females attract mating partners by using olfactory and visual signals to advertise their reproductive state. whether or not males ascertain female reproductive state from vocal signals has, however, never been syste ... | 2000 | 10821617 |
| perineal swellings: a social and endocrine advantage for barbary macaque females (macaca sylvanus). | this study focuses the relationship between social rank, intersexual behavior, age, fecal cortisol equivalent excretion rates and perineal swelling size in contraceptive-treated macaca sylvanus females. behavioral data and fecal samples were collected during a twenty-week period from 24 females. females were categorized with regard to perineal swelling (enlarged or reduced), and to their dominance rank (high or low); we found that swelling size was not associated with it. however, females with a ... | 1999 | 10646220 |
| genetic differentiation within and between isolated algerian subpopulations of barbary macaques (macaca sylvanus): evidence from microsatellites | this study of wild-living algerian barbary macaques (macaca sylvanus) was designed to examine genetic variability in subpopulations isolated in residual forest patches, in an attempt to obtain data on the effects of habitat fragmentation. the wild population of this species (estimated at a maximum of 15,000) is vulnerable and this study therefore has direct relevance for conservation measures. data from five microsatellite loci were analysed for 159 individuals from nine different groups living ... | 1999 | 10199007 |
| vigilance during foraging and allogrooming in semi-free-ranging barbary macaques. | | 1998 | 9885342 |
| fecal glucocorticoids document stress in female barbary macaques (macaca sylvanus). | patterns of received aggression and the endocrine response were related to an increase in fecal glucocorticoid metabolites in an intact semifree-ranging group of barbary macaque females in order to quantify the social stress incurred over a 20-week observation period. the novel result showed that immunoreactive cortisol and 11-oxoetiocholanolone found in the feces can indeed determine the endocrine response of the adrenal gland after a social stressor. after hplc separation of pooled fecal sampl ... | 1999 | 9882546 |
| the socioecology of infant handling in primates: is the current model convincing? | a strong interest shown by females towards infants other than their own is one of the most consistent behavioral traits found in primates, including humans. species differences exist, however, in the extent mothers allow other group members to interact with their offspring. socioecological theory predicts that in species characterized by relaxed, egalitarian dominance relations mothers should allow extensive interactions between their infants and other individuals from the first weeks of life, w ... | 1999 | 23179530 |
| the function of barbary macaque copulation calls. | in a wide variety of animal species, females produce vocalizations specific to mating contexts. it has been proposed that these copulation calls function to incite males to compete for access to the calling female. two separate advantages of inciting male-male competition in this way have been put forward. the first suggests that as a result of calling, females are only mated by the highest ranking male in the vicinity (indirect mate choice hypothesis). the second proposes that copulation callin ... | 1998 | 9523431 |
| postestrus anogenital swelling in female barbary macaques. the larger, the better? | | 1997 | 9071406 |
| parentage analysis within a semi-free-ranging group of barbary macaques macaca sylvanus. | this study of a group of semi-free-ranging barbary macaques macaca sylvanus aimed to determine paternity, to establish whether any individual male achieved prominent mating success and to assess genetic variability. analyses involved electrophoresis of 15 blood protein systems and multilocus dna fingerprinting (isotopic and nonisotopic). genetic variability was low; only two blood protein systems were polymorphic. although all dna-fingerprints were individual-specific, they showed a high average ... | 1995 | 7711950 |
| barbary macaques challenge theory of female choice. | | 1992 | 1631553 |
| dna fingerprinting reveals that infant care by male barbary macaques (macaca sylvanus) is not paternal investment. | | 1992 | 1612538 |
| birth of a barbary macaque (macaca sylvanus): acoustic and behavioural features. | | 1989 | 2807096 |
| the world's first surviving macaca sylvanus twins in a semifree-ranging colony. | | 1987 | 3454341 |
| the barbary macaque. | | 1985 | 17843075 |
| female reproductive characteristics in semifree-ranging barbary macaques (macaca sylvanus l. 1758). | mating activities in a group of 178 barbary macaques were studied during the breeding season 1982/83. copulations were observed between the middle of august and the end of march. more than 80% of all copulations were recorded from october to december. number of estrous periods ranged from 1 to 5, most females (67%) had 2 estrous periods. most females (87%) conceived during the first estrus. postconceptional bleedings and 1 postconceptional estrus were observed regularly. mean interval between th ... | 1984 | 6519600 |
| trichoepithelioma in a barbary ape (macaca sylvanus): review of cutaneous tumors in nonhuman primates and case report. | a cutaneous tumor was surgically removed from a 10-year-old, male barbary ape (macaca sylvanus). histologically, the tumor was primarily adnexoid in nature and contained structures that resembled abortive hair follicles. the tumor was diagnosed as a trichoepithelioma. | 1984 | 6502689 |
| calcium pyrophosphate dihydrate crystal deposition disease with concurrent vertebral hyperostosis in a barbary ape. | | 1983 | 6303360 |
| pleistocene macaca from hoxne, suffolk, england. | pleistocene macaque remains are uncommon in great britain. in addition to three specimens previously known from three sites, four teeth from hoxne, suffolk are recorded here. closely resembling teeth of modern macaca sylvanus (barbary ape), they were recovered from a middle pleistocene stratum containing stone artifacts (including handaxes) and fauna including cold-climate lemmings. | 1982 | 7042495 |
| social rank and darwinian fitness in a multimale group of barbary macaques (macaca sylvana linnaeus, 1758). dominance reversals and male reproductive success. | in a 5-year study data were compared on rank and reproductive success of 3 mature males in a group of barbary macaques who had sired 32 infants on 14 females. the results indicate that the absolute number of offspring as well as the proportion of offspring from higher-ranking females is a function of the male's rank. asymmetrical access to receptive females was produced by either a high basic rank or by the formation of a coalition, or both of these, which resulted in at least partial exclusion ... | 1981 | 7319423 |
| genetic markers in primates: pedigree patterns of a breeding group of barbary macaques (macaca sylvana linnaeus, 1758). | | 1981 | 6172345 |
| a twinning event in macaca sylvanus of gibraltar. | linear measurements and body proportions for a set of free-ranging macaca sylvanus twins are presented. their measurements are compared to a full-term perinatal dead female. the twins are dizygous and probably 28 days premature. | 1979 | 113541 |
| the annual reproductive cycle of captive macaca sylvana. | the annual reproductive cycle of a captive colony of barbary apes, macaca sylvana, was examined for the 26-year period from 1950 to 1976 and then compared with the annual reproductive cycle of semifree ranging m.sylvania in gibraltar. mating and birthing seasons for the two populations were similar although birth synchrony was more pronounced in the gibraltar colony. the environmental factors influencing the maintenance of the annual cycles in both localities are examined. | 1978 | 648978 |
| ovarian carcinoma with transcelomic metastasis in a barbary ape. | an ovarian carcinoma, unique among those recorded from nonhuman primates inasmuch as it contained psammoma bodies and ciliated epithelium, was found in a barbary ape. the tumor was characterized by transcelomic metastasis, a feature common to ovarian and uterine tube malignancies of women. | 1976 | 824263 |
| intestinal helminths in macaca sylvanus of gibraltar. | | 1976 | 822934 |
| the social organization of barbary apes (macaca sylvana) on gibraltar. | | 1970 | 4988195 |
| leptospirosis in barbary apes (macaca sylvana). | | 1969 | 5388180 |
| the annual reproductive cycle of the barbary ape (macaca sylvana) in gibraltar. | | 1966 | 5971504 |
| implications of tourist-macaque interactions for disease transmission. | during wildlife tourism, proximity or actual contact between people and animals may lead to a significant risk of anthropozoonotic disease transmission. in this paper, we use social network analysis, disease simulation modelling and data on animal health and behaviour to investigate such risks at a site in morocco, where tourists come to see wild barbary macaques (macaca sylvanus). measures of individual macaques' network centrality-an index of the strength and distribution of their social relat ... | 2017 | 29150827 |
| [not available]. | | 1949 | 18135028 |
| survey for hepatitis e virus infection in non-human primates in zoos in spain. | hepatitis e virus (hev) is an emerging zoonotic pathogen that has been detected in different animal species. a survey study was carried out to assess hev infection in non-human primates (nhps) housed in zoos in spain. anti-hev antibodies were detected in eight of the 181 nhps tested (4.4%; 95%ci: 1.4-7.4). at least one seropositive animal was detected in five of the 33 species sampled (15.2%). this is the first report of seropositivity in black-and-white ruffed lemurs (varecia variegata), common ... | 2019 | 30959551 |
| molecular cytogenetic analysis of one african and five asian macaque species reveals identical karyotypes as in mandrill. | the question how evolution and speciation work is one of the major interests of biology. especially, genetic including karyotypic evolution within primates is of special interest due to the close phylogenetic position of macaca and homo sapiens and the role as in vivo models in medical research, neuroscience, behavior, pharmacology, reproduction and acquired immune deficiency syndrome (aids). | 2018 | 29606908 |
| interest in non-social novel stimuli as a function of age in rhesus monkeys. | human cognitive and affective life changes with healthy ageing; cognitive capacity declines while emotional life becomes more positive and social relationships are prioritized. this may reflect an awareness of limited lifetime unique to humans, leading to a greater interest in maintaining social relationships at the expense of the non-social world in the face of limited cognitive and physical resources. alternately, fundamental biological processes common to other primate species may direct pref ... | 2019 | 31598275 |
| tolerant barbary macaques maintain juvenile levels of social attention in old age, but despotic rhesus macaques do not. | complex social life is thought to be a major driver of complex cognition in primates, but few studies have directly tested the relationship between a given primate species' social system and their social cognitive skills. we experimentally compared life span patterns of a foundational social cognitive skill (following another's gaze) in tolerant barbary macaques, macaca sylvanus, and despotic rhesus macaques, macaca mulatta. semi-free-ranging monkeys (n = 80 individuals from each species) follow ... | 2017 | 29151603 |
| where's the cookie? the ability of monkeys to track object transpositions. | object permanence is the ability to represent mentally an object and follow its position even when it has disappeared from view. according to piaget's 6-stage scale of the sensorimotor period of development, it seems that object permanence appears in stage 4 and fully develops in stage 6. in this study, we investigated the ability of some species of monkeys (i.e. pig-tailed macaque, lion-tailed macaque, celebes crested macaque, barbary macaque, de brazza's monkey, l'hoest's monkey, allen's swamp ... | 2018 | 29858974 |
| genomic copy number variation study of nine macaca species provides new insights into their genetic divergence, adaptation and biomedical application. | copy number variation (cnv) can promote phenotypic diversification and adaptive evolution. however, the genomic architecture of cnvs among macaca species remains scarcely reported, and the roles of cnvs in adaptation and evolution of macaques have not been well addressed. here, we identified and characterized 1479 genome-wide hetero-specific cnvs across nine macaca species with bioinformatic methods, along with 26 cnv-dense regions and dozens of lineage-specific cnvs. the genes intersecting cnvs ... | 2020 | 32970804 |
| differential ageing trajectories in motivation, inhibitory control and cognitive flexibility in barbary macaques (macaca sylvanus). | across the lifespan, the performance in problem-solving tasks varies strongly, owing to age-related variation in cognitive abilities as well as the motivation to engage in a task. non-human primates provide an evolutionary perspective on human cognitive and motivational ageing, as they lack an insight into their own limited lifetime, and ageing trajectories are not affected by customs and societal norms. to test age-related variation in inhibitory control, cognitive flexibility and persistence, ... | 2020 | 32951548 |
| parasitic infections in african humans and non-human primates. | different protozoa and metazoa have been detected in great apes, monkeys and humans with possible interspecies exchanges. some are either nonpathogenic or their detrimental effects on the host are not yet known. others lead to serious diseases that can even be fatal. their survey remains of great importance for public health and animal conservation. fecal samples from gorillas (gorilla gorilla) and humans living in same area in the republic of congo, chimpanzees (pan troglodytes) from senegal an ... | 2020 | 32664573 |
| testosterone and cortisol are negatively associated with ritualized bonding behavior in male macaques. | neuroendocrine research on the formation of social bonds has primarily focused on the role of nonapeptides. however, steroid hormones often act simultaneously to either inhibit or facilitate bonding. testosterone is proposed to mediate a trade-off between male mating effort and nurturing behavior; therefore, low levels are predicted during periods of nurturing infant care and social bonding. in species where social bonding and support regulates hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis activity, we al ... | 2020 | 32574857 |
| adenovirus infections in african humans and wild non-human primates: great diversity and cross-species transmission. | non-human primates (nhps) are known hosts for adenoviruses (advs), so there is the possibility of the zoonotic or cross-species transmission of advs. as with humans, adv infections in animals can cause diseases that range from asymptomatic to fatal. the aim of this study was to investigate the occurrence and diversity of advs in: (i) fecal samples of apes and monkeys from different african countries (republic of congo, senegal, djibouti and algeria), (ii) stool of humans living near gorillas in ... | 2020 | 32570742 |
| innovation in wild barbary macaques (macaca sylvanus). | innovation is the ability to solve novel problems or find novel solutions to familiar problems, and it is known to affect fitness in both human and non-human animals. in primates, innovation has been mostly studied in captivity, although differences in living conditions may affect individuals' ability to innovate. here, we tested innovation in a wild group of barbary macaques (macaca sylvanus). in four different conditions, we presented the group with several identical foraging boxes containing ... | 2020 | 32165675 |
| oxytocin increases after affiliative interactions in male barbary macaques. | mammals living in stable social groups often mitigate the costs of group living through the formation of social bonds and cooperative relationships. the neuropeptide hormone oxytocin (ot) is proposed to promote both bonding and cooperation although only a limited number of studies have investigated this under natural conditions. our aim was to assess the role of ot in bonding and cooperation in male barbary macaques (macaca sylvanus). first, we tested for an effect of affiliation - grooming and ... | 2020 | 31883945 |
| feasting and mobility in iron age ireland: multi-isotope analysis reveals the vast catchment of navan fort, ulster. | navan fort is an iconic prehistoric irish ceremonial centre and the legendary capital of ulster. the fort has produced an exceptional pig-dominated faunal assemblage that also contained a barbary macaque skull. dating from the 4th to 1st century bc, it is likely to be a ceremonial feasting centre that may have drawn people and their animals from across ulster and beyond. this study uses a multi-isotope (87sr/86sr, δ34s, δ13c, δ15n) approach to identify non-local animals and reconstruct site catc ... | 2019 | 31874966 |
| repeatable glucocorticoid expression is associated with behavioural syndromes in males but not females in a wild primate. | behavioural syndromes are a well-established phenomenon in human and non-human animal behavioural ecology. however, the mechanisms that lead to correlations among behaviours and individual consistency in their expression at the apparent expense of behavioural plasticity remain unclear. the 'state-dependent' hypothesis posits that inter-individual variation in behaviour arises from inter-individual variation in state and that the relative stability of these states within an individual leads to co ... | 2019 | 31598282 |
| complex patterns of grooming and sexual activity in barbary macaques (macaca sylvanus). | grooming in primates is often considered a "currency" that can be exchanged for other "services" or "commodities" such as reciprocal grooming, coalitionary support, infant handling, tolerance around food sources, active food sharing, or mating opportunities. previous studies on primate grooming-for-sex exchange viewed the males as the demanding class, with the females as suppliers of mating opportunities. in this study, we examine the broader context of grooming-for-mating exchange in barbary ma ... | 2019 | 31429113 |
| serological survey of toxoplasma gondii in captive nonhuman primates in zoos in spain. | toxoplasma gondii is a widely distributed zoonotic protozoan parasite, which can affect most warm-blooded species. some species of non-human primates (nhps) are highly susceptible to t. gondii infection. the aim of the study was to determine the seroprevalence and risk factors associated with t. gondii infection in nhps housed in zoos in spain. sera from 189 nhps belonging to 33 species were collected in eight zoos. additionally, 10 of the 189 animals were longitudinally sampled. anti-t. gondii ... | 2019 | 31300126 |
| hear them roar: a comparison of black-capped chickadee (poecile atricapillus) and human (homo sapiens) perception of arousal in vocalizations across all classes of terrestrial vertebrates. | recently, evidence for acoustic universals in vocal communication was found by demonstrating that humans can identify levels of arousal in vocalizations produced by species across three biological classes (filippi et al., 2017). here, we extend this work by testing whether two vocal learning species, humans and chickadees, can discriminate vocalizations of high and low arousal using operant discrimination go/no-go tasks. stimuli included vocalizations from nine species: giant panda, american all ... | 2019 | 31259563 |
| differentiation of trichuris species using a morphometric approach. | trichuris trichiura is a nematode considered as the whipworm present in humans and primates. the systematics of the genus trichuris is complex. morphological studies of trichuris isolated from primates and humans conclude that the species infecting these hosts is the same. furthermore, numerous molecular studies have been carried out so far to discriminate parasite species from humans and non-human primates using molecular techniques, but these studies were not performed in combination with a pa ... | 2019 | 31194117 |
| fostering of a wild, injured, juvenile by a neighbouring group: implications for rehabilitation and release of barbary macaques confiscated from illegal trade. | illegal live trade is one of the greatest threats to endangered barbary macaques. since trade focuses on young and barbary macaques show extensive alloparental care, rehabilitation and release into wild foster groups is a promising strategy to free space in sanctuaries to allow continued confiscations, improve individual welfare, minimize captive care costs, and reinforce wild populations. however, little documentation exists on barbary macaque releases and the age at which released macaques wou ... | 2019 | 31161434 |
| measuring urinary cortisol and testosterone levels in male barbary macaques: a comparison of eia and lc-ms. | the development of methods to quantify hormones from non-invasively collected samples such as urine or feces has facilitated endocrinology research on wild-living animals. to ensure that hormone measurements are biologically meaningful, method validations are strongly recommended for each new species or sample matrix. our aim was to validate three commonly used enzyme immunoassays (eia), one for analysis of cortisol and two for analysis of testosterone, to assess adrenocortical and gonadal endoc ... | 2019 | 31145893 |
| observing grooming promotes affiliation in barbary macaques. | observing friendly social interactions makes people feel good and, as a result, then act in an affiliative way towards others. positive visual contagion of this kind is common in humans, but whether it occurs in non-human animals is unknown. we explored the impact on female barbary macaques of observing grooming, a behaviour that physiological and behavioural studies indicate has a relaxing effect on the animals involved. we compared females' behaviour between two conditions: after observing con ... | 2018 | 30963904 |
| hair cortisol and stable carbon and nitrogen isotope ratios in barbary macaques (macaca sylvanus) from gibraltar. | prolonged exposure to the stress hormone cortisol can precipitate a catabolic state in animals resulting in a negative nitrogen balance and increased excreted nitrogen, possibly affecting stable nitrogen and carbon isotope ratios in animal tissues. here we test the hypothesis that stress, as measured by hair cortisol, is a significant contributor to variation in δ15 n and δ13 c values in hair. the results of the present study have important implications for the use of stable carbon and nitrogen ... | 2019 | 30741464 |
| behavioural thermoregulation via microhabitat selection of winter sleeping areas in an endangered primate: implications for habitat conservation. | strategic microhabitat selection allows animals in seasonally cold environments to reduce homeostatic energy costs, particularly overnight when thermoregulatory demands are greatest. suitable sleeping areas may therefore represent important resources for winter survival. knowledge of microhabitat use and potential impacts of anthropogenic habitat modification can aid species conservation through development of targeted habitat management plans. wild, endangered barbary macaques (macaca sylvanus) ... | 2018 | 30662730 |
| measuring personality in the field: an in situ comparison of personality quantification methods in wild barbary macaques (macaca sylvanus). | three popular approaches exist for quantifying personality in animals: behavioral coding in unconstrained and experimental settings and trait assessment. both behavioral coding in an unconstrained setting and trait assessment aim to identify an overview of personality structure by reducing the behavioral repertoire of a species into broad personality dimensions, whereas experimental assays quantify personality as reactive tendencies to particular stimuli. criticisms of these methods include that ... | 2019 | 30589296 |
| subtypes of aggression and their relation to anxiety in barbary macaques. | human aggression can be differentiated into reactive aggression (ra), displayed in face of a real or perceived threat and associated with high levels of anxiety, and proactive aggression (pa), displayed to achieve a certain goal and linked to lower anxiety levels. to study the origins of these aggression subtypes and their relation to anxiety, we tested if both subtypes can be distinguished in a nonhuman primate species, characterized their occurrence within the study group, and examined the lin ... | 2019 | 30318602 |
| correction: asymmetries in mother-infant behaviour in barbary macaques (macaca sylvanus). | [this corrects the article doi: 10.7717/peerj.4736.]. | 2018 | 30148000 |
| macaque remains from the early pliocene of the iberian peninsula. | macaques dispersed out of africa into eurasia in the framework of a broader intercontinental faunal exchange that coincided in time with the sea level drop associated with the messinian salinity crisis. they are first recorded in europe (italy and spain) by the latest miocene, being subsequently recorded all over europe, albeit sparsely, throughout the pliocene and pleistocene. these fossil european macaques are attributed to several (sub)species of the extant barbary macaque (macaca sylvanus). ... | 2018 | 30139554 |
| asymmetries in mother-infant behaviour in barbary macaques (macaca sylvanus). | asymmetries in the maternal behaviour and anatomy might play an important role in the development of primate manual lateralization. in particular, early life asymmetries in mother's and infant's behaviour have been suggested to be associated with the development of the hand preference of the offspring. the aim of this study was to investigate the presence of behavioural asymmetries in different behavioural categories of mother-infant dyads of zoo-living barbary macaques (macaca sylvanus). the st ... | 2018 | 29761052 |
| social thermoregulation as a potential mechanism linking sociality and fitness: barbary macaques with more social partners form larger huddles. | individuals with more or stronger social bonds experience enhanced survival and reproduction in various species, though the mechanisms mediating these effects are unclear. social thermoregulation is a common behaviour across many species which reduces cold stress exposure, body heat loss, and homeostatic energy costs, allowing greater energetic investment in growth, reproduction, and survival, with larger aggregations providing greater benefits. if more social individuals form larger thermoregul ... | 2018 | 29666428 |
| understanding human-animal relations in the context of primate conservation: a multispecies ethnographic approach in north morocco. | strategies for conserving species threatened with extinction are often driven by ecological data. however, in anthropogenic landscapes, understanding and incorporating local people's perceptions may enhance species conservation. we examine the relationships shepherds, living on the periphery of the mixed oak forest of bouhachem in northern morocco, have with animals in the context of a conservation project for barbary macaques (macaca sylvanus). we analyse ethnographic data to provide insights i ... | 2018 | 29631265 |
| on the rocks: using discourse analysis to examine relationships between barbary macaques (macaca sylvanus) and people on gibraltar. | primates are difficult to categorise due to some of the human-like characteristics they possess. here, we examine the complexities that exist in a commensal relationship between an introduced population of barbary macaques and local human populations on gibraltar. in western culture, much has been done to recognise primates' human characteristics while simultaneously focusing on keeping them at a metaphorical distance. in the context of gibraltar's barbary macaques, the anomalous status of prima ... | 2018 | 29631260 |
| hand preference on unimanual and bimanual tasks in barbary macaques (macaca sylvanus). | the presence of group-level handedness in non-human primates remains controversial, as different studies have produced inconsistent results. bimanual coordinated tasks have been found to elicit more pronounced hand preferences than simple unimanual tasks. the aim of this study was to examine manual lateralization in a group of 15 barbary macaques during unimanual and bimanual tasks. in the unimanual task, data on simple food reaching in a foraging context were collected. during the bimanual task ... | 2018 | 29457635 |
| first report of the plasmid-mediated colistin resistance gene mcr-1 in escherichia coli st405 isolated from wildlife in bejaia, algeria. | the aim of the present study was to screen for the presence of mcr-1 gene in enterobacteriaceae isolated from barbary macaques (macaca sylvanus) in algeria. | 2018 | 29227182 |
| social interactions and activity patterns of old barbary macaques: further insights into the foundations of social selectivity. | human aging is accompanied by a decrease in social activity and a narrowing in social networks. studies in nonhuman primates may provide valuable comparative insights in which way aging impacts social life, in the absence of cultural conventions and an awareness of a limited lifetime. for female barbary macaques at "la forêt des singes" in rocamadour, france, we previously reported an age-associated decrease in active grooming time and network size. here, we aimed to extend these findings by inv ... | 2017 | 28984992 |
| age-dependent change of coalitionary strategy in male barbary macaques. | inter- and intra-specific variation in the propensity to form coalitions has been explained by variation in the availability of suitable partners, distribution of fighting ability, coalition profitability, and costs of coordination. male coalition formation can be an alternative reproductive strategy to one-on-one competition to maximize male reproductive success. here we focus on age as a state variable to explain within-group variation in individual propensity to form coalitions against other ... | 2017 | 32110686 |
| sex differences in infant integration in a semifree-ranging group of barbary macaques (macaca sylvanus, l. 1758) at salem, germany. | sixteen multiparous barbary macaque females with newborns were studied over a 16 month period within the context of their naturally formed group. analysis of their social behavior revealed 1) triadic interactions involving focal females, their newborns, and other group members occurred mainly with other females; and 2) mothers with female newborns interacted mainly with females of their own matriline, while mothers with male newborns interacted mainly with nonmatriline females. observed in two s ... | 1995 | 31936950 |
| dusk calling in barbary macaques (macaca sylvanus): demand for social shelter. | barbary macaques (macaca sylvanus) show an increase in vocal activity at dusk. this investigation showed that these vocalizations were mainly produced by juveniles from six to 18 months of age, during their attempts to achieve body contact with their mothers, thereby building up a sleeping cluster. the "dusk calling" consisted of protracted sequences of variable vocal patterns which always ceased when the juvenile joined its preferred sleeping cluster. the length of the sequences corresponded to ... | 1994 | 32070077 |
| population dynamics of macaca sylvanus in algeria: an 8-year study. | the demography and dynamics of two groups, one living in an evergreen cedar-oak forest (tigounatine) and the other, in a deciduous oak forest (akfadou) in algeria, were studied from 1982 to 1990. group size fell within the range of other wild groups except for the tigounatine group when it reached 88 individuals before splitting into three new independent groups. the structure of the studied groups, except one which was temporarily "one male," was comparable to that of other groups of barbary ma ... | 1993 | 31937017 |
| communal roosting and formation of sleeping clusters in barbary macaques (macaca sylvanus). | sleeping cluster composition and distribution were studied in a semi-free-ranging population of 174 barbary macaques (macaca sylvanus) in rocamadour/france. over a period of 2 months 341 sleeping clusters comprising 754 animals were recorded as animals left the sleeping trees. to control for nocturnal activities five observation periods were conducted, each of which covered a complete night. sleeping partners were selected from a particular set of individuals. from night to night there was consi ... | 1992 | 31941209 |
| promiscuity in barbary macaques (macaca sylvanus). | the mating behavior of female barbary macaques (macaca sylvanus) has been called "promiscuous" because females mate with multiple males in rapid succession. the data presented here, based on a 9 month study of a semifree-ranging colony, supports the idea that females do indeed mate indiscriminately and at a high rate. five hundred six copulations were recorded for 21 females during the breeding season, and 358 of these copulations occurred when females were in extended estrous cycles. as the day ... | 1990 | 32075348 |
| intergroup interactions in wild barbary macaques (macaca sylvanus), ghomaran rif mountains, morocco. | data are presented on intergroup interactions between six groups of macaca sylvanus in the ghomaran region of the moroccan rif mountains. intergroup encounters (0.026/observation hour) were defined as two groups being near each other (< 150 m). encounters were further classified into: 1) neutral (indeterminate) encounters, in which very little intergroup interaction took place, with the exception of male monitoring (n = 7); 2) approach-retreat encounters with intergroup displacement, in which, w ... | 1988 | 31968908 |
| male intergroup mobility in a wild population of the barbary macaque (macaca sylvanus), ghomaran rif mountains, morocco. | in this two-year study of a barbary macaque population (n = 162) in the ghomaran region of morocco, 13 cases of males separated from their assumed natal groups were observed (nine visits of nonresident males to groups, two males isolated from groups as much as one day and one night, and two sets of snow tracks indicating males travel +7 km as isolates). males left their assumed natal groups primarily in the mating season (12 cases), focused their interactions on estrous females of other groups, ... | 1986 | 31979499 |
| male-infant relationships in semifree-ranging barbary macaques (macaca sylvanus) of affenberg salem/frg: testing the "male care" hypothesis. | the infant-directed behavior of barbary macaque males was analyzed in order to determine whether it is essential for an infant's survival during the first year and whether males interact selectively with closely related infants. dyadic male-infant contacts were recorded in a large group of semifree-ranging barbary macaques. data collected during the first 12 weeks of life on each infant born in 1983 (n = 36) were analyzed. all adult and almost all subadult males established strong relationships ... | 1986 | 31979477 |
| intergroup transfer and incest avoidance in semifree-ranging barbary macaques (macaca sylvanus) at salem (frg). | during a long-term study of social behavior of semifree-ranging barbary macaques, data on group transfer and sexual behavior were collected. a large population containing five groups living in a 14.5 ha outdoor enclosure was studied. demographic data on the whole population are available for a period of six years. data on sexual behavior of members of one large group were collected, by both focal animal and ad libitum techniques, for a period of two years. matrilineal kinship relations of all ex ... | 1985 | 31986806 |
| triadic interactions in captive barbary macaques (macaca sylvanus, linnaeus, 1758): "agonistic buffering"? | this study presents data on the expression of male-immature triadic interactions, previously termed agonistic buffering, in a captive macaca sylvanus group. agonistic buffering has been hypothesized as inhibiting or modifying the expression of aggression. this was tested by examining (1) the dominance ranks of the animals involved in the triadic interactions, (2) the events preceding and following the triadic interactions, and (3) the presence of an infant in nonagonistic encounters between juve ... | 1982 | 32197567 |
| sexual behavior of wild barbary macaque males (macaca sylvanus). | recent assertions that the barbary macaque (macaca sylvanus) is a multiple-or serial-mounting species are incorrect. data are presented from over 300 copulations observed among wild moroccan barbary macaques which establish empirically that males of this macaque species are single mounters. the average length of an ejaculatory copulation was 8.7 sec, with a range of 6 to 14 sec. ejaculation occurred an average of 6.3 sec after mounting, with an average of nine pelvic thrusts per ejaculation. mal ... | 1982 | 32197565 |
| the normal hematology of macaca sylvanus. | | 2020 | 15398718 |