| ultrastructural localization in the mouse lung of venom from the western diamondback (crotalus atrox) rattlesnake. | procedures which make immune complexes between venom antigens and their complementary antibodies visible have been applied to detect the site of deposition of rattlesnake venom in the lung tissue of mice after in vivo envenomation. lung tissue, from mice envenomated with reconstituted but otherwise unmodified crotalus atrox venom, was incubated in commercially available polyvalent antiserum (against north american crotalid snakes) which had been conjugated to the enzyme horseradish peroxidase. t ... | 1984 | 6441312 |
| production of a monoclonal antibody against hemorrhagic activity of crotalus atrox (western diamondback rattlesnake) venom. | crotalid venoms have cytotoxic properties which could be useful in medical research. crotalus atrox venom-hyperimmunized mouse spleen cells were fused with sp2/0 myeloma cells. forty-one wells containing the hybridoma cells were positive for c. atrox venom, as determined by the enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (elisa). cell line 1-e12 was cloned and used to produce ascites tumors in balb/c mice. the monoclonal antibody produced by cloned and subcultured 1-e12 cells reacted with both c. atrox ve ... | 1984 | 6523516 |
| a study on the functional subunits of phospholipases a2 by enzyme immobilization. | pancreatic and venom phospholipases a2 have complex and distinct oligomerization behaviour. pancreatic enzymes are monomeric in solution, but their quaternary structure at interfaces is unknown. on the other hand, certain crotalid venom phospholipases a2 are dimeric in solution, and different reports have proposed either the monomer or the dimer as the catalytically functional subunit. in this study, enzyme immobilization was used as a tool for determining the functional subunits of these enzyme ... | 1994 | 7980413 |
| successful treatment of crotalid-induced neurotoxicity with a new polyspecific crotalid fab antivenom. | to report the effectiveness of a new polyvalent crotalid antivenom on neurotoxicity associated with north american rattlesnake envenomation. two syndromes of crotalid-induced neurotoxicity have been reported. in severe envenomation by crotalus scutulatus scutulatus (mojave rattlesnake), weakness and fasciculations of various muscle groups, including those innervated by cranial nerves, may develop. occasionally respiratory insufficiency develops. the second neurotoxic effects is myokymia, a type ... | 1997 | 9209226 |
| flavonoids as phospholipase a2 inhibitors: importance of their structure for selective inhibition of group ii phospholipase a2. | the inhibitory effect of the plant flavonoid, rutin, on group i phospholipase a2 (pla2-i) from porcine pancreas and naja naja, and on group ii phospholipase a2 (pla2-ii) from vipera russelli and crotalus atrox was investigated. rutin efficiently inhibited pla2-ii from both vipera russelli and crotalus atrox but was only a weak inhibitor of pla2-i from porcine pancreas and naja naja. the lack of strong inhibition of pancreatic pla2-i was not due to contaminating proteins in the enzyme preparation ... | 1997 | 9246576 |
| screening of snake venoms for neurotoxic and myotoxic effects using simple in vitro preparations from rodents and chicks. | eight snake venoms designated by the who as international reference venoms, and one additional venom were assessed for neurotoxic and myotoxic effects in vitro using the chick biventer cervicis and the rat and mouse phrenic nerve-diaphragm preparations. the objective was to determine whether any of the preparations could be used to detect evidence of neurotoxic or myotoxic activity prior to a more detailed examination. bungarus multicinctus venom at concentrations above 1 microgram ml-1 selectiv ... | 1994 | 8016848 |
| a comparison of ovine and equine antivenoms. | commercial antivenoms produced in horses were compared with monospecific antivenoms raised in sheep against crotalus durissus terrificus, crotalus atrox, crotalus adamanteus, micrurus fulvius fulvius, naja naja, naja kaouthia, echis ocellatus, vipera lebetina deserti, vipera berus berus and vipera ammodytes ammodytes venom. antibodies raised by immunizing sheep with c. d. terrificus venom were more effective than their equine counterparts in preventing lethal toxicity in mice (ed50), in inhibiti ... | 1994 | 8052997 |
| direct cytotoxic effects of hemorrhagic toxins from crotalus ruber ruber and crotalus atrox on human vascular endothelial cells, in vitro. | | 1993 | 8121324 |
| inhibition of trimeresurus flavoviridis phospholipase a2 by lung surfactant protein a (sp-a). | a marked sequence homology has been noted between lung surfactant protein a (sp-a) and an inhibitor of phospholipase a2 (pla2) isolated from the serum of trimeresurus flavoviridis (habu snake). this study evaluated the effect of sp-a on pla2 activity from several sources. sp-a was isolated from bovine or rat lung surfactant by extraction with 1-butanol and octyl beta-d-glucopyranoside. the addition of sp-a produced a concentration-dependent inhibition of t. flavoviridis pla2 that indicated non-c ... | 1994 | 8130257 |
| [genetic origin of venom variability: impact on the preparation of antivenin serums]. | one of the main possible origin of the biochemical variations of venoms could be genetic. we studied the venom of members of litters born in a snake farm (12 crotalus atrox and 21 naja haje). we first used the electrophoresis in cellulose acetate (ae). then, variations were confirmed by immunoelectrophoresis (aie) using an antivenom (ipser africa, pasteur mérieux sérums & vaccines) and immunsera prepared on rabbit from i) venom presenting the maximum of bands in electrophoresis (complete venom) ... | 1997 | 9479469 |
| rattlesnake bite complications in 19 children. | the western diamondback rattlesnake, crotalus atrox, is responsible for the majority of snakebites in sonora, mexico. we report 19 cases of children who were attacked by these snakes. most of the rattlesnake attacks occurred in rural areas during the summer. the children's ages ranged from one to 15 years. the lower extremities, especially the legs, were most often bitten. the signs and symptoms presented by these patients included: pain, edema, limitation of motion, ecchymosis, bleeding and nec ... | 1994 | 8177804 |
| photorepair mutants of arabidopsis. | uv radiation induces two major dna damage products, the cyclobutane pyrimidine dimer (cpd) and, at a lower frequency, the pyrimidine (6-4) pyrimidinone dimer (6-4 product). although escherichia coli and saccharomyes cerevisiae produce a cpd-specific photolyase that eliminates only this class of dimer, arabidopsis thaliana, drosphila melanogaster, crotalus atrox, and xenopus laevis have recently been shown to photoreactivate both cpds and 6-4 products. we describe the isolation and characterizati ... | 1997 | 9750104 |
| comparison of the immunogenicity and antigenic composition of ten central american snake venoms. | the immunological reactivity of five crotaline antivenoms for the venoms of ten costa rican snakes was determined. venoms from bothrops asper, b. godmani, b. lateralis, b. nasutus, b. ophryomegas, b. schlegelii, b. nummifer, b. picadoi, crotalus durissus durissus and lachesis muta stenophrys were separated by sds-page, transferred to cellulose nitrate membrane and reacted against five different antivenoms. antisera used in the immunoblotting were prepared in rabbits to the crotaline venoms from ... | 1993 | 8212043 |
| experimental transmission of caryospora bigenetica wacha et christiansen, 1982 (apicomplexa: eimeriidae) from a rattlesnake, crotalus atrox, to rodents and pigs. | caryosporan oocysts were found in the feces of a diamond rattlesnake, crotalus atrox, kept in zoo ustí nad labem, czech republic. comparison of oocyst structure with hitherto described caryospora species from snakes revealed that they were caryospora bigenetica wacha et christiansen, 1982. the rattlesnake, crotalus atrox, represents a new host for c. bigenetica. the common vole (microtus arvalis) and gerbil (meriones unguiculatus) were successfully infected with a mixture of c. bigenetica oocyst ... | 1993 | 8244210 |
| c-type galactoside-binding lectin from bothrops jararaca venom: comparison of its structure and function with those of botrocetin. | a ca(2+)-dependent type (c-type) galactoside-binding lectin was purified from venom of the snake bothrops jararaca by thiodigalactoside-sepharose affinity column chromatography. b. jararaca lectin is a disulfide-linked homodimer composed of 14-kda subunits. the n-terminal 55-residue amino acid sequence was determined and appeared to belong to the animal c-type lectin family. this 55-residue sequence showed 37% identity with botrocetin, an exogenous von willebrand factor modulator purified from t ... | 1994 | 8311467 |
| three-dimensional structures of human phospholipase a2 from pancreas and synovial fluid by model building. | three-dimensional structures of the enzyme phospholipase a2 (pla2) from human pancreas and from human synovial fluid were constructed by model building based on high-resolution x-ray crystallographic structures and homology considerations. the structure of the human pancreatic pla2 was based on the x-ray structure of the highly homologous bovine pancreatic pla2 (type i) by amino acid substitution and modification of the c-terminal part followed by geometry relaxation. the structure of the pla2 f ... | 1993 | 8399996 |
| otoconin-22, the major protein of aragonitic frog otoconia, is a homolog of phospholipase a2. | otoconia are composites of proteins and inorganic crystals formed in the peripheral portion of the vestibular system of vertebrates. they add mass to the extracellular otoconial membrane, thereby increasing its deflection during linear acceleration. this added mass increases the sensitivity of the underlying sensory maculae. otoconia provide a promising system to decipher the interaction of protein and mineral during the growth and maintenance of biominerals. we have purified the major protein o ... | 1993 | 8494877 |
| levels of therapeutic antivenin and venom in a human snakebite victim. | an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay was used to measure the levels of therapeutic antivenin (antivenin [crotalidae] polyvalent, wyeth-ayerst) in serum and the levels of venom in the urine of a patient bitten by a western diamondback rattlesnake (crotalus atrox). serum and urine samples were taken on admission, during hospitalization, and during follow-up until 5 months after the bite. photographs were taken of the bite site on admission to the hospital and during follow-up. serum levels of ther ... | 1996 | 8701381 |
| native peptide inhibition. specific inhibition of type ii phospholipases a2 by synthetic peptides derived from the primary sequence. | the binding of low molecular weight type ii phospholipase a2 (ec) to membrane surfaces and hydrolysis of phospholipid are thought to involve the formation of a hydrophobic channel into which a single substrate molecule diffuses before cleavage. the floor and right side of the channel are provided by hydrophobic residues 2, 5, and 9 of an amphipathic amino-terminal helix. the channel is postulated to form via a conformational change in this helix and inward movement of a hydrophobic flap (residue ... | 1996 | 8798633 |
| purification and partial characterization of (6-4) photoproduct dna photolyase from xenopus laevis. | the (6-4) photoproduct dna photolyase was detected in two vertebrate animals crotalus atrox (rattlesnake) and xenopus laevis (south african clawed toad). the enzyme was extensively purified from x. laevis and characterized. the highly purified enzyme is fluorescent with an excitation maximum at 420-440 nm and emission maximum at 460-480 nm. the photorepair action spectrum matches the fluorescence excitation spectrum with a 430 nm maximum. | 1996 | 8881333 |
| activity of mammalian secreted phospholipase a(2) from inflammatory peritoneal fluid towards peg-liposomes. early indications. | due to an increase in the activity of phospholipase a(2) (pla(2)) in various inflammatory diseases, this enzyme may play a key role in the degradation of liposomes and the subsequent release of drug when peg-liposomes passively target inflammatory tissue. the activity of mammalian secreted phospholipase a(2) (spla(2)) in casein stimulated peritoneal fluid was tested toward liposomes of different compositions. early results indicate only a slight degradation of conventional dipalmitoylphosphatidy ... | 2001 | 11282244 |
| expression, activation, and processing of the recombinant snake venom metalloproteinase, pro-atrolysin e. | the expression in human embryonic kidney (hek 293) cells of the recombinant zymogen form (pro-) of the crotalus atrox hemorrhagic metalloproteinase, atrolysin e, is presented. the nascent protein is comprised of pre-, pro-, proteinase-, spacer-, and disintegrin domains. the biochemical characterization of the recombinant zymogen is described along with its activation by c. atrox crude venom and other hemorrhagic toxins. unlike the zymogen forms of the matrix metalloproteinases, pro-atrolysin e i ... | 1996 | 8914925 |
| zinc (zn2+) binds to and stimulates the activity of group i but not group ii phospholipase a2. | phospholipase a2 plays an important part in the generation of inflammatory lipid mediators and so it is of major interest to understand functional distinctions between structurally similar forms of phospholipase a2. in the present study, the influence of zinc (zn2+) on the activity of group i and group ii phospholipase a2 was examined in vitro. it appeared that zn2+ (0.04-1 x 10(-3)m) increased group i phospholipase a2 activity from porcine pancreas and rat lung whereas the activity of group ii ... | 1996 | 8979149 |
| the 2.5 a crystal structure of a dimeric phospholipase a2 from the venom of crotalus atrox. | the crystal structure of the dimeric (alpha 2) phospholipase a2 from crotalus atrox has been determined by multiple isomorphous replacement to 2.5 a resolution. a skeletal model was fit to the electron density, and the stereochemistry of the backbone was idealized. the dimeric molecule is a well defined oblate ellipsoid composed of two covalently identical subunits related by a local dyad axis which is essentially "exact" except for deviations at the periphery induced by ionic lattice contacts w ... | 1981 | 7263673 |
| effects of western diamondback rattlesnake (crotalus atrox) venom on heart muscle. | | 1981 | 7268801 |
| the management of upper extremity pit viper wounds. | in a series of 56 rattlesnake bites, there were 31 injuries involving the upper extremity and hand with a clinical complication rate of 32% that ranged from volkmann's contracture to coagulopathies. the most frequent was tissue necrosis with functional joint stiffness and loss of sensibility. because these patients were treated with a variety of regimens, an animal model was developed to determine the efficacy of the individual treatments. sublethal intramuscular injections of crotalus atrox ven ... | 1980 | 7358958 |
| hydrolysis of phosphatidylethanolamine induced by nominally synthetic lysophosphoglycerides: methodological implications. | synthetic lysophosphatidylethanolamine (lpe) obtained from commercial sources augmented the apparent activity of phospholipase a2 (pla2) in cardiac mitochondrial and microsomal fractions. for elucidation of this phenomenon, 2-[1-14c]linoleylphosphatidylethanolamine was incubated in the absence of cell protein with selected concentrations of lpe, lysophosphatidylcholine (lpc), ca2+, ionic and nonionic detergents, and phospholipids with functional groups similar to those of lpe. hydrolysis of phos ... | 1980 | 7378384 |
| crotalidae polyvalent immune fab antivenom limits the decrease in perfusion pressure of the anterior leg compartment in a porcine crotaline envenomation model. | crotalidae polyvalent immune fab (crofab; fabav) antivenom prevents a decrease in perfusion pressures in intramuscular crotaline envenomation compared with normal saline solution. | 2003 | 12605206 |
| molecular cloning and expression of catrocollastatin, a snake-venom protein from crotalus atrox (western diamondback rattlesnake) which inhibits platelet adhesion to collagen. | a 50 kda protein that inhibits platelet adhesion to collagen has been isolated from snake venom of crotalus atrox (western diamondback rattlesnake) and has been named 'catrocollastatin'. the cdna cloning of catrocollastatin has been accomplished. a full-length cdna of 2310 bp with an open reading frame between nucleotides 51 and 1880 was obtained. the deduced amino acid sequence consists of 609 amino acids. the cdna-predicted amino acid sequence is highly similar to that of haemorrhagic metallop ... | 1995 | 7733877 |
| the effect of cleavage by a crotalus atrox alpha-proteinase fraction on the properties of c1-inhibitor. | the effect of cleavage of c1-inhibitor at pro36 by a crotalus atrox alpha-proteinase fraction on the properties of this serpin was studied. this truncated c1-inhibitor (des 1-36) was fully active as an inhibitor of kallikrein, beta-factor xiia, and c1s, and modulated the functions of c1 in a normal manner. also, the half-life of the truncated protein in the circulation of rabbits, both alone and in complex with c1, was not altered. these results show that shock-like symptoms caused by c. atrox e ... | 1995 | 7778129 |
| preclinical assessment of the ability of polyvalent (crotalinae) and anticoral (elapidae) antivenoms produced in costa rica to neutralize the venoms of north american snakes. | polyvalent (crotalinae) and anticoral (elapidae) antivenoms produced by instituto clodomiro picado, costa rica, were assessed for their ability to neutralize various toxic activities of the venoms of north american snakes of the genera crotalus, agkistrodon and micrurus, in assays involving preincubation of venom and antivenom. when the intraperitoneal route of injection was utilized, polyvalent (crotalinae) antivenom was effective in the neutralization of the venoms of crotalus atrox, crotalus ... | 2003 | 12782085 |
| kallikrein-like proteinase from bushmaster snake venom. | a kallikrein-like proteinase of lachesis muta muta (bushmaster) venom, designated lv-ka, was purified by gel filtration and anion exchange chromatographies. physicochemical studies indicated that the purified enzyme is a 33 kda monomeric glycoprotein, the mr of which fell to 28 kda after deglycosylation with pngase f. approximately 77% of the protein sequence was determined by sequencing the various fragments derived from digestions with endoproteases. the partial sequence obtained suggests that ... | 2003 | 12821319 |
| coccidian parasites (apicomplexa) from snakes in the southcentral and southwestern united states: new host and geographic records. | four hundred thirty-five leptotyphlopid, colubrid, elapid, and viperid snakes were collected from various localities in arkansas, new mexico, oklahoma, and texas, and their feces were examined for coccidian parasites. of these, 131 (30%) were passing oocysts or sporocysts of at least 1 coccidian; 88 (67%) of the infected snakes had only 1 species of coccidian when they were examined. aquatic and semiaquatic snakes accounted for 48% of the infections, whereas strictly terrestrial snakes comprised ... | 1995 | 7876980 |
| effects of crotalus atrox venom on the permeability of human lung tissues to d-glucose-6-c-14. | | 1964 | 14298227 |
| release of bradykinin-like substance (bkls) in sheep by venom of crotalus atrox. | | 1965 | 14327520 |
| first record of pachysentis canicola (acanthocephala:oligacanthorhynchida) and the occurrence of mesocestoides sp. tetrathyridia (cestoidea:cyclophyllidea) in the western diamondback rattlesnake, crotalus atrox (serpentes:viperidae). | this paper represents the first documentation and description of pachysentis canicola cystacanths and the first report of a pachysentis sp. in a paratenic reptile from the americas. the western diamondback rattlesnake (crotalus atrox) is also listed as a new host for tetrathyridia of the cyclophyllidean cestode (mesocestoides sp.) and for the cystacanths of the oligacanthoryhynchid acanthocephalan (p. canicola). six rattlesnake specimens were examined from nolan county (32.30 degrees n, 100.39 d ... | 1997 | 9267421 |
| convulxin, a potent platelet-aggregating protein from crotalus durissus terrificus venom, specifically binds to platelets. | convulxin, a very potent aggregating protein from rattlesnake venom, was purified by a new procedure and its heterodimeric structure alpha 3 beta 3 was confirmed. the polypeptide n-terminal sequences of convulxin subunits were determined by edman degradation. they are very similar and appear homologous to botrocetin from bothrops jararaca venom and to rattlesnake lectin from crotalus atrox venom, both being classified among the c-type lectin family. the binding of 125i-labelled convulxin to bloo ... | 1997 | 9278971 |
| mechanisms of echinocytosis induced by crotalus atrox venom. | transient echinocytosis has been reported in association with snake envenomation in humans and dogs. an in vitro model of echinocytosis induced by venom of crotalus atrox (western diamondback rattlesnake) was established to characterize erythrocyte morphologic changes and to investigate potential mechanisms of echinocytic transformation. erythrocyte morphologic changes produced after the addition of venom to canine, feline, equine, and human blood were characterized by dose-dependent echinocytos ... | 1997 | 9381655 |
| pressure immobilization delays mortality and increases intracompartmental pressure after artificial intramuscular rattlesnake envenomation in a porcine model. | we determine the effect of pressure immobilization on mortality and intracompartmental pressure after artificial intramuscular crotalus atrox envenomation in a porcine model. | 2004 | 15573035 |
| [toxicity of venoms from snakes of medical importance in méxico]. | the characterization of the toxic activities of snake venoms is necessary to understand the physiopathology of the envenomation and to test the potency of the antivenoms used to treat this pathology. because of the lack of data on the toxic activities of venoms from mexican snakes of medical importance, we studied the venoms from bothrops asper, athropoides nummifrr, agkistrodon billineatus, crotalus durissus durissus, crotalus basiliscus, crotalus scutulatus, crotalus atrox and micrurus nigroci ... | 2005 | 15754746 |
| antithrombotic effect of crotalin, a platelet membrane glycoprotein ib antagonist from venom of crotalus atrox. | a potent platelet glycoprotein ib (gpib) antagonist, crotalin, with a molecular weight of 30 kd was purified from the snake venom of crotalus atrox. crotalin specifically and dose dependently inhibited aggregation of human washed platelets induced by ristocetin with ic50 of 2.4 microg/ml (83 nmol/l). it was also active in inhibiting ristocetin-induced platelet aggregation of platelet-rich plasma (ic50, 6.3 microg/ml). 125i-crotalin bound to human platelets in a saturable and dose-dependent manne ... | 1998 | 9473223 |
| isolation and characterization of two disintegrins inhibiting adp-induced human platelet aggregation from the venom of crotalus scutulatus scutulatus (mohave rattlesnake). | disintegrins and disintegrin-like proteins are molecules found in the venom of four snake families (atractaspididae, elapidae, viperidae, and colubridae). the disintegrins are nonenzymatic proteins that inhibit cell-cell interactions, cell-matrix interactions, and signal transduction, and may have potential in the treatment of strokes, heart attacks, cancers, and osteoporosis. prior to 1983, the venom of crotalus scutulatus scutulatus (mohave rattlesnake) was known to be only neurotoxic; however ... | 2006 | 16084550 |
| the detection of hemorrhagic proteins in snake venoms using monoclonal antibodies against virginia opossum (didelphis virginiana) serum. | most snakes and a few warm-blooded animals have a resistance to snake venoms because of naturally occurring antihemorrhagins found in their sera. the antihemorrhagins in serum of virginia opossum (didelphis virginiana) neutralize hemorrhagic activity by binding to hemorrhagins in snake venoms. the binding characteristic of antihemorrhagins in d. virginiana serum was used to develop a five-step western blot. the detection of hemorrhagic proteins were measured indirectly with antihemorrhagins in v ... | 1998 | 9723843 |
| characterization of an apoptosis-inducing factor in habu snake venom as a glycyrrhizin (gl)-binding protein potently inhibited by gl in vitro. | by means of successive heparin-affinity and glycyrrhizin (gl)-affinity column chromatographies (hplc), a 55 kda gl-binding protein (gp55) was purified to apparent homogeneity from the superdex p-i fraction of habu snake venom. this gp55 was identified as an apoxin i-like protein, because (i) its 20 n-terminal amino acid residues (ahdrnpleeyfretdyeefl) are 95% identical with the corresponding sequence of apoxin i (apoptosis-inducing factor, approx. 55 kda) in the venom of the western diamondback ... | 1998 | 9781840 |
| quantitative determination of cardiolipin in mitochondrial electron transferring complexes by silicic acid high-performance liquid chromatography. | quantitative determination of cardiolipin from two mitochondrial electron-transferring complexes was achieved using a rapid and sensitive silicic acid hplc method combined with digital analysis of the elution profile. phospholipid samples containing as little as 0. 01 nmol of cardiolipin were accurately analyzed. phospholipids from detergent-solubilized cytochrome bc1 (ec 1.10.2.2) and cytochrome c oxidase (ec 1.9.3.1) were extracted by an organic two-phase system and analyzed by isocratic norma ... | 1999 | 9918673 |
| the antihemorrhagic factor of the mexican ground squirrel, (spermophilus mexicanus). | the mexican ground squirrel (spermophilus mexicanus) has a natural resistance to western diamondback rattlesnake venom (crotalus atrox). the ld50 for the mexican ground squirrel is 53 mg/kg body weight, which is 13 times higher than that of balb/c mice. an antihemorrhagic factor from serum of the mexican ground squirrel was isolated using sephadex g-200 gel filtration, ion exchange a-50, g-75 gel filtration and hplc deae 5pw ion exchange chromatography. the purified factor neutralized proteolyti ... | 1999 | 10340834 |
| phospholipase digestion of bound cardiolipin reversibly inactivates bovine cytochrome bc1. | phospholipids and tightly bound cardiolipin (cl) can be removed from tween 20 solubilized bovine cytochrome bc(1) (ec 1.10.2.2) by digestion with crotalus atrox phospholipase a(2). the resulting cl-free enzyme exhibits all the spectral properties of native cytochrome bc(1), but is completely inactive. full electron transfer activity is restored by exogenous cardiolipin added in the presence of dioleoylphosphatidylcholine (dopc) and dioleoylphosphatidylethanolamine (dope), but not by cardiolipin ... | 1999 | 10413476 |
| phospholipase a(2) digestion of cardiolipin bound to bovine cytochrome c oxidase alters both activity and quaternary structure. | phospholipase a(2) from crotalus atrox hydrolyzes all of the phospholipids that are associated with purified, detergent-solubilized cytochrome c oxidase; less than 0.05 mol cardiolipin (cl)(1) remains bound per mol enzyme. coincident with the hydrolysis of cardiolipin is a reversible decrease of 45-50% in the electron transport activity of the dodecylmaltoside-solubilized enzyme. full activity is recoverable (90-98%) by addition of exogenous cardiolipin, but not by either phosphatidylcholine or ... | 1999 | 10555978 |
| molecular cloning and functional analysis of apoxin i, a snake venom-derived apoptosis-inducing factor with l-amino acid oxidase activity. | we previously purified apoxin i, an apoptosis-inducing factor with l-amino acid oxidase (lao) activity, from western diamondback rattlesnake venom. to determine the primary structure of apoxin i, we cloned its cdna. the amino acid sequence showed that apoxin i has an fad binding domain and shares homology with l-amino acid oxidase (lao) from neurospora crassa, human monoamine oxidase b, and mouse interleukin 4-induced f1g1 protein. the full-length apoxin i has an n-terminal signal sequence that ... | 2000 | 10727211 |
| a snake venom inhibitor to muscarinic acetylcholine receptor (machr): isolation and interaction with cloned human machr. | an inhibitor to the muscarinic acetylcholine receptor (machr) was purified from the venom of crotalus atrox (western diamondback rattlesnake). the inhibitor was found to be a 30-kda homodimer protein with phospholipase a2 activity. in order to determine the subtype selectivity of the purified inhibitor, the inhibitory effect on the binding of two orthosteric antagonists, [3h]quinuclidinyl benzilate ([3h]qnb) and [3h]n-methylscopolamine methyl chloride ([3h]nms), to five subtypes of cloned human ... | 2000 | 10845706 |
| effects of a negative pressure venom extraction device (extractor) on local tissue injury after artificial rattlesnake envenomation in a porcine model. | to determine if a commercially available negative-pressure venom extraction device (extractor) reduces local tissue injury after artificial rattlesnake envenomation in a porcine model. | 2000 | 11055564 |
| analysis of antibody-antigen interactions in mixtures containing reactive and nonreactive components using size-exclusion high-performance (pressure) liquid chromatography. | analysis of antibody-antigen interactions using size-exclusion high-performance (pressure) liquid chromatography was applied to a polyvalent system composed of both reactive and nonreactive components. mixtures containing varying concentrations of antivenin (crotalidae) polyvalent (equine origin) and either crotalus atrox (western diamondback rattlesnake) venom (cv) or isolated c. atrox phospholipase a2 (pla2) were separated using a bio-sil sec 250-5 size-exclusion column (300 x 7.8 mm). major r ... | 2001 | 11476545 |
| purification, sequencing, and phylogenetic analyses of novel lys-49 phospholipases a(2) from the venoms of rattlesnakes and other pit vipers. | basic phospholipase a(2) homologs with lys49 substitution at the essential ca(2+)-binding site are present in the venom of pit vipers under many genera. however, they have not been found in rattlesnake venoms before. we have now screened for this protein in the venom of rattlesnakes and other less studied pit vipers. by gel filtration chromatography and rp-hplc, lys49-phospholipase-like proteins were purified from the venoms of two rattlers, crotalus atrox and crotalus m. molossus, and five nonr ... | 2001 | 11594738 |
| carboranyl oligonucleotides: 4. synthesis and physicochemical studies of oligonucleotides containing 2'-o-(o-carboran-1-yl)methyl group. | boronated oligonucleotides are potential candidates for antisense oligonucleotide technology (aot), boron neutron capture therapy (bnct), and as tools in molecular biology. a method was developed for the solid phase synthesis of oligonucleotides containing 2'-o-(o-carboran-1-yl-methyl) (2'-cbm) group. synthesis was performed using a standard beta-cyanoethyl cycle and automated dna synthesizer. manual steps were performed for the insertion of a modified monomer bearing the 2'-cbm group. several t ... | 2002 | 12074368 |
| n-terminal amino acid sequences and some characteristics of fibrinolytic/hemorrhagic metalloproteinases purified from bothrops jararaca venom. | we determined the n-terminal amino acid sequences of the fibrinolytic/hemorrhagic metalloproteinases (jararafibrases i, iii and iv) purified from bothrops jararaca venom. the n-terminal amino acid sequences of jararafibrase i and its degradation products were identical to those of jararhagin, another hemorrhagic metalloproteinase purified from the same snake venom. together with enzymatic and immunological properties, we concluded that those two enzymes are identical. the n-terminal amino acid s ... | 2002 | 12165326 |
| rattlesnake bites in children: antivenin treatment and surgical indications. | orthopaedic surgeons working in the americas may be consulted in the care of patients bitten by venomous rattlesnakes (genus crotalus ), particularly with regard to the possibilities of compartment syndrome and soft-tissue destruction. despite considerable evidence regarding the safety and efficacy of antivenin in the treatment of rattlesnake bites in adults, controversy persists regarding the roles of antivenin and surgery in the treatment of rattlesnake envenomations in children. our hypothesi ... | 2002 | 12208920 |
| biochemical and biological activities of the venom of a new species of pitviper from vietnam, triceratolepidophis sieversorum. | biochemical and biological activities of a venom sample from a recently discovered new genus and species of pitviper from vietnam, triceratolepidophis sieversorum, were assayed and compared with those of five other viperid snakes (bothrops asper, crotalus atrox, protobothrops flavoviridis, trimeresurus insularis, and vipera ammodytes). the venom had high casein hydrolysis, arginine ester hydrolysis and haemorrhagic activities, lacked measurable phosphodiesterase and l-amino acid oxidase activiti ... | 2003 | 12565732 |
| human cytokine response to texas crotaline envenomation before and after antivenom administration. | the aim of this study was to characterize the human cytokine response to texas crotaline envenomation before and after antivenom administration. | 2010 | 20887908 |
| rock squirrel (spermophilus variegatus) blood sera affects proteolytic and hemolytic activities of rattlesnake venoms. | rock squirrels (spermophilus variegatus) from two sites in south central new mexico, where prairie (crotalus viridis viridis) and western diamondback (crotalus atrox) rattlesnakes are common predators, were assayed for inhibition of rattlesnake venom digestive and hemostatic activities. at statistically significant levels rock squirrel blood sera reduced the metalloprotease and hemolytic activity of venoms from c. v. viridis and c. atrox more than venom from an allopatric snake species, the nort ... | 2010 | 21184770 |
| wide distribution of cysteine-rich secretory proteins in snake venoms: isolation and cloning of novel snake venom cysteine-rich secretory proteins. | cysteine-rich secretory proteins (crisps) are found in epididymis and granules of mammals, and they are thought to function in sperm maturation and in the immune system. recently, we isolated and obtained clones for novel snake venom proteins that are classified as crisp family proteins. to elucidate the distribution of snake venom crisp family proteins, we evaluated a wide range of venoms for immuno-cross-reactivity. then we isolated, characterized, and cloned genes for three novel crisp family ... | 2003 | 12646276 |
| crotalidae polyvalent immune fab: in patients with north american crotaline envenomation. | crotalidae polyvalent immune fab is an antivenom comprising purified, sheep-derived, fab igg fragments and is indicated for use in patients with north american crotaline envenomation. crotalidae polyvalent immune fab is produced using four north american snake venoms: crotalus atrox, crotalus adamanteus, crotalus scutulatus, and agkistrodon piscivorus. intravenous crotalidae polyvalent immune fab was effective in patients aged =10 years who had minimal or moderate envenomation by a north america ... | 2011 | 21443271 |
| use of microarrays for investigating the subtoxic effects of snake venoms: insights into venom-induced apoptosis in human umbilical vein endothelial cells. | the pathological effects of only a small percentage of the total number of protein components of snake venoms are well documented, yet this knowledge has led to a general understanding of the physiological consequences of snake venom poisoning. the aim of this study was to assess the effect of subpathological levels of crotalus atrox (western diamondback rattlesnake) and bothrops jararaca (jararaca) snake venoms on the gene expression profile of human umbilical vein endothelial cells (huvec) in ... | 2003 | 12657312 |
| crovidisin, a collagen-binding protein isolated from snake venom of crotalus viridis, prevents platelet-collagen interaction. | by means of liquid chromatography consisting of gel filtration, anionic exchange, and c8 reverse-phase hplc, a selective inhibitor of collagen-induced platelet aggregation, named crovidisin, has been purified to homogeneity from the venom of crotalus viridis snake. crovidisin is a single-chain, 53-kda protein with a selective inhibitory activity on collagen-induced aggregation of human washed platelets without affecting those elicited by thrombin, sodium arachidonate, and adp. partial sequencing ... | 1997 | 9016825 |
| inhibition of hemorrhagic and edematogenic activities of snake venoms by a broad-spectrum protease inhibitor, murinoglobulin; the effect on venoms from five different genera in viperidae family. | in order to obtain basic data on the effect of broad-spectrum protease inhibitor against local symptoms of viperidae snake envenomation, inhibitory capacity of rat murinoglobulin on local hemorrhagic and edematogenic activities of venoms from crotalus atrox, bothrops jararaca, lachesis muta muta, trimeresurus flavoviridis and echis carinatus sochureki were examined. murinoglobulin, pre-incubated with the crude venoms at 37 degrees c for 15 min, inhibited hemorrhagic activity of all five venoms t ... | 2003 | 12906888 |
| apoxin i, a novel apoptosis-inducing factor with l-amino acid oxidase activity purified from western diamondback rattlesnake venom. | venom of the western diamondback rattlesnake (crotalus atrox) induces apoptosis in human umbilical vein endothelial cells, which could result in hemorrhage in tissues bitten by the snake. to identify the hemorrhagic factor, we purified a novel protein, apoxin i, from rattlesnake venom. apoxin i induced apoptosis in human umbilical vein endothelial, human promyelocytic leukemia hl-60, human ovarian carcinoma a2780, and mouse endothelial kn-3 cells. amino acid sequence analysis of the apoxin i sho ... | 1997 | 9083096 |
| inhibitory effects on phospholipase a2 and antivenin activity of melanin extracted from thea sinensis linn. | antivenin activity of melanin extracted from black tea (mebt) was reported for the first time. the antagonistic effect of mebt was evaluated for agkistrodon contortrix laticinctus (broadbanded copperhead), agkistrodon halys blomhoffii (japanese mamushi), and crotalus atrox (western diamondback rattlesnake) snake venoms administered i.p. to icr mice. mebt was injected i.p. immediately after the venom administration in dose of 3 mg per mouse in the same place of venom injection. mebt demonstrated ... | 2004 | 14967198 |
| fasciotomy worsens the amount of myonecrosis in a porcine model of crotaline envenomation. | we evaluate the efficacy of fasciotomy or crotaline snake antivenom in reducing myonecrosis. | 2004 | 15278079 |
| evaluation of antimicrobial and antiviral activities of different venoms. | animals' venomous secretions or peptides obtained from those secretions are used in the development of new therapeutic agents. the aims of this study were to investigate antimicrobial and antiviral activity of four different venoms obtained from the frog named bufo arenarum and the snakes crotalus atrox, causus rhombeatus and naja melanoleuca. | 2016 | 26743517 |
| opossum peptide that can neutralize rattlesnake venom is expressed in escherichia coli. | an eleven amino acid ribosomal peptide was shown to completely neutralize western diamondback rattlesnake (crotalus atrox) venom in mice when a lethal dose of the venom was pre-incubated with the peptide prior to intravenous injection. we have expressed the peptide as a concatenated chain of peptides and cleaved them apart from an immobilized metal affinity column using a protease. after ultrafiltration steps, the mixture was shown to partially neutralize rattlesnake venom in mice. preliminary e ... | 2017 | 27718338 |
| snake venom glutaminyl cyclases: purification, cloning, kinetic study, recombinant expression, and comparison with the human enzyme. | among various snake venom components, glutaminyl cyclase (vqc) is one of the least understood protein family and none of its members has been purified or characterized. here we confirmed the presence of vqc activity in a wide spectrum of venom species via enzymatic assay using a synthetic fluorogenic substrate. we have also cloned novel vqc cdnas from seven species including crotalus atrox. the results revealed more than 96% sequence similarities among vqcs and ∼75% sequence identities between v ... | 2014 | 24814012 |
| cdna cloning of a snake venom metalloproteinase from the eastern diamondback rattlesnake (crotalus adamanteus), and the expression of its disintegrin domain with anti-platelet effects. | a 5' truncated snake venom metalloproteinase was identified from a cdna library constructed from venom glands of an eastern diamondback rattlesnake (crotalus adamanteus). the 5'-rapid amplification of cdna ends (race) was used to obtain the 1865 bp full-length cdna sequence of a snake venom metalloproteinase (camvmpii). camvmpii encodes an open reading frame of 488 amino acids, which includes a signal peptide, a pro-domain, a metalloproteinase domain, a spacer, and an rgd-disintegrin domain. the ... | 2013 | 23313448 |
| sexual size dimorphism and growth plasticity in snakes: an experiment on the western diamond-backed rattlesnake (crotalus atrox). | we conducted an experiment to examine the effects of sex and food intake on growth, mass gain, and attainment of sexual maturity in western diamond-backed rattlesnakes (crotalus atrox). we also measured testosterone levels to determine whether testosterone might be involved in the male-biased sexual size dimorphism observed in this species. we collected neonate rattlesnakes and raised them in the laboratory for 2 years on either a high-intake diet (fed one mouse per week) or a low-intake diet (f ... | 2005 | 15945080 |
| study of the interaction between different phosphodiesterases and yessotoxin using a resonant mirror biosensor. | yessotoxins (ytxs) are disulfated polyether toxins that were first isolated from scallops in japan. it has been proposed that these toxins activate cellular phosphodiesterases (pdes). the interaction between ytx and pdes was confirmed by resonant biosensor and fluorescence polarization studies. the aim of this work is to study the specificity of different pdes for ytx binding. association measurements are done in a resonant mirror biosensor. the instrument detects changes in the refractive index ... | 2006 | 16780358 |
| behavioural examination of the infrared sensitivity of rattlesnakes (crotalus atrox). | pitvipers (crotalinae) and boid snakes (boidae) possess highly sensitive infrared (ir) receptors. the ability of these snakes to image ir radiation allows the assessment of the direction and distance of an ir source (such as warm-blooded prey) in the absence of visual cues. the aim of this study was to determine the behavioural threshold of snakes to an ir stimulus. a moving ir source of constant size and temperature was presented to rattlesnakes (crotalus atrox) at various distances (10-160 cm) ... | 2006 | 16788817 |
| phylogeographic structure and historical demography of the western diamondback rattlesnake (crotalus atrox): a perspective on north american desert biogeography. | the western diamondback rattlesnake (crotalus atrox) is a prominent member of north american desert and semi-arid ecosystems, and its importance extends from its impact on the region's ecology and imagery, to its medical relevance as a large deadly venomous snake. we used mtdna sequences to identify population genetic structure and historical demographic patterns across the range of this species, and relate these to broader patterns of historical biogeography of desert and semi-arid regions of t ... | 2007 | 16934495 |
| crofabtrade mark total anti-venom activity measured by se-hplc, and anti-pla(2) activity assayed in vitro at physiological ph. | one problem in the development and refinement of anti-venoms is ascertaining both overall anti-venom reactivity and which key toxins are neutralized. here we show by se-hplc that the in vitro reaction of crofab anti-venin with crotalus atrox venom asymptotically nears completion (>95%) by 11 min at 4 degrees c by following the change in area under chromatographic peaks. the peaks for reactants decrease and the formation of high molecular weight complexes increases with time. to assay the large n ... | 2007 | 17261322 |
| citrate is a major component of snake venoms. | citrate has been identified as a major component of snake venoms by gas liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry. the venoms of bothrops asper, crotalus atrox, crotalus viridis viridis, crotalus adamanteus, sistrurus miliarius barbouri, crotalus horridus horridus, agkistrodon contortrix mokasen, agkistrodon contortrix contortrix and agkistrodon piscivorus piscivorus contain citrate at concentration levels which can serve as effective buffers. calcium, magnesium, zinc, iron, sodium and potassi ... | 1992 | 1626327 |
| effects of ph and calcium ion on self-association properties of two dimeric phospholipases a2. | the monomer-dimer equilibria of the dimeric phospholipases a2 from crotalus atrox and agkistrodon piscivorus piscivorus venoms were examined chromatographically as a function of ph and in the presence versus absence of the essential cofactor, calcium ion. at neutral ph without calcium, the subunits of both enzymes reequilibrated sufficiently slowly that dimer and monomer were separated by size exclusion chromatography. at ph 4.2 and lower, the dimers underwent rapid dissociation and reassociatio ... | 1991 | 1885568 |
| inactivation of phospholipase a2 and metalloproteinase from crotalus atrox venom by direct current. | to achieve our aim of understanding the interactions between direct current and enzymes in solution, we exposed reconstituted crotalus atrox venom to direct electric current by immersing two platinum thread electrodes connected to a voltage generator (between 0 and 8 v) into a reaction mixture for a few seconds. then, we assayed the residual activity of phospholipases a(2) (pla(2)),metalloproteinases, and phosphodiesterases, abundant in crotaline snake venoms and relevant in the pathophysiology ... | 2007 | 17366544 |
| use of silac for exploring sheddase and matrix degradation of fibroblasts in culture by the piii svmp atrolysin a: identification of two novel substrates with functional relevance. | snake venom metalloproteinases (svmps) in viperid venoms primarily function to give rise to local and systemic hemorrhage following snake envenomation. years of research on these toxins, both in vitro and in vivo, indicate that they function by disrupting capillary basement membranes, stromal matrix and cell-cell and cell-matrix contacts to allow escape of capillary contents under pressure. however, most of these studies used either defined substrates in vitro or were limited by relevant antibod ... | 2007 | 17543881 |
| soft epidermis of a scaleless snake lacks beta-keratin. | beta-keratins are responsible for the mechanical resistance of scales in reptiles. in a scaleless crotalus snake (crotalus atrox), large areas of the skin are completely devoid of scales, and the skin appears delicate and wrinkled. the epidermis of this snake has been assessed for the presence of beta-keratin by immunocytochemistry and immunoblotting using an antibody against chicken scale beta-keratin. this antibody recognizes beta-keratins in normal snake scales with molecular weights of 15-18 ... | 2007 | 17664165 |
| prey envenomation does not improve digestive performance in western diamondback rattlesnakes (crotalus atrox). | although the toxic properties of snake venoms have been recognized throughout history, very little is known about the adaptive significance of these powerful mixtures. this study examined the popular hypothesis that prey envenomation enhances digestion by influencing the energetic costs of digestion and assimilation, gut passage time, and apparent assimilation efficiency (assim) in western diamondback rattlesnakes (crotalus atrox), a species whose venom is recognized for its comparatively high p ... | 2007 | 17671964 |
| inhibition of lung tumor colonization and cell migration with the disintegrin crotatroxin 2 isolated from the venom of crotalus atrox. | disintegrins are low molecular weight proteins (4-15 kda) with an rgd binding region at their binding loop. disintegrin and disintegrin-like proteins are found in the venom of four families of snakes: atractaspididae, elapidae, viperidae, and colubridae. this report describes the biological activity of a disintegrin, crotatroxin 2, isolated by a three-step chromatography procedure from the venom of the western diamondback rattlesnake (crotalus atrox). the intact molecular mass for crotatroxin 2 ... | 2008 | 18387648 |
| direct treatment of mouse or human blood with soluble 5'-nucleotidase inhibits platelet aggregation. | adenosine signaling is known to inhibit platelet aggregation. extracellular adenosine mainly stems from enzymatic phosphohydrolysis of precursor nucleotides via ecto-5'-nucleotidase. previous studies suggest that soluble 5'-nucleotidase (5'-nt) derived from crotalus atrox venom may be clinically beneficial in vascular leakage, myocardial, renal, and intestinal ischemia, or acute lung injury. however, the effects of 5'-nt treatment on platelet aggregation remain unknown. we examined the direct ef ... | 2008 | 18511695 |
| hemorrhagic activity of the vascular apoptosis-inducing proteins vap1 and vap2 from crotalus atrox. | vascular apoptosis-inducing proteins (vaps) from hemorrhagic snake venom are apoptosis-inducing toxins that target vascular endothelial cells. we now show that vap1 and vap2 from crotalus atrox have hemorrhagic activity in mouse skin following intradermal injection. following intravenous injection, vap2 induced hemorrhage in the lung, intestine and kidney. although the hemorrhagic activity was relatively weak, these apoptosis toxins may play a role in the complex mechanism of snake venom-induced ... | 2008 | 18657564 |
| subcutaneous crotaline fab antivenom for the treatment of rattlesnake envenomation in a porcine model. | this study was designed to investigate whether the local, subcutaneous injection of crotaline fab antivenom (crofab) at the rattlesnake envenomation site would result in less extremity edema when compared to intravenous (i.v.) antivenom infusion alone. | 2009 | 19153852 |
| cysteine-rich secretory proteins in snake venoms form high affinity complexes with human and porcine beta-microseminoproteins. | beta-microseminoprotein (msp), a 10 kda protein in human seminal plasma, binds human cysteine-rich secretory protein-3 (crisp-3) with high affinity. crisp-3 is a member of the family of crisps, which are widespread among animals. in this work we show that human as well as porcine msp binds catrin, latisemin, pseudecin, and triflin, which are crisps present in the venoms of the snakes crotalus atrox, laticauda semifasciata, pseudechis porphyriacus, and trimeresurus flavoviridis, respectively. the ... | 2009 | 19341830 |
| fatty acid analyses may provide insight into the progression of starvation among squamate reptiles. | fasting-induced changes in fatty acid composition have been reported to occur within the body lipids of several types of animals; however, little is known about the changes in fatty acid profiles exhibited by reptiles subjected to prolonged fasting. this study characterizes the fatty acid profiles of six reptile species subjected to sublethal periods of fasting lasting 0, 56, 112, and 168 days. analyses of fatty acid methyl esters (fames) conducted on the total body lipids of rattlesnakes (crota ... | 2008 | 18657629 |
| stable isotopes may provide evidence for starvation in reptiles. | previous studies have attempted to correlate stable isotope signatures of tissues with the nutritional condition of birds, mammals, fishes, and invertebrates. unfortunately, very little is known about the relationship between food limitation and the isotopic composition of reptiles. we examined the effects that starvation has on delta13c and delta15n signatures in the tissues (excreta, carcass, scales, and claws) of six, distantly related squamate reptiles (gaboon vipers, bitis gabonica; ball py ... | 2008 | 18613003 |
| structural modification of proteins by direct electric current from low voltage. | the interaction of direct electric current (dc) and proteins is a little explored topic. we had reported that exposure of crotalus atrox venom to dc caused irreversible inactivation of phospholipase a(2) and metalloprotease and that the eukaryote adenylate kinases (ak) precipitate in nondenaturing gel electrophoresis. ak1 displays an elevated percent difference of charged versus polar amino acid content (ch-po 14). commercial ak1 and other 17 enzymes with various ch-po values were exposed in sol ... | 2009 | 19827034 |
| pilot studies of pressure-immobilization bandages for rattlesnake envenomations. | pressure-immobilization bandages sequester venom in extremities and are recommended for snakebites without local toxicity. pilot studies were performed to determine the time of onset of toxicity and efficacy of pressure-immobilizations bandages in a porcine model of rattlesnake envenomation. | 2010 | 19888893 |
| in vitro evaluation of total venom-antivenin immune complex formation and binding parameters relevant to antivenin protection against venom toxicity and lethality based on size-exclusion high-performance liquid chromatography. | total venom-antivenin immune complex formation and binding parameters relevant to antivenin protection against venom toxicity and lethality can be evaluated using size-exclusion high-performance liquid chromatography (se-hplc). simple integration of regions within se-hplc elution profiles was used to compare binding characteristics of crotalidae polyvalent immune fab (ovine) antivenin (fabav) and crotalus atrox (western diamondback rattlesnake; c. atrox), c. varidis varidis (prairie rattlesnake; ... | 2011 | 21392522 |
| inactivation of crotalus atrox venom hemorrhagic activity by direct current exposure using hens' egg assay. | the hemotoxic venoms of viperidae and crotalidae are responsible for most of the evenomations in the united states, west africa, india, south-east asia, new guinea, and latin america. we previously reported that a short exposure of crotalus atrox venom to direct electric current (dc) from a low-voltage generator, in solution, causes consistent and irreversible inactivation of venom phospholipase a(2) and metalloproteases. here we report by in vivo assay on chicken embryos at stage 18 of developm ... | 2011 | 21800403 |
| effect of crotalus atrox venom on sodium transport across the frog skin (39885). | | 1994 | 302948 |
| amino acid sequence of fibrolase, a direct-acting fibrinolytic enzyme from agkistrodon contortrix contortrix venom. | the complete amino acid sequence of fibrolase, a fibrinolytic enzyme from southern copperhead (agkistrodon contortrix contortrix) venom, has been determined. this is the first report of the sequence of a direct-acting, nonhemorrhagic fibrinolytic enzyme found in snake venom. the majority of the sequence was established by automated edman degradation of overlapping peptides generated by a variety of selective cleavage procedures. the amino-terminus is blocked by a cyclized glutamine (pyroglutamic ... | 2004 | 1304358 |
| regional vs systemic antivenom administration in the treatment of snake venom poisoning in a rabbit model: a pilot study. | to develop a model that compares 2 different routes of antivenom administration (standard intravenous [iv] administration vs regional administration below a tourniquet) to assess their ability to limit muscle necrosis in a rabbit model of rattlesnake venom poisoning. | 2003 | 14719857 |
| pathogenesis of hemorrhage induced by rattlesnake venom. an electron microscopic study. | the pathogenesis of hemorrhage induced by rattlesnake (crotalus atrox) venom was investigated at the electron microscopic level. swiss-webster white mice were injected intramuscularly with one-fifth the ld(50) dose of whole venom. muscle samples were obtained by biopsy 2 minutes, 30 minutes and 3 hours after venom injection. capillaries in the endomysium were in various stages of degeneration. endothelial cells of damaged capillaries contained dilatated endoplasmic reticulum and perinuclear spac ... | 2016 | 4843388 |
| molecular cloning and characterization of cdnas encoding metalloproteinases from snake venom glands. | snake venom metalloproteinases (svmps) are a superfamily of zinc-dependent proteases and participate in a number of important biological, physiological and pathophysiological processes. in this work, we simultaneously amplified nine cdnas encoding different classes of metalloproteinases from glands of four different snake species (agkistrodon contortrix laticinctus, crotalus atrox, crotalus viridis viridis and agkistrodon piscivorus leucostoma) by rt-pcr with a pair of primers. among the encoded ... | 2016 | 19799929 |
| cloning of cdnas encoding c-type lectins from elapidae snakes bungarus fasciatus and bungarus multicinctus. | a number of c-type lectins with various biological activities have been purified and characterized from viperidae snake venoms. in contrast, only a few reports could be found in literature concerning the c-type lectins in elapidae snake venoms. based on the published cdna sequences of c-type lectins from viperidae snake venoms, oligonucleotide primers were designed and used to screen the cdna libraries made from the venom glands of bungarus fasciatus and bungarus multicinctus. this allowed the c ... | 2001 | 11600152 |
| comparative enzymatic study of hplc-fractionated crotalus venoms. | 1. ten venoms of the genus crotalus (crotalus adamanteus, crotalus atrox, crotalus durissus durissus, crotalus horridus horridus, crotalus lepidus, crotalus polystictus, crotalus molossus molossus, crotalus pusillus, crotalus scutulatus scutulatus, venom b, and crotalus viridis lutosus) were fractionated using hplc anion and cation exchange chromatography. 2. hplc venom fractions were tested for hemorrhagic, hemolytic, and proteolytic activities. 3. crude virginia opossum (didelphis virginiana) ... | 1989 | 2680253 |