| how a heavy-bodied snake strikes quickly: high-power axial musculature in the puff adder (bitis arietans). | despite being large, heavy-bodied snakes, puff adders (bitis arietans) are capable of achieving strike velocities and accelerations similar to, or greater than, those of much smaller snakes (means of 2.6 and 72 m/sec(2), respectively). the mechanistic basis of the strike was examined using high-speed digital videography, coupled with electromyographic (emg) analysis, of the two main extensors of the vertebral column, the semispinalis and longissimus. although the strike involves the rapid extens ... | 2010 | 20039332 |
| amino acid sequence of a cystatin from venom of the african puff adder (bitis arietans). | the amino acid sequence of a cystatin from the venom of the african puff adder (bitis arietans) is reported. it shows the protein to be more closely related to the type 2 cystatins than the others, and yet it is only 31-37% identical to the known type 2 cystatins, and differs strikingly in the insertion of a six-residue segment. | 1987 | 3500714 |
| a clinical study of viper bite poisoning. | thirty-one consecutive cases of snake bite were studied in the benue valley, nigeria where carpet viper (echis carinatus) bite constitutes a serious health problem. e. carinatus was responsible for 26 cases, the night adder (causus maculatus) for three and the puff adder (bitis arietans) for two. there were two fatalities, both late admissions following e. carinatus poisoning. one patient died after a subarachnoid haemorrhage and the other after tissue necrosis and the complications of a tightly ... | 1987 | 3689023 |
| chemical studies on protease a of bitis arietans (puff adder) venom. | protease a of bitis arietans venom is probably a metalloprotease, since it is inhibited by o-phenanthroline and contains 0.77 moles of zinc per mole protein. the enzyme comprises 213 amino acids, including 9 methionine residues and one free sulphydryl group. it contains one polypeptide chain, which is terminated at the carboxyl end by serine. the amino terminal sequence of protease a is: arg-ser-ser-asp-pro-asn-lys-tyr-phe-asn-val-ile-val-val-val-asp-asn-arg- met-val-asn-tyr-tyr-lys-gly-glu-leu- ... | 1986 | 3520956 |
| venom lethality and diet: differential responses of natural prey and model organisms to the venom of the saw-scaled vipers (echis). | the composition of snake venoms shows a high degree of variation at all taxonomic levels, and natural selection for diet has been implicated as a potential cause. saw-scaled vipers (echis) provide a good model for studying this phenomenon. the venoms of arthropod feeding species of echis are significantly more toxic to natural scorpion prey than those of species which feed predominantly upon vertebrate prey. although testing venom activity on natural prey is important for our understanding of th ... | 2012 | 22079297 |
| snakebite admissions in zimbabwe: pattern, clinical presentation and management. | to describe the toxicoepidemiology of snakebite admissions to eight major referral hospitals in zimbabwe. | 2014 | 24968657 |
| antivenomic assessment of the immunological reactivity of echitab-plus-icp, an antivenom for the treatment of snakebite envenoming in sub-saharan africa. | the immunoreactivity of echitab-plus-icp, an antivenom developed for the treatment of snakebite envenoming in sub-saharan africa, to venoms of seven echis and bitis species, was assessed by "antivenomics." this proteomic approach is based on the ability of an antivenom to immunodeplete homologous or heterologous venom proteins. our results show an extensive cross-reactivity of this antivenom against all echis and bitis venoms studied, as revealed by the complete immunodepletion of the majority o ... | 2010 | 20519622 |
| exploring the venom proteome of the african puff adder, bitis arietans, using a combinatorial peptide ligand library approach at different phs. | we report the 2de-based proteomic characterization of the venom of the medically important african puff adder, bitis arietans, after prefractionation by incubation with a solid-phase combinatorial hexapeptide ligand library (cpll) at three different ph values. this approach yielded partially overlapping yet clearly distinct sets of proteins. the b. arietans venom proteome, merged from the four sets of proteins comprises at least 43 distinct proteins from 9 toxin families. in line with a previous ... | 2010 | 20026262 |
| intra-specific variation in venom of the african puff adder (bitis arietans): differential expression and activity of snake venom metalloproteinases (svmps). | bitis arietans is considered one of the most medically significant snakes in africa, primarily due to a combination of its extensive geographical distribution, common occurrence and highly potent haemorrhagic and cytotoxic venom. our investigation has revealed a remarkable degree of intra-species variation between pooled venom samples from different geographical origins across sub-saharan africa and arabia, and within a group of individual specimens from the same origin in nigeria as determined ... | 2010 | 20026155 |
| snake venomics of bitis species reveals large intragenus venom toxin composition variation: application to taxonomy of congeneric taxa. | the protein composition of the venoms of the west african gaboon viper (bitis gabonica rhinoceros), the rhinoceros viper (bitis nasicornis), and the horned puff adder (bitis caudalis) were analyzed by rp-hplc, n-terminal sequencing, sds-page, maldi-tof peptide mass fingerprinting, and cid-ms/ms. in line with previous proteomic and transcriptomic analyses showing that snake venom proteins belong to only a few major protein families, the venom proteomes of bitis gabonica rhinoceros, bitis nasicorn ... | 2007 | 17559253 |
| study of the efficacy of the black stone on envenomation by snake bite in the murine model. | the black stone (bs) has been used since antiquity to treat envenomations. since no actual clinical trial has ever been performed we used an experimental approach to evaluate its efficacy against the venoms of bitis arietans, echis ocellatus and naja nigricollis. local application of bs after intramuscular venom injection had no demonstrable effect on the outcome of envenomationa and it did not change the ld(50) of b. arietans venom. our results show that, contrary to widespread belief, no effic ... | 2007 | 17174999 |
| characterization of bitiscetin-2, a second form of bitiscetin from the venom of bitis arietans : comparison of its binding site with the collagen-binding site on the von willebrand factor a3-domain. | bitiscetin, a heterodimeric snake venom protein purified from bitis arietans, binds to the a1 domain of von willebrand factor (vwf) and induces binding of this domain to platelet glycoprotein (gp) ib. we previously purified a distinct form of dimeric bitiscetin (herein called bitiscetin-2) that also induces the vwf a1 domain-gpib interaction, but does not bind to the a1 domain. instead, it interacts with the collagen-binding a3 domain of vwf. | 2006 | 16839359 |
| molecular cloning of disintegrin-like transcript ba-5a from a bitis arietans venom gland cdna library: a putative intermediate in the evolution of the long-chain disintegrin bitistatin. | we report the cloning and sequence analysis of ba-5a from a venom gland cdna library of the puff adder, bitis arietans, that encodes a novel ecd-disintegrin-like domain. ba-5a is a unique pii disintegrin. it contains the 16 cysteine residues that are conserved in all known disintegrin-like domains of adam proteins and snake venom metalloproteinases but lacks the cysteine-rich domain. these features suggest that ba-5a may represent an intermediate in the evolutionary pathway of the long disintegr ... | 2006 | 16786436 |
| adenosine in the venoms from viperinae snakes of the genus bitis: identification and quantitation using lc/ms and ce/ms. | snake venoms are rich sources of toxic proteins and small molecules. this study was directed at molecules of molecular mass below 1 kda. thirty different venoms, of either neurotoxic or haemorrhagic type, were fractionated using size-exclusion chromatography. only venoms of the puff adder (bitis arietans), gaboon viper (bitis gabonica), and rhinoceros viper (bitis nasicornis) exhibited large absorbance peaks at lambda(280 nm) in the total volume range of the chromatographic column indicating the ... | 2005 | 15935989 |
| crystal structure of von willebrand factor a1 domain complexed with snake venom, bitiscetin: insight into glycoprotein ibalpha binding mechanism induced by snake venom proteins. | bitiscetin, a platelet adhesion inducer isolated from venom of the snake bitis arietans, activates the binding of the von willebrand factor (vwf) a1 domain to glycoprotein ib (gpib) in vitro. this activation requires the formation of a bitiscetin-vwf a1 complex, suggesting an allosteric mechanism of action. here, we report the crystal structure of bitiscetin-vwf a1 domain complex solved at 2.85 a. in the complex structure, helix alpha5 of vwf a1 domain lies on a concave depression on bitiscetin, ... | 2003 | 12851390 |
| severe puff adder (bitis arietans) envenomation with coagulopathy. | the puff adder (bitis arietans) is a highly toxic venomous snake that is responsible for a large proportion of the venomous snakebites in sub-saharan africa, where it is indigenous. puff adder bites in north america result from snakes in captivity. although thrombolytic enzymes are present in puff adder venom, significant coagulopathy has not been previously reported with a confirmed puff adder envenomation. | 2002 | 12507061 |
| immediate active movement following bitis arietans or naja mossambica venom injection diminishes or prevents necrosis in mice. | tourniquet use, which localises necrotising snake venom to the bite site, is suspected to exacerbate local necrosis. in view of this, the effect of immediate active movement on the outcome of necrotising snake venom injection was investigated in mice. a minimal macroscopic necrotic dose of bitis arietans venom (2.5 microg) was administered subcutaneously into the dorsum of the right hind feet of 40 mice of which 20 were previously anaesthetised. the 20 non-anaesthetised mice swam for 10 min. all ... | 2002 | 12457878 |
| the mechanics of sound production in the puff adder bitis arietans (serpentes: viperidae) and the information content of the snake hiss | puff adders (bitis arietans), like many other snakes, hiss as part of their defensive repertoire. in b. arietans, the hisses have a clear quadraphasic pattern consisting of an initial exhalatory hiss, a brief transitional pause, an inhalatory hiss and a rest or breath-holding phase. simultaneous recordings of body diameter, electrical activity in the intrinsic laryngeal musculature, airflow through the nasal passageway and sound production revealed that the anterior respiratory tract plays a pas ... | 1999 | 10441081 |
| a novel high molecular weight fibrinogenase from the venom of bitis arietans. | a fibrinogenase (ba100) with an apparent molecular mass of 100 kda under non-reducing conditions and a pi of 5.4 was purified from the venom of the african puff adder (bitis arietans) by fibrinogen affinity chromatography. under reducing conditions the protease dissociates into subunits of 21 kda and 16 kda. n-terminal amino acid sequencing showed these two chains to have 66.7% homology and homology to c-type lectins. the fibrinogenase activity of ba100 cleaves the aalpha and bbeta chain of fibr ... | 1999 | 10082989 |
| conformational changes in the a3 domain of von willebrand factor modulate the interaction of the a1 domain with platelet glycoprotein ib. | bitiscetin has recently been shown to induce von willebrand factor (vwf)-dependent aggregation of fixed platelets (hamako j, et al, biochem biophys res commun 226:273, 1996). we have purified bitiscetin from bitis arietans venom and investigated the mechanism whereby it promotes a form of vwf that is reactive with platelets. in the presence of bitiscetin, vwf binds to platelets in a dose-dependent and saturable manner. the binding of vwf to platelets involves glycoprotein (gp) ib because it was ... | 1999 | 10068669 |
| exotic snakebite: envenomation by an african puff adder (bitis arietans). | we report an envenomation by the african puff adder (bitis arietans), an exotic snake in the united states. the patient developed swelling and ecchymoses in the affected extremity, and cutaneous necrosis of the envenomated fingertip. there was no significant coagulopathy. he received 20 vials of specific antivenin (schlangengift-immunserum behring zentralafrika, behringwerke, marburg, germany) and debridement of devitalized finger tissue. the only permanent sequelae were cutaneous scarring and p ... | 2004 | 9404800 |
| the disulphide bond pattern of bitistatin, a disintegrin isolated from the venom of the viper bitis arietans. | the disulphide bond pattern of the long disintegrin bitistatin (83 amino acids, 14 cysteines) was established using structural information gathered by amino acid analysis, n-terminal sequencing, and molecular mass determination of fragments isolated by reversed-phase hplc after polypeptide degradation with trypsin and oxalic acid. a computer program was used to calculate all possible combinations of disulphide-bonded peptides matching the mass spectrometric data, and the output was filtered usin ... | 1997 | 9369214 |
| primary structure of the lectin from the venom of bitis arietans (puff-adder). | | 1995 | 8593494 |
| hemorrhagic principles in the venom of bitis arietans, a viperous snake. ii. enzymatic properties with special reference to substrate specificity. | the optimal ph of the proteinase activity of hemorrhagins, bhra and bhrb, isolated from the venom of bitis arietans (puff adder) is ph 9. the activity was inhibited by metal chelating agents such as edta, 1,10-phenanthroline and 8-hydroxyquinoline, but not by phenylmethanesulfonyl fluoride and soybean trypsin inhibitor, suggesting that they are metalloproteinases. the hemorrhagins hydrolyzed all gelatin preparations derived from types i, ii, iii and iv collagen. on the other hand, only type iv n ... | 1995 | 7873587 |
| muscle extract of hedgehog, erinaceus europaeus, inhibits hemorrhagic activity of snake venoms. | the antihemorrhagic activity of muscle extract of hedgehog, erinaceus europaeus, was tested on various snake venoms with hemorrhagic activity. the extract inhibited strongly hemorrhagic activity of venoms from bitis arietans, bothrops jararaca and vipera latastei gaditana, and remarkably that of venoms from agkistrodon halys blomhoffi, bitis gabonica rhinoceros, bitis nasicornis, bothrops atrox asper, crotalus horridus horridus and vipera berus. the antihemorrhagic activity against eight other s ... | 1994 | 7846699 |
| mechanism of action of the antiplatelet peptide, arietin, from bitis arietans venom. | arietin, an arg-gly-asp containing peptide from venom of bitis arietans, inhibited aggregation of platelets stimulated by a variety of agonists with a similar ic50, 1.3-2.7.10(-7) m. it blocked aggregation through the interference of fibrinogen binding to fibrinogen receptors on platelet surface. in this paper, we further demonstrated that arietin had no significant effect on the intracellular mobilization of ca2+ in quin2-am-loaded platelets stimulated by thrombin. it inhibited 125i-fibrinogen ... | 1991 | 2043664 |
| antigenic relationship between the venom of the night adder causus maculatus and venoms of other viperids. | monovalent antivenoms were raised in mice against the venoms of causus maculatus, vipera ammodytes, echis carinatus, cerastes cerastes, bitis arietans, agkistrodon rhodostoma and bothrops atrox. these antivenoms as well as four commercially available antivenoms were tested against the venoms of 15 viperid species by means of immunoelectrophoresis and/or elisa. cross-reactive protein bands were determined by immunoblot. elisa cross-reactions of c. maculatus antivenom were low with all heterologou ... | 1990 | 1706897 |
| snake venom hemorrhagins: neutralization by commercial antivenoms. | one monovalent (habu-antivenom) and five polyvalent antivenoms (crotalidae; orient, north, central and south africa) were tested for their ability to neutralize the hemorrhagic activity of 12 snake venoms (agkistrodon, bothrops, crotalus, sistrurus, trimeresurus, bitis, echis spp.) when mixed prior to injection into the hind leg of mice. considerable cross-neutralization was observed: antivenoms prepared against african snake venoms were equally or more potent in neutralizing the hemorrhagic act ... | 1988 | 2460973 |
| [biochemical variations of west african snake venoms]. | electrophoretic patterns of bitis gabonica, bitis nasicornis, bitis arietans venoms have shown specific and individual variations; neither physiological nor seasonal differences were noticed. immunoelectrophoretic study of naja melanoleuca and naja nigricollis individual venoms revealed a variation in neurotoxin concentration from one venom to another. deletion of some minor fractions is noticed in few venoms. the authors think it of major interest to work on individual venoms. | 2013 | 7285271 |
| [therapy and course of an exotic snake bite (african puff adder)]. | | 1980 | 7428633 |
| changes in composition and protein concentration of puff adder (bitis arietans) venom due to frequent milking. | | 1979 | 419537 |
| venom antibody levels in a patient bitten by a young puff adder (bitis arietans) during a world record attempt. | following a bite on the hand by a young puff adder (bitis arietans), the 21-year-old male victim was admitted to hospital suffering from symptoms of mild envenoming comprising swelling to the elbow and painful axillary nodes. the patient was not treated with antivenom. one day after the bite, b. arietans venom was detected in small amounts in the blood; none was detected subsequently. venom antibody was detected by elisa on the ninth day after the bite, rising to a peak after three weeks. after ... | 1985 | 4026442 |
| purification and properties of arginine esterases from bitis arietans (puff adder) venom. | an arginine esterase (ft1) was purified from b. arietans venom by gel-filtration and ion-exchange chromatography. the purified enzyme contains 21.6% of carbohydrate, 240 amino acids including 12 half-cystine residues and has a mol. wt of approximately 43,000. the purified enzyme has a high esterolytic activity towards n-alpha-benzoyl-l-arginine ethyl ester but shows no proteolytic activity against azocoll and no clotting activity with fibrinogen. the n-terminal sequence of the arginine esterase ... | 1985 | 4092814 |
| snake venom: protein cm-2 from bitis arietans (puff adder) venom. | protein cm-2 from bitis arietans venom was purified by chromatographic procedures involving sephadex g-50 and cm-cellulose. the purified protein comprises 82 amino acids including 14 half-cystine residues and its primary structure has been elucidated. protein cm-2 is not toxic. although the protein clears a suspension of egg yolk, structural features and the inability to hydrolyse l-alpha-lecithin reveal that it cannot be a phospholipase a2. in spite of its sequence showing some homology with th ... | 1982 | 7141413 |
| isolation of a hemorrhagic principle from bitis arietans (puff adder) snake venom. | | 1982 | 7080057 |
| the complementarity-determining region sequences in igy antivenom hypervariable regions. | the data presented in this article are related to the research article entitled "development of igy antibodies against anti-snake toxins endowed with highly lethal neutralizing activity" (da rocha et al., 2017) [1]. complementarity-determining region (cdr) sequences are variable antibody (ab) sequences that respond with specificity, duration and strength to identify and bind to antigen (ag) epitopes. b lymphocytes isolated from hens immunized withbitis arietans(ba) and anti-crotalus durissus ter ... | 2017 | 28748206 |
| precipitation of animal plasma proteins by puff-adder venom. | 1. plasma and serum samples obtained from various animals never previously exposed to snakes or snake venom were diffused against different concentrations of puff-adder, bitis arietans, venom using the double immunodiffusion technique. 2. depending upon venom concentration, two precipitin arcs could be produced in the case of all plasma samples used. no serum samples showed any arcs except pigeon serum, where one precipitin line was observed. 3. by altering the concentration of snake venom betwe ... | 1979 | 122574 |
| bites by foreign venomous snakes in britain. | in 1970-7 17 people in britain were the victims of 32 bites by foreign venomous snakes. crotalus atrox caused eight of these bites, bitis arietans five, and the remaining 19 bites were caused by 12 different species. all the victims were bitten while handling the snake, and 24 bites were incurred by private individuals in their own homes. poisoning was negligible in 17 of the 32 bites but life-threatening in at least two cases. thus in the early stages snake bite may be unpredictable as a clinic ... | 1978 | 656831 |
| vago-sympathetic innervation of the heart of the puff adder, bitis arietans. | | 1976 | 3380 |
| phospholipase a2 from puff adder (bitis arietans) venom. | | 1975 | 1052557 |
| studies of puff adder (bitis arietans) venom. iv. association of protease a. | | 1972 | 4673284 |
| pharma focus. puff adders. | | 2003 | 14671867 |
| studies on puff adder (bitis arietans) venom. 3. ultracentrifuge and ord studies on protease a. | | 1972 | 5070573 |
| studies on puff adder (bitis arietans) venom. ii. specificity of protease a. | | 1972 | 5070572 |
| studies on puff adder (bitis arietans) venom. i. purification and properties of protease a. | | 1971 | 5103561 |
| [electrophoretic analysis of bitis arietans and echis carinatus venoms. snake venoms. iii..]. | | 1954 | 13221269 |
| [adenosine in the venom of puffadder bitis arietans. snake venoms. i]. | | 1954 | 13221249 |
| low-molecular-weight dextran and puff-adder bites. | | 1982 | 6180484 |
| isolation and amino acid sequence of caudoxin, a presynaptic acting toxic phospholipase a2 from the venom of the horned puff adder (bitis caudalis). | a presynaptic acting toxic phospholipase a2, designated caudoxin, was purified from the venom of bitis caudalis by a combination of gel filtration and ion-exchange chromatography. the specificity of the enzyme was shown to be of the a2 type. the enzyme contains 121 amino acid residues in a single chain and is cross-linked by seven disulfide bridges. application of cyanogen bromide cleavage and digestion with trypsin and chymotrypsin yielded peptides providing the necessary overlaps to complete d ... | 1982 | 7135414 |
| puff adder bite--an unusual cause of bilateral carpal tunnel syndrome. a case report. | a patient with an unusual cause of bilateral carpal tunnel syndrome is presented. the condition was due to puff adder (bitis aristans) bite. the successful outcome of the case after bilateral carpal tunnel decompression and unilateral fasciotomy of the forearm is described. | 1981 | 7302727 |
| the anticoagulant action of puff adder (b. arietans) venom. | | 1965 | 5893197 |
| decreased snake venom metalloproteinase effects via inhibition of enzyme and modification of fibrinogen. | since the introduction of antivenom administration 120 years ago to treat venomous snake bit, it has been the gold standard for saving life and limb. however, this therapeutic approach is not always effective and not without potential life-threatening side effects. we tested a new paradigm to abrogate the plasmatic anticoagulant effects of fibrinogenolytic snake venom metalloproteinases by modification of fibrinogen with iron and carbon monoxide and by inhibiting these zn(2+) dependent metallopr ... | 2016 | 27492573 |
| kn-ba: a novel serine protease isolated from bitis arietans snake venom with fibrinogenolytic and kinin-releasing activities. | bitis arietans is a venomous snake found in sub-saharan africa and in parts of morocco and saudi arabia. the envenomation is characterized by local and systemic reactions including pain, blistering, edema and tissue damage, besides hemostatic and cardiovascular disturbances, which can cause death or permanent disabilities in its victims. however, the action mechanisms that provoke these effects remain poorly understood, especially the activities of purified venom components. therefore, in order ... | 2018 | 30564275 |
| note on the preparation of antivenoms (anti vipera aspis, cerastes cornutus and bitis arietans). | | 2020 | 20238824 |
| on the depressive action of the venom bitis arietans. | | 2020 | 20989751 |
| [attempted suicide by snake bite. case report and literature survey]. | unusual suicide attempts often remain undetected, and bizarre methods can be a clue to psychotic origin. we report a suicide attempt by proxy--the bite of a puff adder--and provide a brief literature survey about further archaic self-injurious behaviour. due to the easy availability of venomous snakes and the close networking of suicidal patients via the internet, an increase in similar cases can be anticipated. a failed suicide attempt should always be considered in patients surviving bizarre a ... | 2008 | 18365165 |
| problems of antivenene standardization revealed by the flocculation reaction. | mixed with either of the specific venoms, refined antivenene (anti-bitis arietans-naja flava) will show optimal flocculation at a number of different venom: serum ratios. this is the natural consequence of individual antigen-antibody reactions in a heterogeneous system.toxin may be recovered from floccules formed at three optimal n. flava venom: serum ratios by heating the floccules at 70 degrees c for ten minutes at ph 2. these three immunologically distinct heat-stable toxins have been called ... | 1953 | 13106701 |
| anavenoms and their use in the preparation of antivenomous sera; polyvalent anti-bitis arietans-naia flava serum and specific antivenenes against african viperine and colubrine venoms. | | 1945 | 20293971 |
| puff adder snakebite. | | 1970 | 5467120 |
| innervation of the supranasal sac of the puff adder. | the supranasal sac is an invagination of the skin between the supranasal and nasal shields of many true vipers. viperinae behavior suggests that many true vipers hunt by thermal cues. | 1998 | 9624452 |
| cd11b/cd18 mediates the neutrophil chemotactic activity of fibrin degradation product d domain. | coagulation and fibrinolysis universally accompany tissue injury and repair. the accumulation of regionally generated fibrin degradation products (fdp) may modify the local inflammatory response. we have found fdp to be potent neutrophil chemotaxins. we separated plasmin fdp by chromatofocusing and found chemotactic activity limited to fractions containing the fibrinogen d domain (d-d dimer and d monomer). the bioactivity of the d-d dimer did not require an intact cross link site as removal of t ... | 1997 | 9184399 |
| snake poisoning in rural zimbabwe--a prospective study. | over a period of 2 years (january 1991 to december 1992) 274 cases of snake bite were admitted to hospital in the eight provinces of zimbabwe. of these patients, 54% were males and 88% belonged to the 6-40-year age group. five deaths (1.8% of the total cases) were reported. the majority of snake bites (63%) occurred at night (between 6.30 p.m. and midnight) and over 74% took place during the hot rainy season, i.e. between november and april. in over 58% of the cases the victim accidentally stepp ... | 2004 | 8083480 |
| snake bites in zimbabwe: a clinical study with emphasis on the need for antivenom. | a retrospective analysis of 83 consecutive patients (42 males and 41 females) treated for snake bites at mpilo central hospital between january 1990 and june 1992 is presented. in zimbabwe poisonous snakes belong to four families; colubrids (boomslang), vipers (puff adder), elapids (mambas and cobras) and atractaspids (bibron stilleto snake). the puff adder is responsible for three quarters of the bites. forty eight pc (40/83) of the patients were below 20 years of age (range 1 year 10 months to ... | 1994 | 7954715 |
| puff adder bite: a case presentation. | | 1983 | 6642023 |
| a survey of snakebit in the johannesburg area. | case records of persons with snakebite treated at the johannesburg general hospital and the transvaal memorial children's hospital during the 10-year period 1963-1972 were investigated. it was concluded that (i) snakebites were rare, since only 39 cases were recorded, none of which ended fatally; (ii) 86% of patients were men (mean age was 24 years); (iii) 80% of bites were on the hand and arm; (iv) 28% of patients had had previous snakebites; and (v) 60% of bites were 'illegitimate', i.e. they ... | 1976 | 996688 |
| proceedings: in vitro studies of puff adder (bitis artertas) venom. | | 1975 | 1226746 |
| effects of puff-adder venom on coagulation, fibrinolysis and platelet aggregation in the baboon. | | 1974 | 4209643 |
| effects of puff adder venom on the coagulation mechanism. ii. in vitro. | | 1973 | 4799118 |
| an in vivo examination of the differences between rapid cardiovascular collapse and prolonged hypotension induced by snake venom. | we investigated the cardiovascular effects of venoms from seven medically important species of snakes: australian eastern brown snake (pseudonaja textilis), sri lankan russell's viper (daboia russelii), javanese russell's viper (d. siamensis), gaboon viper (bitis gabonica), uracoan rattlesnake (crotalus vegrandis), carpet viper (echis ocellatus) and puff adder (bitis arietans), and identified two distinct patterns of effects: i.e. rapid cardiovascular collapse and prolonged hypotension. p. texti ... | 2019 | 31882843 |
| male energy reserves, mate-searching activities, and reproductive success: alternative resource use strategies in a presumed capital breeder. | sexual selection studies often focus on morphological traits that are important only in the later stages of mate acquisition. comparatively little is known about traits that lead to mate acquisition, such as mate-searching activities. we experimentally manipulated body condition (i.e., the energy reserves) in male puff adders (bitis arietans) prior to the mating season using supplemental feeding in the field, and used radio-telemetry and dna paternity analyses to characterize the relationships b ... | 2020 | 32935179 |
| neutralizing effects of small molecule inhibitors and metal chelators on coagulopathic viperinae snake venom toxins. | animal-derived antivenoms are the only specific therapies currently available for the treatment of snake envenoming, but these products have a number of limitations associated with their efficacy, safety and affordability for use in tropical snakebite victims. small molecule drugs and drug candidates are regarded as promising alternatives for filling the critical therapeutic gap between snake envenoming and effective treatment. in this study, by using an advanced analytical technique that combin ... | 2020 | 32825484 |
| interrogating the higher order structures of snake venom proteins using an integrated mass spectrometric approach. | snake venoms contain complex mixtures of proteins vital for the survival of venomous snakes. aligned with their diverse pharmacological activities, the protein compositions of snake venoms are highly variable, and efforts to characterise the primary structures of such proteins are ongoing. additionally, a significant knowledge gap exists in terms of the higher-order protein structures which modulate venom potency, posing a challenge for successful therapeutic applications. here we use a multifac ... | 2020 | 32028038 |
| development of venom toxin-specific antibodies by dna immunisation: rationale and strategies to improve therapy of viper envenoming. | dna vaccination induces potent cellular immune responses against infectious and parasitic intracellular pathogens. this paper illustrates that dna immunisation protocols can be adapted to induce high titre antibody responses with potential to improve the treatment of systemic snake envenoming that kills 20000 people annually in africa. envenoming by the saw-scaled vipers and puff adders are responsible for the majority of these deaths. dna sequences encoding haemorrhagic, pro- and anti-coagulant ... | 2004 | 15068847 |
| bitis arietans snake venom induces an inflammatory response which is partially dependent on lipid mediators. | bitis arietans is a snake of medical importance, as it is responsible for more accidents in humans and domestic animals than all other african snakes put together. the accidents are characterized by local and systemic alterations, such as inflammation, cardiovascular and hemostatic disturbances, which can lead victims to death or permanent disability. however, little is known about the envenomation mechanism, especially regarding the inflammatory response, which is related to severe clinical con ... | 2020 | 32937985 |
| traditional medicinal animal use by xhosa and sotho communities in the western cape province, south africa. | the use of animals and animal-derived materials in traditional medicine constitutes an important part of the belief systems of indigenous african cultures. it is believed to be rapidly expanding in south africa, where traditional healers are estimated to outnumber western doctors by 2000:1 in some areas, with an overall clientele consisting of 60-80% of south african citizens. despite concerns about the impact of the trade in traditional medicine on biodiversity, there has been only limited rese ... | 2019 | 31288841 |
| mechanics of snake biting: experiments and modelling. | among all the vertebrates, snakes possess the most sophisticated venom delivering system using their fangs. fangs of many animals are well adapted to the mechanical loads experienced during the functions such as breaking the diet and puncturing the skin of the prey. thus, investigation and modelling of puncturing mechanics of snakes is of importance to understand the form-function relationship of the fangs and tissue-fang interactions in detail. we have thus chosen fangs of two snake species, i. ... | 2020 | 32846284 |
| detoxifying action of aqueous extracts of mucuna pruriens seed and mimosa pudica root against venoms of naja nigricollis and bitis arietans. | the world health organization included snakebite envenomation among neglected tropical diseases in 2017. the importance of natural products from plants is enormous, given that most prescribed drugs originate from plants. among this is mucuna pruriens and mimosa pudica, with many registered patents asserting their health benefits. | 2020 | 31652115 |
| protease activity profiling of snake venoms using high-throughput peptide screening. | snake venom metalloproteinases (svmps) and snake venom serine proteinases (svsps) are among the most abundant enzymes in many snake venoms, particularly among viperids. these proteinases are responsible for some of the clinical manifestations classically seen in viperid envenomings, including hemorrhage, necrosis, and coagulopathies. the objective of this study was to investigate the enzymatic activities of these proteins using a high-throughput peptide library to screen for the proteinase targe ... | 2019 | 30893860 |
| snake venoms from angola: intra-specific variations and immunogenicity. | snakebite is a public health problem in many countries of world. these accidents are considered a neglected tropical disease and are responsible for a high morbidity and mortality index in the south and southeast asia and sub-saharan africa. angolan snake venoms are poorly investigated and no specific antivenom against them is available in the country. thus, the aim of this study was to evaluate biochemical and immunogenic properties of male and female venoms from naja nigricollis, bitis arietan ... | 2018 | 29673703 |