| hematological studies on dic-like findings observed in patients with snakebite in south china. | to clarify the characteristics of the hematological disturbances evoked by snakebite, we measured the antithrombin iii (at-iii) activity, alpha2-plasmin inhibitor (alpha2-pi) activity, fibrinogen concentration (fg) and level of fibrin degradation products (fdp) in 21 patients envenomed by several snakes in south china between august 1998 and october 1999. the hematological changes observed were as follows: the mean activities of at-iii were decreased in patients bitten by ophiophagus hannah (oh. ... | 2001 | 11223082 |
| acetylcholinesterase from bungarus venom: a monomeric species. | the venom of bungarus fasciatus, an elapidae snake, contains a high level of ache activity. partial peptide sequences show that it is closely homologous to other aches. bungarus venom ache is a non-amphiphilic monomeric species, a molecular form of ache which has not been previously found in significant levels in other tissues. the composition of carbohydrates suggests the presence of n-glycans of the 'complex' and 'hybrid' types. ion exchange chromatography, isoelectric focusing and electrophor ... | 1996 | 8674549 |
| acetylcholinesterases from elapidae snake venoms: biochemical, immunological and enzymatic characterization. | we analyzed 45 batches of venom from 20 different species belonging to 11 genera from the 3 main families of venomous snakes (elapidae, viperidae and crotalidae). we found high acetylcholinesterase (ache) activity in all venoms from elapidae, except in those from the dendroaspis genus. ache was particularly abundant in bungarus venoms which contain up to 8 mg of enzyme per gram of dried venom. we could not detect acetylcholinesterase activity in any batch of venom from viperidae or crotalidae. t ... | 1997 | 9187246 |
| genetic organization of a chain and b chain of beta-bungarotoxin from taiwan banded krait (bungarus multicinctus). a chain genes and b chain genes do not share a common origin. | beta-bungarotoxin, the main presynaptic neurotoxin purified from the venom of bungarus multicinctus, consists of two dissimilar polypeptide chains, the a chain and the b chain, cross-linked by an interchain disulfide bond. in this study, a and b chain genes isolated from the liver of b. multicinctus encoded the a and b chain precursors, respectively. analyses of the coding regions of the a and b chain genes revealed that both consist of three exons and two introns. the sequences of all exon/intr ... | 2000 | 10903499 |
| genetic organization of alpha-bungarotoxins from bungarus multicinctus (taiwan banded krait): evidence showing that the production of alpha-bungarotoxin isotoxins is not derived from edited mrnas. | two genomic dnas with a size of approximately 2.8 kb, isolated from the liver of bungarus multicinctus (taiwan banded krait), encode the precursors of the long neurotoxins, alpha-bgt(a31) and alpha-bgt(v31), respectively. both genes share virtually identical overall organization with three exons separated by two introns, which were inserted in the same positions in the coding regions of the genes. moreover, their nucleotide sequences share approximately 98% identity. this result indicates that t ... | 1999 | 10497260 |
| banded krait minor satellite (bkm) contains sex and species-specific repetitive dna. | a novel class of repetitive dna was isolated from a bkm dna library by exclusion hybridization. this sequence was mapped to the short arm of the w chromosome of banded krait, bungarus fasciatus. southern blot hybridization showed that these sequences are sex and species specific. sequence analysis of a 206 bp long clone, br87, revealed the presence of a tandem array of two internal repeat units of 18-19 bp alternating with each other with a gap of 1, 2 of 3 nucleotides. to our knowledge, this is ... | 1994 | 8013254 |
| production of an immunoenzymatic tracer combining a scfv and the acetylcholinesterase of bungarus fasciatus by genetic recombination. | we constructed a plasmid containing a chimeric gene composed of the gene encoding acetylcholinesterase (ache) from bungarus fasciatus venom and a gene encoding a single chain antibody fragment (scfv) directed against one of the two subunits of a presynaptic neurotoxin from rattlesnake. large quantities of the fusion protein were produced in the culture medium of transfected cos cells. fusion to ache did not affect the ability of the scfv to recognise its antigen. similarly, the ache activity was ... | 1999 | 10428463 |
| acetylcholinesterase from snake venom as a model for its nerve and muscle counterpart. | acetylcholinesterase (ache) plays a key role in cholinergic transmission. at the neuromuscular junction of vertebrates, for example, it allows a fine temporal control of muscle contraction. the presence of ache in tissues devoid of cholinergic function is also well known and raises the question of its role. in particular, ache is abundant in the venoms of elapid snakes, except mambas. ache purified from snake venom consists of soluble, hydrophilic monomers. cloning of cdna of the ache from bunga ... | 1999 | 10410339 |
| primary structure of an inactive mutant of phospholipase a2 in the venom of bungarus fasciatus (banded krait). | from the acidic components of bungarus fasciatus venom, a very small amount (0.16%) of a novel phospholipase a2 was obtained. both neurotoxicity and enzyme activity were found to be lacking. amino acid sequence study showed that it has a normal backbone of group i snake venom phospholipase a2 with 118 amino acid residues. the lack of enzyme activity was attributed to its mutation of the indispensable asp residue to an ala residue, i.e., the usual his-asp47 turned out to be his-ala47. this is the ... | 1992 | 1478931 |
| the structural and functional essentiality of the n-terminal alpha-helix in the phospholipase a2 of the taiwan banded krait. | in order to identify the structural and functional essentiality of the n-terminal alpha-helix of bungarus multicinctus pla2 for its enzymatic activity, comparative studies of the biochemical properties of native and recombinant pla2 were made. it was found that the appearance of a met residue preceding the n-terminus asn-1 of the recombinant protein appreciably affected pla2 activity and the hydrophobic character of the ans-binding site. additionally, the charged state and the hydrophobicity of ... | 1997 | 9161720 |
| cdna sequence analysis of a novel member of the three loop protein family from the chinese continental banded krait. | the cdna encoding a novel three loop protein was cloned from cellular rna isolated from the venom gland of bungarus multicinctus multicinctus by rt-pcr. the mature protein has 82 amino acid residues. it shared only 25-38% similarity with some cardiotoxins and did not have sequence similarity with neurotoxins, while its cdna was about 70% similar to both the cdnas encoding neurotoxins and the cdnas encoding cardiotoxins. | 1999 | 10380637 |
| amino acid sequence of a neutral phospholipase a2 (iii) in the venom of bungarus fasciatus. | two phospholipases were found in the venom of bungarus fasciatus, one in fraction iii, the other in fraction x of the chromatographic separation. a neutral pla2(iii) purified from fraction iii was subjected to amino acid sequencing by means of an automated sequenator applied to the intact rcm-pla2 (iii) and the individual peptides obtained from hplc separation of the three types of enzymatic peptides. pla(iii) was shown to consist of 118 amino acid residues with 14 half-cystines. it is 65% homol ... | 1989 | 2599763 |
| genus specific neutralization of bungarus snake venoms by thai red cross banded krait antivenom. | thai commercial antivenom raised to bungarus fasciatus venom neutralized the lethal activity of all thai bungarus venoms tested in in vitro neutralization experiments. the neutralizing capacities against b. fasciatus and b. candidus venoms were almost the same, but that against b. flaviceps venom was significantly greater. the efficacy of the antivenom was confirmed in in vivo neutralization experiments also. results of immunochemical analyses supported results of the animal experiments suggesti ... | 1999 | 10091133 |
| cdna cloning and sequence analysis of six neurotoxin-like proteins from chinese continental banded krait. | the cdnas encoding six neurotoxin-like proteins were cloned from the total rna isolated from one venom gland of bungarus multicinctus multicinctus by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction. although they shared a high degree of nucleotide sequence homology, the deduced proteins displayed a rather low extent of identical residues with the exception that the 21 residue signal peptides were highly conserved. each mature protein consisted of 65, 66 or 68 amino acids with four or five disulf ... | 1998 | 9844743 |
| the complete amino-acid sequence of a basic phospholipase a2 in the venom of bungarus fasciatus. | a basic phospholipase a2 (pla2) was isolated and purified from the venom of bungarus fasciatus. four kinds of enzymes, lysyl endopeptidase, endoproteinase asp-n, endoproteinase glu-c and trypsin, were employed to elucidate the complete primary structure by means of gas-phase sequencing. the amino-acid sequence reveals 118 amino-acid residues containing seven pairs of half-cystine. it has 78% and 61% structural identities with pla2 from bungarus multicinctus and naja melanoleuca de-ii, respective ... | 1988 | 3072971 |
| differential roles for disulfide bonds in the structural integrity and biological activity of kappa-bungarotoxin, a neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptor antagonist. | kappa-bungarotoxin, a kappa-neurotoxin derived from the venom of the banded krait, bungarus multicinctus, is a homodimeric protein composed of subunits of 66 amino acid residues containing five disulfide bonds. kappa-bungarotoxin is a potent, selective, and slowly reversible antagonist of alpha3 beta2 neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors. kappa-bungarotoxin is structurally related to the alpha-neurotoxins, such as alpha-bungarotoxin derived from the same snake, which are monomeric in solut ... | 1998 | 9724529 |
| liposome-catalyzed unfolding of acetylcholinesterase from bungarus fasciatus. | the kinetics of thermal inactivation of acetylcholinesterase from the venom of the snake, bungarus fasciatus, were studied at 45-54 degrees c. an arrhenius plot reveals an activation energy of 113 kcal/mol. the thermally denatured enzyme displays the spectroscopic characteristics of a partially unfolded 'molten globule' state. the rate of thermal denaturation is greatly enhanced in the presence of unilamellar vesicles of dimyristoylphosphatidylcholine, the energy barrier for the transition being ... | 1998 | 9556345 |
| [a binding characteristic of neurotoxins from bungarus fasciatus venom to the acetylcholine receptor]. | | 1985 | 3834593 |
| properties and applications of immobilized snake venom nad glycohydrolase. | the nad glycohydrolase (nadase) from bungarus fasciatus snake venom was adsorbed on concanavalin a-sepharose, and demonstrated to retain both hydrolase and transglycosidase activities in the bound form. the matrix-bound enzyme was stable to repeated washing with buffer and storage at 4 degrees c. the bound enzyme exhibited the same km value for hydrolysis of nicotinamide-1,n6-ethenoadenine dinucleotide as previously measured with the soluble, purified form of the enzyme. the bound nadase was use ... | 1984 | 6486411 |
| optical activity and conformation of beta-bungarotoxin in solution. | beta-bungarotoxin, which consists of two polypeptide chains (a- and b-chain), in the venom of formosan banded krait is stable in 7.5 m urea but can be denatured in 6.0 m guanidine hydrochloride. its conformation remains virtually the same in solvents of lower polarity than water such as a mixture of 1,2-ethanediol-water (4:1 by volume). the circular dichroism spectrum in water shows a double minima at 222 and 209 nm, which is characteristic of the helical structure. the ellipticities at these tw ... | 1984 | 6571584 |
| envenoming by chinese krait (bungarus multicinctus) and banded krait (b. fasciatus) in myanmar. | a retrospective study of 8 cases of envenoming by chinese krait (bungarus multicinctus) and one banded krait (b. fasciatus) in southern myanmar is reported. chinese krait bite produced minimal local reactions, except in one person bitten on the lip which resulted in local swelling. onset of neurotoxic symptoms occurred 2.5-6 h after the bite, and the interval between bite and death ranged from 12-30 h. three deaths were due to respiratory failure. four mildly envenomed cases recovered spontaneou ... | 2004 | 9509180 |
| cdna sequence analysis of a novel neurotoxin homolog from taiwan banded krait. | the cdna encoding a novel protein was constructed from the cellular rna isolated from the venom glands of bungarus multicinctus (taiwan banded krait) by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction. the deduced amino acid sequence of this novel protein contains 68 amino acid residues with 10 cysteine residues. comparative sequence analyses show that it is structurally related to alpha-bungarotoxin and kappa-bungarotoxins from bungarus multicinctus venom. eight out of the ten cysteine residues ... | 1997 | 9350342 |
| neurotoxins from bungarus fasciatus venom: a simple fractionation and separation of alpha- and beta-type neurotoxins and their partial characterization. | the crude venom of bungarus fasciatus has been fractionated by column chromatography, and the fractionation characteristics of three different resins have been compared. a minimum of 21 fractions can be identified under optimum conditions on bio-gel cm-30. of the major fractions tested for neurotoxic activity, three showed postsynaptic (alpha) and four showed presynaptic (beta) neurotoxic activity. the major protein component (an alpha-neurotoxin) has an isoleucyl n terminus and a calculated mol ... | 1982 | 7171559 |
| [effect of postsynaptic neurotoxin xiv from bungarus fasciatus venom on neuromuscular junction (author's transl)]. | | 1982 | 6214155 |
| [acetylcholinesterase from snake venoms]. | acetylcholinesterase (ache) plays a key role in cholinergic transmission. for example, located at the neuro-muscular junction of vertebrates, it allows a fine temporal control of muscle contraction. the presence of ache in tissues devoid of cholinergic function is also well known and raises the question of its role. in particular, ache occurs at high level in the venoms of elapid snakes, except mambas. in contrast, the venom of snakes belonging to viperid or colubrid families does not contain an ... | 1997 | 9295965 |
| novel snornas from naja naja atra (taiwan cobra) and bungarus multicinctus (taiwan banded krait), form extended sequence complementarity to 5s rrna. | during the mapping and sequencing of naja naja atra cobrotoxin and cardiotoxin 4 genes, we have found that novel small nucleolar rnas (snornas) are encoded in the first intron of the two genes. the snornas in naja naja atra were amplified from the venom glands cdna mixtures of naja naja atra by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction using the primers designed from the first intronic sequences of cobrotoxin and cardiotoxin 4 genes. likewise, the snornas in bungarus multicinctus were also ... | 1997 | 9245733 |
| complete amino acid sequences of two cardiotoxin-like analogues from bungarus fasciatus (banded krait) snake venom. | | 1981 | 6784277 |
| cdna sequence analysis of a novel cardiotoxin-like protein from taiwan banded krait. | the cdnas encoding a novel protein was constructed from the cellular rna isolated from the venom glands of bungarus multicinctus by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction. the deduced amino acid sequence of this novel protein contained 65 amino acid residues with 8 cysteine residues. comparative sequence analysis showed that it was structurally related to cardiotoxin rather than neurotoxins. these results suggest that the venom of bungarus multicinctus may contain cardiotoxin(s) which w ... | 1996 | 8988340 |
| cdna sequence analysis and mutagenesis studies on the a chain of beta-bungarotoxin from taiwan banded krait. | the cdna encoding the a chain of beta-bungarotoxin (beta-bgt) was constructed from the cellular rna isolated from the venom glands of bungarus multicinctus (taiwan banded krait). the deduced amino acid sequence encoding the a chain revealed that the determined chain was different from the known a chains (a1, a2, a3, a4, and a5). nevertheless, the amino acid sequence and the cdna sequence of the novel a chain were highly homologous with those of other a chains. the gene encoding the a chain of be ... | 1996 | 9008300 |
| ceruleotoxin: identification in the venom of bungarus fasciatus, molecular properties and importance of phospholipase a2 activity for neurotoxicity. | ceruleotoxin is a potent neurotoxin which was originally purified from a batch of venom labelled bungarus caeruleus, from the pasteur institute. since noble et al. have shown that this batch differs in its protein composition from that of b. caeruleus provided by miami serpentarium, we decided to clarify this point by comparing the composition of venoms from various bungarus species of several origins. although individual variations exist between samples of the same species, the venom from b. mu ... | 1983 | 6648985 |
| complete amino acid sequence of a new type of cardiotoxin of bungarus fasciatus venom. | | 1978 | 700923 |
| acetylcholinesterase from bungarus fasciatus venom-ii. effects of ph and temperature. | | 1975 | 241585 |
| acetylcholinesterase from bungarus fasciatus venom-i. substrate specificity. | | 1975 | 241584 |
| electron microscopic studies of acetylcholinesterase from bungarus fasciatus venom. | | 1974 | 4131949 |
| the acetylcholinesterase of bungarus fasciatus venom. | | 1973 | 4197660 |
| [comparative effects of snake venoms of bungarus fasciatus, naja tripudians and vipera lebetina on the isolated frog heart]. | | 1965 | 5858585 |
| isolation of "ceruleotoxin" from bungarus fasciatus venoms. | ceruleotoxin is a potent neurotoxin which irreversibly blocks the neuromuscular transmission at a postsynaptic level, without preventing the binding of acetylcholine to its receptor. we have originally purified this toxin from a batch of venom obtained from the pasteur institute, which was thought to be bungarus caeruleus venom. recently noble and co-workers have observed that the protein composition of bungarus caeruleus provided by miami serpentarium significantly differed from that of the pas ... | 1982 | 7080027 |
| decreased parasympathetic activities in malayan krait (bungarus candidus) envenoming. | three patients were bitten by the malayan krait (bungarus candidus). the patients developed ptosis and generalized muscle weakness which later progressed to respiratory paralysis. all patients showed evidence of decreased parasympathetic activity manifested by mydriasis, hypertension and tachycardia. no specific antivenom was available. all patients received assisted ventilation and supportive treatment. the other forms of treatment included administration of neostigmine, the banded krait (bunga ... | 2001 | 11384723 |
| the organization of the genes encoding the a chains of beta-bungarotoxins: evidence for the skipping of exon. | bungarus multicinctus (taiwan banded krait) beta-bungarotoxins consist of two dissimilar polypeptide chains, a and b. the a chain is structurally homologous to phospholipase a(2) (pla(2)) enzymes. the structural organization of the genes encoding a1, a2 and a8 chains are reported in this study. their nucleotide sequences shared up to 97.5% identity. alignment of the determined a chain genes with their cdnas revealed that a1 chain gene organized with four exons and three introns, while a2 chain g ... | 2002 | 12368113 |
| thermal denaturation of bungarus fasciatus acetylcholinesterase: is aggregation a driving force in protein unfolding? | a monomeric form of acetylcholinesterase from the venom of bungarus fasciatus is converted to a partially unfolded molten globule species by thermal inactivation, and subsequently aggregates rapidly. to separate the kinetics of unfolding from those of aggregation, single molecules of the monomeric enzyme were encapsulated in reverse micelles of brij 30 in 2,2,4-trimethylpentane, or in large unilamellar vesicles of egg lecithin/cholesterol at various protein/micelle (vesicle) ratios. the first-or ... | 2002 | 12142456 |
| thermal stability of acetylcholinesterase from bungarus fasciatus venom as investigated by capillary electrophoresis. | previous studies on the conformation of the monomeric acetylcholinesterase (ache) from the krait (bungarus fasciatus) venom showed that the protein possesses a large permanent dipole moment. these studies predicted that thermal irreversible denaturation must occur via partially unfolded states. the thermal stability of bungarus ache was determined using capillary electrophoresis (ce) with optimized conditions. runs performed at convenient temperature scanning rates provided evidence for an irrev ... | 2001 | 11342047 |
| dual effect of high electric field in capillary electrophoresis study of the conformational stability of bungarus fasciatus acetylcholinesterase. | the effect of high electric field in capillary zone electrophoresis (cze) was evaluated for the study of the thermally induced unfolding of bungarus fasciatus acetylcholinesterase. this monomer enzyme is characterised by two interdependent uncommon structural features, the asymmetrical distribution of charged residues and a relatively low thermal denaturation temperature. both traits were presumed to interfere in the thermal unfolding of this enzyme as investigated by cze. this paper analyses th ... | 2001 | 11261729 |
| electrooptical measurements demonstrate a large permanent dipole moment associated with acetylcholinesterase. | acetylcholinesterase (ache) from krait (bungarus fasciatus) venom is a soluble, nonamphiphilic monomer of 72 kda. this snake venom ache has been analyzed by measurements of the stationary and the transient electric dichroism at different field strengths. the stationary values of the dichroism are consistent with the orientation function for permanent dipoles and are not consistent with the orientation function for induced dipoles. the permanent dipole moment obtained by least-squares fits for a ... | 1996 | 8785319 |
| mechanism of inhibition of poly(adp-ribose) glycohydrolase by adenosine diphosphate (hydroxymethyl)pyrrolidinediol. | adenosine diphosphate (hydroxymethyl)pyrrolidinediol (adp-hpd), a nitrogen-in-the-ring analog of adp-ribose, was recently shown to be a potent and specific inhibitor of poly(adp-ribose) glycohydrolase. analysis of the inhibition kinetics of the hydrolase by adp-hpd using the method of lineweaver and burk yields a noncompetitive double-reciprocal plot. both the intercept (1/v) versus [inhibitor] replot and the slope (km/v) versus [inhibitor] replot are hyperbolic, indicating partial noncompetitiv ... | 1995 | 7473561 |
| functional involvement of lys-6 in the enzymatic activity of phospholipase a2 from bungarus multicinctus (taiwan banded krait) snake venom. | phospholipase a2 (pla2) from bungarus multicinctus snake venom was subjected to lys modification with 4-chloro-3,5-dinitrobenzoate and trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid, and one major carboxydinitrophenylated (cdnp) pla2 and two trinitrophenylated (tnp) derivatives (tnp-1 and tnp-2) were separated by high-performance liquid chromatography. the results of amino acid analysis and sequence determination revealed that cdnp-pla2 and tnp-1 contained one modified lys residue at position 6, and both lys-6 a ... | 1994 | 7702746 |
| separation and characterization of the a chain and b chain in beta 1-bungarotoxin from bungarus multicinctus (taiwan banded krait) venom. | the interchain disulfide bond between a chain and b chain of beta 1-bungarotoxin (beta 1-bgt) was selectively cleaved by dithiothreitol, and the a and b chains were separated by hplc. the separated a and b chains did not show detectable enzymatic activity and lethal toxicity, but exhibited an immunoreactivity with anti-beta 1-bgt antibody. analytical isoelectrofocusing revealed that the a chain is a neutral subunit with pi = 7.4, and the b chain is a basic one with pi = 9.6. the a chain exhibite ... | 1993 | 8251067 |
| [channel-forming activity at planar lipid bilayer of the membrane active polypeptide b form venom of bungarus fasciatus]. | using planar lipid bilayer formed by lecithin and cholesterol (20 and 5 mg/ml respectively in n-decane) the channel-forming activity of the membrane active polypeptide b(bmap b) from the venom of bungarus fasciatus was investigated. under the existence of a voltage or a salt concentration gradient between two sides of the bilayer, unit conductance fluctuation and a decrease in steady state resistance accompanying bmap b incorporation and channel formation were observed. by measuring the reversal ... | 1992 | 1284572 |
| crystallization of kappa-bungarotoxin: preliminary x-ray data obtained from the venom-derived protein. | kappa-bungarotoxin is a 66 residue polypeptide found in the venom of the taiwanese banded krait, bungarus multicinctus. it binds tightly to neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors and inhibits nerve transmission mediated by these postsynaptic receptors. it is related, by similarity in amino acid sequence, to alpha-bungarotoxin and other alpha-neurotoxins, but differs sharply in physiologic action. the alpha-neurotoxins inhibit nerve transmission in nicotinic acetylcholine receptors associated ... | 1992 | 1640467 |
| revised amino acid sequences of the three major phospholipases a2 from bungarus fasciatus (banded krait) venom. | the structures of three cardiotoxin-like proteins obtained from the venom of bungarus fasciatus (banded krait) were elucidated previously (lu and lo, 1980, 1981). since their molecular sizes are similar to that of phospholipase a2 and since they show weak phospholipase a2 activities (chang et al., 1983), a further study of their primary structures was carried out. fractions va, vb-2 and vi, corresponding to the former v-2, v-3 and vi were determined to be typical phospholipases a2. among 118 ami ... | 1990 | 2089739 |
| unusual amino acid sequence of fasciatoxin, a weak reversibly acting neurotoxin in the venom of the banded krait, bungarus fasciatus. | a weak reversibly acting neurotoxin, fasciatoxin, was found in the venom of bungarus fasciatus. the sequencing was completed by manual and automated edman analyses of the reduced and carboxymethylated protein and of the peptides obtained from enzyme digestions. it is composed of 63 amino acid residues with four disulphide bonds and a unique sequence at the c-terminal end. according to the criteria set by ryden, gabel & eaker [(1973) int. j. pept. protein res. 5, 261-273], fasciatoxin lacks all o ... | 1989 | 2719639 |
| role of the n-terminal region of the a chain in beta 1-bungarotoxin from the venom of bungarus multicinctus (taiwan-banded krait). | the n-terminal alpha-amino groups of beta 1-bungarotoxin (beta 1-bgt) from bungarus multicinctus venom were modified with trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid and the modified derivative was separated by high performance liquid chromatography. the trinitrophenylated (tnp) derivative contained two tnp groups at the alpha-amino groups of a chain and b chain and showed a marked decrease in enzymatic activity. methionine residues at positions 6 and 8 of the a chain were oxidized with chloramine t or cleave ... | 1988 | 3252894 |
| primary structure of alpha-bungarotoxin. six amino acid residues differ from the previously reported sequence. | alpha-bungarotoxin (alpha-butx) was isolated from the venom of the formosan banded krait (bungarus multicinctus). the amino acid sequence was determined by a combination of conventional methods. in contrast to the sequence of alpha-butx reported by mebs et al. ([1971) biochem. biophys. res. commun. 44, 711-716], our results revealed the presence of ser-pro-ile, pro-his and gln-arg at positions 9-11, 67-68 and 71-72 from the amino-terminal, respectively, and not ile-pro-ser, his-pro and arg-gln a ... | 1987 | 3653402 |
| [studies of neurotoxin fraction ix from bungarus fasciatus venom]. | | 1986 | 3811926 |
| incidence of snakebites in 3 different geographic regions in thua thien hue province, central vietnam: green pit vipers and cobras cause the majority of bites. | the annual incidence of snakebites in vietnam is not known and only few publications about snakebite envenoming and medically relevant snakes can be found in english language literature. the present community-based surveys provide data on incidence of snakebites in three different geographic regions of thua thien hue (tt hue) province, central vietnam and snake species responsible for bites in this region. | 2018 | 30448540 |
| adenosine diphosphoribose transfer reactions catalyzed by bungarus fasciatus venom nad glycohydrolase. | reactions catalyzed by purified bungarus fasciatus venom nad glycohydrolase were demonstrated to include adp-ribose transfer from nad to alcohols and to imidazole derivatives to produce a variety of adp-ribosides. the formation of products was monitored by high performance liquid chromatography. in the enzyme-catalyzed alcoholysis of nad, the ratio of n-alkyl-adp-riboside formed to the hydrolytic product, adp-ribose, increased linearly with alcohol concentration. the effectiveness of alcohols as ... | 1983 | 6298221 |
| phospholipase a2 activity of long-chain cardiotoxins in the venom of the banded krait (bungarus fasciatus). | | 1983 | 6845380 |
| the antimicrobial potential of a new derivative of cathelicidin from bungarus fasciatus against methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus. | cathelicidins are a family of antimicrobial peptides which exhibit broad antimicrobial activities against antibiotic-resistant bacteria. considering the progressive antibiotic resistance, cathelicidin is a candidate for use as an alternative approach to treat and overcome the challenge of antimicrobial resistance. cathelicidin-bf (cath-bf) is a short antimicrobial peptide, which was originally extracted from the venom of bungarus fasciatus. recent studies have reported that cath-bf and some rela ... | 2018 | 29392557 |
| studies of bungarus fasciatus venom nad glycohydrolase. inhibition, modification, and transglycosidation reactions. | the properties of the nad-binding domain of bungarus fasciatus venom nad glycohydrolase were investigated by a number of biochemical techniques. inhibitor studies indicated that an intact dinucleotide was required for effective enzyme recognition. adenosine derivatives, amp, adp, atp, adenosine diphosphoribose (adp-rib), and 2'-phosphoadenosine diphosphoribose (phospho-adp-rib), were linear competitive inhibitors of the nadase-catalyzed reaction. nicotinamide analogs were noncompetitive inhibito ... | 1982 | 6274863 |
| purification and properties of the soluble nad glycohydrolase from bungarus fasciatus venom. | the nad glycohydrolase (nadase) (ec 3.2.2.5) from bungarus fasciatus (banded krait) venom was purified (1000-fold) to electrophoretic homogeneity through a 3-step purification procedure, the last step being affinity chromatography on cibacron blue agarose. the purified nadase is a glycoprotein containing two subunits of mr = 62,000 each. nicotinamide and adenosine diphosphoribose were produced in a 1:1 stoichiometry and were the only products formed when the purified nadase was incubated with na ... | 1981 | 6260772 |
| sex chromosome associated satellite dna: evolution and conservation. | satellites visible in female but not in male dna were isolated from the snakes elaphe radiata (satellite iv, p = 1.708 g x cm-3) and bungarus fasciatus (bk1 minor, p = 1.709 g x cm-3). the satellites cross hybridize. hybridization of 3h labelled nick translated bk minor satellite dna with the total male and female dna and/or chromosomes in situ of different species of snakes revealed that its sequences are conserved throughout the snake group and are mainly concentrated on the w chromosomes. sna ... | 1980 | 7398495 |
| behaviour of sex chromosome associated satellite dnas in somatic and germ cells in snakes. | sex chromosome associated satellite dnas is isolated from the snakes elaphe radiata (sat iii) (singh et al., 1976) and bungarus fasciatus (elapidae) (minor satellite) are evolutionarily conserved throughout the suborder ophidia. an autosome limited satellite dna (b. fasciatus major satellite) is not similarly conserved. both types of satellites have been studied by in situ hybridisation in various somatic tissues and germ cells where it has been observed that the w sex chromosome remains condens ... | 1979 | 428273 |
| [the acetylcholinesterase of bungarus multicinctus venom. purification and properties (author's transl)]. | acetylcholinesterase from banded krait (bungarus multicinctus) venom has been purified by cm-sephadex chromatography and affinity chromatography to a specific activity of 4290 u/mg. the purified enzyme is a glycoprotein. it is free of electrophoretically detectable contaminating proteins. a molecular weight of 140,000 +/- 5,000 has been determined by gradient gel electrophoresis for the native enzyme. it is split into two equal-sized subunits (mr 70,000 +/- 2,000) by sds treatment. the n-termina ... | 2016 | 155947 |
| molecular barcoding of venomous snakes and species-specific multiplex pcr assay to identify snake groups for which antivenom is available in thailand. | dna barcodes of mitochondrial coi and cytb genes were constructed from 54 specimens of 16 species for species identification. intra- and interspecific sequence divergence of the coi gene (10 times) was greater than that of the cytb gene (4 times), which suggests that the former gene may be a better marker than the latter for species delimitation in snakes. the coi barcode cut-off scores differed by more than 3% between most species, and the minimum interspecific divergence was greater than the m ... | 2015 | 26535713 |
| new progress in snake mitochondrial gene rearrangement. | to further understand the evolution of snake mitochondrial genomes, the complete mitochondrial dna (mtdna) sequences were determined for representative species from two snake families: the many-banded krait, the banded krait, the chinese cobra, the king cobra, the hundred-pace viper, the short-tailed mamushi, and the chain viper. thirteen protein-coding genes, 22-23 trna genes, 2 rrna genes, and 2 control regions were identified in these mtdnas. duplication of the control region and translocatio ... | 2009 | 19479623 |
| venoms of kraits bungarus multicinctus and bungarus fasciatus contain anticoagulant proteins. | | 2015 | 25772992 |
| isolation and characterization of α-elapitoxin-bf1b, a postsynaptic neurotoxin from malaysian bungarus fasciatus venom. | bungarus fasciatus is one of three species of krait found in malaysia. envenoming by b. fasciatus results in neurotoxicity due to the presence of presynaptic and postsynaptic neurotoxins. antivenom, either monovalent or polyvalent, is the treatment of choice in systemically envenomed patients. in this study, we have isolated a postsynaptic neurotoxin which we named α-elapitoxin-bf1b. this toxin has an approximate molecular weight of 6.9 kda, with lcms/ms data showing that it is highly homologous ... | 2014 | 24440452 |
| dna aptamers against taiwan banded krait α-bungarotoxin recognize taiwan cobra cardiotoxins. | bungarus multicinctus α-bungarotoxin (α-bgt) and naja atra cardiotoxins (ctxs) share a common structural scaffold, and their tertiary structures adopt three-fingered loop motifs. four dna aptamers against α-bgt have been reported previously. given that the binding of aptamers with targeted proteins depends on structural complementarity, in this study, we investigated whether dna aptamers against α-bgt could also recognize ctxs. it was found that n. atra cardiotoxin 3 (ctx3) reduced the electroph ... | 2016 | 26959062 |
| fasxiator, a novel factor xia inhibitor from snake venom, and its site-specific mutagenesis to improve potency and selectivity. | bleeding remains a major limitation of standard anticoagulant drugs that target the extrinsic and common coagulation pathways. recently, intrinsic coagulation factors are increasingly being investigated as alternative targets for developing anticoagulant drugs with lower bleeding risk. | 2015 | 25418421 |
| proteomic characterization and comparison of venoms from two elapid snakes (bungarus multicinctus and naja atra) from china. | bungarus multicinctus (many-banded krait) and naja atra (chinese cobra) are widely distributed and medically important venomous snakes in china; however, their venom proteomic profiles have not been fully compared. here, we fractionated crude venoms and analyzed them using a combination of proteomic techniques. three-finger toxins (3-ftx) and phospholipase a2 (pla2) were most abundant in both species, respectively accounting for 32.6% and 66.4% of total b. multicinctus venom, and 84.3% and 12.2% ... | 2016 | 26924299 |
| isolation and characterization of a presynaptic neurotoxin, p-elapitoxin-bf1a from malaysian bungarus fasciatus venom. | presynaptic neurotoxins are one of the major components in bungarus venom. unlike other bungarus species that have been studied, β-bungarotoxin has never been isolated from bungarus fasciatus venom. it was hypothesized that the absence of β-bungarotoxin in this species was due to divergence during evolution prior to evolution of β-bungarotoxin. in this study, we have isolated a β-bungarotoxin isoform we named p-elapitoxin-bf1a by using gel filtration, cation-exchange and reverse-phase chromatogr ... | 2014 | 25064255 |
| cross reactivity and lethality neutralization of venoms of indonesian trimeresurus complex species by thai green pit viper antivenom. | arboreal pit vipers of the trimeresurus complex group are medically important species in indonesia (west of wallace's line), but there is no specific antivenom produced in the country for treating related envenomation. instead, the exiting trivalent indonesian antivenom, biosave®serum anti bisa ular (sabu, indicated for envenoming by malayan pit viper, javan spitting cobra and banded krait) is often misused to treat trimeresus envenoming resulting in poor therapeutic outcome. here, we investigat ... | 2017 | 29051104 |
| assessing sabu (serum anti bisa ular), the sole indonesian antivenom: a proteomic analysis and neutralization efficacy study. | serum anti ular bisa (sabu) is the only snake antivenom produced locally in indonesia; however, its effectiveness has not been rigorously evaluated. this study aimed to assess the protein composition and neutralization efficacy of sabu. sds polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, size-exclusion liquid chromatography and shotgun proteomics revealed that sabu consists of f(ab')2but a significant amount of dimers, protein aggregates and contaminant albumins. sabu moderately neutralized calloselasma rho ... | 2016 | 27869134 |
| a novel serine protease inhibitor from bungarus fasciatus venom. | by sephadex g-50 gel filtration, cation-exchange cm-sephadex c-25 chromatography and reversed phase high-performance liquid chromatography (hplc), a novel serine protease inhibitor named bungaruskunin was purified and characterized from venom of bungarus fasciatus. its cdna was also cloned from the cdna library of b. fasciatus venomous glands. the predicted precursor is composed of 83 amino acid (aa) residues including a 24-aa signal peptide and a 59-aa mature bungaruskunin. bungaruskunin showed ... | 2008 | 18164783 |
| crystal structure of snake venom acetylcholinesterase in complex with inhibitory antibody fragment fab410 bound at the peripheral site: evidence for open and closed states of a back door channel. | the acetylcholinesterase found in the venom of bungarus fasciatus (bfache) is produced as a soluble, non-amphiphilic monomer with a canonical catalytic domain but a distinct c terminus compared with the other vertebrate enzymes. moreover, the peripheral anionic site of bfache, a surface site located at the active site gorge entrance, bears two substitutions altering sensitivity to cationic inhibitors. antibody elec410, generated against electrophorus electricus acetylcholinesterase (eeache), inh ... | 2015 | 25411244 |
| inhibition of peptide bf-30 on influenza a virus infection in vitro/vivo by causing virion membrane fusion. | influenza a virus is a leading cause of mortality in humans and poses a global health emergency due to its newly adapted and resistant strains. thus, there is an urgency to develop novel anti-influenza drugs. peptides are a type of biological molecule having a wide range of inhibitory effects against bacteria, fungi, viruses and cancer cells. the prospects of several peptides and their mechanisms of action have received significant attention. bf-30, a 30 amino acid residue peptide isolated from ... | 2019 | 30447229 |
| snake cathelicidin derived peptide inhibits zika virus infection. | zika virus (zikv) is a mosquito-borne virus belonging to the genus flavivirus and has reemerged in recent years with epidemic potential. zikv infection may result in severe syndromes such as neurological complications and microcephaly in newborns. therefore, zikv has become a global public health threat and currently there is no approved specific drug for its treatment. animal venoms are important resources of novel drugs. cathelicidin-bf (bf-30) is a defensive peptide identified from bungarus f ... | 2020 | 32849457 |
| comparative venom proteomics of banded krait (bungarus fasciatus) from five geographical locales: correlation of venom lethality, immunoreactivity and antivenom neutralization. | the banded krait, bungarus fasciatus is a medically important venomous snake in asia. the wide distribution of this species in southeast asia and southern china indicates potential geographical variation of the venom which may impact the clinical management of snakebite envenomation. this study investigated the intraspecific venom variation of b. fasciatus from five geographical locales through a venom decomplexing proteomic approach, followed by toxinological and immunological studies. the veno ... | 2020 | 32278639 |
| extraction of α-neurotoxins from equine plasma by receptor based affinity purification. | venoms were first identified as potential doping agents by the racing industry in 2007 when three vials of cobra venom were seized during an inspection of a stable at keeneland racecourse in the usa. venoms are a complex mixture of proteins, peptides, and other substances with a wide range of biological effects, including inhibiting the transmission of nervous and muscular impulses. as an example of this, cobratoxin, an α-neurotoxin found in cobra venom, is claimed to be an effective treatment f ... | 2020 | 32246898 |
| phospholipase a2 from krait bungarus fasciatus venom induces human cancer cell death in vitro. | snake venoms are the complex mixtures of different compounds manifesting a wide array of biological activities. the venoms of kraits (genus bungarus, family elapidae) induce mainly neurological symptoms; however, these venoms show a cytotoxicity against cancer cells as well. this study was conducted to identify in bungarus fasciatus venom an active compound(s) exerting cytotoxic effects toward mcf7 human breast cancer cells and a549 human lung cancer cells. | 2019 | 31824756 |
| rapid identification of common medicinal snakes and their adulterants using the bar-hrm analysis method. | effective identification methods for snake species are lacking, exacerbating the extermination of medicinal and commercially valuable snake species. hence, it is imperative to find fast and reliable methods to distinguish snake samples available on the market. seventy-three samples from four families belonging to 13 genera were collected in china and found to contain common medicinal snakes and their adulterants. cytochrome oxidase i (coi) was utilized as a dna barcode to analyse these common sn ... | 2019 | 30686100 |
| krait envenomation in thailand. | three species in the genus bungarus inhabit thailand. among these, bungarus candidus (malayan krait) is the most common and deadliest. currently, the clinical manifestations of patients envenomed by kraits, especially bungarus fasciatus (banded krait), have not been thoroughly investigated. this study was performed to elucidate the clinical manifestations and outcomes of patients bitten by kraits in thailand. | 2018 | 30271155 |
| engineering varied serine protease inhibitors by converting p1 site of bf9, a weakly active kunitz-type animal toxin. | although there were a lot of weakly active animal toxins in the venoms, their values and applications are still mysterious, such as bf9, which is a kunitz-type toxin isolated from the venom of the elapid snake bungarus fasciatus. here, we used bf9 to be a molecular scaffold, and engineered eight bf9-derived peptides by changing p1 site asn17 of bf9, such as bf9-n17y and bf9-n17t designed from the polar subfamily, bf9-n17l and bf9-n17g designed from the non-polar subfamily, bf9-n17d designed from ... | 2018 | 30172807 |
| systemic responses of multidrug-resistant pseudomonas aeruginosa and acinetobacter baumannii following exposure to the antimicrobial peptide cathelicidin-bf imply multiple intracellular targets. | cathelicidin-bf, derived from the banded krait (bungarus fasciatus), is a typically cationic, amphiphilic and α-helical antimicrobial peptide (amp) with 30 amino acids that exerts powerful effects on multidrug-resistant (mdr) clinical isolates, including pseudomonas aeruginosa, acinetobacter baumannii, and klebsiella pneumoniae, but whether it targets plasma membranes or intracellular targets to kill bacteria is still controversial. in the present study, we demonstrated that the disruption of ba ... | 2017 | 29164074 |
| effects of cathelicidin-derived peptide from reptiles on lipopolysaccharide-induced intestinal inflammation in weaned piglets. | cathelicidins are the largest family of antimicrobial peptides. c-bf, which is short for cathelicidin-bungarus fasciatus, was isolated from snake venom. c-bf was found to be the most potential substitutes for antibiotics. in this study, we analyzed the effects of cathelicidin-derived peptide c-bf, on lipopolysaccharide (lps)-induced intestinal damage in weaned piglets, to evaluate the therapeutic effect of c-bf on infectious disease of piglets. twenty-four piglets were randomly assigned into fou ... | 2017 | 29042014 |
| antinociceptive, anti-inflammatory and antiarthritic activities of bungarus fasciatus venom in experimental animal models. | pain and inflammation are intimately associated with rheumatoid arthritis, a growing bone-joint related problem of the modern society. though several therapeutic managements are available for arthritis, their side effects not only limit their use, but also advocate the quest for natural therapies. in this study, we explored the antinociceptive, anti-inflammatory and antiarthritic activities of bungarus fasciatus venom (bfv) in experimental animal models. rheumatoid arthritis was induced by freun ... | 2016 | 28699722 |
| anti-osteoarthritic activity of bungarus fasciatus venom fraction bf-f47 involving molecular markers in the rats. | a heat stable protein bf-f47 was purified from the crude venom of bungarus fasciatus by cm cellulose ion exchange chromatography and hplc. osteoarthritis (oa) was developed in male albino wistar rats by collagenase injection. bf-f47 treatment significantly restored urinary hydroxyproline and glucosamine in oa rats. serum acid phosphatase, alkaline phosphatase, creatinine and serum molecular markers tnf-α, il-1β, il-17, cytokine induced neutrophil chemoattractant-1, matrix metalloproteinase-1, ca ... | 2016 | 27108237 |
| quantitative proteomic analysis of vietnamese krait venoms: neurotoxins are the major components in bungarus multicinctus and phospholipases a2 in bungarus fasciatus. | kraits are venomous snakes of genus bungarus from family elapidae. krait venoms are generally neurotoxic, but toxicity strongly depends on the particular species and regional origin of snakes. we analyzed the proteomes of vietnamese bungarus multicinctus and bungarus fasciatus venoms both qualitatively and quantitatively. it should be noted that no proteomic data for b. multicinctus venom existed so far. we have found that in this venom, almost half (45%) of the proteins by weight was represente ... | 2015 | 26341420 |
| cathelicidin-bf suppresses intestinal inflammation by inhibiting the nuclear factor-κb signaling pathway and enhancing the phagocytosis of immune cells via stat-1 in weanling piglets. | the severity of intestinal inflammation in mammals can be profoundly impacted by weaning stress. cathelicidins protect intestinal homeostasis by not only directly killing bacteria but also immune regulators. here, we investigated the effects of cathelicidin-bf (c-bf) derived from the snake venoms of bungarus fasciatus on weaning stress and intestinal inflammation and examined the mechanisms by which c-bf modulates intestinal immune responses in weanling piglets. we found that c-bf treatment sign ... | 2015 | 26044347 |
| cathelicidin-bf, a novel antimicrobial peptide from bungarus fasciatus, attenuates disease in a dextran sulfate sodium model of colitis. | antimicrobial peptides are molecules of innate immunity. cathelicidin-bf is the first cathelicidin peptide found in reptiles. however, the immunoregulatory and epithelial barrier protective properties of c-bf have not been reported. inflammatory bowel diseases, including ulcerative colitis and crohn's disease, can lead to colon cancer, the third most common malignant tumor. the objective is to develop the new found cathelicidin-bf as a therapeutic to patients of ulcerative colitis. the morpholog ... | 2015 | 25807257 |
| antimicrobial peptide cathelicidin-bf prevents intestinal barrier dysfunction in a mouse model of endotoxemia. | intestinal barrier functions are altered during the development of sepsis. cathelicidin antimicrobial peptides, such as ll-37 and mcramp, can protect animals against intestinal barrier dysfunction. cathelicidin-bf (c-bf), a new cathelicidin peptide purified from the venom of the snake bungarus fasciatus, has been shown to have both antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory properties. this study investigated whether c-bf pretreatment could protect the intestinal barrier against dysfunction in a mouse ... | 2015 | 25639228 |
| predicted structure model of bungarotoxin from bungarus fasciatus snake. | snake venoms are cocktails comprising combinations of different proteins, peptides, enzymes and toxins. snake toxins have diverse characteristics having different molecular configuration, structure and mode of action. many toxins derived from snake venom have distinct pharmacological activities. venom from bungarus fasciatus (commonly known as banded krait) is a species of elapid snake found on the south east asia and indian sub-continent, mainly contains neurotoxins. beta bungartotoxin is the m ... | 2014 | 25489170 |
| proteomic characterization and comparison of malaysian bungarus candidus and bungarus fasciatus venoms. | kraits (bungarus spp.) are highly venomous elapids that are only found in asia. in the current study, 103 and 86 different proteins were identified from bungarus candidus and bungarus fasciatus venoms, respectively. these proteins were classified into 18 different venom protein families. both venoms were found to contain a high percentage of three finger toxins, phospholipase a2 enzymes and kunitz-type inhibitors. smaller number of high molecular weight enzymes such as l-amino acid oxidase, hyal ... | 2014 | 25154052 |
| molecular characterization of l-amino acid oxidase from king cobra venom. | an l-amino acid oxidase from ophiophagus hannah snake venom (oh-laao) was purified by successive gel filtration, ion-exchange and heparin chromatography. oh-laao did not induce platelet aggregation; however, it had potent inhibitory activity on platelet aggregation induced by adp and u46619, but showed no effect on platelet aggregation induced by thrombin, mucetin, ristocetin and stejnulxin. by rt-pcr and 5'-race methods, the complete oh-laao cdna was cloned from the venom gland total rna prepar ... | 2007 | 17543361 |
| cross-neutralisation of in vitro neurotoxicity of asian and australian snake neurotoxins and venoms by different antivenoms. | there is limited information on the cross-neutralisation of neurotoxic venoms with antivenoms. cross-neutralisation of the in vitro neurotoxicity of four asian and four australian snake venoms, four post-synaptic neurotoxins (α-bungarotoxin, α-elapitoxin-nk2a, α-elapitoxin-ppr1 and α-scutoxin; 100 nm) and one pre-synaptic neurotoxin (taipoxin; 100 nm) was studied with five antivenoms: thai cobra antivenom (tcav), death adder antivenom (daav), thai neuro polyvalent antivenom (tnpav), indian polyv ... | 2016 | 27763543 |
| in-vitro neurotoxicity of two malaysian krait species (bungarus candidus and bungarus fasciatus) venoms: neutralization by monovalent and polyvalent antivenoms from thailand. | bungarus candidus and bungarus fasciatus are two species of krait found in southeast asia. envenoming by these snakes is often characterized by neurotoxicity and, without treatment, causes considerable morbidity and mortality. in this study, the in vitro neurotoxicity of each species, and the effectiveness of two monovalent antivenoms and a polyvalent antivenom, against the neurotoxic effects of the venoms, were examined in a skeletal muscle preparation. both venoms caused concentration-dependen ... | 2014 | 24625762 |
| bf-30 selectively inhibits melanoma cell proliferation via cytoplasmic membrane permeabilization and dna-binding in vitro and in b16f10-bearing mice. | cathelicidin-bf (bf-30) is a cathelicidin-like polypeptide composed of 30 amino acids and is a natural antibacterial peptide extracted from the venom of the snake bungarus fasciatus. in our previous study, bf-30 showed broad antimicrobial activity against drug-resistant bacteria through enhancing the cytoplasmic membrane permeability. however, the anticancer activity of bf-30 has not yet been investigated. in this study, the effects of bf-30 on the proliferation of the metastatic melanoma cell l ... | 2013 | 23541725 |
| inhibition of toxic actions of phospholipase a2 isolated & characterized from the indian banded krait (bungarus fasciatus) venom by synthetic herbal compounds. | phospholipase a2 (pla2 ) is one of the major constituents of krait venom associated with several pathophysiological actions like myotoxicity, cardiotoxicity, neurotoxicity, etc. as there was no specific antiserum available against bungarus fasciatus venom, this study was done with synthetic herbal compounds, anti pla2 rabbit antiserum and commercial polyvalent snake venom antiserum to neutralize the pla2 induced toxicities in experimental models. | 2012 | 22885262 |
| structure-activity relationships of a snake cathelicidin-related peptide, bf-15. | cathelicidin-bf15 (bf-15) is a 15-mer peptide derived from cathelicidin-bf (bf-30), which is found in the venom of the snake bungarus fasciatus and exhibits broad antimicrobial activity. since bf-15 retains most part of the antimicrobial activity of bf-30 but has significantly reduced haemolytic activity and a much shorter sequence length (and less cost), it is a particularly attractive template around which to design novel antimicrobial peptides. however, the structure-activity relationship of ... | 2011 | 22008732 |
| phenotypic responses of hatchlings to constant versus fluctuating incubation temperatures in the multi-banded krait, bungarus multicintus (elapidae). | most studies on egg incubation in reptiles have relied on constant temperature incubation in the laboratory rather than on simulations of thermal regimes in natural nests. the thermal effects on embryos in constant-temperature studies often do not realistically reflect what occurs in nature. recent studies have increasingly recognized the importance of simulating natural nest temperatures rather than applying constant-temperature regimes. we incubated bungarus multicintus eggs under three consta ... | 2007 | 17867836 |
| capillary electrophoresis versus differential scanning calorimetry for the analysis of free enzyme versus enzyme-ligand complexes: in the search of the ligand-free status of cholinesterases. | cholinesterases (ches) are highly efficient biocatalysts whose active site is buried in a deep, narrow gorge. the talent of ce to discover inhibitors in the gorge of highly purified preparations has fairly altered the meaning of a che ligand-free status. to attempt at a description of this one, we investigated the stability of bungarus fasciatus acetylcholinesterase (ache), alone or complexed with different inhibitors. determination of mid-transition temperature for thermal denaturation, using d ... | 2006 | 16342323 |