| structure of chymotrypsin variant b from atlantic cod, gadus morhua. | the amino-acid sequence of chymotrypsin variant b isolated from the pyloric caeca of atlantic cod has been elucidated. the characterization of the primary structure is based on n-terminal edman degradation and mass spectrometry of the native protein and enzymatically derived peptides. chymotrypsin variant b showed 72% sequence identity with the a-variant and 64% and 62%, respectively, with the bovine counterparts a and b, all consisting of 245 amino acids. this new sequence contains a higher pro ... | 1996 | 8841380 |
| classification of photobacteria associated with spoilage of fish products by numerical taxonomy and pyrolysis mass spectrometry. | forty strains of luminous and non-luminous photobacterium phosphoreum isolates from cod (gadus morhua) and seven reference strains of psychrotolerant and mesophilic photobacteria were examined for 156 unit characters in a numerical taxonomic study. the fish strains were isolated from the intestines, from spoiled products and by using a specific detection method. the data were analysed using the similarity coefficient and the unweighted pair-group with arithmetic averages algorithm. in addition t ... | 1997 | 9060149 |
| experimental infection/transmission of sculpins (myoxocephalus scorpius) and cod (gadus morhua) by sealworm (pseudoterranova decipiens) larvae. | five serial transmission experiments with sealworm larvae were carried out. pseudoterranova decipiens third-stage larvae (l3) were transferred via a stomach tube from sculpin to cod, from cod to sculpin, from sculpin to sculpin, and from cod to cod. after a minimum of 37 days the recipient fish were killed and the numbers of surviving p. decipiens larvae were recorded. p. decipiens transferred to sculpins showed the greatest rate of survival. | 1997 | 9134562 |
| the carbohydrate moiety of serum igm from atlantic cod (gadus morhua l.). | the carbohydrate moiety of cod serum igm was analysed using oligosaccharide sequencing techniques. the carbohydrate moiety constituted about 10% of the molecular weight of cod igm, was associated with the constant region of the heavy chains (fc), and was composed of n-linked complex type oligosaccharides. considerable heterogeneity was observed. sixteen different glycan structures were identified, over 60% were sialylated and 40% contained core fucose. the carbohydrate moiety of cod igm was show ... | 2002 | 11931017 |
| nucleotide sequence of the glycoprotein gene of viral haemorrhagic septicaemia (vhs) viruses from different geographical areas: a link between vhs in farmed fish species and viruses isolated from north sea cod (gadus morhua l.). | rt-pcr methods have been applied to the detection and sequencing of the glycoprotein gene of viral haemorrhagic septicaemia virus (vhsv), the rhabdovirus which causes viral haemorrhagic septicaemia (vhs) in farmed salmonid fish. phylogenetic analysis of a 360 nt region of the glycoprotein gene from a range of marine and fresh water vhsv isolates identified three genogroups, i-iii. significantly, two virus isolates recovered from ulcerated north sea cod caught off the shetland islands, and an iso ... | 1997 | 9191924 |
| kinetics of chloride transport across fish red blood cell membranes | the continuous flow tube method was used to investigate the kinetics of chloride transport, and its potential oxygenation-dependency, in red blood cells (rbcs) from four teleost fish species and man. a significant interspecific variation in cl- transport kinetics was found. at 15 °c, the rate constant k for unidirectional 36cl- efflux was significantly lower in rbcs from eel and carp than in rbcs from rainbow trout and atlantic cod. the values of k of cod rbcs at 15 °c and of human rbcs ... | 1995 | 9320152 |
| clostridium perfringens toxin types from wild-caught atlantic cod (gadus morhua l.), determined by pcr and elisa. | ninety-five fecal samples from atlantic cod (gadus morhua l.), caught along the northern norwegian coast, were examined bacteriologically for occurrence of c. perfringens. isolates were examined by polymerase chain reaction (pcr) for genes encoding the four lethal toxins (alpha, beta, epsilon, and iota) for classification into toxin types and for genes encoding enterotoxin and the novel beta2 toxin for further subclassification. in addition, a commercial enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa) ... | 2002 | 12030710 |
| map 0, a 400-kda microtubule-associated protein unique to teleost fish. | microtubules from neural tissues of the atlantic cod, gadus morhua, and of several species of antarctic teleosts are composed of tubulin and several microtubule-associated proteins (maps), one of which has an apparent molecular weight of approximately 400-430 kda. because its apparent molecular weight exceeds those of the map 1 proteins, we designate this high molecular weight teleost protein map 0. cod map 0 failed to cross-react with antibodies specific for maps 1a, 1b and 2 of mammalian brain ... | 1997 | 9384216 |
| effects of long-term temperature acclimation on thyroid hormone deiodinase function, plasma thyroid hormone levels, growth, and reproductive status of male atlantic cod, gadus morhua. | the recent collapse of the northwestern atlantic cod fisheries has coincided with a cooling of water temperatures. during this time the condition factor of cod has been poor. the objective of the present study was to determine the effects of long-term temperature acclimation on growth reproduction and thyroid function in laboratory held atlantic cod (gadus morhua). one of the key parameters used to assess thyroid function is the peripheral metabolism of l-thyroxine (t4) by microsomal deiodinase ... | 1998 | 9446719 |
| assessment of genetic variability and relatedness among atypical aeromonas salmonicida from marine fishes, using aflp-fingerprinting. | atypical strains of aeromonas salmonicida are the causal agent of atypical furunculosis or ulcer disease in various fish species, including spotted wolffish anarhichas minor, which is a promising species in the norwegian fish-farming industry. isolates of atypical a. salmonicida comprise a very heterogenous group showing large variety in biochemical, molecular and virulence characteristics. the genetic variability among atypical isolates from wolffish was characterised using amplified fragment l ... | 2002 | 12180702 |
| distribution of whaleworm (anisakis simplex, nematoda, ascaridoidea) l3 larvae in three species of marine fish; saithe (pollachius virens (l.)), cod (gadus morhua l.) and redfish (sebastes marinus (l.)) from norwegian waters. | the frequency distribution of anisakis simplex l3 larvae between host tissues was investigated in three host species: saithe, cod and redfish. fish were sampled from norwegian coastal waters and examined for the presence of a. simplex in muscle and viscera. in all three of the host species, a. simplex larvae were most frequently detected in the viscera; the percentages of total infection for saithe, cod and redfish were 99.6%, 97.8% and 88.0%, respectively. in general, the distribution patterns ... | 1998 | 9569092 |
| influence of trophic position on organochlorine concentrations and compositional patterns in a marine food web. | the accumulation of polychlorinated biphenyls (pcbs), ddts (p,p'-ddt [1,1,1-trichloro-2,2-bis(4-chlorophenyl)ethane], o,p'-ddt [1,1,1-trichloro-2-(2-chlorophenyl)-2-(4-chlorophenyl)ethane], p,p'-ddd [1,1,-dichloro-2,2-bis(4-chlorophenyl)ethane], o.p'-ddd [1,1-dichloro-2-(2-chlorophenyl)-2-(4-chlorophenyl)ethane], and p,p'-dde [1,1-dichloro-2,2-bis(4-chlorophenyl)ethene]), chlordanes (trans-chlordane, cis-chlordane, trans-nonachlor, cis-nonachlor and oxychlordane), hexachlorocyclohexanes (alpha-, ... | 2002 | 12389914 |
| the genera ceratomyxa thélohan, 1892, leptotheca thélohan, 1895 and sphaeromyxa thélohan, 1892 (myxosporea: bivalvulida) in gadid fish of the northeast atlantic. | the gall-bladders of four species of gadid fish from the north sea and norwegian waters were examined for myxosporeans. the host species were cod gadus morhua l. (350 examined), haddock melanogrammus aeglefinus (l.) (592 examined), saithe pollachius virens (l.) (205 examined) and whiting merlangius merlangus (l.) (368 examined). four species of myxosporeans are redescribed from these fish. ceratomyxa arcuata thélohan, 1892 was the most common species and was found in whiting (41.8%) and cod (0.6 ... | 1999 | 10619068 |
| antigen uptake and immunoglobulin production in atlantic cod (gadus morhua l.) after intraperitoneal injection of vibrio anguillarum. | atlantic cod (gadus morhua l.) were injected intraperitoneally with formalin-killed vibrio anguillarum bacteria. immunostaining revealed uptake of v. anguillarum antigens especially in the spleen after intraperitoneal (i.p.) administration. the uptake was time dependent in the interval 1-24 h. most of the antigen uptake in the spleen was concentrated in areas around small blood vessels, while immunoglobulin producing cells were localised to some thick walled arteries. there was apparently little ... | 2002 | 12400865 |
| expression of cold-adapted beta-tubulins confer cold-tolerance to human cellular microtubules. | isolated microtubule proteins from the cold-adapted fish, atlantic cod (gadus morhua), assemble at temperatures between 8 and 30 degrees c, while avian and mammalian microtubules normally do not assemble at temperatures below 20 degrees c. tubulin, the main component in microtubules, is expressed as many isotypes. microtubules with different isotype composition have been shown to have different dynamic properties in vitro. our hypothesis was that cold-tolerance of microtubules is caused by tubul ... | 2000 | 10720493 |
| "spring rise" of whaleworm (anisakis simplex; nematoda, ascaridoidea) third-stage larvae in some fish species from norwegian waters. | the seasonal variation in the infection of saithe (pollachius virens), cod (gadus morhua), and redfish (sebastes marinus) from a coastal area of central norway with anisakis simplex third-stage larvae (l3) was studied over a period of 1 year. in all three host species there was an increase in the abundance of the parasite in spring, with a peak appearing in march and april. cod displayed the most distinct seasonal variation, showing a clear abundance peak in april. the abundance peak in april fo ... | 2000 | 10952259 |
| determination of volatile bases in seafood using the ammonia ion selective electrode: collaborative study. | nine collaborating laboratories tested a combination of 23 seafood samples for volatile bases using an ammonia ion selective electrode. results were reported as mg nh3/100 g fish, but the method reflected levels of both ammonia and trimethylamine, which permeated the ammonia membrane. the 23 samples were broken down into 8 blind duplicate pairs, 2 youden matched pairs, and 3 single samples covering fresh to spoiled product ranging from 8 to 82 mg nh3/100 g. seven species were evaluated: atlantic ... | 2000 | 10995118 |
| dissociation and unfolding of cold-active alkaline phosphatase from atlantic cod in the presence of guanidinium chloride. | cold-adaptation of enzymes involves improvements in catalytic efficiency. this paper describes studies on the conformational stability of a cold-active alkaline phosphatase (ap) from atlantic cod, with the aim of understanding more clearly its structural stability in terms of subunit dissociation and unfolding of monomers. ap is a homodimeric enzyme that is only active in the dimeric state. tryptophan fluorescence, size-exclusion chromatography and enzyme activity were used to monitor alteration ... | 2000 | 11029583 |
| histone-like proteins from atlantic cod milt: stimulatory effect on atlantic salmon leucocytes in vivo and in vitro. | this study was carried out to reveal some characteristics of cationic proteins from atlantic cod (gadus morhua) milt chromatin and to investigate their ability to activate atlantic salmon (salmo salar) macrophages. cationic proteins extracted from cod milt chromatin were fractionated on a cation exchange chromatography column. sds-page and amino acid analyses of the resulting fractions indicated that these proteins are similar to calf thymus histones. two cationic protein fractions were used to ... | 2003 | 12628372 |
| nucleotide polymorphism and natural selection at the pantophysin (pan i) locus in the atlantic cod, gadus morhua (l.). | molecular studies of nucleotide sequence variation have rarely attempted to test hypotheses related to geographically varying patterns of natural selection. the present study tested the role of spatially varying selection in producing significant linkage disequilibrium and large differences in the frequencies of two common alleles at the pantophysin (pan i) locus among five populations of the atlantic cod, gadus morhua. nucleotide sequences of 124 pan i alleles showed strong evidence for an unus ... | 2001 | 11139512 |
| epidemiology of bacterial diseases in norwegian aquaculture--a description based on antibiotic prescription data for the ten-year period 1991 to 2000. | in norway, antibacterial drugs for use in farmed fishes have to be prescribed by a veterinarian. moreover, a national surveillance programme requires that copies of all prescriptions be sent to the directorate of fisheries. the prescriptions give information regarding fish farm and locality, weight and species of fish to be medicated, diagnosis, type and amount of drug prescribed, and date. these prescription data for the 10 yr period 1991 to 2000 have been recorded and systematised. a total of ... | 2003 | 12650244 |
| secretagogue activities in cod (gadus morhua) and shrimp (penaeus aztecus) extracts and alcalase hydrolysates determined in ar4-2j pancreatic tumour cells. | peptides with gastrin immunoreactivity were measured in cod muscle (gadus morhua) and shrimp heads (penaeus aztecus) extracts and alcalase hydrolysates and separated by two chromatographic steps. secretagogue activities present in crude extracts fractions were examined with or without specific antagonists of cck receptors in ar4-2j cells. several sub-fractions significantly stimulate amylase release, up to 110%. these stimulatory effects could be completely inhibited by the presence of l 365, 26 ... | 2003 | 12670792 |
| experimental infections of copepods and sticklebacks gasterosteus aculeatus with small ensheathed and large third-stage larvae of anisakis simplex (nematoda, ascaridoidea, anisakidae). | free-swimming ensheathed larvae of anisakis simplex were shown experimentally to be ingested by the copepods oitona similis and acartia tonsa and by the nauplii of barnacles balanus sp. the larvae did not grow in the copepod hemocoel. experimental infections of various malacostracans were unsuccessful. sticklebacks gasterosteus aculeatus are naturally infected with larvae of a. simplex in coastal brackish water. such sticklebacks may have acquired the infection by eating either a crustacean host ... | 2001 | 11199846 |
| lipid fractions with aggregatory and antiaggregatory activity toward platelets in fresh and fried cod (gadus morhua): correlation with platelet-activating factor and atherogenesis. | cod (gadus morhua) is a popular part of the diet in many countries on both sides of the north atlantic; in most cases it is consumed fried. in this study, total lipids of cod muscle were separated into neutral and polar lipids, which were further fractionated by hplc. the lipid fractions were tested in vitro, against washed rabbit platelets, for the probable existence of lipid compounds that either exhibit an action similar to that of platelet-activating factor (paf) or inhibit the action of paf ... | 2000 | 11312810 |
| biomagnification of organochlorines along a barents sea food chain. | to trace the biomagnification of organochlorines in marine food chains near svalbard, which may lead to the high organochlorine concentrations in top predators from the area, we compared concentrations and patterns of organochlorines in selected taxa. the pelagic crustaceans, calanus spp. (copepods), thysanoessa spp. (euphausiids), parathemisto libellula (amphipod), and the fish species, boreogadus saida (polar cod) and gadus morhua (cod) were selected to represent the lower trophic levels in th ... | 2001 | 11383336 |
| mannose-receptor-mediated clearance of lysosomal alpha-mannosidase in scavenger endothelium of cod endocardium. | mannose-receptor-mediated clearance of circulating glycoproteins was studied in atlantic cod (gadus morhua). distribution studies with radioiodinated and fluorescently labelled ligands showed that cod liver lysosomal alpha-mannosidase and yeast invertase were rapidly eliminated from blood via a mannose specific pathway in liver parenchymal cells and endocardial endothelial cells of atrium and ventricle. asialo-orosomucoid, a galactose-terminated glycoprotein, was cleared by liver only. in vitro ... | 2001 | 11423331 |
| a single-dose pharmacokinetic study of oxolinic acid and vetoquinol, an oxolinic acid ester, in cod, gadus morhua l., held in sea water at 8 degrees c and in vitro antibacterial activity of oxolinic acid against vibrio anguillarum strains isolated from diseased cod. | the pharmacokinetic properties of the antibacterial agent oxolinic acid and vetoquinol, the carbitol ester of oxolinic acid, were studied after intravenous (i.v.) and oral (p.o.) administration to 100-150 g cod, gadus morhua l., held in sea water at 8 degrees c. following i.v. injection, the plasma drug concentration-time profile showed two distinct phases. the distribution half-life (t1/2alpha) was estimated at 1.3 h, the elimination half-life (t1/2beta) as 84 h and the total body clearance (cl ... | 2003 | 12899409 |
| putative basal lateral membrane receptors for 24,25-dihydroxyvitamin d(3) in carp and atlantic cod enterocytes: characterization of binding and effects on intracellular calcium regulation. | the vitamin d metabolite, 24r,25-dihydroxyvitamin d(3) (24r,25(oh)(2)d(3)), was tested for its ability to specifically bind to basal lateral membranes isolated from intestinal epithelium of atlantic cod (a seawater fish), carp (a freshwater fish), and chicken. specific saturable binding was demonstrated in membranes from all three species. membranes from atlantic cod, carp, and chicken revealed k(d)'s of 7.3 +/- 0.9, 12.5 +/- 0.9 and 7.8 +/- 0.1 nm, and a b(max) for each species estimated to 57. ... | 2001 | 11573235 |
| assays for gonadotrophins in the pituitary gland of the arctic cod. gadus morhua l., and the presence of a gonadotrophic antagonist. | | 1961 | 13786538 |
| the presence of adrenocorticotrophic hormone in the pituitary of the arctic cod, gadus morhua l. | | 1960 | 13786539 |
| a demonstration of an impaired hormone metabolism in moribund atlantic cod (gadus morhua l). | | 1965 | 14347543 |
| pharmacokinetics of florfenicol in cod gadus morhua and in vitro antibacterial activity against vibrio anguillarum. | the pharmacokinetic profile of the antibacterial agent florfenicol was studied in plasma after intravenous (i.v.) injection and in plasma, muscle and liver following oral (p.o.) administration to cod gadus morhua, held in seawater at 8 degrees c and weighing 100 to 200 g. following i.v. injection, the plasma drug concentration-time profile showed 2 distinct phases. the plasma distribution half-life (t1/2alpha) was estimated to be 1.6 h, the elimination half-life (t1/2beta) to be 43 h, the total ... | 2003 | 14598988 |
| distribution of viral haemorrhagic septicaemia virus in wild fish species of the north sea, north east atlantic ocean and irish sea. | a surveillance programme was initiated on the occurrence and distribution of viral haemorrhagic septicaemia virus (vhsv) in wild marine fish. six research cruises were undertaken in an 18 mo period during 1997 and 1998, covering the north sea, the atlantic waters off the north and west coasts of scotland and the irish sea. a total of 19,293 fish were sampled from 23 different species including cod, haddock, norway pout, herring and sprat. individual fish lengths were recorded and the fish were c ... | 2001 | 11775798 |
| the parasite lernaeocera branchialis on caged cod: infection pattern is caused by differences in host susceptibility. | variation in host susceptibility causes significant differences in infection rates between hosts living in a semi-natural situation. such knowledge has implications for population dynamics and evolutionary models of host-parasite interactions as well as for estimations of parasite abundance. infection rates by lernaeocera branchialis (l.) were measured through time and space on caged atlantic cod (gadus morhua l.). one group of hosts, identified by their infection history, developed significantl ... | 2002 | 11811804 |
| identification, cloning, and expression of uracil-dna glycosylase from atlantic cod (gadus morhua): characterization and homology modeling of the cold-active catalytic domain. | two distinct forms of the highly conserved uracil-dna glycosylase (ung) have been isolated from atlantic cod (gadus morhua) liver cdna by rapid amplification of cdna ends (race). from the cdna sequences, both forms were deduced to encode an open reading frame of 301 amino acids, with an identical 267-amino-acid c-terminal region and different n-terminal regions of 34 amino acids. by comparison with the human ung sequences, the two forms were identified as possible mitochondrial (cung1) and nucle ... | 2002 | 11878565 |
| male reproductive competition in spawning aggregations of cod (gadus morhua, l.). | reproductive competition may lead to a large skew in reproductive success among individuals. very few studies have analysed the paternity contribution of individual males in spawning aggregations of fish species with huge census population sizes. we quantified the variance in male reproductive success in spawning aggregations of cod under experimental conditions over an entire spawning season. male reproductive success was estimated by microsatellite-based parentage analysis of offspring produce ... | 2002 | 11903907 |
| disease outbreaks and mass mortality in cultured atlantic cod, gadus morhua l., associated with trichodina murmanica (ciliophora). | | 2004 | 15009245 |
| neuropeptide y effects on vasorelaxation and intestinal contraction in the atlantic cod gadus morhua. | neuropeptide y (npy) has prominent cardiovascular effects in mammals and sharks, but no such effect has previously been demonstrated in any teleost fish. in the atlantic cod, we found that cod npy (10(-10)-10(-6) m) relaxed celiac arteries precontracted with epinephrine, and weak contractions were elicited in intestinal ring preparations. a few npy-immunoreactive nerve fibers were present along small gut arteries. the results suggest that cod npy produces vasorelaxation both by a direct action o ... | 2002 | 11959684 |
| pseudomonas anguilliseptica infection in farmed cod, gadus morhua l. | | 2004 | 15049894 |
| preparation and characterisation of gelatine from the skin of harp seal (phoca groendlandica). | this paper describes a method for extraction of gelatine from the skin of harp seal at mild acid conditions and gives a chemical and physical comparison of this gelatine with other mammalian and cod-skin gelatines. as compared to the wet weight of unhaired skin, a recovery of 11% dry gelatine was achieved after acid treatment and a two step water extraction at 60 and 75 degrees c. the chemical and physical properties of the gelatine were similar to the properties of commercial gelatines made fro ... | 2002 | 12003322 |
| measuring probabilistic reaction norms for age and size at maturation. | we present a new probabilistic concept of reaction norms for age and size at maturation that is applicable when observations are carried out at discrete time intervals. this approach can also be used to estimate reaction norms for age and size at metamorphosis or at other ontogenetic transitions. such estimations are critical for understanding phenotypic plasticity and life-history changes in variable environments, assessing genetic changes in the presence of phenotypic plasticity, and calibrati ... | 2002 | 12038525 |
| a group of deuterostome ty3/ gypsy-like retrotransposons with ty1/ copia-like pol-domain orders. | here we report the existence of an unusual group of ltr retrotransposons, termed gmr1-like elements. the members of this group are most similar in sequence to elements of the ty3/ gypsy group, yet, unlike typical ty3/ gypsy elements, they have pol genes in which the integrase domain lies upstream, rather than downstream, of the reverse transcriptase domain. such an arrangement was formerly believed to be a characteristic peculiar to ty1/ copia elements. the group includes the previously describe ... | 2002 | 12111555 |
| chitosan as an edible invisible film for quality preservation of herring and atlantic cod. | the effect of chitosan with different molecular weights as coatings for shelf-life extension of fresh fillets of atlantic cod (gadus morhua) and herring (clupea harengus) was evaluated over a 12-day storage at refrigerated temperature (4 +/- 1 degrees c). three chitosan preparations from snow crab (chinoecetes opilio) processing wastes, differing in viscosities and molecular weights, were prepared; their apparent viscosities (360, 57, and 14 cp) depended on the deacetylation time (4, 10, and 20 ... | 2002 | 12188625 |
| isolation of mycobacteria from frozen fish destined for human consumption. | mycobacteria were isolated from defrost water and tissue of sole (solea solea), hake (merluccius merluccius), cod (gadus morhua), ling (genypterus blacodes), and monkfish (lophius piscatorius) on löwenstein-jensen medium after incubation at different temperatures. samples of frozen fish were obtained under sterile conditions inside a refrigeration chamber (-18 to -22 degrees c) in a wholesale market from which these products are distributed to shops for retail sale and human consumption. | 2000 | 10919833 |
| variable region diversity of the atlantic cod (gadus morhua l.) immunoglobulin heavy chain. | this study was undertaken to determine whether a lack of vh domain diversity could explain, in part, the failure of atlantic cod to respond to immunization with the production of specific antibodies. the variability of cod vh regions was studied in 113 cdna and 2 genomic clones. a fourth vh family and a second putative jh element were identified. the expressed vh repertoire showed a clear bias in the pattern of vh family utilization, with about 80% of the clones belonging to the vh-iii family. f ... | 2000 | 10941838 |
| trichodinid ciliates (peritrichia: trichodinidae) from the bay of kiel, with description of trichodina claviformis sp. n. | investigations on the epizoic fauna of gadus morhua (l.), platichthys flesus (l.) and oncorhynchus mykiss (walbaum) from the kiel fjord and kiel bight were carried out from september 1996 to march 1997. smears from 120 g. morhua and 92 p. flesus caught using fish traps and trammel nets, and of 35 o. mykiss obtained from a local fish farm in the kiel fjord revealed the presence of three species of trichodinid ciliates, trichodina claviformiis sp. n., trichodina jadranica haider, 1964 and trichodi ... | 2000 | 10945730 |
| susceptibility of juvenile atlantic cod gadus morhua to viral haemorrhagic septicaemia virus isolated from wild-caught atlantic cod. | a european strain of viral haemorrhagic septicaemia virus (vhsv) isolated from wild-caught cod gadus morhua (h16/7/95) was shown to cause clinical disease and mortality in excess of 80% in juvenile atlantic cod when administered by the intra-peritoneal (i.p.) route. no virus was recovered from cod cohabiting with experimentally infected fish at a ratio of 1:1, and no vhsv-associated mortality was demonstrated following immersion infection. external signs of disease in cod were the presence of ex ... | 2000 | 10950185 |
| isolation and characterization of two teleost melanopsin genes and their differential expression within the inner retina and brain. | melanopsin is a newly discovered photopigment that is believed to be involved in the regulation of circadian rhythms in tetrapods. here we describe the characterization of the first two teleost melanopsins (opn4a and opn4b) isolated from atlantic cod (gadus morhua). these two teleost genes belong to a subgroup of melanopsins that also include members from xenopus, chicken, and takifugu. in situ hybridization revealed that opn4a and opn4b are differentially expressed within the retina and brain. ... | 2003 | 12508316 |
| organohalogens and metals in marine fish and mussels and some relationships to biological variables at reference localities in norway. | the main goals of this study were to define, for the norwegian coast, "high background" levels of micropollutants routinely monitored within the the oslo and paris commission joint assessment and monitoring programme, and to reassess the present norwegian reference levels used as the basis for a classification of environmental quality. the indicator organisms analysed as bulked/individual samples were cod (gadus morhua, n approximately 1170; n approximately 240 for organochlorines), dab (limanda ... | 2003 | 12604072 |
| growth of whaleworm (anisakis simplex, nematodes, ascaridoidea, anisakidae) third-stage larvae in paratenic fish hosts. | the growth of anisakis simplex l3 larvae in the three paratenic hosts saithe ( pollachius virens), cod (gadus morhua) and redfish (sebastes marinus) was studied based on material collected off the island of vega on the west coast of norway over a period of 1 year. in all three fish species, a positive correlation between the length of larvae and the age of the fish was shown. the number of large larvae, here defined as l3>28 mm, increases with increasing age of the host. these findings clearly i ... | 2003 | 12632142 |
| an analysis of a nonlinear stage-structured cannibalism model with application to the northeast arctic cod stock. | a two-dimensional stage-structured population model with nonlinear cannibalism terms is studied. we show that there is a large parameter interval where the nontrivial equilibrium of the model is the only stable attractor, but that there also exist parameter intervals where we find quasiperiodic, periodic and chaotic dynamics. moreover, in the interplay between increasing the fecundity and increasing the cannibalism pressure, the former turns out to be a destabilizing effect while the latter tend ... | 2004 | 15522351 |
| metabolic priorities during starvation: enzyme sparing in liver and white muscle of atlantic cod, gadus morhua l. | atlantic cod, gadus morhua, respond to starvation first by mobilising hepatic lipids, then muscle and hepatic glycogen and finally muscle proteins. the dual role of proteins as functional elements and energetic reserves should lead to a temporal hierarchy of mobilisation where the nature of a function dictates its conservation during starvation. we examined (1) whether lysosomal and anti-oxidant enzymes in liver and white muscle are spared during prolonged starvation, (2) whether the responses o ... | 2003 | 12781835 |
| origin and spoilage potential of the microbiota dominating genus psychrobacter in sterile rehydrated salt-cured and dried salt-cured cod (gadus morhua). | salt-cured and dried salt-cured cod rehydrated using sterile water and equipment have a short shelf life at 4 degrees c due to high bacterial counts. the microbiota develops off-odours which partly can be described as musty, causing sensory rejection within 7-10 days of chilled storage. the microbiota composition was studied in a total of 38 samples obtained from 10 different, both commercial and laboratory produced, salt-cured and dried salt-cured cod products. the dominating bacterium, represe ... | 2003 | 12781940 |
| four years of monitoring for viral haemorrhagic septicaemia virus in marine waters around the united kingdom. | between 1995 and 1998, marine fish from around the coast of the uk were collected and samples analysed for viral haemorrhagic septicaemia virus (vhsv) using cell culture isolation methods. in 1997 and 1998 the samples were also analysed for vhsv by reverse transcription pcr (rt-pcr). a total of 1867 fish of 11 species were tested, but vhsv was isolated on only 1 occasion, from herring clupea harengus, in 1996. however, despite vhsv not being isolated in 1997 and 1998, in both years samples of he ... | 2003 | 12803381 |
| vaccines for fish in aquaculture. | vaccination plays an important role in large-scale commercial fish farming and has been a key reason for the success of salmon cultivation. in addition to salmon and trout, commercial vaccines are available for channel catfish, european seabass and seabream, japanese amberjack and yellowtail, tilapia and atlantic cod. in general, empirically developed vaccines based on inactivated bacterial pathogens have proven to be very efficacious in fish. fewer commercially available viral vaccines and no p ... | 2005 | 15757476 |
| the structure of uracil-dna glycosylase from atlantic cod (gadus morhua) reveals cold-adaptation features. | uracil-dna glycosylase (udg; ec 3.2.2.3) is a dna-repair protein that catalyses the hydrolysis of promutagenic uracil residues from single- or double-stranded dna, generating free uracil and abasic dna. the crystal structure of the catalytic domain of cod uracil-dna glycosylase (cudg) has been determined to 1.9 a resolution, with final r factors of 18.61 and 20.57% for the working and test sets of reflections, respectively. this is the first crystal structure of a uracil-dna glycosylase from a c ... | 2003 | 12876336 |
| amino acid sequence of the cold-active alkaline phosphatase from atlantic cod (gadus morhua). | atlantic cod is a marine fish that lives at low temperatures of 0-10 degrees c and contains a cold-adapted alkaline phosphatase (ap). preparations of ap from either the lower part of the intestines or the pyloric caeca area were subjected to proteolytic digestion, mass spectrometry and amino acid sequencing by edman degradation. the primary structure exhibits greatest similarity to human tissue non-specific ap (80%), and approximately 30% similarity to ap from escherichia coli. the key residues ... | 2003 | 12941638 |
| selection-induced variation at the pantophysin locus (pani) in a norwegian fjord population of cod (gadus morhua l.). | a total of 1290 cod (gadus morhua l.), sampled between 1985 and 1999 from a spawning area in the trondheimsfjord, norway, were assayed for the nuclear-encoded locus pani (pantophysin). the majority of samples were taken during the spawning season at two nearby sampling locations at depths of 100 and 60 m, respectively. genetic analysis revealed significant effects of cohort, sex and sampling location on allele frequencies at pani. the contribution of each of these three factors to the total amon ... | 2003 | 14629344 |
| mercury, food webs, and marine mammals: implications of diet and climate change for human health. | we modeled the flow of methyl mercury, a toxic global pollutant, in the faroe islands marine ecosystem and compared average human methyl mercury exposure from consumption of pilot whale meat and fish (cod, gadus morhua) with current tolerable weekly intake (twi) levels. under present conditions and climate change scenarios, methyl mercury increased in the ecosystem, translating into increased human exposure over time. however, we saw greater changes as a result of changing fishing mortalities. a ... | 2005 | 15866757 |
| ontogeny of humoral immune parameters in fish. | the first appearance of igm in lymphocytes varies considerably among fish species. generally, the first appearance of b-lymphocytes and immunoglobulins is late in marine species compared to fresh water species, and larvae have reached about 20-30 mm in length when igm is first expressed. rainbow trout and channel catfish show the first appearances of surface igm at about 1 week after hatching. marine species like the sea bass, spotted wolffish and cod show igm positive lymphocytes 1-10 weeks aft ... | 2005 | 15916905 |
| use of hydrolysates from atlantic cod (gadus morhua l.) viscera as a complex nitrogen source for lactic acid bacteria. | hydrolysates of cod viscera were tested as an alternative to commonly used complex nitrogen sources (peptones and/or extracts) for the type strains of the lactic acid bacteria lactococcus lactis, lactobacillus acidophilus, lactobacillus helveticus, lactobacillus casei, lactobacillus sakei and pediococcus pentosaceus. comparative studies with mrs-like media containing different nitrogen sources showed that all the fish hydrolysates performed equally well or better than commercial extracts/peptone ... | 2005 | 15941626 |
| effects of temperature acclimation on lactate dehydrogenase of cod (gadus morhua): genetic, kinetic and thermodynamic aspects. | the aim of this study was to determine the effects of seasonal temperature variation on the functional properties of lactate dehydrogenase (ldh) from white muscle and liver of norwegian coastal cod (gadus morhua) and the possible relevance of ldh allelic variability for thermal acclimation. two groups of fishes were acclimated to 4 degrees c or 12 degrees c for one year. polymorphism was observed in only one (ldh-b) of the three ldh loci expressed in cod liver and/or muscle. isozyme expression r ... | 2004 | 14638837 |
| disposition of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (pcdds) and polychlorinated dibenzofurans (pcdfs) in two norwegian epibenthic marine food webs. | polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (pcdds) and dibenzofurans (pcdfs) are a group of halogenated hydrocarbons, comprising 210 different, theoretically possible congeners. they are relatively hydrophobic and persistent to biodegradation, thereby rendering them subject to bioaccumulation. this study was conducted in frierfjord and eidangerfjord in the grenland fjord system, norway, heavily polluted by pcdd/pcdf discharges from the 16,600,859 magnesium production at herøya from 1951 to 2001. pooled s ... | 2006 | 16169571 |
| recombinant cold-adapted trypsin i from atlantic cod-expression, purification, and identification. | atlantic cod trypsin i is a cold-adapted proteolytic enzyme exhibiting approximately 20 times higher catalytic efficiency (kcat/km) than its mesophilic bovine counterpart for the simple amide substrate bapna. in general, cold-adapted proteolytic enzymes are sensitive to autolytic degradation, thermal inactivation as well as molecular aggregation, even at temperatures as low as 18-25 degrees c which may explain the problems observed with their expression, activation, and purification. prior to th ... | 2004 | 14680968 |
| influence of high-m alginate on the growth and survival of atlantic cod (gadus morhua l.) and spotted wolffish (anarhichas minor olafsen) fry. | atlantic cod and spotted wolffish fry were fed high-m alginate containing feed for 59 and 55 days, respectively. during this period the fry showed a higher specific growth rate compared to controls. uptake and distribution of alginate was studied by inclusion of the (125)i-labelled molecule in the feed. the stomach and intestine contained the highest amount while the kidney, liver and spleen contained some, indicating that the alginate was taken up by the gut and transported to internal organs. ... | 2006 | 16219475 |
| click sounds produced by cod (gadus morhua). | conspicuous sonic click sounds were recorded in the presence of cod (gadus morhua), together with either harp seals (pagophilus groenlandicus), hooded seals (cystophora cristata) or a human diver in a pool. similar sounds were never recorded in the presence of salmon (salmo salar) together with either seal species, or from either seal or fish species when kept separately in the pool. it is concluded that cod was the source of these sounds and that the clicks were produced only when cod were appr ... | 2004 | 15000203 |
| parasites as biological tags in population studies of marine organisms: an update. | this paper reviews the work published over the past decade on the use of parasites as biological tags in population studies of marine fish, mammals and invertebrates. fish hosts are considered in taxonomic and ecological groups as follows: demersal, anadromous, small pelagic, large pelagic and elasmobranch. most studies were carried out on demersal fish, particularly on members of the genera merluccius (hake), sebastes (rockfish) and on atlantic cod gadus morhua l., but pacific salmonids and sma ... | 2002 | 12396222 |
| the major allergen (parvalbumin) of codfish is encoded by at least two isotypic genes: cdna cloning, expression and antibody binding of the recombinant allergens. | the major allergen (parvalbumin) from cod, designated allergen m gad c 1, has been intensively studied both from the structural and immunological sides. in the present study, transcripts of two isotypic parvalbumin genes in atlantic cod were identified and characterized. subsequently, subfragments were inserted into the expression vector pet-19b, generating plasmids with coding capacity for complete parvalbumin polypeptides fused to an n-terminal his(10) tag. most of the recombinant products wer ... | 2003 | 12431393 |
| bacterial colonization of cod (gadus morhua l.) and halibut (hippoglossus hippoglossus) eggs in marine aquaculture. | aquaculture has brought about increased interest in mass production of marine fish larvae. problems such as poor egg quality and mass mortality of fish larvae have been prevalent. the intensive incubation techniques that often result in bacterial overgrowth on fish eggs could affect the commensal relationship between the indigenous microflora and opportunistic pathogens and subsequently hamper egg development, hatching, larval health, and ongrowth. little information about the adherent microflor ... | 1989 | 16347937 |
| natural selection and the genetic differentiation of coastal and arctic populations of the atlantic cod in northern norway: a test involving nucleotide sequence variation at the pantophysin (pani) locus. | to examine the role of contemporary selection in maintaining significant allele frequency differences at the pantophysin (pani) locus among populations of the atlantic cod, gadus morhua, in northern norway, we sequenced 127 pania alleles sampled from six coastal and two barents sea populations. the distributions of variable sites segregating within the pania allelic class were then compared among the populations. significant differences were detected in the overall frequencies of pania alleles a ... | 2003 | 12492878 |
| sublethal effects of a new antifouling candidate on lumpfish (cyclopterus lumpus l.) and atlantic cod (gadus morhua l.) larvae. | sublethal effects of medetomidine, a new generation antifouling compound, on lumpfish (cyclopterus lumpus l.) and cod (gadus morhua l.) larvae were examined. the effects on respiration rate and on colour adaptation of newly hatched larvae were assessed after 24-96 h exposure. exposure of lumpfish larvae to the experimental concentrations resulted in a significant decrease in respiration rate (lowest observed effect concentration (loec) = 5-10 nm) and in the percentage of dark larvae (loec = 4 nm ... | 2005 | 16371340 |
| efficacy of orally administered flumequine in the treatment of vibriosis caused by listonella anguillarum in atlantic cod gadus morhua. | the efficacy of orally administered flumequine in the treatment of experimentally induced vibriosis in atlantic cod gadus morhua was investigated. cod (mean +/- sd, 120 +/- 30 g) were randomly distributed to twelve tanks and bath challenged for 1 h with listonella anguillarum serotype o2alpha, strain hi-610, using a dose of 9.2 x 10(6) cfu ml(-1). at 3 d post-challenge, medication was introduced in 10 of the groups at doses of 2.5, 5, 10, 15 and 25 mg flumequine kg(-1) body weight d(-1) in dupli ... | 2005 | 16385813 |
| optimisation of the surface electrostatics as a strategy for cold adaptation of uracil-dna n-glycosylase (ung) from atlantic cod (gadus morhua). | cold-adapted enzymes are characterised by an increased catalytic efficiency and reduced temperature stability compared to their mesophilic counterparts. lately, it has been suggested that an optimisation of the electrostatic surface potential is a strategy for cold adaptation for some enzymes. a visualisation of the electrostatic surface potential of cold-adapted uracil-dna n-glycosylase (cung) from atlantic cod indicates a more positively charged surface near the active site compared to human u ... | 2004 | 15491608 |
| respiratory burst activity of atlantic cod (gadus morhua l.) blood phagocytes differs markedly from that of rainbow trout. | in the present study we investigated the respiratory burst (rb) activity of atlantic cod (gadus morhua l.) blood phagocytes and we evaluated how the rb activity of cod blood cells differ from that of trout. the rb activities were measured directly from highly diluted whole blood as luminol-amplified chemiluminescence (cl) under various conditions. studies regarding the blood dilutions for cod whole blood chemiluminescence measurements (wbcl) revealed that at a final blood dilution of 1.5 microl ... | 2006 | 16406251 |
| experimental infection of turbot, scophthalmus maximus (l.), by moritella viscosa, vaccination effort and vaccine-induced side-effects. | moritella viscosa is the causative agent of winter ulcers in farmed salmonids and atlantic cod in countries around the north atlantic. the bacterium has also been isolated from various marine fish species. bacterial diseases have been a limiting factor in farming of turbot, but m. viscosa has not so far been isolated. in this study, turbot was shown to be sensitive to m. viscosa infection in experimental challenges. pathological changes in infected turbot were comparable with those previously de ... | 2004 | 15509259 |
| granzyme-like sequences in bony fish shed light on the emergence of hematopoietic serine proteases during vertebrate evolution. | hematopoietic serine proteases (sps) are stored in the granules of different leukocytes and these enzymes are important effector molecules in the immune system of mammals. however, very little is known about the presence of these proteins in lower vertebrates. herein, the primary structures of five novel fish sps, from the atlantic cod (gadus morhua) and the channel catfish (ictalurus punctatus), are presented. one of the cod sps is a homologue to human gzma and k. the other fish sps identified ... | 2006 | 16413608 |
| sequence and expression of a constitutive, facilitated glucose transporter (glut1) in atlantic cod gadus morhua. | a putative glucose transporter, glut1, is reported for atlantic cod gadus morhua. a combination of rt-pcr, rlm-race and genome walking were used to articulate a 4560 bp cdna (genbank accession number ay526497). it contains a 149 bp 5' utr, a 1470 bp open reading frame and a 2941 bp 3' utr. at the nucleotide level, the cod glut1 orf shares 78.2% sequence identity to human glut1 and the deduced amino acid sequence clusters with glut1s from rainbow trout and carp. glut1 transcript is highly express ... | 2004 | 15579563 |
| random amplification of polymorphic dna (rapd) typing of carnobacteria isolated from hindgut chamber and large intestine of atlantic cod (gadus morhua l.). | autochthonous and allochthonous bacteria were isolated from hindgut chamber and large intestine of fed and starved atlantic cod (gadus morhua l.). all bacterial strains isolated from hindgut chamber belong to carnobacteria. however, only 10.2% of the bacteria strains from the large intestine belong to carnobacteria. random amplification of polymorphic dna (rapd) analysis using three selective primers, was performed to further identify the carnobacteria strains. nine of these were isolated from h ... | 2006 | 16464694 |
| immunostimulation of larvae and juveniles of cod, gadus morhua l. | cod larval culture is currently hampered by high mortalities in the first 2-3 weeks after hatching, often due to infectious diseases. the immune system of cod is not fully competent until 2-3 months after hatching. conventional vaccination is, therefore, not of value before this time, and the larvae are wholly reliant on non-specific parameters for their defence against infection. a range of substances, generally derived from bacterial, fungal or plant origin, can activate these non-specific par ... | 2006 | 16533300 |
| francisella sp. (family francisellaceae) causing mortality in norwegian cod (gadus morhua) farming. | in 2004, a new disease was detected in cod (gadus morhua) in western norway. affected cod had white granulomas in the visceral organs and skin. a species of francisella was isolated on blood agar plates from moribund cod. the bacterium could be grown at temperatures ranging from 6 to 22 degrees c, but did not grow at 37 degrees c. challenge experiments showed that francisella sp. was the cause for the new disease. the 16s rdna gene sequence from francisella sp. showed 99.17% similarity to f. phi ... | 2006 | 16614828 |
| comparison of antibody responses in atlantic cod (gadus morhua l.) to aeromonas salmonicida and vibrio anguillarum. | the immune system of atlantic cod (gadus morhua l.) differ from other bony fish species in that no or only very low increases in antibody levels are detected post-immunization with vibrio salmonicida or v. anguillarum. here, we report the results from the first study on comparison of antibody responses in cod to aeromonas salmonicida and v. anguillarum. a. salmonicida appear to induce a stronger antibody response in cod compared to v. anguillarum, and more individuals immunized with a. salmonici ... | 2006 | 16616955 |
| enhanced catalytic and conformational stability of atlantic cod trypsin upon neoglycosylation. | the applicability of psychrophilic enzymes is limited because of their lower thermodynamic stability in spite of their higher catalytic rate. in this study, we have shown that the thermodynamic stability of the psychrophilic atlantic cod trypsin could be enhanced appreciably by covalent chemical modification with oxidized sucrose polymer without affecting its hydrolytic activity. the acquired stability of cod trypsin was found to be on par with the mesophilic porcine trypsin. | 2004 | 15716130 |
| increased flexibility as a strategy for cold adaptation: a comparative molecular dynamics study of cold- and warm-active uracil dna glycosylase. | uracil dna glycosylase (udg) is a dna repair enzyme in the base excision repair pathway and removes uracil from the dna strand. atlantic cod udg (cudg), which is a cold-adapted enzyme, has been found to be up to 10 times more catalytically active in the temperature range 15-37 degrees c as compared with the warm-active human counterpart. the increased catalytic activity of cold-adapted enzymes as compared with their mesophilic homologues are partly believed to be caused by an increase in the str ... | 2005 | 15749696 |
| structural studies of the o-antigenic oligosaccharide from vibrio salmonicida strain c2 isolated from atlantic cod, gadus morhua l. | we report the chemical structure of the oligosaccharide part of vibrio salmonicida lipopolysaccharide serotype c2, isolated from atlantic cod (gadus morhua l.). the structure was established by nmr spectroscopy and mass spectrometry. it is concluded that the oligosaccharide has the following structure in which l-alpha-d-hepp is l-glycero-alpha-d-manno-heptopyranose, d-alpha-d-hepp is d-glycero-alpha-d-manno-heptopyranose, alpha-nona is 5-acetamidino-7-acetamido-3,5,7,9-tetradeoxy-l-glycero-alpha ... | 2006 | 16697993 |
| atlantic cod trypsins: from basic research to practical applications. | atlantic cod trypsin i is an appropriate representative of the traditionally classified cold-adapted group i trypsins, and the recombinant form of cod trypsin y is the only biochemically characterized member of the novel group iii trypsins. trypsin y is adapted to lower temperatures than all other presently known trypsins. this review describes the basic characteristics of and practical uses for trypsins of atlantic cod, as well as those of other organisms. overexpression of the recombinant form ... | 2005 | 15759084 |
| separation of membranes from acid-solubilized fish muscle proteins with the aid of calcium ions and organic acids. | calcium chloride, and to a lesser extent mgcl2, aided in the separation of membranes by centrifugation from cod (gadus morhua) muscle homogenates solubilized at ph 3 in the presence of citric acid or malic acid but not lactic acid. adding citric acid and ca2+ before solubilizing the cod muscle homogenates was needed for the effect. at 1 mm citric acid, 70-80% of the phospholipid and 25-30% of the protein were removed at 10 mm ca2+. at 8 mm ca2+, citric acid showed an optimal effect on phospholip ... | 2005 | 15826052 |
| morphometric discrimination of two allozymically diagnosed sibling species of the echinorhynchus gadi zoega in muller complex (acanthocephala) in the north sea. | allozyme electrophoresis was used to detect biological species of the e. gadi complex from gadids from the northern north sea. a fixed difference at one of nine enzyme loci surveyed confirmed the existence of two reproductively isolated, sympatric species. mixed infections of two e. gadi spp. (termed a and b) were observed in gadus morhua and pollachius virens. e. gadi sp. b was also found in melanogrammus aeglefinus and merlangius merlangus. the presence of gravid females of e. gadi spp. a and ... | 2005 | 15841350 |
| influence of climatic changes on the parasites of atlantic cod gadus morhua off coastal labrador, canada. | a study was conducted in 2000 and 2003, following the collapse of the commercial fishery in 1990, to compare metazoan parasites of atlantic cod gadus morhua, captured off coastal labrador, with samples taken in 1980 and 1986. fish were captured by otter trawl offshore in the north atlantic fish organisation subarea 2j. parasites were removed from the digestive tract, stained, identified and compared between the different groups. both the prevalence and mean abundance of trematodes, larval nemato ... | 2006 | 16768862 |
| sequence and expression analysis of an interferon stimulated gene (isg15) from atlantic cod (gadus morhua l.). | suppression subtractive hybridization was used to examine gene expression in atlantic cod head kidney cells treated with polyinosinic polycytidylic acid (poly i:c). one of the most abundant genes was isg15, showing 24-53% amino acid similarity to isg15 from both mammals and teleosts. the promoter was cloned by genome walking and three potential interferon-stimulated response elements (isres) were identified. analysis of the gene structure revealed a single intron in the 5' untranslated region (u ... | 2007 | 16824598 |
| infectious pancreatic necrosis virus establishes an asymptomatic carrier state in kidney leucocytes of juvenile atlantic cod, gadus morhua l. | juvenile atlantic cod (10 g) were infected with infectious pancreatic necrosis virus (ipnv) by intraperitoneal injection and cohabitation. fish showed no signs of disease but ipnv could be re-isolated from kidney tissue for up to 12 weeks. on weeks 2, 5, 8, 10, 11 and 12 following infection, kidney leucocytes were fractionated on percoll gradients, and cells separated into plastic adherent and non-adherent cell populations after overnight incubation. ipnv was detectable in lysates of both cell p ... | 2006 | 16866924 |
| ichthyobodo necator (kinetoplastida)--a complex of sibling species. | ichthyobodo necator is a parasitic flagellate that attacks fishes, causing disease problems in freshwater worldwide. findings of similar flagellates in strictly marine fishes have indicated that ichthyobodiosis may be caused by more than 1 flagellate species. we obtained partial small subunit rdna (ssu rdna) sequences of 14 ichthyobodo isolates originating from fishes in norway, japan, singapore, south africa and brazil, and identified 8 strains or species, including 2 species infecting cultured ... | 2004 | 15038446 |
| expression and purification of a cold-adapted group iii trypsin in escherichia coli. | the recently classified group iii trypsins include members like atlantic cod (gadus morhua) trypsin y as well as seven analogues from other cold-adapted fish species. the eight group iii trypsins have been characterized from their cdnas and deduced amino acid sequences but none of the enzymes have been isolated from their native sources. this study describes the successful expression and purification of a recombinant hp-thioredoxin-trypsin y fusion protein in the his-patch thiofusion escherichia ... | 2007 | 16879980 |
| tissue distribution, inhibition and activation of gelatinolytic activities in atlantic cod (gadus morhua). | gelatinolytic activities in fish tissues with properties like matrix metalloproteinases (mmps) have been paid little attention. however, they have been proposed to participate in post mortem degradation during storage and the disintegration of pericellular connective tissue during spawning. in this paper the distribution of gelatinolytic activities in liver, heart, muscle, gill, and male and female gonad of atlantic cod (gadus morhua) was studied by using gelatin sds-page, proteinase inhibitors, ... | 2004 | 15050523 |
| fish, fishing, and pollutant reduction in the baltic sea. | the baltic sea is heavily polluted yet supports major commercial fisheries for cod (gadus morhua), herring (clupea harengus), and sprat (sprattus sprattus). emissions of persistent organic pollutants, such as polychlorinated biphenyls (pcbs) and ddt, were high during the 1960s and 1970s, and concentrations in fish and other fauna are still significant. several models of the fluxes of these pollutants among the water, sediment, and atmosphere have been developed, but these generally omit the role ... | 2004 | 15112795 |
| the ontogeny of complement component c3 in atlantic cod (gadus morhua l.)--an immunohistochemical study. | the complement system in fish is well developed and plays an important role in the immune response. very little is known about the ontogeny of c3 in fish and no study has previously been done on the development of c3 in teleosts. in this study we have detected the presence of c3 in cod larvae from the age of 1 day post hatching (p.h.) till 57 days p.h., using immunohistochemistry. the specific primary antibodies used, were produced against the beta-chain of cod c3. immunostaining on cod larvae s ... | 2004 | 15123303 |
| progress of co-infections of trichodina cooperi and t. murmanica parasitising farmed atlantic cod gadus morhua juveniles in iceland. | two year classes of wild cod juveniles, caught for on-rearing in shore-based tanks, were examined for trichodina spp. infections at regular intervals for 9 mo. the prevalence, density and proportion of each species found was determined. additionally, biomass, seawater temperature and salinity in the tanks was recorded regularly. two species were identified: t. cooperi and t. murmanica. their prevalence, density and proportion varied between sampling times, t. cooperi being the dominant species, ... | 2006 | 17058602 |
| viral and bacterial diseases of atlantic cod gadus morhua, their prophylaxis and treatment: a review. | this review summarises the state of knowledge of both viral and bacterial diseases of atlantic cod gadus morhua, and their diagnosis, prophylaxis and treatment. the most important losses have been at the larval and juvenile stages, and vibriosis has long been the most important bacterial disease in cod, with listonella (vibrio) anguillarum dominant among pathogenic isolates. vaccination of cod against pathogens such as l. anguillarum and aeromonas salmonicida clearly demonstrates that the cod im ... | 2006 | 17058605 |
| isolation and characterization of complement component c3 from atlantic cod (gadus morhua l.) and atlantic halibut (hippoglossus hippoglossus l.). | complement component c3 was isolated from the plasma of cod (gadus morhua l.) and halibut (hippoglossus hippoglossus l.). fast protein liquid chromatography (fplc) techniques, involving ion exchange and gel filtration columns, were used. the purified proteins were analysed by sds-page which showed a two-chain structure, alpha- and beta-chains, as seen in higher vertebrates. both proteins had intra-chain thioesters located within their alpha-chains and n-terminal amino acid sequencing confirmed t ... | 2004 | 15123326 |
| effects of alkylphenols on redox status in first spawning atlantic cod (gadus morhua). | offshore oil production releases large amounts of lipophilic compounds in produced water and into the ocean. the discharge of produced water from the norwegian petroleum sector has increased from 26 million m3 in 1993 to 120 million m3 in 2001, and it continues to increase. produced water contains significant amounts of alkylphenols, which have been reported to be estrogenic, causing endocrine disruption in fish. in year 2000, approximately 44 tons of alkylphenols were released on the norwegian ... | 2004 | 15210300 |
| mitochondrial genomics of gadine fishes: implications for taxonomy and biogeographic origins from whole-genome data sets. | phylogenetic analysis of 13 substantially complete mitochondrial dna genome sequences (14,036 bp) from 10 taxa of gadine codfishes and pollock provides highly corroborated resolution of outstanding questions on their biogeographic evolution. of 6 resolvable nodes among species, 4 were supported by >95% of bootstrap replications in parsimony, distance, likelihood, and similarly high posterior probabilities in bayesian analyses, one by 85%-95% according to the method of analysis, and one by 99% by ... | 2006 | 17110992 |