| [relation between tsetse fly density and bovine trypanosomiasis: the case of n'dama cattle ranching (louboulou, congo)]. | the authors report the results of an entomo-parasitological survey in the state ranch of louboulou, bouenza region, congo. over a period of more than five months, the average tsetse density was 0.2 glossina palpalis palpalis captured per day and trap. although some specimens of glossina fusca congolensis were also captured, the density of the latter species was quite insignificant. no trypanosomiasis was detected among the n'dama cattle of the ranch, as a result of 114 blood samples collected fo ... | 1990 | 2263746 |
| experimental infection of n'dama cattle with trypanosomes using glossina palpalis gambiensis caught in the wild. | the transmissibility of trypanosome infection to n'dama cattle by tsetse flies caught in the field was examined. wild-caught glossina palpalis gambiensis were transferred singly into small numbered cages and allowed to feed on 14 uninfected n'dama cattle. following a completed feed the tsetse were dissected and infection in the proboscis, the salivary glands and the gut was recorded. each animal was bitten by a number of tsetse ranging from five up to 64 flies. following dissection of the tsetse ... | 1990 | 2321260 |
| community participation in the control of tsetse flies. large scale trials using the pyramid trap in the congo. | an experiment of glossina palpalis control was carried out by rural communities in 55 villages of the niari river sleeping sickness focus (bouenza region, republic of the congo). it was based on the use of a new trap, not requiring insecticide impregnation, in which the captured glossina are preserved. the results show that this simple, cheap trap is an effective method of control, resulting in a considerable decrease in the tsetse population and is easily operated by the villagers. screening su ... | 1990 | 2339247 |
| surface carbohydrate differences of glossina salivary glands and infectivity of trypanosoma brucei gambiense to glossina. | incubation of fluorescein- and biotin-lectin conjugates with the salivary glands of glossina spp has revealed inter- and intraspecific variation in the surface carbohydrates of the glands. the degree of con a binding to the basal laminae of the glands of the two glossina palpalis subspecies, g.p. palpalis and g.p. gambiensis was markedly different. the infectivity of t.b. gambiense sensu lato isolates to g.p. palpalis and g.p. gambiensis was compared. g.p. gambiensis from the field and from labo ... | 1990 | 2369168 |
| trypanosoma brucei: a membrane-associated protein in coated endocytotic vesicles. | membrane proteins were isolated from purified trypanosoma brucei coated endocytotic vesicles by phase separation with triton x-114. the largest abundant membrane protein was a doublet band with a molecular mass of about 77 kda. a specific antiserum was prepared against this protein by immunization with antigen bands excised from sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gels. immunoblot analyses with this antiserum showed that the 77-kda protein was present in other t. brucei, in t. congolense, and ... | 1990 | 2404779 |
| procyclin: an unusual immunodominant glycoprotein surface antigen from the procyclic stage of african trypanosomes. | an immunodominant species-specific surface glycoprotein antigen was purified from procyclic culture forms of trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense using lectin affinity chromatography and a monoclonal antibody immunoadsorbent. the purified molecule appears on a 10% polyacrylamide gel as a wide, dark silver staining band having an apparent molecular mass of between 30 and 40 kda, identical to that revealed by immunoblotting using anti-procyclic lysates. the molecule, which we have named procyclin, was s ... | 1988 | 2464763 |
| tryptophan metabolism in tsetse flies and the consequences of its derangement. | literature comparing salmon and wild type glossina morsitans morsitans and that comparing tan and wild type glossina palpalis palpalis is reviewed. new information is presented on behaviour and biochemistry of salmon and wild type g. m. morsitans. the eye color mutants result from two lesions in the tryptophan to xanthommatin pathway: lack of tryptophan oxygenase in g. m morsitans and failure to produce or retain xanthommatin in eyes (but not in testes) of g. p. palpalis. the salmon allele in g. ... | 1987 | 2473378 |
| passive transfer of humoral resistance against adults of the tsetse fly, glossina palpalis palpalis (diptera, glossinidae), in rabbits. | the possibility of passive transfer of rabbit humoral immunity against tsetse fly bites was investigated for the first time. partial immunity of recipient animals was achieved after two intravenous injections of 15 ml of serum from immunized (donor) rabbits during 48 hrs. this treatment induced an apparent increase of resistance in the passively immunized group of rabbits expressed as direct mortality ("killing effect") of sucking flies within the following 72 hr period. the immunological state ... | 1989 | 2488053 |
| the roles of vision and olfaction in mate location by males of the tsetse fly glossina morsitans morsitans. | the roles of visual and/or olfactory stimuli in eliciting mating responses from male glossina morsitans morsitans westwood were examined, using a system for automatically recording the number and duration of mating strikes made towards decoys, under controlled conditions. the results confirm that there is no olfactory component of the female sex recognition pheromone sensed by the male antennae, and the attraction of males to females appears to be visual. the absence of male-male mating strikes ... | 1989 | 2519658 |
| [the determination of the geographical boundaries between two subspecies of tsetse flies in the ivory coast: glossina palpalis (robineau-desvoidy, 1830) and g.p.gambiensis (vanderplank, 1949)]. | the biometric analysis of the male genitalia of glossina palpalis palpalis and glossina palpalis gambiensis about samples caught along four bits of road in côte d'ivoire permitted to determine the geographic limit between both subspecies. g. p. palpalis is everywhere in the guinean area whereas g. p. gambiensis is found in the sudanese one. in the wet savanna, both subspecies live together and mate to give out a reduced number of hybrids. | 1989 | 2544980 |
| implications of genetic exchange in the study of protozoan infections. | genetic exchange is now known to occur during the life-cycle of many parasitic protozoa, including malaria parasites, coccidia and trypanosomes. the process is studied by making deliberate crosses between cloned organisms differing in clearly defined markers. in malaria parasites, crosses have been made between parasites differing in characters such as isoenzymes, antigens and other proteins, drug sensitivity, and chromosome and other dna polymorphisms. crosses are made by transmitting a mixture ... | 1989 | 2573031 |
| tropical pyomyositis associated with trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense infection in a europid. | a 29-year-old european woman became infected with trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense in the luangwa valley, zambia. six days after the initial presentation of this infection she developed evidence of tropical pyomyositis (tp). these diseases, both of which are rare in europids, were satisfactorily treated. the pathogenesis of tp, which is nearly always caused by staphylococcus aureus, is undetermined. it seems possible that in this case either (i) both infections were introduced simultaneously by a ... | 1989 | 2603212 |
| a single trypanosome is sufficient to infect a tsetse fly. | | 1989 | 2604482 |
| the trypanosome surface glycoprotein procyclin is expressed only on tsetse fly vector stages of the parasite. | | 1989 | 2616568 |
| a new method for isolating trypanosoma brucei gambiense from sleeping sickness patients. | low infectivity to laboratory mammals and low virulence make trypanosoma brucei gambiense difficult to isolate and grow in amounts sufficient for biochemical characterization. we report the isolation of t.b. gambiense by feeding cryopreserved primary isolates to laboratory-reared glossina morsitans morsitans, followed by rapid cultivation in vitro of procyclic forms dissected from infected tsetse fly midguts. this technique allows the characterization of hitherto unsampled populations and avoids ... | 1989 | 2617625 |
| review of tsetse control measures taken in the lambwe valley in 1980-1984. | during an outbreak of rhodesian sleeping sickness in the lambwe valley in 1980 initial tsetse control measures consisted of applications of dieldrin to the periphery of the ruma national park. this activity had a marked effect on the prevalence of sleeping sickness. concern about the use of dieldrin caused the cessation of this programme and justified an aerial spray programme using endosulfan. although the lambwe valley did not appear to be a good candidate for aerial spray, the endosulfan had ... | 1989 | 2619385 |
| natural and acquired resistance to trypanosoma vivax in cattle. | zebu x european (z x e) crossbred cattle suffered a more severe course of disease than boran cattle when infected with trypanosoma vivax (likoni) by glossina morsitans. all z x e animals in this study required berenil treatment while all borans self-cured the infection without treatment. the more severe disease in z x e animals was characterized by longer periods of patent infection and fever, more severe anaemia and greater likelihood of haemorrhage. cattle previously infected and cured with be ... | 1989 | 2619393 |
| effects of flumethrin pour-on against glossina palpalis gambiensis (diptera, glossinidae) during releases in a fly proof stable. | 2000 males and females of glossina palpalis gambiensis were released in the presence of a zebu treated with flumethrin pour-on in a fly proof stable. from the first day after treatment until day 15, the flies were released at intervals of two days. the mortalities were highest during the first five days after treatment. with the exception of the first two releases the "knock down" effects were distinctly higher than the corresponding mortalities, ranging between 60% and 100% during the observati ... | 1989 | 2623434 |
| procyclin gene expression and loss of the variant surface glycoprotein during differentiation of trypanosoma brucei. | in the mammalian host, the unicellular flagellate trypanosoma brucei is covered by a dense surface coat that consists of a single species of macromolecule, the membrane form of the variant surface glycoprotein (mfvsg). after uptake by the insect vector, the tsetse fly, bloodstream-form trypanosomes differentiate to procyclic forms in the fly midgut. differentiation is characterized by the loss of the mfvsg coat and the acquisition of a new surface glycoprotein, procyclin. in this study, the chan ... | 1989 | 2645304 |
| trypanosome sociology and antigenic variation. | survival of the trypanosome (trypanosoma brucei) population in the mammalian body depends upon paced stimulation of the host's humoral immune response by different antigenic variants and serial sacrifice of the dominant variant (homotype) so that minority variants (heterotypes) can continue the infection and each become a homotype in its turn. new variants are generated by a spontaneous switch in gene expression so that the trypanosome puts on a surface coat of a glycoprotein differing in antige ... | 1989 | 2682484 |
| a history of sleeping sickness in kenya. | gambian sleeping sickness entered what is now kenya from uganda in about 1901 and quickly spread along the kenyan shores and islands of lake victoria, reaching tanzania in 1902. by 1910 the disease had spread 25 miles inland along the kuja and migori rivers and their tributaries. sleeping sickness waxed and waned in these areas despite attempts to control tsetse fly populations by various methods. it was not until 1950, when the use of insecticides (ddt) applied by backpack sprayer proved succes ... | 1989 | 2694984 |
| effects of gamma irradiation on the midgut ultrastructure of glossina palpalis subspecies. | in the sterile insect technique, insects are sterilized prior to release in areas where they are pests. the sterile males compete for and with fertile wild individuals for mates, thus reducing the population's reproductive rate. tsetse fly (glossina spp.) populations have been eradicated after release of laboratory-bred flies sterilized by gamma irradiation. however, no studies exist on radiation-induced damage to the midgut morphology and function of the radiation-sterilized insects. after g. p ... | 1989 | 2727263 |
| [a community battle against a tropical endemic disease: supernatural beliefs and tsetse fly traps in the congo]. | community participation in the control of tropical diseases is of major importance nowadays, particularly for sleeping sickness (gambian trypanosomiasis). indeed, the authoritarian measures used with success to control this disease during the colonial period are difficult to apply now. moreover, in the congo, cultural and financial restrictions are such that patients sometimes refuse treatment. thus, it has become highly desirable for vector control to be carried out at the same time as the trea ... | 1989 | 2734626 |
| evidence for diploidy in metacyclic forms of african trypanosomes. | the dna contents of bloodstream form trypanosomes (life cycle stages circulating in the blood of the vertebrate host) of four african trypanosoma species and of metacyclic forms (the life cycle stage that is injected into the vertebrate by the tsetse fly during its bite) of the same four species were measured by cytofluorometry of individual cells or nuclei. the results showed unambiguously that the metacyclic forms cannot be considered to be products of meiosis containing only half of the dna o ... | 1989 | 2748597 |
| trypanosoma brucei: posttranscriptional control of the variable surface glycoprotein gene expression site. | the arrest of variable surface glycoprotein (vsg) synthesis is one of the first events accompanying the differentiation of trypanosoma brucei bloodstream forms into procyclic forms, which are characteristic of the insect vector. this is because of a very fast inhibition of vsg gene transcription which occurs as soon as the temperature is lowered. we report that this effect is probably not controlled at the level of transcription initiation, since the beginning of the vsg gene expression site, ab ... | 1989 | 2779574 |
| high frequency of antigenic variation in trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense infections. | rates at which trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense trypanosomes switch from expression of one variable antigen type (vat) to that of another have been determined in cloned populations that have been recently tsetse-fly transmitted. switching rates have been determined between several, specific pairs of vats in each population. high rates of switching were observed in 2 cloned trypanosome lines, each derived from a separate cyclical transmission of the same parental stock and each expressing a differe ... | 1989 | 2797873 |
| problems of field testing theoretical models: a case study. | the problems of field-testing models are discussed with reference to a population simulation model for the tsetse fly glossina pallidipes austen developed by us at nguruman in southwestern kenya. model predictions showed a reasonable fit to the changes in the biconical trap index of population size, but tended to overestimate some changes and underestimate others. a more rigorous test for the model is to manipulate one of the population parameters and compare model predictions with the observed ... | 1989 | 2802817 |
| vector susceptibility to african trypanosomes. | susceptibility of tsetse fly to trypanosome depends on two distinct barriers controlling respectively colonization of midgut and, migration to salivary glands. those barriers are modulated by barely known factors, pertaining to the physiological status of the fly as well as to cytoplasmic and nuclear inheritance. quantification of colonization (p) and migration (m) rates provides a way to calculate intrinsic vectorial capacity (ivc) as a product ivc = p x m, and to undergo comparative analysis o ... | 1989 | 2802818 |
| trypanosomiasis 'risk' or 'challenge': a review. | definitions of the term 'challenge' as applied to the african trypanosomiases are reviewed. data from one west and one east african site show simple linear relationships between the incidence of trypanosomiasis in both humans and animals, and either the amount of man-tsetse contact, or the apparent density of flies. data from a number of east african sites are analysed and show a linear relationship between the mean berenil index of cattle and the logarithm of the challenge, where challenge is t ... | 1985 | 2859750 |
| octopamine distribution in the tsetse fly glossina morsitans. | tissues of glossina morsitans were assayed for octopamine using an enzymatic technique. octopamine was detected at the highest concentration in the brain (7.06-7.99 ng mg-1 tissue protein) and thoracic ganglion (10.9-13.89 ng mg-1 tissue protein). octopamine was present in haemolymph at a concentration of 1.0-1.27 x 10(-7) m. this was not found to vary when insects were flown or mechanically stressed. nervous tissue, flight muscle and haemolymph showed a significant ability to metabolize octopam ... | 1985 | 2861950 |
| specific immunity in rats inoculated with trypanosoma brucei brucei derived from tsetse salivary glands and cultured in vitro. | twenty rats were each immunized intraperitoneally with 1.25 x 10(7) formalin-fixed trypanosoma brucei brucei (stock eatro 1969) derived from tsetse salivary glands and propagated in culture at 29 degrees c in their infective form for more than 1000 days. another group, consisting of 10 rats, was similarly immunized with parasites of stock eatro 999 derived from salivary glands of a tsetse fly and propagated in culture for more than 360 days. immunized animals were resistant to homologous challen ... | 1985 | 2862773 |
| studies on the biochemical basis of the nutritional quality of tsetse fly diets. | batches of freeze-dried pig and cow blood, whose nutritional value to g. p. palpalis ranged from low to near optimum, were analysed for amino acid, triglyceride and cholesterol content. the results of the chemical analyses were compared with the nutritional quality parameters observed when each batch of blood was fed to g. p. palpalis in an attempt to establish a chemical basis for the nutritional quality of diets for glossina. in general, those pig or cow blood diets that had a higher nutrition ... | 1986 | 2868828 |
| characterization of cyclically transmitted trypanosoma (t.) brucei isolates from man. | four different trypanosome isolates from human patients isolated in 1979 during the epidemic of sleeping sickness in busoga, south-east uganda, were characterized by the following methods: isoenzyme analyses of bloodstream forms by isoelectric focusing; in vitro tests of human serum resistance of bloodstream as well as metacyclic forms; tsetse fly transmission through glossina morsitans centralis and glossina morsitans morsitans to compare the above characteristics of parasite populations before ... | 1986 | 2872784 |
| immunoelectron microscopic demonstration of pancreatic polypeptide in midgut epithelium of hematophagous dipterans. | midguts of mosquitoes, aedes aegypti and anopheles stephensi, and of the tsetse fly, glossina morsitans morsitans, as well as guinea pig pancreas, were prepared for electron microscopy by using low-temperature embedding in lowicryl k4m. rabbit antiserum to bovine pancreatic polypeptide (pp) crossreacted with secretory granules of pancreatic pp-producing cells and of the clear cells in mosquito gut. rabbit antiserum to human somatostatin crossreacted with the control tissue, guinea pig pancreas d ... | 1987 | 2885369 |
| dose and stage dependency for the development of local skin reactions caused by trypanosoma congolense in goats. | intradermal inoculation of metacyclic forms of trypanosoma congolense propagated in vitro caused skin reactions in goats similar to the local skin reaction (chancre) induced by the bite of an infected tsetse fly. the onset, size and duration of these local skin reactions were dose-dependent. whereas one cultured metacyclic t. congolense was sufficient to cause a local skin reaction in a goat, over 10(7) bloodstream forms of t. congolense were necessary to elicit a detectable skin reaction and wh ... | 1987 | 2892366 |
| the effect of trypanosoma brucei infection of the localization of salivary gland cholinesterase in glossina morsitans morsitans. | when salivary glands of the tsetse fly, glossina morsitans morsitans, are stained for cholinesterase (che) activity, a net-like pattern of reaction product is observed surrounding each epithelial cell of the gland's secretory region. glands infected with trypanosoma brucei brucei show a progressive reduction in this che activity as the parasites develop. when the infection is mature, che is rarely detected in the epithelial layer but appears in the lumen of gland. the luminal che responds to sub ... | 1987 | 2892368 |
| [modification of the behavior of glossina palpalis palpalis linked to the swine fever epizootic of 1982 in a congolese village]. | a swine fever epizootic decimated the pig herds in villages within the yamba focus of human trypanosomiasis. ecological studies of glossina palpalis palpalis populations were carried out in one of the villages for four years following the disappearance of the pigs, which had been the principal nutritive host of the glossina in the area. one important behavioural modification occurred, namely the establishment of a small peridomestic tsetse population. the flies deserted the patches of residual f ... | 1987 | 2892369 |
| [the use of sentinel animals for the evaluation of the control of vectors of sleeping sickness: preliminary reports at a congolese site]. | a large-scale control trial against glossina palpalis palpalis was carried out in the congo using a new trapping technique. in the same way a test related to the experimental utilization of sentinel animals was performed, concurrently to the classical epidemiological and entomological evaluation. 564 domestic animals (pigs, sheep, goats) were examined parasitologically (wet blood films, woo/hct) and serologically (testryps catt) in six villages. when a drastic reduction of tsetse populations was ... | 1988 | 2907260 |
| tsetse ecology in a liberian rain-forest focus of gambian sleeping sickness. | investigations on tsetse ecology were undertaken in bong county of liberia during the dry season, october 1981 to february 1982, around villages where the human infection rate with trypanosoma brucei gambiense dutton was about 2%. most tsetse captured in biconical traps were glossina palpalis robineau-desvoidy and g. pallicera bigot, with relatively few g. fusca walker and g. nigrofusca newstead. swamps and water-gathering places were predominant habitats of all four species, but tsetse were als ... | 1987 | 2979539 |
| geographical distribution of glossina palpalis gambiensis and g.p.palpalis in liberia. | the two subspecies of glossina palpalis (robineau-desvoidy) occurring in liberia could be reliably separated morphometrically by measuring the width of the terminal dilatations of the male inferior claspers. subspecies differentiation of female flies was less conclusive. identification of flies from fifty-four sites revealed that most of liberia lies in the belt of glossina palpalis palpalis. however, pure and substantial populations of g.p.gambiensis vanderplank occur north of 8 degrees 20'n in ... | 1987 | 2979551 |
| juvenile hormone mimics as effective sterilants for the tsetse fly glossina morsitans morsitans. | the development of puparia of glossina morsitans morsitans westwood was disrupted by topical applications of the juvenile hormone mimics s-methoprene (the resolved enantiomer of 11-methoxy-3,7,11-trimethyl-2,4-dodecadienoic acid 1-methyl ester) (zoecon), s21149 (propionaldoxime-0-4-phenoxyphenoxyethylether) (sumitomo), or s31183 (2-[1-methyl-2-(4-phenoxyphenoxy)ethoxy]pyridine) (sumitomo) dissolved in acetone. puparia so treated during the first 4 days of life suffered developmental abnormalitie ... | 1988 | 2980157 |
| trials of compounds to enhance trap catches of glossina palpalis palpalis in liberia. | | 1988 | 2980175 |
| further analysis of intraspecific variation in trypanosoma brucei using restriction site polymorphisms in the maxi-circle of kinetoplast dna. | we have compared the maxi-circle kinetoplast dna of 21 trypanosoma brucei sp. stocks by analysis of restriction sites for nine restriction endonucleases. the analysis shows most of these stocks to have a maxi-circle sequence similar to that of 11 previously analysed stocks, with a difference of less than 3% between any two stocks. however, seven stocks stand out from the rest with at least two sites lost or gained for six of the nine restriction enzymes used. these seven distinctive stocks fall ... | 1985 | 2985985 |
| effect of theophylline on differentiation of trypanosoma brucei. | differentiation of trypanosoma brucei in the mammal limits the degree of parasitemia and prepares the trypanosome for passage back into the tsetse fly. in an attempt to define the signals that control differentiation, we found that theophylline, in contrast to indomethacin, blocked differentiation, prolonged parasitemia, elevated prostaglandin and cyclic amp concentrations of rat plasma, and depressed intratrypanosomal cyclic amp. relatively nontoxic drugs that alter differentiation are powerful ... | 1985 | 2993168 |
| [ecology of tsetse flies in the preforested area of the ivory coast. relation to human trypanosomiasis and possibilities for control]. | this paper gives the results of a tsetse fly research program in the preforested area of ivory coast. the main investigation tool was the challier-laveissière's biconical trap. the ecodistribution, resting and pupal sites of the principal tsetse species, g. palpalis, g. pallicera and g. nigrofusca were described in the t. b. gambiense sleeping sickness focus of vavoua. population dynamics, host preferences, activity cycles were compared between tsetse populations in plantations and village surro ... | 1985 | 2998259 |
| tsetse fly rdna: an analysis of structure and sequence. | a genomic library of glossina morsitans morsitans (tsetse fly) has been constructed in the phage vector embl 4 and a complete rdna unit isolated by using a d. melanogaster rdna clone as a probe. the overall organisation is typical of higher eukaryotes, including an intergenic spacer consisting of a subrepeating structure. atypically, however, the 45s precursor rna promoter was shown to lie within the last subrepeat by s1 mapping; i.e. the last subrepeat extends 90 bp into the ets. the sequence o ... | 1987 | 3029668 |
| prevalence of enlarged salivary glands in glossina palpalis, g. pallicera, and g. nigrofusca (diptera: glossinidae) from the vavoua area, ivory coast. | | 1987 | 3035182 |
| [house effect and family contamination in sleeping sickness: interpretative trial of the phenomenon. study of 3 congolese foci]. | a review is given of the different hypotheses concerning the concentration of trypanosomiasis cases at the house or family level: 1. mechanical transmission by haematophagous insects. 2. interrupted feeding of a tsetse fly with cyclic infection on different people. 3. family biological factor. these hypotheses are used as a introduction to an epidemiological field study in three congolese foci. whereas their distribution among village districts is random, patients are significantly aggregated at ... | 1988 | 3059954 |
| biology of african trypanosomes in the tsetse fly. | african trypanosomes present several features of interest to cell biologists. these include: a repressible single mitochondrion with a large mass of mitochondrial dna, the kinetoplast; a special organelle, the glycosome, which houses the enzymes of the glycolytic chain; a surface coat of variable glycoprotein which enables the parasite to evade the mammalian host's immune response; and a unique flagellum-to-host attachment mechanism associated with novel cytoskeletal elements. trypanosome develo ... | 1988 | 3067793 |
| evolution of the secondary structures and compensatory mutations of the ribosomal rnas of drosophila melanogaster. | this paper examines the effects of dna sequence evolution on rna secondary structures and compensatory mutations. models of the secondary structures of drosophila melanogaster 18s ribosomal rna (rrna) and of the complex between 2s, 5.8s, and 28s rrnas have been drawn on the basis of comparative and energetic criteria. the overall au richness of the d. melanogaster rrnas allows the resolution of some ambiguities in the structures of both large rrnas. comparison of the sequence of expansion segmen ... | 1988 | 3136295 |
| effects of flumethrin pour-on against glossina palpalis gambiensis (diptera, glossinidae). | 1920 males and females of glossina palpalis gambiensis were fed 3 times on a zebu treated with flumethrin pour-on. this resulted in a significant increase of the mortality and abortion rate of the flies. the fly-specific effects of flumethrin pour-on were time-dependent: clear effects on the performance of the flies were observed during the first 20 days after treatment of the zebu; an initial 90% "knock down" effect decreased to 40% during the first 15 days. | 1988 | 3175470 |
| effect of ivermectin and isometamidium chloride on glossina palpalis palpalis (diptera: glossinidae). | | 1988 | 3178326 |
| loss of variable antigen during transformation of trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense from bloodstream to procyclic forms in the tsetse fly. | a pleomorphic line of trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense expressing a single variable antigen was used to quantify the rate of loss of the surface coat from bloodstream forms transforming to procyclics in the tsetse fly, glossina morsitans, and in in vitro culture. loss of variable antigen occurred at similar rates in the crop and anterior portion of the midgut of tsetse flies and in in vitro culture, but in the posterior portion of the fly midgut it occurred 2-3 times faster. the posterior portion ... | 1988 | 3194363 |
| detection of antigens common to salivary glands and other tissues of tsetse fly, glossina palpalis palpalis (diptera: glossinidae). | the study demonstrates the common antigens to salivary gland, fat body, mesenteron, thorax muscle, native whole body, and dried whole body homogenates of tsetse flies, g. palpalis palpalis. the possibilities of their origin and the role in hypersensitivity induction and its propagation are discussed. | 1988 | 3198018 |
| viruslike particles in glossina palpalis gambiensis (diptera: glossinidae). | | 1988 | 3240012 |
| import of fructose bisphosphate aldolase into the glycosomes of trypanosoma brucei. | the glycolytic enzymes of trypanosomatids are compartmentalized within peroxisome-like microbodies called glycosomes. fructose bisphosphate aldolase is synthesized on free polysomes and imported into glycosomes within 5 min. peptide mapping reveals no primary structural differences between the in vivo-synthesized protein and that made in vitro from a synthetic template. however, native aldolase from glycosomes is partially protease resistant, whereas the in vitro translation product is not. puls ... | 1987 | 3320052 |
| a model of tsetse-transmitted animal trypanosomiasis. | the data needed to develop analytical models of trypanosomiasis transmission have become available only recently. by making some simplifying assumptions, models of the dynamics of the disease in vector, cattle and wild mammal populations can be constructed in order to determine criteria for successful disease control by mass and targetted chemotherapy, and by vector control. the heterogeneity in transmission due to tsetse fly feeding preferences and the variability of immunological characteristi ... | 1988 | 3362578 |
| prevalence of trypanosomiasis in cattle in south-west zambia. | a trypanosomiasis survey was conducted in south-west zambia. from a total of 3,346 cattle sampled 342 cattle showed a positive trypanosomiasis parasitaemia. during the survey trypanosome species and pcv values were also recorded. with simple statistical analysis populations with higher and lower prevalence rates were differentiated. the results indicated that the kwando river basin tsetse fly belt and the kafue river basin tsetse fly belt infested a larger area than originally assumed and that a ... | 1988 | 3400114 |
| use of oven-dried blood for in vitro feeding of tsetse flies. | comparison of the survival, fecundity and offspring size of glossina palpalis palpalis females fed reconstituted oven-dried blood, fresh, frozen/thawed, or reconstituted freeze-dried blood showed that oven-drying at 45 degrees c does not diminish the nutritional quality of blood. the significance of this finding is discussed with a view to optimizing costs and conditions of blood-diet storage and transportation in the context of mass-rearing of tsetse flies. | 1988 | 3416999 |
| cell adhesion in trypanosoma: in vitro studies of the interaction of trypanosoma vivax with immobilized organic dyes. | certain bloodstream forms of trypanosoma vivax have been shown to attach to amicon matrex gel green a dye beads in a manner similar to the in vivo binding of t. vivax to the inner surface of the tsetse fly proboscis. we now report an in vitro assay for trypanosome-bead attachment and show that only the 9,10-anthraquinone portion of the dye molecule is involved in the binding of trypanosomes to beads and that bead-bound dyes with similar structures also support binding to differing degrees. the b ... | 1987 | 3430412 |
| evidence for haploidy in metacyclic forms of trypanosoma brucei. | the parasitic flagellate trypanosoma brucei undergoes a series of morphologic and metabolic changes during its passage in the digestive organs of its insect vector, a glossina or tsetse fly. this morphogenesis ends by the differentiation, in the salivary gland of the fly, of the metacyclic form, which will be transmitted in the bloodstream of the mammalian host. on the basis of dna microfluorometric measurements, we propose that these metacyclic trypanosomes have a haploid amount of dna, compare ... | 1986 | 3461475 |
| peripheral blood leucocytes subpopulation dynamics during trypanosoma congolense infection in boran and n'dama cattle: an analysis using monoclonal antibodies and flow cytometry. | a panel of monoclonal antibodies (moab) with specificities for bovine leucocyte subsets were used in conjunction with routine haematological procedures to analyse sequential changes in peripheral blood leucocyte populations during the course of tsetse fly-transmitted trypanosoma congolense infection in trypanotolerant n'dama and trypanosusceptible boran cattle. subsequent to the first parasitaemic wave, the n'dama cattle maintained packed cell volumes (pcv) above 22 and lower levels of parasitae ... | 1987 | 3496577 |
| procyclic tsetse fly midgut forms and culture forms of african trypanosomes share stage- and species-specific surface antigens identified by monoclonal antibodies. | procyclic culture form (pcf) trypanosomes were established from a bloodstream form population of cloned trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense and were used to immunize mice for hybridoma production. indirect immunofluorescence was used to select 10 hybridomas which secreted antibodies that bound to the surface of homologous living pcf. the antibodies reacted with pcf of several clones of t.b. brucei, t.b. gambiense, and t.b. rhodesiense, but not with pcf of t. congolense or t. vivax, or with promastigo ... | 1986 | 3512712 |
| analysis of trypanosome variable antigen types in cultures of metacyclic and mammalian forms of trypanosoma congolense. | cultured metacyclic forms of trypanosoma congolense display a characteristic repertoire of metacyclic variable antigen types (m-vats) similar to that exhibited in vitro in the tsetse fly. there appeared to be no change in expression of m-vats in cultures of two stocks of t. congolense even after several passages, cryopreservation or long-term cultivation in vitro. metacyclic forms transformed into mammalian forms when transferred to cultures of bovine aorta endothelial cells and whilst one stock ... | 1986 | 3528995 |
| differential protein synthesis during the life cycle of the protozoan parasite trypanosoma brucei. | two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis has been used to analyze changes in protein content and protein synthesis in three stages of the life cycle of the protozoan parasite trypanosoma brucei. the stages examined were slender and stumpy mammalian bloodstream forms and procyclic forms, which are analogous to the tsetse fly midgut stage. two-dimensional gels of 35s-methionine-labeled proteins were examined by autoradiography to analyze newly synthesized protein, and gels were stained w ... | 1987 | 3572842 |
| [a new glossina from the congo: glossina (austenina) frezili sp. nov. (diptera: glossinidae)]. | the male and female genitalia of glossina frezili sp. nov., a new tsetse fly occurring in the mangrove forest of the congo and gabon are described. g. frezili is related to g. medicorum but clearly distinct from this species by its habitat and the morphology of the genitalia. | 1987 | 3629143 |
| onset of expression of the variant surface glycoproteins of trypanosoma brucei in the tsetse fly studied using immunoelectron microscopy. | the acquisition of the variant surface glycoprotein (variable antigen) coat by metacyclic stage trypanosoma brucei in the salivary glands of the tsetse fly, glossina morsitans, has been studied in situ by transmission and scanning electron microscopy using monoclonal antibodies raised against metacyclic variable antigen types and complexed with horseradish peroxidase or colloidal gold. the coat is acquired after binary fission has ceased but while the parasite is still attached to the gland epit ... | 1987 | 3654788 |
| a novel arrangement of sequence elements surrounding the rdna promoter and its spacer duplications in tsetse species. | variation in organization and sequence of the rdna of six species of tsetse fly (glossina) has been investigated. several novel tsetse-specific features have been uncovered. like many other species the spacer is composed of subrepeats, which in some species contain duplications of the true promoter at the spacer-ets boundary. in tsetse, however, the first 90 base-pairs of the external transcribed spacer (ets) (that is, +1 to +90 after transcription initiation) is the 3' end of the last subrepeat ... | 1987 | 3656412 |
| culture form and tsetse fly midgut form procyclic trypanosoma brucei express common proteins. | proteins expressed by culture form and tsetse fly midgut form procyclic trypanosomes were examined by polyacrylamide gel electrophoretic techniques. analysis of the proteins of the two forms of procyclic organisms was performed by comparison of autoradiographs of high resolution two-dimensional polyacrylamide gels prepared using [35s]methionine-labelled parasites. only eight spots were found to differ between autoradiographs of culture form and tsetse fly midgut form parasites. seven of these di ... | 1987 | 3696176 |
| species identification of blood-meals from tsetse flies (glossinidae): results 1979-1985. | results from species identification of almost 6,000 tsetse fly blood-meals are reported. regarding glossina palpalis and g. pallidipes, it was shown that the preference of tsetse flies for certain host species differed according to the sampling area. consequently, results from blood-meal identification are to be interpreted with this point in view. | 1986 | 3704476 |
| [the pyramidal trap for collecting and controlling tsetse flies (diptera: glossinidae). comparative trials and description of new collecting technics]. | the pyramidal trap, currently being used in the congo by the public health service, is between two and five times more efficient than the biconical trap in this country. this is the case in particular for collecting the sleeping sickness vector species glossina palpalis palpalis and g. fuscips quanzensis. its simple and robust construction makes this trap ideally suitable for the large scale control of tsetse flies. its efficiency and ease of transport make it useful for the biologist and the ep ... | 1986 | 3704477 |
| maintaining zebu maure cattle in a tsetse infested area of mali. ii. epidemiological considerations. | scheduled monitoring of tsetse and other biting flies at tienfala forest, republic of mali from december 1979 until june 1981 yielded more than 14,500 specimens. comparisons of the monthly totals of tsetse and other biting flies with the monthly incidence of bovine trypanosomiasis in sentinel cattle suggested that biological transmission by a single riverine species of tsetse, glossina palpalis gambiensis, accounted for most if not all disease transmission at the study site. the data obtained al ... | 1986 | 3705173 |
| parasite kinetics and immune responses in efferent prefemoral lymph draining skin reactions induced by tsetse-transmitted trypanosoma congolense. | localised skin reactions (chancres) occurred on the flanks of cattle at the sites of deposition by tsetse flies of metacyclic forms of trypanosoma congolense. marked enlargement of the draining prefemoral lymph nodes accompanied the development of the skin reactions. lymph from these nodes was collected through polyethylene cannulae inserted into the efferent lymphatics, and examined for trypanosomes, cells and antibody content. within 6-9 days after infected tsetse fly bite, trypanosomes were d ... | 1986 | 3705421 |
| hybrid formation between african trypanosomes during cyclical transmission. | trypanosomes of the species trypanosoma brucei reproduce primarily by binary fission, but the frequency of enzyme electrophoretic variants in natural populations of t. brucei has provided indirect evidence for the existence of a sexual cycle. these studies, coupled with studies of restriction fragment length polymorphisms of genes encoding glycolytic enzymes, have also provided evidence for t. brucei being diploid. here we report direct evidence of gene exchange between two different clones of t ... | 1986 | 3724860 |
| infectivity of trypanosoma rhodesiense cultivated at 28 degrees c with various tsetse fly tissues. | metacyclic trypanosomes developed in populations of procyclic forms of four stocks of trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense cultivated at 28 degrees c in a liquid medium containing explants of tsetse fly head-salivary glands, alimentary tract, abdominal body wall, or thoracic muscle. the cultures became infective for mice 7-16 days after they were prepared, and infective trypanosomes were present for prolonged periods. in the culture series of stock trum 545, infectivity persisted for 138 days when the ... | 1986 | 3735153 |
| interference between different serodemes of trypanosoma congolense in the establishment of superinfections in goats following transmission by tsetse. | when domestic ruminants cyclically infected with trypanosoma congolense are superinfected with a different serodeme of the same species, an interference phenomenon occurs which delays the development of the second cyclical infection. experiments were carried out to investigate the influence of the time interval between the two infections on the degree of interference and to follow the course of the superinfection clinically, serologically and histologically. goats infected with tsetse-transmitte ... | 1986 | 3748602 |
| efficacy of ivermectin on the reproductive biology of glossina palpalis palpalis (rob.-desv.) (glossinidae: diptera). | | 1986 | 3755883 |
| opposite effects of ecdysone and 20-hydroxyecdysone on in vitro uterus motility of a tsetse fly. | in order to examine the possible effects of ecdysteroids on parturition, we studied in vitro the influence of ecdysone and 20-hydroxyecdysone on the motility of isolated uterus from virgin and pregnant female tsetse fly (glossina fuscipes). ecdysone initiates phasic uterine contractions or enhances the frequency of preexisting contractile activity. in contrast, uterine contractions are decreased or abolished by 20-hydroxyecdysone. pharmacological data indicate that tsetse fly uterus exhibits myo ... | 1986 | 3796208 |
| expression of a polypeptide containing a dipeptide repeat is confined to the insect stage of trypanosoma brucei. | the protozoan parasite trypanosoma brucei is transmitted between mammalian hosts by the tsetse fly (glossina spp.). trypanosomes ingested by the fly undergo a number of changes in the insect midgut during differentiation to procyclic forms. these include the loss of the variant specific glycoprotein (vsg) coat and the appearance of a common set of procyclic surface antigens. in order to investigate genes other than vsg genes which are expressed only at certain stages of the life cycle, the first ... | 1987 | 3808022 |
| lesions and saliva-specific antibody responses in rabbits with immediate and delayed hypersensitivity reactions to the bites of glossina morsitans centralis. | rabbits exposed to feeding tsetse flies developed cutaneous hypersensitivity responses to fly bites. these responses had characteristics of immediate and delayed type hypersensitivity. saliva components from the tsetse fly glossina morsitans centralis were electrophoretically separated by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. major salivary proteins of 160, 92, 66, 64, 55, 42, 33, 28, and 15 kilodaltons were identified. separated salivary components were transferred to nitro ... | 1986 | 3811131 |
| trypanosome hybrids generated in tsetse flies by nuclear fusion. | genetic exchange may occur between two particular trypanosoma brucei clones simultaneously transmitted by the same tsetse fly. we report here that this exchange takes place in the fly, through nuclear fusion. the resulting hybrids appear to be sub-tetraploid, some particular dna sequences from one of the parental stocks being lost before enough cloned hybrid trypanosomes could be harvested for dna analysis. a further reduction of the dna content of these hybrids occurs gradually upon growth and ... | 1986 | 3830130 |
| high and low responsiveness of bovine lymphocytes to trypanosoma brucei in vitro: lack of correlation with resistance to trypanosomiasis. | bovine peripheral blood lymphocytes (pbl) were stimulated to proliferate in vitro by live, irradiated or freeze-thawed trypanosoma brucei, but not by the isolated variant surface glycoprotein. the optimal dose was 10(5) trypanosomes per 5 x 10(5) lymphocytes in 0.2 ml. maximal proliferation was at day 5. of the 98 cattle tested, 36 were high-responders (stimulation indexes 20-104), 49 were low or non-responders (si 1-10) and 13 were intermediate. the responder status of individual animals did no ... | 1985 | 3871728 |
| properties of a novel dna virus from the tsetse fly, glossina pallidipes. | virus particles were isolated from hypertrophied salivary glands of the tsetse fly, glossina pallidipes collected near mombasa, kenya. purified virus particles were rod-shaped, 57 nm wide by 700 to 1300 nm long. particle lengths fell into two size classes, with 'short' particles averaging 869 nm and 'long' particles 1175 nm. the virus particles morphologically resembled elongated baculovirus nucleocapsids although, unlike baculoviruses, no fully enveloped virions were found in purified preparati ... | 1986 | 3950581 |
| independent expression of the metacyclic and bloodstream variable antigen repertoires of trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense. | the variable antigen repertoire expressed by metacyclic trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense is not influenced by the anamnestic expression whereby the variable antigen type (vat) ingested by a tsetse fly is present at high levels in early bloodstream populations of fly-infected mice. this has been demonstrated by feeding to glossina morsitans a trypanosome line expressing a vat which is normally a component of the metacyclic repertoire. the vat did not constitute a significantly increased proportion ... | 1986 | 3960594 |
| trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense: enhancement of infection rates in the tsetse fly, glossina morsitans, by feeding artificial bloodmeal mixtures. | low mature salivary gland (sg) infection rates (6%) in less than 24-hour-old flies fed on blood containing bloodform trypanosomes can be significantly enhanced by feeding flies an artificial mixture containing procyclic forms in a red cell: culture medium mixture (procyclic mixture, sg rate = 21.0%). however, enhancement is not solely a function of the use of procyclic forms since blood forms fed to flies in the same red cell: culture medium mixture produce sg rates (15.4%) intermediate to those ... | 1985 | 3970311 |
| neutralization of individual variable antigen types in metacyclic populations of trypanosoma brucei does not prevent their subsequent expression in mice. | the trypanosoma brucei metacyclic population in the salivary glands of the tsetse fly displays a characteristic set of variable antigen types (vats) which represents only a restricted part of the parasite's total vat repertoire. after introduction into the mammalian host by fly bite, the metacyclics transform into bloodstream forms which retain expression of the metacyclic vats. specific antibodies, both polyvalent and monoclonal, have been used to neutralize separately 4 individual vats from me ... | 1985 | 3982856 |
| induction of systemic and local basophil and eosinophil responses in guinea pigs by the feeding of the tsetse fly glossina morsitans. | guinea pigs infested with glossina morsitans weekly for 5 weeks exhibited marked peripheral blood basophil and eosinophil responses to each infestation, with a dominant cutaneous basophil response to challenge infestation. g. morsitans feeding was completed within 3--10 min, depending upon prior exposure, and flies were reluctant to feed and probed longer on hyperexposed animals. blood basophil responses exhibited the greatest increases over controls (up to 12-fold) compared to eosinophils (up t ... | 1985 | 4002604 |
| characteristics of trypanosome variant antigen genes active in the tsetse fly. | trypanosoma brucei contains a repertoire of more than 100 different genes for variant surface glycoproteins (vsgs). a small and strain-specific fraction of these genes is expressed in the salivary glands of the tsetse fly (m-genes), giving rise to metacyclic variable antigen types (m-vats). antibodies produced in a chronic trypanosome infection initiated by syringe inoculation of bloodstream forms into mammals (i.e. against b-vats), will react with most of the m-vats suggesting that these b-vats ... | 1985 | 4022771 |
| extrachromosomal inheritance of susceptibility to trypanosome infection in tsetse flies. i. selection of susceptible and refractory lines of glossina morsitans morsitans. | differences in susceptibility to infection with trypanosoma congolense between f1 families of glossina morsitans morsitans indicated that susceptibility is maternally inherited in this species of tsetse fly. twelve f1 families, six selected for susceptibility and six selected for refractoriness to infection, have been bred for up to 13 generations. the reciprocal differences demonstrated in the f1 generation persisted in these selected families over many generations, indicating that susceptibili ... | 1985 | 4026443 |
| trypanosoma brucei: infectivity and immunogenicity of cultured parasites. | trypanosoma brucei brucei, derived from the salivary glands of infected tsetse flies (glossina morsitans morsitans) and maintained in culture for over 4 years, were infective to both albino rats and tsetse flies. virulence was markedly enhanced during the first passage in albino rats or tsetse flies. irradiated cultured trypanosomes induced immunity to homologous challenge but not to tsetse fly or blood-induced challenge with the same stock. | 1985 | 4029345 |
| differentiation in trypanosoma brucei: host-parasite cell junctions and their persistence during acquisition of the variable antigen coat. | acquisition of the variable antigen-containing surface coat of trypanosoma brucei occurs at the metacyclic stage in the salivary glands of the tsetse fly vector. the differentiation of the metacyclic trypanosome in the gland has been studied by scanning electron microscopy and by transmission electron microscopy of thin sections and freeze-fracture replicas. the uncoated epimastigote trypanosomes (with a prenuclear kinetoplast) divide while attached to the salivary gland epithelium brush border ... | 1985 | 4030903 |
| methods to calculate survival rate in tsetse fly (glossina) populations. | | 1985 | 4037898 |
| [socio-entomologic survey in human trypanosomiasis focus of yamba (peoples republic of congo)]. | a study carried out at villagers level in a focus infected by human trypanosomiasis (yamba, bouenza region, congo, mikengue ethnic group) revealed that modern medicin is recognized by them as the sole possibility to treat the sleeping sickness. the witch doctor, if he cannot transmit the sickness, is perfectly able to aggravate it. he is considered as the responsible for any fatal issue. tsetse flies are charged of transmitting the sickness as well as other biting insects (black flies, ceratopog ... | 1985 | 4068972 |
| observations on age-grouping the tsetse fly, glossina pallidipes, by wing-fray and ovarian dissection, on the south kenya coast. | female glossina pallidipes from biconical trap collections at five localities on the south kenya coast were age-grouped by wing-fray and ovarian condition, and their trypanosome infection rates determined. from simultaneous application of the two age-grouping methods to 991 female tsetse, 17 reproductive age-categories were recognized. separation into these categories was supported by a highly significant correlation between estimated age and proportion of tsetse uninfected by trypanosomes. limi ... | 1985 | 4073997 |
| action of isometamidium chloride on the insect vector form of trypanosoma vivax. | the effect of isometamidium chloride upon developing and mature trypanosoma vivax occurring in glossina palpalis palpalis flies was evaluated. newly emerged g p palpalis flies were infected with t vivax by allowing them to feed on parasitaemic animals. two experiments were conducted and in each the flies were divided into two groups. one group of infected flies was fed in vitro through a membrane on defibrinated cow blood containing isometamidium chloride at 0.1 mg ml-1, after which they were di ... | 1985 | 4081332 |
| trypanotolerance in east african orma boran cattle. | comparative studies on two types of large east african zebu (bos indicus) boran cattle, on a beef ranch in kenya, have indicated that a boran type bred by the orma tribe has a superior response to tsetse fly challenge. the orma boran when compared with an improved boran was found to have lower trypanosome infection rates and, when untreated, better control of anaemia and decreased mortality. | 1985 | 4090214 |
| studies on the amino acids of the tsetse fly, glossina morsitans, maintained on in vitro and in vivo feeding systems. | | 1974 | 4153811 |
| bacteroids in the ovaries of a tsetse fly. | | 1974 | 4208431 |
| carbohydrate metabolism in flight muscle of the tsetse fly (glossina) and the blowfly (sarcophaga). | | 1969 | 4312541 |
| oxaloacetic carboxylase in flight musculature of the tsetse fly. | | 1965 | 4379552 |