| susceptibility of culex (culex) tritaeniorhynchus giles adults and larvae to insecticides in delhi area. | | 1983 | 6672087 |
| variation in susceptibility among colony strains of culex tritaeniorhynchus to japanese encephalitis virus infection. | the susceptibilities to japanese encephalitis virus of eight strains of culex tritaeniorhynchus, seven domestic and one from taiwan, were studied quantitatively by the membrane feeding technique. six of them, originated from the main islands of japan (honshu and kyushu) and okinawa, had moderate susceptibilities to the virus. one strain from amami island was slightly more susceptible than moderate strains and was sixfold more susceptible than taiwan strain. the differences, were statistically si ... | 1980 | 7265557 |
| overwintering of culex tritaeniorhynchus giles in delhi area. | | 1981 | 7320489 |
| neutralization antibody responses induced by japanese encephalitis virus vaccine. | single doses of japanese encephalitis (je) vaccine of the nakayama strain were given to members of the staffs of a hospital and 99 paired-sera were obtained. neutralization antibody titers of the sera were determined against the nakayama strain and e-50 strain, isolated from wild culex tritaeniorhynchus using clone c6/36 of singh's aedes albopictus mosquito cell culture. post-vaccination sera showed a significant neutralizing antibody response against both the nakayama and e-50 strain. the geome ... | 1981 | 7346039 |
| attenuation markers of a candidate dengue type 2 vaccine virus, strain 16681 (pdk-53), are defined by mutations in the 5' noncoding region and nonstructural proteins 1 and 3. | the genome of a candidate dengue type 2 (den-2) vaccine virus, strain pdk-53, differs from its den-2 16681 parent by nine nucleotides. using infectious cdna clones, we constructed 18 recombinant 16681/pdk-53 viruses to analyze four 16681-to-pdk-53 mutations, including 5' noncoding region (5'nc)-57 c-to-t, premembrane (prm)-29 asp-to-val (the only mutation that occurs in the structural proteins), nonstructural protein 1 (ns1)-53 gly-to-asp, and ns3-250 glu-to-val. the viruses were studied for pla ... | 2000 | 10708415 |
| chimeric dengue type 2 (vaccine strain pdk-53)/dengue type 1 virus as a potential candidate dengue type 1 virus vaccine. | we constructed chimeric dengue type 2/type 1 (den-2/den-1) viruses containing the nonstructural genes of den-2 16681 virus or its vaccine derivative, strain pdk-53, and the structural genes (encoding capsid protein, premembrane protein, and envelope glycoprotein) of den-1 16007 virus or its vaccine derivative, strain pdk-13. we previously reported that attenuation markers of den-2 pdk-53 virus were encoded by genetic loci located outside the structural gene region of the pdk-53 virus genome. chi ... | 2000 | 10708416 |
| insecticide susceptibility status of culex tritaeniorhynchus giles, vector of japanese encephalitis in delhi. | laboratory studies were carried out to ascertain the current susceptibility status of adult and larval stages of the culex tritaeniorhynchus mosquito, vector of japanese encephalitis, to various insecticides used under public health programs in india. the present study revealed that exposure of adult mosquitoes to diagnostic concentrations of ddt - 4.0%, malathion - 5.0%, fenitrothion - 1.0%, and propoxur - 0.1% could induce only 50.0, 10. 0, 15.0, and 5.0% mortality, respectively, indicating th ... | 2000 | 10777851 |
| characterization of two japanese encephalitis virus strains isolated in thailand. | two strains of japanese encephalitis (je) virus were isolated from a pool of culex tritaeniorhynchus captured in 1992 and another pool of cx. vishnui captured in 1993, in chiang mai area, northern thailand. these two strains, thcmar44/92 and thcmar67/93, could not be identified either as nakayama or jagar01 subtype by the hemagglutination-inhibition (hi) and the neutralization (n) tests using immune sera raised against these standard je virus strains. reverse transcription-polymerase chain react ... | 1995 | 7487488 |
| effect of rice culturing practices on seasonal occurrence of culex tritaeniorhynchus (diptera: culicidae) immatures in three different types of rice-growing areas in central japan. | seasonal occurrence of culex tritaeniorhynchus giles immatures was surveyed, together with detailed observations on the rice cultivation practices, weekly in three different types of rice field habitat from 1982 to 1985. despite early water introduction and seedling transplantation, a late seasonal peak of density and abundance of first instars were observed at terraced rice fields (ye) with continuous water in- and outflow through sluices in a hilly area. in contrast, immature populations incre ... | 1995 | 7608915 |
| abundance of three mosquito vectors in okinawa with relevance to disease risk. | the abundances of three mosquito vectors on okinawa were determined using new jersey light traps and compared with data from an identical survey in 1969. the focal distribution of the primary vector of japanese encephalitis (je), culex tritaeniorhynchus giles, indicates that exposure risks are not uniform throughout the island. the populations of the primary vectors of je and malaria appear to be declining, resulting in significant changes in the relative abundances of mosquito species. these ch ... | 1995 | 7617223 |
| isolation of a newly recognized alphavirus from mosquitoes in vietnam and evidence for human infection and disease. | during studies of arboviral epidemiology in vietnam, five virus isolates were recovered from culex tritaeniorhynchus mosquitoes. three of the five isolates were identified as strains of japanese encephalitis virus, but the others, collected at me tri village, hanoi, were shown to represent an alphavirus, for which we propose the name me tri virus. this newly recognized virus is most closely related to semliki forest virus. the two isolates appear to be antigenic subtypes of a single virus, and e ... | 1995 | 7625527 |
| comparison of intertypic antigenicity of aino virus isolates by dot immunobinding assay using neutralizing monoclonal antibodies. | neutralizing monoclonal antibodies (mabs) against the aino virus were prepared, and the neutralizing epitopes of the virus were defined by competitive binding assay. seven continuous and overlapping neutralizing epitopes existed on the g1 glycoprotein of the aino virus. two antigenic domains were identified and were designated i and ii, with domain ii consisting of six epitopes. dot immunobinding assays (dias) were performed with mabs that recognized these seven neutralizing epitopes. dias were ... | 2000 | 11060092 |
| studies on the mosquito vectors of japanese encephalitis virus in mandya district, karnataka, india. | entomological investigations were carried out in areas affected by japanese encephalitis (je) in mandya district, karnataka, india, from 1983 to 1988, to determine species composition and the density of mosquito vectors, in relation to the incidence of je cases. je cases occurred in two spells in a year, one during april-june (summer epidemic) and another during october-december (winter epidemic). there was very high incidence of je cases in extensively irrigated areas and a low incidence in som ... | 1994 | 7855661 |
| species composition and seasonal dynamics of mosquitoes in the belek region of turkey. | the species composition and seasonal population dynamics of mosquitoes trapped in the belek region of turkey are described. eight traps (four new jersey light traps and four co2 baited traps) were activated weekly at four different sampling sites (wooded area, open field, village, and road edge). between may and december, 1997, 4,542 specimens representing seven species (culex pipiens, culex tritaeniorhynchus, aedes caspius, aedes cretinus, aedes dorsalis, aedes vexans, and culiseta annulata) we ... | 2000 | 11217213 |
| growth characteristics of the chimeric japanese encephalitis virus vaccine candidate, chimerivax-je (yf/je sa14--14--2), in culex tritaeniorhynchus, aedes albopictus, and aedes aegypti mosquitoes. | the japanese encephalitis (je) virus vaccine candidate, chimerivax-je, which consists of a yellow fever (yf) 17d virus backbone containing the prm and e genes from the je vaccine strain je sa14--14--2, exhibits restricted replication in non-human primates, producing only a low-level viremia following peripheral inoculation. although this reduces the likelihood that hematophagous insects could become infected by feeding on a vaccinated host, it is prudent to investigate the replication kinetics o ... | 2000 | 11220763 |
| studies on adult mosquito vectors of japanese encephalitis in a pig farm in selangor, malaysia. | mosquito collections were carried out for a period of one year from january to december 1992 in a pig farm in sungai pelek, selangor, malaysia. a total of 41,022 mosquitos belonging to 52 species and 20 genera were collected. culex tritaeniorhynchus and cx. gelidus, the important vectors, comprised 63% of all mosquitos collected. both these species were collected in large numbers during the wet months of may and december. the other predominant species in that area were cx. fuscocephala, cx. quin ... | 1994 | 7855662 |
| viruses isolated from mosquitoes collected in sri lanka. | attempts to isolate viruses from 178,181 unengorged female mosquitoes collected from different ecologic areas of sri lanka yielded 31 isolates: 17 of japanese encephalitis (je) virus, nine of getah virus, three of a batai-related bunyavirus, and two of arkonam virus. culex tritaeniorhynchus and mansonia uniformis mosquitoes were found to carry je virus in a dry zone nonepidemic area, and cx. pseudovishnui was found to carry it in a wet zone nonepidemic area. japanese encephalitis virus was isola ... | 1994 | 7915499 |
| comparative linkage map development and identification of an autosomal locus for insensitive acetylcholinesterase-mediated insecticide resistance in culex tritaeniorhynchus. | a comparative linkage map for culex tritaeniorhynchus was constructed based on restriction fragment length polymorphism markers using cdnas from aedes aegypti. linear orders of marker loci in cx. tritaeniorhynchus were identical to culex pipiens wherein chromosomes 2 and 3 reflect whole-arm rearrangements compared to a. aegypti. however, the sex determination locus in cx. tritaeniorhynchus maps to chromosome 3, in contrast to cx. pipiens and ae. aegypti where it is located on chromosome 1. our r ... | 2001 | 11437911 |
| epidemiological and ecological studies of japanese encephalitis in okinawa, subtropical area in japan. i. investigations on antibody levels to japanese encephalitis virus in swine sera and vector mosquito in okinawa, miyako and ishigaki islands. | from 1985 to 1989, serum specimens of swine raised in the northern, central and southern areas in okinawa island were examined for japanese encephalitis (je) virus antibody by elisa and hemagglutination-inhibition test. the antibody positive rate was found to be higher in the north and central than in the south. the 2-mercaptoethanol sensitive antibody to je was detected mostly in june and july, and occasionally in other months except february and march. there was no month when all specimens fro ... | 1994 | 8041298 |
| autumn southward 'return' migration of the mosquito culex tritaeniorhynchus in china. | direct evidence for a southward 'return' migration in autumn of the mosquito culex tritaeniorhynchus in china was obtained by aerial sampling with a net suspended from a balloon. in a preliminary study between 2 and 20 september 1990 at jiangpu, near nanjing, in jiangsu province, 11 females and 4 males of this species were taken at heights of 150-250 m. during 17-26 october 1991 at dongxiang in northern jiangxi province, 44 mosquitoes (8 males, 36 females) were caught in the aerial net at height ... | 1993 | 8268485 |
| japanese encephalitis on saipan: a survey of suspected mosquito vectors. | an outbreak of japanese encephalitis (je) occurred on saipan, commonwealth of northern mariana islands, in october 1990. adult and larval mosquitoes were collected during september-october 1991 to retrospectively determine the probable mosquito vector(s). virus was not isolated from 119 mosquito pools composed of 7,250 adult specimens as follows: aedes vexans nocturnis (14%), culex tritaeniorhynchus (39%), cx. sitiens group (11%), culex (culex) species (35%), and < 1% each of ae. albopictus, ae. ... | 1993 | 8386909 |
| comparative evaluation of bioassay and elisa for detection of japanese encephalitis virus in field collected mosquitos. | comparative evaluation of enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa) and bioassay (virus isolation in toxorhynchites splendens larvae and identification by immunofluorescence test using virus specific monoclonal antibody) was carried out in order to define a suitable strategy for monitoring japanese encephalitis virus infection in field mosquitos. a total of 8,850 adult female mosquitos in 177 pools (culex tritaeniorhynchus 91, cx. vishnui 59 and cx. fuscocephala 27) collected from an endemic are ... | 1995 | 8525426 |
| cloning and characterization of the crystal protein-encoding gene of bacillus thuringiensis subsp. yunnanensis. | molecular cloning and characterization of a novel cry gene, cry32aa, of bacillus thuringiensis subsp. yunnanensis was carried out. the cry32aa protein was predicted to have a molecular mass of 139.2 kda and was found to have an unusual 42-amino-acid-long tail at the c terminus. the cry32aa gene was localized on the 103-mda plasmid of the organism. bioassays showed no toxicity against several moths and mosquitoes. however, it exhibited weak toxicity against larvae of the diamondback moth, plutell ... | 2002 | 11772653 |
| abundance, parity, and japanese encephalitis virus infection of mosquitoes (diptera:culicidae) in sepang district, malaysia. | a 2-yr study of japanese encephalitis (je) virus in sepang district, selangor, malaysia, was carried out to identify the mosquito vectors and to determine their seasonal abundance, parity, and infection rates. in total, 81,889 mosquitoes belonging to 9 genera and > 50 species were identified from cdc trap collections augmented with dry ice during 1992 and 1993. culex tritaeniorhynchus giles and culex gelidus giles were the most abundant species, and both increased in numbers with increases in ra ... | 1997 | 9151487 |
| late season commercial mosquito trap and host seeking activity evaluation against mosquitoes in a malarious area of the republic of korea. | field trials evaluating selected commercially available mosquito traps variously baited with light, carbon dioxide, and/or octenol were conducted from 18-27 september 2000 in a malarious area near paekyeon-ri (tongil-chon) and camp greaves in paju county, kyonggi province, republic of korea. the host-seeking activity for common mosquito species, including the primary vector of japanese encephalitis, culex tritaeniorhynchus giles, was determined using hourly aspirator collections from a human and ... | 2002 | 11949213 |
| effects of rice culture practices on the abundance of culex mosquitoes (diptera:culicidae) in northern thailand. | in 1991-1993, the density (numbers per 10 dips) and abundance (density x flooded area) of mosquitoes were studied in 3 areas of northern thailand with different environmental conditions. culex tritaeniorhynchus giles, cx. vishnui theobald, and cx. gelidus theobald were predominant among the 8 culex species collected. abundance of these 3 species varied significantly among the 3 areas. type of habitat classified according to agricultural practices in rainy and dry season significantly influenced ... | 1997 | 9151489 |
| antigen distribution pattern of west nile virus in culex tritaeniorhynchus, culex vishnui and culex pseudovishnui mosquitoes. | distribution of west nile (wn) virus antigen in different tissues of mosquitoes was studied in three species viz., culex tritaeniorhynchus, c. vishnui and c. pseudovishnui. overall per cent positivity was higher in the intra thoracically inoculated as compared to the orally infected mosquitoes, suggesting the existence of a midgut barrier. in a small number of mosquitoes salivary glands were found negative even though fluorescence was seen in the respective head squashes, suggesting salivary gla ... | 2001 | 12206036 |
| virus isolation from wild-caught mosquitoes during a japanese encephalitis outbreak in kerala in 1996. | out of 5357 wild-caught mosquitoes in 163 pools tested for virus using antigen capture elisa and an insect-bioassay (inoculation into toxorhynchites splendens larvae and identification by ifa using je virus-specific monoclonal antibody), 16 flavivirus isolations were made of which 12 (75%) were identified as je virus. of the 12 je virus isolations, 7 were from culex tritaeniorhynchus, 3 from mansonia uniformis and 1 each from ma. indiana and anopheles subpictus. four isolations from mansonia spe ... | 1997 | 9248207 |
| the 2000 epidemic of rift valley fever in saudi arabia: mosquito vector studies. | in mid-september 2000, rift valley fever (rvf) virus was diagnosed as the cause of infection in humans and livestock in jizan region, saudi arabia. this is the first time that this arbovirus has been found outside africa and madagascar. collections of mosquitoes (diptera: culicidae) were therefore undertaken (from 25 september to 10 october) at eight sites during the epidemic to obtain mosquitoes for attempted rvf virus isolation. among 23 699 mosquito females tested, six isolations of rvf virus ... | 2002 | 12243225 |
| progress in studies on the overwintering of the mosquito culex tritaeniorhynchus. | a detailed review is presented of half a century's research in japan, korea and the temperate zone of china on the overwintering of culex tritaeniorhynchus, the main vector of japanese encephalitis. the evidence indicates that in the temperate zone, two types of overwintering strategy can be distinguished in cx. tritaeniorhynchus, ie survival by adults in situ in a dormant state, or migration by individuals which are in reproductive diapause. the authors contend that the former strategy is not v ... | 1996 | 9253890 |
| dna immunization with japanese encephalitis virus nonstructural protein ns1 elicits protective immunity in mice. | japanese encephalitis virus (jev), a mosquito-borne flavivirus, is a zoonotic pathogen that is prevalent in some southeast asian countries and causes acute encephalitis in humans. to evaluate the potential application of gene immunization to jev infection, we characterized the immune responses from mice intramuscularly injected with plasmid dna encoding jev glycoproteins, including the precursor membrane (prm) plus envelope (e) proteins and the nonstructural protein ns1. when injected with the p ... | 1998 | 9420215 |
| susceptibility of three laboratory strains of aedes albopictus (diptera: culicidae) to japanese encephalitis virus from taiwan. | the susceptibility of 3 laboratory strains of aedes albopictus (skuse) (sanhsia [sh], yungho [yh], liyang [ly], and 1 strain of culex tritaeniorhynchus giles from northern and central taiwan were compared for susceptibility to the mq1-2 strain of japanese encephalitis (je) virus. the median infective dose (mid50) by intrathoracic inoculation was 0.23, 0.76, 1.60, and -0.03 log10 wmicld50 (50% weanling mice intracranial lethal dose) with ae. albopictus sh, yh, ly, and cx. tritaeniorhynchus, respe ... | 1997 | 9439133 |
| amplification of a serine esterase gene is involved in insecticide resistance in sri lankan culex tritaeniorhynchus. | culex tritaeniorhynchus, the major vector of japanese encephalitis in sri lanka, is resistant to organophosphorus insecticides, with a 10-fold resistance ratio at the lc50 for chlorpyrifos, and a high heterogenelty factor in the insect field population. the major mechanism of resistance in this species, as in the mosquito c. quinquefasciatus, is elevation of esterase activity. basic biochemical, immunological and molecular analysis suggests that the c. tritaeniorhynchus ctrestbeta1 gene is ortho ... | 1998 | 9723868 |
| comparisons of rice field mosquito (diptera: culicidae) abundance among areas with different agricultural practices in northern thailand. | adult mosquitoes were collected from 3 areas in northern thailand with different availabilities of rice fields for larval habitats by using blacklight, truck, and pig-baited traps. culex tritaeniorhynchus giles and culex gelidus theobald were dominant in all samples. significant study-area differences were found in light and truck trap collections for cx. tritaeniorhynchus and cx. gelidus, but not for culex vishnui theobald + culex pseudovishnui colless. in pig-baited sample area differences wer ... | 1998 | 9775619 |
| correlation between population indices of culex tritaeniorhynchus and cx. gelidus (diptera: culicidae) and rainfall in kapuk, indonesia. | | 1983 | 6827571 |
| japanese encephalitis vaccine (2-8 strain) and parent (sa 14 strain) viruses in culex tritaeniorhynchus mosquitoes. | the japanese encephalitis vaccine virus (je 2-8) and its parent virus (je sa 14) strains were compared for their ability to infect, to replicate in, and to be transmitted by culex tritaeniorhynchus mosquitoes. both viruses replicated in the mosquitoes after intrathoracic infection. the je 2-8 vaccine was transmitted to 1/36 (3%) of suckling mice bitten by intrathoracically infected mosquitoes; however, the parent je sa 14 strain was transmitted to 46/46 (100%) of the mice bitten. in oral infecti ... | 1982 | 7072902 |
| seasonal prevalence of the vector mosquitoes of japanese encephalitis virus in kyungpook province, korea. | in order to determine the seasonal prevalence and population density of vector mosquitoes in kyungpook province, a survey based on average number of female mosquito per trap-night, were carried out during the period from may to november in 1984. among the 34,571 mosquitoes collected in kyungsan county in animal shelters and human dwellings by light traps, approximately 45.0 % were culex tritaeniorhynchus, 34.0 % per cent culex pipiens pallens, and 19.0 per cent anopheles sinensis. by comparison, ... | 1985 | 12888695 |
| mosquito and aquatic predator communities in ground pools on lands deforested for rice field development in central sulawesi, indonesia. | aquatic habitats, mosquitoes, and larvivorous predators were studied on deforested lands in central sulawesi, indonesia. open ground pools, mainly in depressions made by the treads of bulldozers and other heavy equipment, were numerous but because of their small size, comprised ca. 1% or less of the total area of the deforested lands studied. the dominant mosquitoes in these pools were anopheles vagus, culex vishnui, culex tritaeniorhynchus, and culex gelidus. the 1st 2 species were dominant in ... | 1999 | 10412104 |
| growth characteristics of the veterinary vaccine candidate chimerivax-west nile (wn) virus in aedes and culex mosquitoes. | in 1999 west nile (wn) virus was introduced to north america where this flavivirus has spread rapidly among wildlife (especially birds) transmitted by various species of mosquitoes (diptera: culicidae). increasing numbers of cases and deaths among humans, horses and other domestic animals require development of effective vaccines. 'chimerivax-west nile(vet)' is being developed for use as a veterinary vaccine to protect against wn infection. this chimeric virus contains the pre-membrane (prm) and ... | 2003 | 12941006 |
| identification of a flavivirus isolated from mosquitos in chiang mai thailand. | a virus isolate, thcar105/92, from a pool of mosquitos, culex tritaeniorhynchus, collected in chiang mai, thailand in 1992, appeared to be a member of the genus flavivirus of the family flaviviridae, based on the reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (rt-pcr) using flavivirus cross-reacting primer pairs, electron microscopic examination, and serological tests. however, rt-pcr using japanese encephalitis (je) virus-specific primers showed that the isolate was different from je virus. su ... | 1999 | 10695806 |
| investigation of the malaysian form of culex tritaeniorhynchus as a potential vector of japanese b encephalitis virus on singapore island. | | 1957 | 13425313 |
| factors influencing transmission of japanese b encephalitis virus by a colonized strain of culex tritaeniorhynchus giles, from infected pigs and chicks to susceptible pigs and birds. | | 1958 | 13559585 |
| the growth curve of japanese encephalitis virus in the vector mosquito of japan, culex tritaeniorhynchus. | | 1958 | 13587038 |
| the behavior of murray valley encephalitis virus in culex tritaeniorhynchus giles and culex pipiens quinquefasciatus say. | | 1963 | 14044755 |
| identification of culex vishnui subgroup (diptera: culicidae) mosquitoes from the ryukyu archipelago, japan: development of a species-diagnostic polymerase chain reaction assay based on sequence variation in ribosomal dna spacers. | the culex vishnui subgroup includes three important vectors of japanese encephalitis virus, culex tritaeniorhynchus giles, cx. pseudovishnui colless, and cx. vishnui theobald, all of which occur in the ryukyu archipelago, japan. although these three species have been shown to be vectors of je virus in many areas of southeast asia, it is not yet known what role each plays in the transmission of the virus in this region. reliable identification of adult, field-collected specimens is a critical com ... | 2000 | 10916296 |
| antigen distribution pattern of japanese encephalitis virus in culex tritaeniorhynchus, c. vishnui & c. pseudovishnui. | distribution of japanese encephalitis (je) virus antigen in different tissues of mosquitoes was studied in three species viz., culex tritaeniorhynchus, c. vishnui and c. pseudovishnui. overall per cent positivity was higher in the intrathoracically infected as compared to the orally infected mosquitoes, suggesting the existence of a midgut barrier. the cells at the junction of the foregut-midgut, and midgut-hindgut showed intense fluorescence from the second day post feeding onwards. this sugges ... | 2000 | 10943067 |
| a polymerase chain reaction based method for the detection of culex quinquefasciatus (diptera: culicidae). | culex quinquefasciatus say is the major vector of the filarial parasite wuchereria bancrofti (cobbold) which causes lymphatic filariasis in humans. a repetitive dna sequence from the genome of c. quinquefasciatus has been cloned and completely sequenced. the 693 bp cloned fragment had an a+t content of 72%. dot matrix analysis of the fragment did not reveal any direct or inverted repeats within it. southern blot analysis using a variety of restriction enzymes appeared to indicate that the cloned ... | 2000 | 10948365 |
| vector competence of culex pipiens molestus (diptera: culicidae) from taiwan for a sympatric strain of japanese encephalitis virus. | laboratory strains of culex pipiens molestus forskal and culex tritaeniorhynchus giles from northern taiwan were compared for their susceptibility to the sanhsia mq1-2 (sh) strain of japanese encephalitis (je) virus isolated from taiwan. after feeding on a sweetened blood-virus mixture, viral titers in cx. p. molestus during the 14-d incubation period ranged from a minimum of 2.9 log10pfu (plaque forming units) per mosquito on day 3 after ingestion to a maximum of 4.65 log10pfu at day 8 and in c ... | 2000 | 11004796 |
| isolation of japanese encephalitis and getah viruses from mosquitoes (diptera: culicidae) collected near camp greaves, gyonggi province, republic of korea, 2000. | as part of an evaluation of the ecology of arthropod-borne diseases in the republic of korea (rok), we examined 8,765 mosquitoes captured in paju county, gyonggi province, rok, for the presence of viruses. mosquitoes were captured in propane lantern/human-baited shannon traps, mosquito magnet traps, or american biophysics corporation (east greenwich, ri) miniature light traps with or without supplemental octenol bait and/or dry ice. mosquitoes were identified to species, placed in pools of up to ... | 2003 | 14680130 |
| [appraisal on method of temperature to the first appearance of culex tritaeniorhynchus in spring]. | to find out an appraisal method of temperature on the first appearance date of culex tritaeniorhynchus in spring. | 2003 | 14687508 |
| insecticide resistance spectra and resistance mechanisms in populations of japanese encephalitis vector mosquitoes, culex tritaeniorhynchus and cx. gelidus, in sri lanka. | culex tritaeniorhynchus giles and cx. gelidus theobald (diptera: culicidae), both vectors of japanese encephalitis, were collected in 1984 and 1998 from two disease endemic localities in sri lanka: anaradhapura and kandy. using wild-caught adult mosquitoes from light traps, log dosage-probit mortality curves for insecticide bioassays were obtained for three insecticides: malathion (organophosphate), propoxur (carbamate) and permethrin (pyrethroid). ld50 values showed that, in 1998, cx. tritaenio ... | 2000 | 11129708 |
| alexander the great and west nile virus encephalitis. | alexander the great died in babylon in 323 bc. his death at age 32 followed a 2-week febrile illness. speculated causes of death have included poisoning; assassination, and a number of infectious diseases. one incident, mentioned by plutarch but not considered by previous investigators, may shed light on the cause of alexander's death. the incident, which occurred as he entered babylon, involved a flock of ravens exhibiting unusual behavior and subsequently dying at his feet. the inexplicable be ... | 2003 | 14725285 |
| development of a new sindbis virus transducing system and its characterization in three culicine mosquitoes and two lepidopteran species. | alphavirus transducing systems (atss) are alphavirus-based tools for expressing genes in insects. here we describe an ats (5'dsmre16ic) based entirely on sindbis mre16 virus. gfp expression was used to characterize alimentary tract infections and dissemination in three culicine and two lepidopteran species. following per os infection, 5'dsmre16ic-egfp efficiently infected aedes aegypti and culex tritaeniorhynchus, but not culex pipiens pipiens. ae. aegypti clearly showed accumulation of green fl ... | 2004 | 14728670 |
| west nile virus recombinant dna vaccine protects mouse and horse from virus challenge and expresses in vitro a noninfectious recombinant antigen that can be used in enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays. | introduction of west nile (wn) virus into the united states in 1999 created major human and animal health concerns. currently, no human or veterinary vaccine is available to prevent wn viral infection, and mosquito control is the only practical strategy to combat the spread of disease. starting with a previously designed eukaryotic expression vector, we constructed a recombinant plasmid (pcbwn) that expressed the wn virus prm and e proteins. a single intramuscular injection of pcbwn dna induced ... | 2001 | 11287553 |
| population dynamics of mosquito immatures and the succession in abundance of aquatic insects in rice fields in madurai, south india. | studies on the breeding pattern of mosquito immatures and the successional changes in the abundance of aquatic insects were conducted in rice fields near madurai, south india. the population of late (iii/iv) larval instars of culicines peaked on day 28 and pupae (culex tritaeniorhynchus, cx. pseudovishnui and cx. vishnui) peaked on day 9 after transplantation, whereas the population of late (iii/iv) larval instars of anophelines peaked on day 19 and pupae of anopheles subpictus and an. vagus on ... | 1999 | 11304916 |
| japanese encephalitis in kerala, south india: can mansonia (diptera: culicidae) play a supplemental role in transmission? | a 2-yr entomological study was carried out in kerala, south india, to identify the mosquito vectors of japanese encephalitis (je) virus and to determine their seasonal abundance and infection. in total, 150,454 mosquitoes belonging to five genera and 18 species were collected from vegetation surrounding cattle sheds and pigsties in villages at dusk. culex tritaeniorhynchus giles (66.7%) was the most abundant species, with increases in numbers associated with rice cultivation. je virus isolations ... | 2004 | 15185950 |
| mosquito repellency of the seeds of celery (apium graveolens l.). | when the mosquito repellencies of four fractions of apium graveolens seeds (one hexane, two dichloromethane and one methanolic) were investigated in the laboratory, all four were found to offer human volunteers some protection against female, adult aedes aegypti. the hexane fraction, however, was found to exhibit the highest repellency in the laboratory, with median effective doses (ed50) and ed95 of 0.41 and 2.93 mg/cm2 skin, respectively. only this fraction, which was also found to provide pro ... | 2004 | 15228722 |
| retrospective analysis of epidemiological investigation of japanese encephalitis outbreak occurred in rourkela, orissa, india. | there was an outbreak of japanese encephalitis (je) during july/august of 1993 in rourkela city of orissa, india. among the serum samples, 40% of the sera showed antibodies against je, while 17% of the sera showed recent infection to dengue virus. as many as 15 species of mosquitos were encountered in and around the affected areas. species like culex tritaeniorhynchus, cx, vishnui, cx. pseudovishnui and cx. bitaeniorhynchus constituted 19% of the total collections. the above species were resista ... | 2001 | 11485074 |
| a weather-driven model of malaria transmission. | climate is a major driving force behind malaria transmission and climate data are often used to account for the spatial, seasonal and interannual variation in malaria transmission. | 2004 | 15350206 |
| first report on high-degree endophilism in culex tritaeniorhynchus (diptera: culicidae) in an area endemic for japanese encephalitis. | an unusually high occurrence of culex tritaeniorhynchus giles resting indoors during daytime was observed in a japanese encephalitis (je) endemic area, bellary district, karnataka, india. cx. tritaeniorhynchus, the primary vector of je in this area, was the dominant species collected, and its abundance showed two peaks corresponding to rice crops in the district. more specimens (n = 20,966) were found resting in indoor habitats than in outdoor vegetation (n = 383), despite the availability of ou ... | 2004 | 15535634 |
| short report: observations on the multiple feeding behavior of culex tritaeniorhynchus (diptera: culicidae), the vector of japanese encephalitis in kerala in southern india. | a study was undertaken in villages endemic for japanese encephalitis (je) in kerala in southern india during the period 1998-2001 to determine the host-feeding pattern of culex tritaeniorhynchus, the major vector of je in southeast asia. a total of 3,067 blood-engorged cx. tritaeniorhynchus were tested and 2,553 (82.2%) of the samples could be identified. culex tritaeniorhynchus had fed mainly (56.6%) on cattle. pig feeding accounted 6.3% of the total samples. some samples (n = 980, 38.3%) were ... | 2005 | 15741557 |
| the efficacy of different mosquito trapping methods in a forest-fringe village, yunnan province, southern china. | despite a control program, malaria incidence in yunnan has increased and knowledge of vector bionomics is needed for efficient control. multi-drug resistant plasmodium falciparum necessitates alternatives to human landing catches as a means of studying vectors. therefore cdc light traps with uv or ordinary incandescent bulbs were tested for 57 trap nights. 2,703 mosquitos were caught, including the vector species an. minimus and an. sinensis and the suspected vector an. maculatus. larval an. dir ... | 2001 | 11556577 |
| entomopathogenic fungi for mosquito control: a review. | fungal diseases in insects are common and widespread and can decimate their populations in spectacular epizootics. virtually all insect orders are susceptible to fungal diseases, including dipterans. fungal pathogens such as lagenidium, coelomomyces and culicinomyces are known to affect mosquito populations, and have been studied extensively. there are, however, many other fungi that infect and kill mosquitoes at the larval and/or adult stage. the discovery, in 1977, of the selective mosquito-pa ... | 2004 | 15861235 |
| isolation of japanese encephalitis virus from mosquitoes collected in northern taiwan between 1995 and 1996. | mosquito collections were carried out from may to october in 1995 and 1996 at yingko and sanhsia of taipei county and chunan of miaoli county. a grand total of 13,576 mosquitoes consisting of 13 species in 407 pools were processed and inoculated into aedes albopictus clone c6/36 cell cultures. one hundred thirty seven pools of these showed the presence of viral antigens in the infected c6/36 cell lysates which were identified by the indirect fluorescent antibody test using a monoclonal antibody ... | 1999 | 11561572 |
| evaluation of various control agents against mosquito larvae in rice paddies in taiwan. | a field test was conducted in rice paddies adjacent to wufeng, taichung county in central taiwan to evaluate the efficacy of control agents against mosquito larvae. the agents included bacillus thuringienesis israelensis (bti), two lagenidium giganteum products (lg product a and t), and temephos. the major mosquito species found in the rice paddies were culex tritaeniorhynchus/vishnui and anopheles sinensis. compared to controls, a 7-day treatment with bti or lg products a and t caused overall r ... | 2005 | 16007966 |
| repellent properties of celery, apium graveolens l., compared with commercial repellents, against mosquitoes under laboratory and field conditions. | in our search for new bioactive products against mosquito vectors, we reported the slightly larvicidal and adulticidal potency, but remarkable repellency of apium graveolens both in laboratory and field conditions. repellency of the ethanolic preparation of hexane-extracted a. graveolens was, therefore, investigated and compared with those of 15 commercial mosquito repellents including the most widely used, deet. hexane-extracted a. graveolens showed a significant degree of repellency in a dose- ... | 2005 | 16262746 |
| characterization of human ige and mouse igg1 responses to allergens in three mosquito species by immunoblotting and elisa. | ige-mediated allergic reactions caused by mosquito bites are a common problem all over the world. this study was undertaken to determine ige levels in subjects, to elucidate human ige and mouse igg1 binding patterns and to investigate the cross-reactivity of salivary gland antigens with three mosquitoes. | 2001 | 11752877 |
| factors influencing the abundance of japanese encephalitis vectors in ricefields in india--i. abiotic. | mosquitoes of the culex vishnui subgroup (diptera: culicidae) are the most important vectors of japanese encephalitis (je) and ricefields are their most productive breeding sites in south india, where predominant species of this subgroup are culex tritaeniorhynchus giles, cx. pseudovishnui colless and cx. vishnui theobald sensu stricto. the relationship of 13 abiotic variables with the abundance of cx. vishnui subgroup immatures was investigated in transplanted rice fields for 3 years (1991-94) ... | 2001 | 11776457 |
| [research on culex tritaeniorhynchus and culex pipiens quinquefasciatus intrathoracically infected with attenuated japanese encephalitis virus sa14-14-2 vaccine strain]. | to determine if the attenuated japanese encephalitis (je) virus sa14-14-2 vaccine strain interacts efficiently with culex tritaeniorhynchus and culex pipiens quinquefasciatus, and further to acquire a new knowledge of its characteristics and safety for human beings. | 2005 | 16415992 |
| factors influencing the abundance of japanese encephalitis vectors in ricefields in india--ii. biotic. | the relationship of insect predators and phytoplankton with the abundance of culex tritaeniorhynchus giles, cx. vishnui theobald and cx. pseudovishnui colless mosquito larvae and pupae (diptera: culicidae) in ricefields was investigated during three rice growing seasons. notonectids were the most abundant insect predators, whereas diatoms dominated among phytoplankton. multiple regression analysis showed that the occurrence of notonectids (both nymphs and adults) was negatively associated with l ... | 2002 | 11963972 |
| developmental- and tissue-specific expression of an inhibitor of apoptosis protein 1 homologue from aedes triseriatus mosquitoes. | we have identified a homologue of the drosophila inhibitor of apoptosis protein 1 in aedes triseriatus mosquitoes (designated atiap1). the atiap1 gene maps to a single locus on chromosome 2. the translation product is a 403 amino acid protein that contains two baculovirus iap repeat (bir) domains and a ring finger motif. atiap1 mrna was detectable by rt-pcr amplification in all the mosquito developmental stages (embryos, first-fourth instar larvae, early and late pupae, adults) and adult tissues ... | 2002 | 12230542 |
| longitudinal studies in south indian villages on japanese encephalitis virus infection in mosquitoes and seroconversion in goats. | japanese encephalitis (je) is endemic in cuddalore district, tamil nadu, where culex tritaeniorhynchus giles was the major vector. we screened 45 100 adult female cx. tritaeniorhynchus (902 pools) by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and isolated and confirmed je virus (jev) by using an insect bioassay system. we had 69 isolates of which 62 (90%) were identified as jev. the average vector abundance per man hour for cx. tritaeniorhynchus was 324.5 per month for the period june 1998-may 2000. the ... | 2003 | 12581445 |
| a reliable morphological method to assess the age of male anopheles gambiae. | release of genetically-modified (gm) or sterile male mosquitoes for malaria control is hampered by inability to assess the age and mating history of free-living male anopheles. | 2006 | 16872516 |
| effectiveness of zanthoxylum piperitum-derived essential oil as an alternative repellent under laboratory and field applications. | recently, there were considerable efforts made to promote the use of environmentally friendly and biodegradable natural insecticides and repellents, particularly from botanical sources. in this study, zanthoxylum piperitum-derived essential oil isolated by steam distillation was investigated and compared to the standard synthetic repellent, n,n-diethyl-3-methylbenzamide (deet), for repellency against mosquitoes under laboratory and field conditions. the oil of z. piperitum alone and also with 5% ... | 2007 | 16896651 |
| origin and evolution of japanese encephalitis virus in southeast asia. | since it emerged in japan in the 1870s, japanese encephalitis has spread across asia and has become the most important cause of epidemic encephalitis worldwide. four genotypes of japanese encephalitis virus (jev) are presently recognized (representatives of genotypes i to iii have been fully sequenced), but its origin is not known. we have determined the complete nucleotide and amino acid sequence of a genotype iv indonesian isolate (jkt6468) which represents the oldest lineage, compared it with ... | 2003 | 12584335 |
| epitope-blocking enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays for the detection of serum antibodies to west nile virus in multiple avian species. | we report the development of epitope-blocking enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (elisas) for the rapid detection of serum antibodies to west nile virus (wnv) in taxonomically diverse north american avian species. a panel of flavivirus-specific monoclonal antibodies (mabs) was tested in blocking assays with serum samples from wnv-infected chickens and crows. selected mabs were further tested against serum samples from birds that represented 16 species and 10 families. serum samples were collecte ... | 2003 | 12624027 |
| study of flying height of culicid species in the northern part of the republic of korea. | the vertical distribution of mosquitoes (diptera, culicidae) was evaluated in paju county in northern south korea by using centers for disease control and prevention (cdc) miniature light traps with ultraviolet light and dry ice (co2) as attractants. cdc traps were placed at 1, 3 and 5 m above the ground near rice paddies in a relatively open agricultural ara. traps wer hung on two scaffold towers (6 m height) spaced approximately 300 m aprt. each trap operated 9 nights from august 3 to 16, 2002 ... | 2006 | 17019769 |
| [epidemic situation analysis of japanese encephalitis in 2005.]. | to investigate the epidemic situation of japanese encephalitis (je) in three provinces, guizhou, sichuan, and hubei in 2005. | 2006 | 17086274 |
| survival of immature anopheles arabiensis (diptera: culicidae) in aquatic habitats in mwea rice irrigation scheme, central kenya. | the survivorship and distribution of anopheles arabiensis larvae and pupae was examined in a rice agro-ecosystem in mwea irrigation scheme, central kenya, from august 2005 to april 2006, prior to implementation of larval control programme. | 2006 | 17125501 |
| development of lymphatic filarial parasite wuchereria bancrofti (spirurida: onchocercidae) in mosquito species (diptera: culicidae) fed artificially on microfilaremic blood. | the efficiency of laboratory colonies of mosquitoes such as anopheles stephensi liston, aedes aegypti (l.) liverpool strain, ae. aegypti wild type, aedes albopictus (skuse), culex tritaeniorhynchus giles, culex sitiens wiedemann, and armigeres subalbatus coquillett in supporting the development of wuchereria bancrofti (cobbold) (spirurida: onchocercidae) microfilariae to infective larvae was investigated. the mosquitoes were fed on heparinized microfilaremic human blood by using a membrane-feedi ... | 2006 | 17162957 |
| novel acetylcholinesterase target site for malaria mosquito control. | current anticholinesterase pesticides were developed during world war ii and are toxic to mammals because they target a catalytic serine residue of acetylcholinesterases (aches) in insects and in mammals. a sequence analysis of aches from 73 species and a three-dimensional model of a malaria-carrying mosquito (anopheles gambiae) ache (agache) reported here show that c286 and r339 of agache are conserved at the opening of the active site of aches in 17 invertebrate and four insect species, respec ... | 2006 | 17183688 |
| experimental infection of north american birds with the new york 1999 strain of west nile virus. | to evaluate transmission dynamics, we exposed 25 bird species to west nile virus (wnv) by infectious mosquito bite. we monitored viremia titers, clinical outcome, wnv shedding (cloacal and oral), seroconversion, virus persistence in organs, and susceptibility to oral and contact transmission. passeriform and charadriiform birds were more reservoir competent (a derivation of viremia data) than other species tested. the five most competent species were passerines: blue jay (cyanocitta cristata), c ... | 2003 | 12643825 |
| molecular identification of palearctic members of anopheles maculipennis in northern iran. | members of anopheles maculipennis complex are effective malaria vectors in europe and the caspian sea region in northern iran, where malaria has been re-introduced since 1994. the current study has been designed in order to provide further evidence on the status of species composition and to identify more accurately the members of the maculipennis complex in northern iran. | 2007 | 17233887 |
| deployable, field-sustainable, reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction assays for rapid screening and serotype identification of dengue virus in mosquitoes. | dengue virus universal and serotype 1 to 4 fluorogenic probe hydrolysis, reverse transcription (rt)-polymerase chain reaction (pcr) assays and positive-control rna template were freeze-dried in a thermally stable, hydrolytic enzyme-resistant format and deployed for testing in a dengue fever-endemic region of thailand. the study site presented austere testing conditions. field-collected aedes aegypti mosquitoes spiked with inoculated a. aegypti mosquitoes and individual and pooled, field-collecte ... | 2007 | 17436782 |
| the seroprevalence of japanese encephalitis virus in goats raised in korea. | japanese encephalitis virus (jev) causes a mosquitoborne viral zoonosis that is becoming increasingly important to public health in east and south asia. although jev is primarily associated with reproductive failure in swine, jev infection can cause fever and headache in humans and is associated with aseptic meningitis and encephalitis. the exact mode of transmission, including host range and possible source of viral amplification within livestock, is still not completely clear. this study consi ... | 2007 | 17519576 |
| dynamics of japanese encephalitis--a study in mathematical epidemiology. | an s-->i-->r-->s (susceptible-infective-recovered-susceptible) epidemiological model coupling the dynamics of the spread of japanese encephalitis (je) in two populations, human and reservoir animals (pigs, cattle, equines, birds, etc.) through a vector population (a particular species of mosquitos, culex vishnui, culex tritaeniorhynchus, etc.) is discussed. we assume that there is a constant recruitment rate of the susceptibles into both the populations, whereas the death rates are proportional ... | 1999 | 10335598 |
| molecular characterization of the full-length genome of the japanese encephalitis viral strain k87p39. | we have determined the complete nucleotide and deduced amino acid sequences of the japanese encephalitis virus (jev) strain k87p39, isolated from a pool of circulating culex tritaeniorhynchus mosquitoes in korea. in comparison with 27 fully sequenced jev genomes currently available, we found that the 10968-nucleotide rna genome of k87p39 has a nine-nucleotide deletion in the 3' nontranslated variable region and that its single open reading frame has a total of eight amino acid substitutions. the ... | 2003 | 12951273 |
| molecular cloning and characterization of the complete acetylcholinesterase gene (ace1) from the mosquito aedes aegypti with implications for comparative genome analysis. | insensitive acetylcholinesterase (ache) has been shown to be responsible for resistance to organophosphates and carbamates in a number of arthropod species. some arthropod genomes contain a single ace gene, while others including mosquitoes contain two genes, but only one confers insecticide resistance. here we report the isolation of the full-length cdna and characterization of the complete genomic dna sequence for the ace1 gene in the yellow fever mosquito, aedes aegypti. the ace1 homolog in o ... | 2007 | 17550823 |
| ecology of invasive mosquitoes: effects on resident species and on human health. | investigations of biological invasions focus on patterns and processes that are related to introduction, establishment, spread and impacts of introduced species. this review focuses on the ecological interactions operating during invasions by the most prominent group of insect vectors of disease, mosquitoes. first, we review characteristics of non-native mosquito species that have established viable populations, and those invasive species that have spread widely and had major impacts, testing wh ... | 2005 | 17637849 |
| ecologic studies of japanese encephalitis virus in japan. iii. mosquito factors. zootropism and vertical flight of culex tritaeniorhynchus with observations on variations in collections from animal-baited traps in different habitats. | | 1959 | 14442650 |
| effect of discriminative plant-sugar feeding on the survival and fecundity of anopheles gambiae. | a previous study showed for anopheles gambiae s.s. a gradation of feeding preference on common plant species growing in a malaria holoendemic area in western kenya. the present follow-up study determines whether there is a relationship between the mosquito's preferences and its survival and fecundity. | 2007 | 17711580 |
| a long-term study on vector abundance & seasonal prevalence in relation to the occurrence of japanese encephalitis in gorakhpur district, uttar pradesh. | japanese encephalitis (je) virus is an important cause of viral encephalitis in gorakhpur district, up. the area has been experiencing outbreaks of je since 1978. no in-depth longitudinal studies have been carried out on the mosquito species, particularly je vectors prevailing in the area. entomological studies were carried out in the district in order to determine the species composition, relative abundance and seasonal prevalence of mosquitoes in relation to the incidence of je. | 2003 | 14575175 |
| the role of urea in the oviposition behaviour of japanese encephalitis vectors in rice fields of south india. | the effect of urea on the oviposition behaviour of culicine vectors of japanese encephalitis was studied in rice fields. gravid females had a strong preference for oviposition in urea treated areas in rice fields, while no such preference was exhibited in untreated areas. the egg laying declined in the area where urea treated water surface had a mechanical barrier, which allowed volatile fractions to escape, but prevented contact with the water. urea was shown to act as an oviposition attractant ... | 2003 | 14595457 |
| characterization of two mosquito stats, aastat and ctstat. differential regulation of tyrosine phosphorylation and dna binding activity by lipopolysaccharide treatment and by japanese encephalitis virus infection. | two mosquito stats, aastat and ctstat, have been cloned from aedes albopictus and culex tritaeniorhynchus mosquitoes, respectively. these two stats are more similar to those of drosophila, anopheles, and mammalian stat5 in the dna binding and src homology 2 domains. the mrna transcripts are expressed at all developmental stages, and the proteins are present predominantly at the pupal and adult stages in both mosquitoes. stimulation with lipopolysaccharide resulted in an increase of tyrosine phos ... | 2004 | 14607839 |
| experimental transmission of japanese b encephalitis virus by culex tritaeniorhynchus and culex pipiens var. pallens, suspected natural vectors. | | 1949 | 18135589 |
| genetic determinants of sindbis virus mosquito infection are associated with a highly conserved alphavirus and flavivirus envelope sequence. | wild-type sindbis virus (sinv) strain mre16 efficiently infects aedes aegypti midgut epithelial cells (mec), but laboratory-derived neurovirulent sinv strain te/5'2j infects mec poorly. sinv determinants for mec infection have been localized to the e2 glycoprotein. the e2 amino acid sequences of mre16 and te/5'2j differ at 60 residue sites. to identify the genetic determinants of mec infection of mre16, the te/5'2j virus genome was altered to contain either domain chimeras or more focused nucleo ... | 2008 | 18160430 |
| experimental infection of aedes sollicitans and aedes taeniorhynchus with two chimeric sindbis/eastern equine encephalitis virus vaccine candidates. | two chimeric vaccine candidates for eastern equine encephalitis virus (eeev) were developed by inserting the structural protein genes of either a north american (na) or south american (sa) eeev into a sindbis virus (sinv) backbone. to assess the effect of chimerization on mosquito infectivity, experimental infections of two potential north american bridge vectors of eeev, aedes sollicitans and ae. taeniorhynchus, were attempted. both species were susceptible to oral infection with all viruses af ... | 2008 | 18187790 |
| influence of the distribution of host species on adult abundance of japanese encephalitis vectors culex vishnui subgroup and culex gelidus in a rice-cultivating village in northern vietnam. | a field study was conducted in a village in northern vietnam to investigate how host distribution influences japanese encephalitis (je) vector abundance. indoor and outdoor collections were conducted from 50 compounds. we collected three je vector species--culex tritaeniorhynchus and culex vishnui that comprised the culex vishnui group, and culex gelidus. spatial autocorrelation was not observed in the mosquito assemblies at any scale larger than the house compounds. multivariate analyses reveal ... | 2008 | 18187800 |
| bellary, india achieves negligible case fatality due to japanese encephalitis despite no vaccination: an outbreak investigation in 2004. | to confirm the existence of the outbreak of suspected japanese encephalitis, identify the source, to understand the circumstances due to which the outbreak was taking place and to suggest measures for its control. | 2008 | 18245932 |
| substitution of wild-type yellow fever asibi sequences for 17d vaccine sequences in chimerivax-dengue 4 does not enhance infection of aedes aegypti mosquitoes. | to address concerns that a flavivirus vaccine/wild-type recombinant virus might have a high mosquito infectivity phenotype, the yellow fever virus (yfv) 17d backbone of the chimerivax-dengue 4 virus was replaced with the corresponding gene sequences of the virulent yfv asibi strain. field-collected and laboratory-colonized aedes aegypti mosquitoes were fed on blood containing each of the viruses under investigation and held for 14 days after infection. infection and dissemination rates were base ... | 2008 | 18266608 |