| potential for new york mosquitoes to transmit west nile virus. | we evaluated the potential for several north american mosquito species to transmit the newly introduced west nile (wn) virus. mosquitoes collected in the new york city metropolitan area during the recent (1999) wn outbreak were allowed to feed on chickens infected with wn virus isolated from a crow that had died during this outbreak. these mosquitoes were tested approximately 2 weeks later to determine infection, dissemination, and transmission rates. culex pipiens mosquitoes were highly suscept ... | 2000 | 11037788 |
| west nile virus investigations in south moravia, czechland. | seven virus isolates were obtained from 11,334 mosquitoes after the 1997 morava river flooding in south moravia (czech republic): 6 strains of tahyna bunyavirus, california antigenic group (5 from aedes vexans, 1 from ae. cinereus), and 1 strain of west nile flavivirus (wnv) from culex pipiens. in 1999, one isolate of tahyna virus from ae. vexans and one isolate of wnv from cx. pipiens were recovered from a total of 14,354 mosquitoes examined in the same area, whereas no virus was detected there ... | 2000 | 11192289 |
| species composition and seasonal dynamics of mosquitoes in the belek region of turkey. | the species composition and seasonal population dynamics of mosquitoes trapped in the belek region of turkey are described. eight traps (four new jersey light traps and four co2 baited traps) were activated weekly at four different sampling sites (wooded area, open field, village, and road edge). between may and december, 1997, 4,542 specimens representing seven species (culex pipiens, culex tritaeniorhynchus, aedes caspius, aedes cretinus, aedes dorsalis, aedes vexans, and culiseta annulata) we ... | 2000 | 11217213 |
| vector competence of north american mosquitoes (diptera: culicidae) for west nile virus. | we evaluated the potential for several north american mosquito species to transmit the newly introduced west nile (wn) virus. mosquitoes collected in the new york city metropolitan area during the recent wn virus outbreak, at the assateague island wildlife refuge, va, or from established colonies were allowed to feed on chickens infected with wn virus isolated from a crow that died during the 1999 outbreak. these mosquitoes were tested approximately 2 wk later to determine infection, disseminati ... | 2001 | 11296813 |
| mosquito allergy: recombinant mosquito salivary antigens for new diagnostic tests. | in patients with mosquito allergy, lack of a readily available, sensitive, specific, safe test is the major obstacle to accurate diagnosis. three recombinant mosquito salivary antigens, raed a 1 (68 kd), raed a 2 (37 kd) and raed a 3 (30 kd), from aedes aegypti have been cloned, expressed, purified and characterized. all three recombinant antigens are shared by aedes vexans and other mosquito species, and all have been found to have biologic activity in humans. in recent studies, 43% of 28 mosqu ... | 2001 | 11307029 |
| evaluation of 1-octen-3-ol, carbon dioxide, and light as attractants for mosquitoes associated with two distinct habitats in north carolina. | field studies were conducted in north carolina to determine the responses of mosquitoes found in salt marsh and inland creek flood plain areas to 1-octen-3-ol (octenol), carbon dioxide (co2), and light in various combinations with centers for disease control (cdc) light traps. over 56,000 adult mosquito specimens of 12 species in 4 genera were collected in the salt marsh. they exhibited a general response pattern of octenol + co2 + light > co2 + light = octenol + co2 > octenol + light > octenol ... | 2001 | 11345421 |
| arbovirus surveillance in south carolina, 1996-98. | arboviruses isolated and identified from mosquitoes in south carolina (usa) are described, including new state records for eastern equine encephalitis virus (eee), st. louis encephalitis virus (sle), flanders virus, tensaw virus (ten), and a variant of jamestown canyon virus (jc). mosquitoes were collected at 52 locations in 30 of 46 south carolina counties beginning in june 1996, and ending in october 1998, and tested for arboviruses. of 1,329 mosquito pools tested by virus isolation (85,806 mo ... | 2001 | 11345423 |
| cyt1ab1 and cyt2ba1 from bacillus thuringiensis subsp. medellin and b. thuringiensis subsp. israelensis synergize bacillus sphaericus against aedes aegypti and resistant culex quinquefasciatus (diptera: culicidae). | the interaction of two cytolytic toxins, cyt1ab from bacillus thuringiensis subsp. medellin and cyt2ba from bacillus thuringiensis subsp. israelensis, with bacillus sphaericus was evaluated against susceptible and resistant culex quinquefasciatus and the nonsensitive species aedes aegypti. mixtures of b. sphaericus with either cytolytic toxin were synergistic, and b. sphaericus resistance in c. quinquefasciatus was suppressed from >17,000- to 2-fold with a 3:1 mixture of b. sphaericus and cyt1ab ... | 2001 | 11425753 |
| experimental infection of anopheles sinensis with korean isolates of plasmodium vivax. | the objectives of the present study were to (1) determine the susceptibility of anopheles sinensis to korean isolates of plasmodium vivax, (2) establish a method to collect large quantities of p. vivax sporozoites for use as antigen in seroepidemiological studies, and (3) investigate the characteristics of korean isolates of p. vivax sporozoites. females of anopheles sinensis were collected at non-epidemic area, seokwha-ri, cheongwon-gun and chungcheongbuk-do using tent-trap methods coupled with ... | 2001 | 11441505 |
| reproductive physiology of aedes (aedimorphus) vexans (diptera: culicidae) in relation to flight potential. | total protein, lipid, and glycogen of aedes vexans (meigen) were related linearly to body size at eclosion. starvation after emergence led to the determination of minimal irreducible amounts of protein, lipid, and glycogen and the availability of the teneral reserves, whereas access to sucrose revealed the potential for reserve synthesis. glycogenesis and lipogenesis increased reserves approximately 10-fold the teneral value within 1 and 2 wk after emergence, respectively. carbohydrate feeding w ... | 2001 | 11476336 |
| isolation of japanese encephalitis virus from mosquitoes collected in northern taiwan between 1995 and 1996. | mosquito collections were carried out from may to october in 1995 and 1996 at yingko and sanhsia of taipei county and chunan of miaoli county. a grand total of 13,576 mosquitoes consisting of 13 species in 407 pools were processed and inoculated into aedes albopictus clone c6/36 cell cultures. one hundred thirty seven pools of these showed the presence of viral antigens in the infected c6/36 cell lysates which were identified by the indirect fluorescent antibody test using a monoclonal antibody ... | 1999 | 11561572 |
| west nile virus infection in mosquitoes, birds, horses, and humans, staten island, new york, 2000. | west nile (wn) virus transmission in the united states during 2000 was most intense on staten island, new york, where 10 neurologic illnesses among humans and 2 among horses occurred. wn virus was isolated from aedes vexans, culex pipiens, cx. salinarius, ochlerotatus triseriatus, and psorophora ferox, and wn viral rna was detected in anopheles punctipennis. an elevated weekly minimum infection rate (mir) for cx. pipiens and increased dead bird density were present for 2 weeks before the first h ... | 2001 | 11589172 |
| a phylogenetic approach to following west nile virus in connecticut. | the 1999 outbreak of west nile (wn) virus in the northeastern united states was the first known natural occurrence of this flavivirus in the western hemisphere. in 1999 and 2000, 82 independent connecticut wn virus isolates were cultured from nine species of birds, five species of mosquitoes, and one striped skunk. nucleotide sequences obtained from these isolates identified 30 genetic changes, compared with wn-ny99, in a 921-nt region of the viral genome beginning at nucleotide position 205 and ... | 2001 | 11606791 |
| using a dynamic hydrology model to predict mosquito abundances in flood and swamp water. | we modeled surface wetness at high resolution, using a dynamic hydrology model, to predict flood and swamp water mosquito abundances. historical meteorologic data, as well as topographic, soil, and vegetation data, were used to model surface wetness and identify potential fresh and swamp water breeding habitats in two northern new jersey watersheds. surface wetness was positively associated with the subsequent abundance of the dominant floodwater mosquito species, aedes vexans, and the swamp wat ... | 2002 | 11749741 |
| population dynamic of aedes vexans and ochlerotatus sticticus in flooded areas of the river drava in osijek, croatia. | populations of adult mosquitoes occurring in the osijek area in eastern croatia were monitored from may 1995 to september 2000 with centers for disease control-style traps baited with dry ice. a total of 106,663 adults was caught, ranging from 0 (several times) to 21,120 in may 1995. the mosquitoes captured represented 18 species. aedes vexans was the most abundant, followed by ochlerotatus sticticus. both of these species have breeding sites in flooded areas in the areas surrounding osijek. fur ... | 2001 | 11804469 |
| mosquito abundance is correlated with cliff swallow (petrochelidon pyrrhonota) colony size. | we measured the abundance of mosquitoes [primarily aedes vexans (meigen) and culex tarsalis coquillett] at cliff swallow (petrochelidon pyrrhonota vieillot) colonies of different sizes in southwestern nebraska in 1999. using co2 traps placed inside and outside of colonies, we found that total mosquito abundance increased significantly with the number of active cliff swallow nests at a colony site. we found no effect of date or weather conditions on the number of mosquitoes caught it the differen ... | 2002 | 11931242 |
| late season commercial mosquito trap and host seeking activity evaluation against mosquitoes in a malarious area of the republic of korea. | field trials evaluating selected commercially available mosquito traps variously baited with light, carbon dioxide, and/or octenol were conducted from 18-27 september 2000 in a malarious area near paekyeon-ri (tongil-chon) and camp greaves in paju county, kyonggi province, republic of korea. the host-seeking activity for common mosquito species, including the primary vector of japanese encephalitis, culex tritaeniorhynchus giles, was determined using hourly aspirator collections from a human and ... | 2002 | 11949213 |
| detection of vivax malaria sporozoites naturally infected in anopheline mosquitoes from endemic areas of northern parts of gyeonggi-do (province) in korea. | we investigated population densities of mosquitoes infected with sporozoites in three highly epidemic areas of josan-ri and jangpa-ri (paju city) and dongjung-ri (yeoncheon county) in korea. anopheline mosquitoes were collected from both indoors and outdoors by human baiting collection method during the period of the first week of june to the second week of september 1999. total 13,296 female mosquitoes were collected and 8,650 (65.1%) were anophelines. thirty seven percent (3,199) of the anophe ... | 2002 | 12073732 |
| transmission studies of a european sindbis virus in the floodwater mosquito aedes vexans (diptera: culicidae). | sindbis viruses are arthropod-borne viruses, which are maintained in nature in a culex mosquito-bird associated transmission cycle, but aedes species have been suspected as playing a role in infecting humans. in this study, we addressed the question whether or not germany's most abundant floodwater mosquito species aedes vexans (diptera, culicidae) can serve as an efficient vector for sindbis viruses. firstly, the overall susceptibility of ae. vexans was tested by intrathoracic inoculation of 40 ... | 2002 | 12141742 |
| phylogenetic relationships of southern african west nile virus isolates. | phylogenetic relationships were examined for 29 southern african west nile virus (formal name west nile virus [wnv]) isolates from various sources in four countries from 1958 to 2001. in addition, sequence data were retrieved from genbank for another 23 wnv isolates and kunjin and japanese encephalitis viruses. all isolates belonged to two lineages. lineage 1 isolates were from central and north africa, europe, israel, and north america; lineage 2 isolates were from central and southern africa a ... | 2002 | 12141968 |
| mechanical transmission of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus by mosquitoes, aedes vexans (meigen). | the objective of this study was to determine whether porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (prrsv) could be transmitted to naive pigs by mosquitoes following feeding on infected pigs. during each of 4 replicates, mosquito-to-pig contact took place on days 5, 6, and 7 after prrsv infection of the donor pig. a total of 300 mosquitoes [aedes vexans (meigen)] were allowed to feed on each viremic donor pig, housed in an isolation room. after 30 to 60 s, feeding was interrupted, and the ... | 2002 | 12146891 |
| strain typing of borrelia burgdorferi, borrelia afzelii, and borrelia garinii by using multiple-locus variable-number tandem repeat analysis. | human lyme borreliosis (lb) is the most prevalent arthropod-borne infection in temperate climate zones around the world and is caused by borrelia spirochetes. we have identified 10 variable-number tandem repeat (vntr) loci present within the genome of borrelia burgdorferi and subsequently developed a multiple-locus vntr analysis (mlva) typing system for this disease agent. we report here the successful application of mlva for strain discrimination among a group of 41 globally diverse borrelia is ... | 2002 | 12454161 |
| vector competence of california mosquitoes for west nile virus. | to identify the mosquito species competent for west nile virus (wnv) transmission, we evaluated 10 california species that are known vectors of other arboviruses or major pests: culex tarsalis, cx. pipiens pipiens, cx. p. quinquefasciatus, cx. stigmatosoma, cx. erythrothorax, ochlerotatus dorsalis, oc. melanimon, oc. sierrensis, aedes vexans, and culiseta inornata. all 10 became infected and were able to transmit wnv at some level. ochlerotatus, culiseta, and aedes were low to moderately efficie ... | 2002 | 12498652 |
| isolation and genetic characterization of rift valley fever virus from aedes vexans arabiensis, kingdom of saudi arabia. | an outbreak of rift valley fever in the kingdom of saudi arabia and yemen in 2000 was the first recognized occurrence of the illness outside of africa and madagascar. an assessment of potential mosquito vectors in the region yielded an isolate from aedes vexans arabiensis, most closely related to strains from madagascar (1991) and kenya (1997). | 2002 | 12498669 |
| ice granules containing endotoxins of microbial agents for the control of mosquito larvae--a new application technique. | this study investigated a new method for delivering microbial mosquito control agents into aquatic sites as ice granules for mosquito control. solutions containing powder formulations of bacillus thuringiensis israelensis (bti) or bacillus sphaericus were transformed into ice pellets (named icypearls) using a special ice-making machine. this new technique was demonstrated to have the following advantages over bti sand granules: 1) the bti ice pellets melted on the water surface and released the ... | 2003 | 12674537 |
| west nile virus. | | 2003 | 12771077 |
| mosquitoes captured in a horse-baited stable trap in southeast louisiana. | a mosquito study based on collections from horse-baited stable traps was conducted in 1993 and 1994 at 3 sites in geographically and ecologically distinct areas of st. tammany parish (southeastern louisiana) to determine the major horse-feeding mosquito species that could be possible bridging and epidemic vectors of eastern equine encephalomyelitis virus. a total of 4,535 mosquitoes in 1993 and 23,906 in 1994 involving 26 species were collected, of which, depending on the site, culex salinarius, ... | 2003 | 12825665 |
| composition and adult activity of salt-marsh mosquitoes attracted to 1-octen-3-ol, carbon dioxide, and light in topsail island, north carolina. | by monitoring weekly for 3 months with centers for disease control (cdc) light traps baited with carbon dioxide (co2) and light, 12 species of mosquitoes were collected from salt-marsh areas in topsail island, north carolina: aedes vexans, anopheles atropos, an. bradleyi, an. crucians, an. punctipennis, culex pipiens, cx. restrans, cx. salinarius, ochlerotatus sollicitans, oc. taeniorhynchus, oc. infirmatus, and uranotaenia sapphirina. the hourly activities of common salt-marsh mosquitoes, namel ... | 2003 | 12825671 |
| transmission of eastern equine encephalomyelitis virus in central alabama. | a site near tuskegee, alabama was examined for vector activity of eastern equine encephalomyelitis (eee) virus in 2001. more than 23,000 mosquitoes representing 8 genera and 34 species were collected during a 21-week period, and five species, culiseta melanura, aedes vexans, coquillettidia perturbans, culex erraticus, and uranotaenia sapphirina, were examined for the presence of virus using a nested reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction for eee virus. each species was infected at vario ... | 2003 | 12875303 |
| epidemiological studies on malayan filariasis in an inland area in kyungpook, korea 3. ecological survey of vector mosquitoes of brugia malayi. | the species composition, population density, and seasonal prevalence of vector mosquitoes in an inland area of kyungpook province were studied, based on light trap and human bait trap collections, and the recent patterns of infestation for infective larvae of brugia malayi in these vector hosts were investigated from may to november in 1985. nine species in four genera of mosquitoes were collected by light trap, human bait trap, and/or by nets. anopheles sinensis wiedemann was the most abundant ... | 1986 | 12886104 |
| survival of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus in houseflies. | the objectives of the study were to determine the duration of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (prrsv) survival in houseflies (musca domestica linnaeus) following feeding on an infected pig, and to determine whether the virus was present on the exterior surface or within the internal viscera of the fly. a total of 210 laboratory-colonized houseflies were allowed to feed to repletion on a pig, experimentally infected with prrsv on day 7 postinoculation, and then maintained aliv ... | 2003 | 12889726 |
| collection of adult and larval mosquitoes in u.s. army compounds in the republic of korea during 1979~1983. | this paper is the result of adult female mosquito and larval collection in u.s. army installations in korea from 1979 to 1983. new jersey light traps ere operated for ault collection from may to october. the primary concern of this surveillance is to determine when to recommend insecticide spraying for mosquito control in the army areas. the 5th preventive medicine unit have developed an "index" level of female mosquitoes in a light trap similar to other u.s.army agencies in other parts of the w ... | 1984 | 12891039 |
| [external factors influencing hatching of larvae and the number of aedes vexans meig. (diptera, culicidae)]. | | 1961 | 13755680 |
| isolation of eastern equine encephalomyelitis virus from aedes vexans in connecticut. | | 1960 | 13842647 |
| [studies on the relation between tahyna virus and aedes vexans in natural conditions]. | | 1961 | 13864956 |
| light, carbon dioxide, and octenol-baited mosquito trap and host-seeking activity evaluations for mosquitoes in a malarious area of the republic of korea. | two field trials for commercially available and experimental mosquito traps variously baited with light, carbon dioxide, octenol, or combinations of these were evaluated in a malarious area at paekyeon-ri near tongil-chon (village) and camp greaves, paju county, kyonggi province, republic of korea. the host-seeking activity for common mosquito species was determined using hourly aspirator collections from a human- and propane lantern-baited shannon trap. the total number of mosquitoes and number ... | 2001 | 14529088 |
| reassessment of the role and utility of wind in suppression of mosquito (diptera: culicidae) host finding: stimulus dilution supported over flight limitation. | in a central michigan wetland setting, with abundant aedes vexans (meigen), anopheles walkeri (theobald), and coquillettidea perturbans (walker), electric fan-generated wind strongly reduced mosquito catches in centers for disease control and prevention light traps releasing carbon dioxide at 650 or 1,950 ml/min. this relationship was negatively logarithmic over the range of velocities tested (0 m/s to 3.7 m/s; 0-8.3 mph) and closely matched the theoretical dilution function predicted to occur w ... | 2003 | 14596273 |
| evaluation of mosquitoes, aedes vexans, as biological vectors of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus. | the objective of this study was to determine whether mosquitoes, aedes vexans (meigen), could serve as biological vectors of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (prrsv). specifically, the study assessed the duration of viability and the site of prrsv within mosquitoes, and evaluated whether prrsv could be transmitted to a susceptible pig by mosquitoes following a 7- to 14-day incubation period after feeding on an infected pig. for the first experiment, a total of 100 mosquitoes w ... | 2003 | 14620862 |
| isolation of japanese encephalitis and getah viruses from mosquitoes (diptera: culicidae) collected near camp greaves, gyonggi province, republic of korea, 2000. | as part of an evaluation of the ecology of arthropod-borne diseases in the republic of korea (rok), we examined 8,765 mosquitoes captured in paju county, gyonggi province, rok, for the presence of viruses. mosquitoes were captured in propane lantern/human-baited shannon traps, mosquito magnet traps, or american biophysics corporation (east greenwich, ri) miniature light traps with or without supplemental octenol bait and/or dry ice. mosquitoes were identified to species, placed in pools of up to ... | 2003 | 14680130 |
| species composition and seasonal dynamics of mosquito larvae in the wrocław, poland area. | a total of 13,214 larvae specimens representing eight species (culex pipiens, culiseta annulata, ochlerotatus cantans, ochlerotatus communis, ochlerotatus excrucians, ochlerotatus sticticus, aedes vexans, and anopheles maculipennis) from twelve sampling places in the wrocław area in poland were collected between may and october, 1998-2000. the development rate of each mosquito species depended on hydrological types and various plant communities in water bodies. the water quality (temperature, ph ... | 2003 | 14714675 |
| west nile virus in mosquitoes of northern ohio, 2001-2002. | from june 14 to august 30, 2001 and june 10 to august 22, 2002, the mosquitoes of oberlin, ohio were surveyed and tested for west nile virus (wnv). mosquitoes were trapped weekly using gravid traps and co(2)-baited centers for disease control light traps at seven sites in 2001 and eight sites in 2002 in woodlots within the city limits. a total of 12,151 mosquitoes, representing 14 species and one species group, were collected in gravid traps, with culex pipiens/restuans being the most abundant, ... | 2004 | 15155992 |
| mosquito and arbovirus activity during 1997-2002 in a wetland in northeastern mississippi. | the species composition and population dynamics of adult mosquitoes in a wetland near iuka, ms, were analyzed over a 6-yr period (1997-2002) and reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (pcr) detection rates of arboviruses determined during five of those years. blood meals of three likely vector species were identified using a pcr-based method that allows identification of the host to species. culex erraticus (dyar & knab) composed 51.9% of the population during the 6-yr period with 295 f ... | 2004 | 15185956 |
| west nile virus and high death rate in american crows. | we document effects of west nile virus (wnv) on american crows. more than two thirds of our crows died of wnv infection, peaking when the proportion of infected mosquitoes at roosts was greatest. wnv antibody prevalence in crows was low. local ecologic effects can be dramatic as wnv inhabits new areas. | 2004 | 15200865 |
| selected mosquito vectors of west nile virus: comparison of their ecological dynamics in four woodland and marsh habitats in delaware. | we compared human landing, co2-baited light trap, co2-baited omni-fay trap, and gravid trap collections of mosquitoes at 4 woodland and marsh sites with varied vegetative habitats in delaware during summer 2001. landing collections provided more consistent, but sometimes smaller, collection numbers than light traps. proportions of parous mosquitoes were also higher in landing than in light trap or omni-fay collections about 65% of the time. circadian feeding rhythms were observed for 3 suspected ... | 2004 | 15264622 |
| [the study of mosquito fauna (diptera, culicidae) in volgograd city in light of the outbreak of west nile fever in volgograd region, 1999]. | mosquito sampling was carried out in volgograd city and its vicinity in august 2001 and 2002. in total 16,000 individuals belonging to 6 genera and 12 species were collected. nine species were anthropophilic. culex modestus and aedes vexans dominated in all outdoor samples collected in volgograd city. in addition to these species, coquillettidia richiardii and ae. caspius were abundant in the vicinity of volgograd. autogenous cx. popiens dominated among six species sampled indoors in volgograd c ... | 2004 | 15272818 |
| hhv-8 transmission via saliva to soothe blood-sucking arthropod bites. | | 2004 | 15305196 |
| a weather-driven model of malaria transmission. | climate is a major driving force behind malaria transmission and climate data are often used to account for the spatial, seasonal and interannual variation in malaria transmission. | 2004 | 15350206 |
| identification of reptilian and amphibian blood meals from mosquitoes in an eastern equine encephalomyelitis virus focus in central alabama. | uranotaenia sapphirina, culex erraticus, and cx. peccator were collected in an enzootic eastern equine encephalomyelitis (eee) virus focus in central alabama (tuskegee national forest) from 2001 to 2003 and analyzed for virus as well as host selection. eee virus was detected in each species every year except 2003, when pools of cx. peccator were negative. most (97%) of the 130 cx. peccator blood meals identified were from ectothermic hosts; 3% were from birds. among blood meals from reptiles (ap ... | 2004 | 15381805 |
| west nile virus in california. | west nile virus (wnv) was first isolated in california during july 2003 from a pool of culex tarsalis collected near el centro, imperial county. wnv transmission then increased and spread in imperial and coachella valleys, where it was tracked by isolation from pools of cx. tarsalis, seroconversions in sentinel chickens, and seroprevalence in free-ranging birds. wnv then dispersed to the city of riverside, riverside county, and to the whittier dam area of los angeles county, where it was detecte ... | 2004 | 15496236 |
| commercial mosquito trap and gravid trap oviposition media evaluation, atlanta, georgia. | field trials evaluating the effectiveness of selected gravid trap oviposition media and commercially available mosquito traps were conducted in southern fulton county (atlanta), ga, from june 9 to june 18 and june 24 to july 4, 2002, respectively. total number of mosquitoes and number of each species captured during the tests were compared using a latin square design. for the gravid trap infusion media, significant differences were found for total number of mosquitoes collected where sod > or = ... | 2004 | 15532919 |
| immune responses to mosquito saliva in 14 individuals with acute systemic allergic reactions to mosquito bites. | mosquito bite-induced acute systemic allergic reactions are an increasing clinical concern and have not been optimally characterized immunologically. | 2004 | 15536430 |
| evidence for natural desensitization to mosquito salivary allergens: mosquito saliva specific ige and igg levels in children. | there are few epidemiologic data on the prevalence of mosquito allergy, although local reactions to mosquito bites are common. | 2004 | 15609764 |
| epidemiology of west nile virus in connecticut: a five-year analysis of mosquito data 1999-2003. | two hundred and ten isolations of west nile virus (wnv) were obtained from 17 mosquito species in six genera in statewide surveillance conducted in connecticut from june through october, 1999-2003. culex pipiens (86), culex salinarius (32), culex restuans (26), culiseta melanura (32), and aedes vexans (12) were implicated as the most likely vectors of wnv in the region based on virus isolation data. culex pipiens was abundant from july through september and is likely involved in early season enz ... | 2004 | 15682518 |
| mosquitoborne viruses, czech republic, 2002. | specimens from residents (n = 497) of an area affected by the 2002 flood were examined serologically for mosquitoborne viruses. antibodies were detected against tahyna (16%), sindbis (1%), and batai (0.2%) viruses, but not west nile virus. an examination of paired serum samples showed 1 tahyna bunyavirus (california group) infection. | 2005 | 15705333 |
| potential transmission of west nile virus in the british isles: an ecological review of candidate mosquito bridge vectors. | west nile virus (wnv) transmitted by mosquitoes (diptera: culicidae) infects various vertebrates, being pathogenic for birds, horses and humans. after its discovery in tropical africa, sporadic outbreaks of wnv occurred during recent decades in eurasia, but not the british isles. wnv reached new york in 1999 and spread to california by 2003, causing widespread outbreaks of west nile encephalitis across north america, transmitted by many species of mosquitoes, mainly culex spp. the periodic reapp ... | 2005 | 15752172 |
| west nile virus risk assessment and the bridge vector paradigm. | in the northeast united states, control of west nile virus (wnv) vectors has been unfocused because of a lack of accurate knowledge about the roles different mosquitoes play in wnv transmission. we analyzed the risk posed by 10 species of mosquitoes for transmitting wnv to humans by using a novel risk-assessment measure that combines information on the abundance, infection prevalence, vector competence, and biting behavior of vectors. this analysis suggests that 2 species (culex pipiens l. and c ... | 2005 | 15757558 |
| entomopathogenic fungi for mosquito control: a review. | fungal diseases in insects are common and widespread and can decimate their populations in spectacular epizootics. virtually all insect orders are susceptible to fungal diseases, including dipterans. fungal pathogens such as lagenidium, coelomomyces and culicinomyces are known to affect mosquito populations, and have been studied extensively. there are, however, many other fungi that infect and kill mosquitoes at the larval and/or adult stage. the discovery, in 1977, of the selective mosquito-pa ... | 2004 | 15861235 |
| mosquito surveillance for west nile virus in southeastern wisconsin--2002. | in 2001, west nile virus (wnv) was identified among dead american crows and bluejays in five counties in southeastern wisconsin. in response to the introduction of wnv, a pilot mosquito surveillance program was initiated in these five southeastern wisconsin counties during the summer of 2002. forty sites were selected for surveillance one night each week during a 17-week period. mosquitoes were collected in carbon dioxide-baited light traps and gravid traps. during the study period 31,419 mosqui ... | 2003 | 15931283 |
| mosquito vectors of the 1998-1999 outbreak of rift valley fever and other arboviruses (bagaza, sanar, wesselsbron and west nile) in mauritania and senegal. | following an outbreak of rift valley fever (rvf) in south-eastern mauritania during 1998, entomological investigations were conducted for 2 years in the affected parts of senegal and mauritania, spanning the sénégal river basin. a total of 92 787 mosquitoes (diptera: culicidae), belonging to 10 genera and 41 species, were captured in light traps. in senegal, culex poicilipes (41%) and mansonia uniformis (39%) were the most abundant species caught, whereas aedes vexans (77%) and cx. poicilipes (1 ... | 2005 | 15958020 |
| attraction of culex pipiens/restuans (diptera: culicidae) mosquitoes to bird uropygial gland odors at two elevations in the niagara region of ontario. | in an effort to determine whether female culex pipiens l. and culex restuans theobald mosquitoes (diptera: culicidae) are attracted to crow, corvus brachyrhynchus, uropygial gland secretions, cdc miniature light traps (baited with co2 but with the lights removed) were placed at approximately 1.5- and 5-m elevations, in 10 trees in awoodlot near niagara falls, canada. these traps were assigned either a bird odor or a blank control. bird odors were created by attaching cotton swabs coated with cro ... | 2005 | 15962778 |
| rainfall patterns and population dynamics of aedes (aedimorphus) vexans arabiensis, patton 1905 (diptera: culicidae), a potential vector of rift valley fever virus in senegal. | the importance of rainfall for the development of aedes vexans arabiensis populations, one of the potential vectors of rift valley fever in west africa, was demonstrated in a two-year follow-up study conducted in the ferlo region of senegal. in 2003, the rainy season began with heavy rains and, as a result, temporary ponds, the breeding places for mosquitoes, were flooded at their maximum level immediately. in such conditions, aedes vexans arabiensis populations are abundant at the very beginnin ... | 2005 | 16007962 |
| the importance of agricultural tire habitats for mosquitoes of public health importance in new york state. | the presence of mosquito species breeding in agricultural "bunker tires" on dairy farms in new york state was evaluated. twelve species of mosquitoes (aedes vexans, anopheles barberi, an. punctipenriis, an. perplexens, culex pipiens pipiens, cx. restuans, cx. salinarius, cx. territans, toxorhynchites rutilus septentrionalis, ochlerotatus atropalpus, oc. japonicus japonicus, and oc. triseriatus) were collected from 8 new york state dairy farms in 2001 and from 17 dairy farms in 2002. all but 2 of ... | 2005 | 16033118 |
| first record of aedes (aedimorphus) vexans vexans (meigen) in australia. | aedes (aedimorphus) vexans vexans has become widely distributed in the australasian and oceanic islands zoogeographic regions, and in this paper, we describe the 1st confirmed report of ae. vexans vexans in australia. a total of 45 adult individuals were collected around the town of kununurra in the northeast kimberley region of western australia during the late wet seasons between 1996 and 2003. the majority (84%) was collected at trap sites in or near the ord stage i irrigation area. aedes vex ... | 2005 | 16033126 |
| variation in interferon sensitivity and induction among strains of eastern equine encephalitis virus. | eastern equine encephalitis virus (eeev) causes human encephalitis in north america (na), but in south america (sa) it has rarely been associated with human disease, suggesting that sa strains are less virulent. to evaluate the hypothesis that this virulence difference is due to a greater ability of na strains to evade innate immunity, we compared replication of na and sa strains in vero cells pretreated with interferon (ifn). human ifn-alpha, -beta, and -gamma generally exhibited less effect on ... | 2005 | 16103182 |
| mosquito (diptera: culicidae) development within microhabitats of an iowa wetland. | although they provide a number of valuable ecological services, wetlands also may harbor mosquitoes that are vectors of human pathogens. during 2002 and 2003, we measured biological (i.e., abundances of mosquitoes, other insects, and total heterotrophic bacteria, vegetational cover, and dead organic material), chemical (i.e., ph, dissolved nitrate, dissolved nitrite, dissolved phosphate, total alkalinity, and electrical conductivity), and physical (i.e., water temperature, dissolved oxygen, dept ... | 2005 | 16119560 |
| effect of larval crowding on mating competitiveness of anopheles gambiae mosquitoes. | the success of sterile or transgenic anopheles for malaria control depends on their mating competitiveness within wild populations. current evidence suggests that transgenic mosquitoes have reduced fitness. one means of compensating for this fitness deficit would be to identify environmental conditions that increase their mating competitiveness, and incorporate them into laboratory rearing regimes. | 2005 | 16197541 |
| rift valley fever in small ruminants, senegal, 2003. | during the 2003 rainy season, the clinical and serologic incidence of rift valley fever was assessed in small ruminant herds living around temporary ponds located in the semi-arid region of the ferlo, senegal. no outbreak was detected by the surveillance system. serologic incidence was estimated at 2.9% (95% confidence interval 1.0-8.7) and occurred in 5 of 7 ponds with large variations in the observed incidence rate (0%-20.3%). the location of ponds in the ferlo valley and small ponds were corr ... | 2005 | 16318720 |
| aspects of bioecology of two rift valley fever virus vectors in senegal (west africa): aedes vexans and culex poicilipes (diptera: culicidae). | the dispersal, population dynamics, and age structure of two rift valley fever virus (phlebovirus: bunyaviridae) (rvfv) vectors, aedes vexans meigen and culex poicilipes theobald, were investigated in northern senegal. the main objective was to investigate possible factors that mediate rvfv emergence and propagation at a site where humans and livestock live in proximity to temporary surface pools. in mark-release-recapture studies, recapture rates of 0.18% (156/85,500) and 3.46% (201/5,800) were ... | 2005 | 16363157 |
| isolations of potosi virus from mosquitoes (diptera: culicidae) collected in connecticut. | potosi virus (potv) (bunyaviridae: orthobunyavirus) was first isolated from aedes albopictus (skuse) collected in potosi, mo, in 1989, and subsequent isolations were reported from illinois, michigan, ohio, and the carolinas. to determine whether the distribution of this virus extends into the northeastern united states, we analyzed arboviruses acquired from mosquitoes collected in connecticut from 1998 to 2004. in 2001, a bunyavirus was isolated from aedes vexans (meigen) that was different from ... | 2005 | 16363172 |
| west nile virus in host-seeking mosquitoes within a residential neighborhood in grand forks, north dakota. | west nile virus (wnv) was first recovered in north dakota near the city of grand forks in june 2002. during 2002, 2003, and 2004, we collected mosquitoes from grand forks using mosquito magnet traps and tested them for wnv. the seasonal abundance, species composition, and reproductive status of female mosquitoes were correlated with local environmental temperature and state surveillance data on wnv to determine the factors affecting local transmission of wnv. over 90% of the mosquitoes collected ... | 2005 | 16417433 |
| monitoring of japanese encephalitis virus infection in mosquitoes (diptera: culicidae) at guandu nature park, taipei, 2002-2004. | japanese encephalitis virus (jev) infection in mosquitoes was monitored at guandu nature park in taipei city from september 2002 to december 2004. in total, 30,386 female mosquitoes consisting of six genera and 14 species were processed for virus in 1,229 pools by using flavivirus ns5 gene sequences detected by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (pcr) and nested pcr assay. overall, 101 pools were positive, including 95, 1, 4, and 1 for culex tritaeniorhynchus giles, culex sitiens wi ... | 2005 | 16465752 |
| a dynamic transmission model of eastern equine encephalitis virus. | eastern equine encephalitis virus (eeev) is one of several arthropod-borne viruses (arboviruses) endemic to the united states. interactions between arthropod (mosquito) vectors and avian amplification host populations play a significant role in the dynamics of arboviral transmission. recent data have suggested the hypothesis that an increased rate of successful feeding on young-of-the-year (yoy) birds might play a role in the dynamics of eeev transmission. to test this hypothesis, we developed a ... | 2006 | 16501661 |
| seasonal dynamics of four potential west nile vector species in north-central texas. | a population survey was conducted from april through september 2002 on mosquito species occurring on the ray roberts greenbelt, a riparian corridor used for public recreation on the elm fork of the trinity river, in denton county, tx. geographic information system software was used to set up a stratified random sampling design based on habitat parameters. mosquitoes were collected using light traps, gravid traps, and resting boxes. a total of 29 species was collected during this study belonging ... | 2005 | 16599151 |
| targeted trapping of mosquito vectors in the chesapeake bay area of maryland. | most adult mosquito surveillance in maryland is performed using dry ice-baited or unbaited centers for disease control (cdc) miniature light traps suspended approximately 1.5 m above the ground. however, standardized trapping methods may miss mosquito species involved in disease transmission cycles. during a 2-yr study, the effectiveness of the olfactory attractant 1-octen-3-ol alone and in combination with carbon dioxide was evaluated for collecting mosquito vector species. in addition, trap he ... | 2006 | 16619593 |
| rift valley fever potential, arabian peninsula. | | 2006 | 16710979 |
| host-feeding patterns of aedes albopictus (diptera: culicidae) in relation to availability of human and domestic animals in suburban landscapes of central north carolina. | aedes albopictus (skuse) (diptera: culicidae) is a major nuisance mosquito and a potential arbovirus vector. the host-feeding patterns of ae. albopictus were investigated during the 2002 and 2003 mosquito seasons in suburban neighborhoods in wake county, raleigh, nc. hosts of blood-fed ae. albopictus (n = 1,094) were identified with an indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, by using antisera made in new zealand white rabbits to the sera of animals that would commonly occur in peridomestic h ... | 2006 | 16739414 |
| evaluation of potential west nile virus vectors in volgograd region, russia, 2003 (diptera: culicidae): species composition, bloodmeal host utilization, and virus infection rates of mosquitoes. | potential west nile virus (family flaviviridae, genus flavivirus, wnv) vectors were assessed during 2003 at indoor and outdoor collection sites in urban volgograd, russia, and in three nearby towns and surrounding rural areas. in total, 9,182 female mosquitoes comprising 13 species in six genera were collected. relative abundance and bloodmeal host utilization differed temporarily and spatially. during june and july in volgograd, aedes vexans (meigen) (85.4%) and culex p. pipiens l. (7.6%) were ... | 2006 | 16739415 |
| eastern equine encephalitis--new hampshire and massachusetts, august-september 2005. | during august-september 2005, the new hampshire department of health and human services reported seven cases of human eastern equine encephalitis virus (eeev) disease, the first laboratory-confirmed, locally acquired cases of human eeev disease reported from new hampshire in 41 years of national surveillance. also during august--september 2005, the massachusetts department of public health reported four cases of human eeev disease, five times the annual average of 0.8 cases reported from massach ... | 2006 | 16810146 |
| association between genetic sequence homology of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus and geographic distance between pig sites. | the objective of this study was to investigate whether geographic distance was correlated with genetic homology among isolates of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (prrsv) from a single pork-producing company. we analyzed geographic distance, temporal distance, and percentage similarity in the prrsv nucleotide sequence among 62 farms, applying the mantel test for correlation between distance matrices and prrsv sequencing. genomic similarity had a significant (p < 0.01) negative ... | 2006 | 16850949 |
| different responses of two floodwater mosquito species, aedes vexans and ochlerotatus sticticus (diptera: culicidae), to larval habitat drying. | insect larvae that live in temporary ponds must cope with a rapidly diminishing resource. we tested the hypothesis that floodwater mosquitoes would react to diminishing water levels by accelerating larval development time and emerging as smaller adults. since a reduction in habitat size leads to increased larval densities, we also included two larval densities. newly-hatched floodwater mosquito larvae, aedes vexans (87.9% of emerged adults) and ochlerotatus sticticus (12.0% of emerged adults), w ... | 2006 | 16859100 |
| distribution of mosquito species in areas with high and low incidence of classic kaposi's sarcoma and seroprevalence for hhv-8. | the 'promoter-arthropod' hypothesis, which postulates that exposure to the bites of certain species of haematophagous arthropods is an environmental risk cofactor linked to human herpes virus 8 (hhv-8) and kaposi's sarcoma, was investigated in the po river valley, northern italy. the presence and density of adult female mosquitoes (diptera: culicidae) was determined by cdc light trap catches in two adjacent districts, at variance with respect to kaposi's sarcoma incidence and hhv-8 seroprevalenc ... | 2006 | 16871701 |
| rainfall triggered dynamics of aedes mosquito aggressiveness. | inspired by davidson method of estimating daily survivals of a structureless population of mosquitoes, we present a model which describes the behavior of floodwater mosquitoes in terms of emergence functions following a rainfall event, blood feeding frequency and parous stages, and survival at various stages. as a generalization of the davidson formula, we have developed an approach for dealing with the dynamics of structured population of mosquitoes, and derived various formulas allowing assess ... | 2006 | 16876201 |
| possible ecology and epidemiology of medically important mosquito-borne arboviruses in great britain. | nine different arboviruses are known to be transmitted by, or associated with, mosquitoes in europe, and several (west nile, sindbis and tahyna viruses) are reported to cause outbreaks of human disease. although there have been no reported human cases in great britain (gb), there have been no published in-depth serological surveys for evidence of human infection. this paper investigates the ecological and entomological factors that could influence or restrict transmission of these viruses in gb, ... | 2007 | 16893487 |
| genome of invertebrate iridescent virus type 3 (mosquito iridescent virus). | iridoviruses (ivs) are classified into five genera: iridovirus and chloriridovirus, whose members infect invertebrates, and ranavirus, lymphocystivirus, and megalocytivirus, whose members infect vertebrates. until now, chloriridovirus was the only iv genus for which a representative and complete genomic sequence was not available. here, we report the genome sequence and comparative analysis of a field isolate of invertebrate iridescent virus type 3 (iiv-3), also known as mosquito iridescent viru ... | 2006 | 16912294 |
| modeling the spatial distribution of mosquito vectors for west nile virus in connecticut, usa. | the risk of transmission of west nile virus (wnv) to humans is associated with the density of infected vector mosquitoes in a given area. current technology for estimating vector distribution and abundance is primarily based on centers for disease control and prevention (cdc) light trap collections, which provide only point data. in order to estimate mosquito abundance in areas not sampled by traps, we developed logistic regression models for five mosquito species implicated as the most likely v ... | 2006 | 16989568 |
| horse-, bird-, and human-seeking behavior and seasonal abundance of mosquitoes in a west nile virus focus of southern france. | after 35 yr of disease absence, west nile virus (family flaviviridae, genus flavivirus, wnv) circulation has been regularly detected in the camargue region (southern france) since 2000. wnv was isolated from culex modestus ficalbi, which was considered the main vector in southern france after horse outbreaks in the 1960s. recent wnv transmissions outside of the cx. modestus distribution suggested the existence of other vectors. to study potential wnv vectors, horse- and bird-baited traps and hum ... | 2006 | 17017231 |
| west nile virus from female and male mosquitoes (diptera: culicidae) in subterranean, ground, and canopy habitats in connecticut. | in total, 93,532 female mosquitoes (diptera: culicidae) were captured in traps placed in subterranean (catch basin), ground (approximately 1.5 m above ground), and canopy (approximately 7.0 m above ground) habitats in stamford and stratford, ct, during 2003-2005. culex pipiens l. was the most abundant (64.8%) of the 31 species identified. significantly greater numbers of cx. pipiens were captured in canopy-placed mosquito magnet experimental traps, and significantly greater numbers were collecte ... | 2006 | 17017241 |
| identification of avian- and mammalian-derived bloodmeals in aedes vexans and culiseta melanura (diptera: culicidae) and its implication for west nile virus transmission in connecticut, u.s.a. | to evaluate the host-feeding patterns of aedes vexans (meigen) and culiseta melanura (coquillett) as secondary vectors of west nile virus (family flaviviridae, genus flavivirus, wnv) in northeastern united states, we identified the source of vertebrate bloodmeals by sequencing portions of the cytochrome b gene of mitochondrial dna. analysis of polymerase chain reaction products from a total of 119 ae. vexans revealed that 92.4% of individuals acquired blood solely from mammalian and 2.5% from av ... | 2006 | 17017250 |
| study of flying height of culicid species in the northern part of the republic of korea. | the vertical distribution of mosquitoes (diptera, culicidae) was evaluated in paju county in northern south korea by using centers for disease control and prevention (cdc) miniature light traps with ultraviolet light and dry ice (co2) as attractants. cdc traps were placed at 1, 3 and 5 m above the ground near rice paddies in a relatively open agricultural ara. traps wer hung on two scaffold towers (6 m height) spaced approximately 300 m aprt. each trap operated 9 nights from august 3 to 16, 2002 ... | 2006 | 17019769 |
| comparison of mosquito trapping method efficacy for west nile virus surveillance in new mexico. | as part of the west nile virus surveillance program for the state of new mexico, 13 sites along the rio grande river were sampled for mosquitoes during spring and summer 2003. we evaluated 3 different trapping procedures for their effectiveness at capturing selected species of mosquitoes. the 3 methods used were a dry ice-baited centers for disease control and prevention (cdc) light trap set 1.5 m above the ground (standard method), a cdc light trap suspended within the forest canopy, and a grav ... | 2006 | 17019770 |
| stormwater ponds, constructed wetlands, and other best management practices as potential breeding sites for west nile virus vectors in delaware during 2004. | we performed longitudinal surveys of mosquito larval abundance (mean mosquito larvae per dip) in 87 stormwater ponds and constructed wetland in delaware from june to september 2004. we analyzed selected water quality factors, water depth, types of vegetation, degree of shade, and level of insect predation in relation to mosquito abundance. the 2004 season was atypical, with most ponds remaining wet for the entire summer. in terms of west nile virus (wnv) vectors, wetlands predominantly produce a ... | 2006 | 17019774 |
| an assessment of the effectiveness of the mosquito magnet pro model for suppression of nuisance mosquitoes. | we tested the effectiveness of the american biophysics corporation mosquito magnet pro model (abc-pro) to reduce mosquito abundance in an urban (wolseley) and in a rural (fort whyte) setting in winnipeg, manitoba in 2001 and 2002. assessment was based on comparisons with control sites by using centers for disease control (cdc) light traps and landing counts on human observers. over a period of 94 trap nights, the abc-pro collected more than an estimated 2,000,000 mosquitoes of 6 species. aedes v ... | 2006 | 17067037 |
| [feeding pattern of rift valley fever virus vectors in senegal. implications in the disease epidemiology]. | during the rainy season 2003, an entomological survey was undertaken in the sahelian bioclimatic zone of the ferlo area in northern senegal, in order to evaluate the degree of interaction between rift valley fever (rvf) virus vectors and domestic animals and to determine the role of natural vertebrate hosts in the transmission and maintenance cycle. the study of vector-host contact was carried out under bed net traps using man, cow, sheep, chicken as bait whereas the rvfv vectors-vertebrate host ... | 2006 | 17111980 |
| molecular identification of palearctic members of anopheles maculipennis in northern iran. | members of anopheles maculipennis complex are effective malaria vectors in europe and the caspian sea region in northern iran, where malaria has been re-introduced since 1994. the current study has been designed in order to provide further evidence on the status of species composition and to identify more accurately the members of the maculipennis complex in northern iran. | 2007 | 17233887 |
| west nile virus infection in mosquitoes in the mid-south usa, 2002-2005. | west nile virus (family flaviviridae, genus flavivirus, wnv) was first detected in the tennessee valley and in alabama in august 2001. in summer 2002, intensive viral activity was seen, but in subsequent years, viral activity settled into an enzootic pattern. here, we report an analysis of viral activity in the mosquito fauna in the mid-south from 2002 (the first year viral activity was detected in mosquitoes) through 2005. eight mosquito species were infected with wnv during 2002. however, vira ... | 2007 | 17294929 |
| discriminative feeding behaviour of anopheles gambiae s.s. on endemic plants in western kenya. | anopheles gambiae giles s.s. (diptera: culicidae) is known to feed on plant sugars, but this is the first experimental study to consider whether it discriminates between plant species. thirteen perennial plant species were selected on the basis of their local availability within the vicinity of human dwellings and larval habitats of an. gambiae s.s. in western kenya. groups of 100 or 200 mosquitoes were released into cages either with a cutting of one plant type at a time (single-plant assay) or ... | 2007 | 17373953 |
| [mosquito complex (diptera, culicidae) in a west nile fever focus in the volgograd region. i. species diversity and relative abundance in different habitats]. | potential west nile virus (wnv) vectors were assessed during 2003 and 2004 at the indoor and outdoor collection sites of volgograd and surrounding rural areas. a total of 26 387 female mosquitoes comprising 16 species in 5 genera of the subfamily culicinae and 4 species of the subfamily anophelinae were collected. the seasonal abundance and the dominance structure greatly differed in the multi-storied buildings, farms, and open habitats whereas the similarity of species diversity remained high t ... | 2007 | 17436731 |
| u.s. laboratory and field trials of metofluthrin (sumione) emanators for reducing mosquito biting outdoors. | metofluthrin (sumione is a novel, vapor-active pyrethroid that is highly effective against mosquitoes. laboratory and field trials were conducted in the united states to evaluate the mosquito repellent activity of metofluthrin-treated paper substrates ("emanators"). initial studies were conducted to evaluate the field performance of 900-cm(2) paper fan emanators impregnated with 160 mg metofluthrin, where aedes canadensis was the predominant species. emanators reduced landing rates on human volu ... | 2007 | 17536367 |
| field evaluation against mosquitoes of regular and polymer-based deet formulations in manitoba, canada, with comment on methodological issues. | studies were carried out in manitoba, canada, to evaluate the efficacy of three repellent products for protection of human subjects against mosquito bites. all test substances contained the active ingredient n,n-diethyl-3-methylbenzamide (deet); two were polymer-based creams (3m ultrathon insect repellent and morflex deet insect repellent 30) and the third (muskol insect repellent) was an alcohol-based pump spray formulation. application of repellent was to the forearm and lower legs of subjects ... | 2007 | 17547231 |
| behavioral risks for west nile virus disease, northern colorado, 2003. | in 2003, residents in 2 adjacent cities in northern colorado (loveland and fort collins) had severe outbreaks of human west nile virus (wnv) disease. unexpectedly, age-adjusted neuroinvasive disease rates were higher in loveland (38.6 vs. 15.9 per 100,000), which had a more extensive mosquito control program and fewer mosquitoes. a survey was conducted to assess differences in personal protection and risk practices by each city's residents. during may and june 2004, a random-digit dial telephone ... | 2007 | 17552095 |