| immunopathophysiology of babesial infections. | humans infected with plasmodium falciparum and bovines infected with babesia bovis display severe haemolysis, alterations in red cell deformability and rigidity, and endothelial cell damage leading to pulmonary oedema and cerebral dysfunction. much of the pathology associated with these infections is not easily attributable to the relatively small numbers of parasites present. this paper considers the possible roles of soluble mediators released from macrophages, and chemical and physical change ... | 1989 | 2696155 |
| recently developed methods for the detection of babesial infections. | during the acute phase of babesiosis the direct identification of the causative agent is possible by examination of stained blood smears. an improved identification procedure for the diagnosis of babesia bovis using dna hybridization has been reported recently. for the diagnosis of both acute and chronic babesiosis, various serodiagnostic techniques have been developed. recent advances in serodiagnosis designed for the detection of anti-babesia antibodies were partly achieved by improving and st ... | 1989 | 2696156 |
| repetitive dna probes for the detection of babesia equi. | this report describes dna probes for the identification of babesia equi. a genomic library of b. equi was constructed in puc13. several clones were identified that hybridized strongly to b. equi dna. clone pbe33 hybridized specifically to b. equi dna and did not hybridize to horse dna nor to dna from babesia caballi, babesia bovis or babesia bigemina. two subclones of pbe33 (psb20 and peh21) containing b. equi repetitive sequences, could detect 0.49 ng and 0.97 ng b. equi dna, respectively. | 1989 | 2710167 |
| induction of nucleoside transport sites into the host cell membrane of babesia bovis infected erythrocytes. | normal bovine erythrocytes have negligible ability to transport adenosine and related nucleosides across their cell membrane. however, infection with the intraerythrocytic parasite babesia bovis was found to induce a nucleoside permeation site into the host cell membrane. transport experiments over periods of up to 30 s determined that the transport rate of 1 microm adenosine into the infected cell was 1.72 +/- 1.2 pmol incorporated (microliter cell water)-1s-1, a rate three times higher than fo ... | 1989 | 2747745 |
| babesia bovis on the island of pemba, tanzania. | | 1989 | 2750034 |
| detection of babesia bigemina in cattle by a radioimmunoassay incorporating specifically depleted antigen. | it was observed that mild acidification (ph less than 4.0) together with solvent extraction of the soluble sonicate of a crude preparation of babesia bigemina infected cattle erythrocytes caused a quantitative loss of b. bigemina-specific antigen. cross-reacting antigen activities with babesia bovis remained intact. these properties were utilized in an assay system wherein antibody response to the specifically depleted antigen preparation was subtracted from the response to the initial crude pre ... | 1989 | 2763443 |
| infectivity of cryopreserved babesia bovis, babesia bigemina and anaplasma centrale for cattle after thawing, dilution and incubation at 30 degrees c. | blood containing either babesia bovis, babesia bigemina or anaplasma centrale was mixed with an equal volume of 3 m glycerol in phosphate-buffered saline with or without glucose and then stored in liquid nitrogen for 2-30 days. after being thawed, the parasitized blood was subjected to various procedures, including dilution up to 1000-fold followed by incubation at 30 or 4 degrees c for 8 h, before infectivity of the parasites was tested in a total of 70 cattle. the results showed that the blood ... | 1989 | 2763444 |
| in vitro adherence of bovine erythrocytes infected with babesia bovis to thrombospondin and laminin. | this study was undertaken to examine how eight putative adhesive agents bound to plastic surfaces affected the capacity of bovine erythrocytes, infected with either virulent or avirulent strains of babesia bovis, to adhere in vitro. thrombospondin (tsp) induced b. bovis-infected bovine erythrocytes to adhere and adherence was augmented when the infected blood was cultured for 24 h before the assay. moreover, tsp also caused erythrocytes infected with avirulent strains of b. bovis to adhere to pl ... | 1989 | 2777473 |
| babesia bovis: purification and concentration of merozoites and infected bovine erythrocytes. | babesia bovis merozoites, externalized by removal of infected erythrocytes from ordinary culture conditions, were completely separated from red blood cells and stroma by centrifugation in a percoll gradient. a merozoite band formed at a point corresponding to about 1.087 g/ml specific density. infected red blood cells were concentrated approximately fourfold to obtain greater than 49.0% parasitemia after centrifugation in percoll. most highly enriched fractions positioned between 1.121 and 1.123 ... | 1986 | 3007196 |
| detection of babesia bovis using dna hybridization. | plasmids containing inserts of babesia bovis dna were prepared and clones suitable for use in the diagnosis of b. bovis infections were isolated. dot blot hybridization with dna from these plasmids, which probably contain repetitive sequences, can detect after an overnight exposure 100 pg of b. bovis dna, which corresponds to the amount of dna present in 50 microliters of 0.01% parasitemic erythrocytes. no detectable cross-hybridization was observed with babesia microti, plasmodium falciparum, p ... | 1986 | 3007751 |
| babesia bovis: molecular and biological characteristics of cloned parasite lines. | an in vivo limiting dilution technique was used to produce several babesia bovis cloned lines with which to study the basis of virulence and immunogenicity in this parasite. dna hybridization using a cloned dna fragment from the babr locus demonstrated that the cloned lines were a more restricted genetic population than the parent strain. biosynthetic labeling and immunoprecipitation studies indicated that the cloned lines differed from each other and from the parentals in the expression of a sm ... | 1987 | 3032666 |
| cdna clone encoding a high molecular weight antigen of babesia bovis. | an expression library was constructed by inserting cdna copied from mrna of the blood stages of babesia bovis isolate ka into bacteriophage lambda gt11-amp3. an antigen-positive cdna clone detected by screening the library with antibodies from cattle vaccinated with the ka isolate was shown to encode part of a high-molecular weight polypeptide antigen of b. bovis. this molecule was a dominant immunogen and was found by immunofluorescence to be within the parasite in infected erythrocytes. | 1987 | 3033495 |
| growth of babesia bovis in bovine erythrocyte cultures. | babesia bovis was cultured in a suspension of bovine erythrocytes incubated at 37 degrees c in medium 199 with 50% bovine serum. the cells in culture were kept in suspension by slow stirring in spinner flasks and the medium was replaced at 24-hour intervals. persistent multiplication of the parasite in a short series of subcultures suggests the feasibility of this approach for continuous culture. | 1978 | 717633 |
| babesia bovis: vaccination trial with a dominant immunodiffusion antigen in splenectomised calves. | the dominant immunodiffusion antigen of babesia bovis was prepared from the lysate of infected erythrocytes by cation exchange chromatography, gel filtration and preparative native acrylamide electrophoresis. it was seemingly free of other babesial antigens and tested as a vaccine. in vaccinated calves, compared to controls, there was a delay in parasitaemia and at times a statistically significant difference in parasite numbers. however, the vaccinates showed little difference in pathophysiolog ... | 1986 | 3099492 |
| the effect of age on resistance of cattle to babesia bovis. | susceptible hereford cattle of different ages were inoculated with 2 x 10(8) babesia bovis organisms. experiment i consisted of cows aged 6 to 7 years, steers aged 17 to 18 months and calves aged 5 to 6 months, while experiment 2 consisted of cows aged 6.5 to 7.5 years, steers aged 23 to 24 months and yearlings aged 11 to 12 months. daily measurements of temperature, parasitaemia and packed cell volume were made in order to determine susceptibility of the different ages. twenty-four of the 36 an ... | 1978 | 687298 |
| an enzyme linked immunosorbent assay to diagnose babesia bovis infection in cattle. | the optimum gel filtration fraction from lysate of babesia bovis infected erythrocytes was determined for use as an antigen in an elisa to diagnose b. bovis infection in cattle. of four enzyme labels tested, horseradish peroxidase was the most suitable. the assay is both sensitive and specific in detecting antibody for 2-4 years after a single infection. false positive reactions were obtained only with some sera from some anaplasma marginale infected cattle. | 1987 | 3106957 |
| effects of ph, buffers and medium-storage on the growth of babesia bovis in vitro. | | 1988 | 3192349 |
| bovine babesiosis: severity and reproducibility of babesia bovis infections induced by boophilus microplus under laboratory conditions. | a total of 61 intact holstein-friesian calves were exposed to babesia bovis (= b argentina) by the injection of infected blood or the application of infected boophilus microplus larvae. tick-induced infections were uniformly severe, even when induced by relatively small numbers of infected ticks. in contrast, calves infected with carrier blood experienced mild, subclinical reactions despite detectable parasitaemia. the greater severity of tick-induced reactions appeared to be due to the large nu ... | 1978 | 674841 |
| prevalence of anaplasmosis and babesiosis in n'dama cattle of the gambia. | sera from 184 n'dama cattle randomly selected and averaging 2-7 years of age were tested for the presence of specific antibodies to anaplasma marginale, babesia bovis and b. bigemina, using one or more serological tests including complement fixation, rapid card agglutination and indirect fluorescent antibody (ifa). tests for a. marginale and b. bovis were essentially negative. utilising the ifa test 65% of the sera tested were positive for b. bigemina. three randomly selected two-year-old n'dama ... | 1988 | 3281338 |
| the pathogenicity and immunologic relationship of a virulent and a tissue-culture-adapted babesia bovis. | babesia bovis grown in tissue culture was used to inoculate 12, 2-year-old holstein steers. all 12 developed serological evidence of infection but only six had a febrile response of greater than or equal to 40 degrees c, and only one had a demonstrable b. bovis parasitemia. an average modest drop of 19% was observed in packed cell volume (pcv) during the period of reaction. all 12 steers were subsequently challenged with virulent b. bovis: seven on day 78 post inoculation (p.i.), two on day 106 ... | 1988 | 3285573 |
| immunosuppression by babesia bovis against its tick vector, boophilus microplus. | | 1978 | 643072 |
| detection of culture-derived babesia bovis exoantigen using a two-site enzyme immunoassay. | soluble exoantigens in the supernatants of babesia bovis cultures have been shown to be efficient immunogens against bovine babesiosis. we used a two-site enzyme immunoassay to monitor the release of these antigens during in vitro cultivation. bovine immunoglobulin g was isolated from serum of an adult cow previously immunized with culture-derived b. bovis exoantigens and challenged via needle with virulent parasites. the specific immunoglobulin g was used as a capture antibody and as an enzyme- ... | 1987 | 3308949 |
| antigenic relationship between plasmodium falciparum and babesia bovis: reactivity with antibodies to culture-derived soluble exoantigens. | antigenic similarities between plasmodium and babesia parasites of the phylum apicomplexa have been previously demonstrated primarily by the serological cross reactivity observed in the indirect fluorescent antibody (ifa) test. we have now studied the antigenic relationship between the human malaria parasite, plasmodium falciparum, and the hemoparasitic agent of cattle, babesia bovis, using rabbit monospecific antibodies produced against individual culture-derived p. falciparum polypeptides and ... | 1987 | 3309271 |
| bovine babesiosis: induction of protective immunity with culture-derived babesia bovis and babesia bigemina immunogens. | the comparative protective efficacy of culture-derived babesia bovis and b. bigemina immunogens against challenge exposure of susceptible crossbred cattle to heterologous strains was examined and correlated with the antigenic threshold requirements for induction of protective immunity. strong protection was observed in animals vaccinated with 10 ml-equivalent doses of soluble, b. bovis exoantigen-containing supernatant fluids. similar protective responses to b. bigemina exoantigens were evident ... | 1987 | 3325981 |
| radioimmunoassay for anaplasma marginale antibodies in cattle. | a radioimmunoassay is described for use in the detection of anaplasma marginale antibodies in cattle sera. optimal sensitivity and specificity were obtained by using 2 antigens, an a marginale antigen and a rbc antigen (obtained before infection was established) from the same calf. in addition, sera were preabsorbed with rbc from healthy cattle and with sonicated babesia bovis. of 86 sera obtained from cattle with a marginale infection (as determined by blood smear examination or by results of s ... | 1988 | 3377309 |
| babesia bovis: studies of parameters influencing microvascular stasis of infected erythrocytes. | bovine erythrocytes infected with babesia bovis were analysed for parameter changes known to influence rigidity and deformability of erythrocytes. marked increases in malonyldialdehyde were detected indicating that lipid peroxidation occurs during infection. consequently, increases in membrane lipid, methaemoglobin and membrane-bound haemoglobin were detected. conversely, decreases in the antioxidant vitamin e and decreases in sialic acid were also detected. the cumulative effect of these change ... | 1988 | 3387676 |
| identification of babesia bovis merozoite surface antigens by using immune bovine sera and monoclonal antibodies. | three babesia bovis merozoite surface proteins with relative molecular weights of 37,000, 42,000, and 60,000 were identified by indirect immunofluorescence of live merozoites and by immunoprecipitation of 125i-surface-labeled merozoite proteins with immune bovine sera and monoclonal antibodies. these proteins were clearly of parasite origin, as evidenced by immunoprecipitation of metabolically labeled [( 35s]methionine) merozoites from cultures with specific antimerozoite monoclonal antibodies. ... | 1988 | 3410541 |
| ovine babesiosis: induction of a protective immune response with crude extracts of either babesia bovis or b ovis. | adult sheep were vaccinated twice with crude extracts of either babesia bovis or b ovis parasites in freund's complete adjuvant, four weeks apart. three weeks later these two groups and a third susceptible group were challenged with b ovis organisms. both vaccinated groups had significantly lower parasitaemias than control animals. | 1987 | 3444987 |
| chronic splenitis as a possible complicating factor in calves inoculated with an attenuated redwater vaccine. | in two consecutive years a total of 3810 calves were inoculated with the onderstepoort redwater live-blood vaccine, containing attenuated strains of babesia bigemina and babesia bovis. twenty calves died 8-13 days later due to b. bigemina-infection. necropsies were performed on 19 of these animals. in 11 calves the spleen was distinctly smaller than normal and its morphology was distorted, and showed changes of chronic splenitis. histological lesions in the spleens of 6 of the 11 calves are desc ... | 1987 | 3508205 |
| protection of babesia bigemina-immune animals against subsequent challenge with virulent babesia bovis. | two groups of cattle, one previously exposed to babesia bigemina and one not, were challenged with babesia bovis. the group previously infected with babesia bigemina was only mildly affected upon challenge with b. bovis, whereas four of five of the other group were severely affected. immunoblotting studies performed in both homologous and heterologous systems showed that there were polypeptides of similar molecular weight in both species, but species-specific polypeptides were demonstrated only ... | 1987 | 3542832 |
| evaluation of a cloned babesia bovis organism as a live immunogen. | a babesia bovis isolate was cloned by in vitro cultivation and compared to the original cultured isolate for pathogenicity by animal inoculation. four yearling heifers were inoculated with cloned material and 4 with the original culture. the four animals which received the cloned babesia showed comparatively minor hematologic changes and no clinical signs. one animal died in the group that received uncloned babesia and the mean temperature increase and mean reduction in packed cell volume (pcv) ... | 1986 | 3564326 |
| successful homologous vaccination against babesia bovis using a heparin-binding fraction of infected erythrocytes. | | 1987 | 3583543 |
| attenuation of babesia bovis by in vitro cultivation. | a virulent strain of babesia bovis was adapted to grow in erythrocyte culture in the presence of equine serum and in lieu of bovine serum. four splenectomized calves inoculated with the adapted strain, 429, developed hematologic signs of infection and a low grade fever, but remained free of central nervous system (cns) signs and recovered. all of six control animals inoculated with a virulent strain reacted severely and five showed cns signs and died. the calves injected with the attenuated stra ... | 1987 | 3590611 |
| bovine abortion due to prenatal babesia bovis infection. | | 1987 | 3606511 |
| use of long-acting oxytetracycline in the immunisation of cattle against babesia bovis and b bigemina. | forty friesian one-year-old calves were vaccinated simultaneously with live babesia bovis and b bigemina vaccines. three groups of 10 calves each were treated with two, three or four doses of 20 mg kg-1 long-acting oxytetracycline (otc/la) at six- to seven-day intervals starting from day 6 after vaccination. ten animals remained untreated. the treated calves showed considerably fewer days of patency and higher packed cell volumes than the vaccinated untreated calves. all calves developed serum a ... | 1987 | 3628985 |
| complement does not facilitate in vitro invasion of bovine erythrocytes by babesia bovis. | | 1986 | 3643020 |
| procoagulant activity of babesia bovis-infected erythrocytes. | | 1987 | 3656001 |
| failure of vaccine strains of babesia bovis to regain infectivity for ticks during long-standing infections in cattle. | two strains of babesia bovis that were known to have lost infectivity for the normal tick vector, boophilus microplus, due to repeated blood passaging in cattle, were studied to determine whether the strains would regain infectivity for ticks during longstanding infections. parasitaemias were monitored in 4 chronically infected calves that were regularly infested with ticks. two strains of ticks known to be susceptible to infection with unmodified strains of b. bovis were used. adult female tick ... | 1977 | 588177 |
| kinin, kininogen and kininase levels during acute babesia bovis (= b. argentina) infection of cattle. | 1. kinin levels began rising on day 3 after infection of cattle with babesia bovis (= b. argentina) and attained a maximum value of 98% above preinfection levels by day 7. 2. kininogen levels began falling on day 3 and reached minimum levels of 83% below preinfection levels on day 8. 3. changes in both kinin and kininogen levels on day 3 coincided with the detection of low levels of parasites, and with a fall in packed cell volume. 4. plasma kininase levels rose significantly 6 to 9 days after i ... | 1977 | 202358 |
| bovine babesiosis (babesia bovis infection) in zambia. | two cases of babesia bovis, a parasite associated with the tick boophilus microplus, are reported for the first time from the central part of zambia. it is concluded that infected b. microplus ticks are occasionally introduced into central zambia by tick-infested cattle from the north-eastern part of the country where b. bovis is endemic. the spread of b. microplus in southern africa in a westward direction is discussed and related to the epidemiology of bovine babesiosis in zambia. | 1986 | 3727339 |
| a microplate enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for measuring antibody to anaplasma marginale in cattle serum. | an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa) method is described for measuring antibody against anaplasma marginale in cattle serum. this method was more sensitive and objective than a previously described elisa method for a. marginale and possible reasons for this are discussed. all 83 cattle experimentally infected with a. marginale (81) or a. centrale (2) developed demonstrable specific antibody but the serums of 98.8% of 839 cattle from cattle tick-free areas did not react by elisa; 378 seru ... | 1986 | 3729834 |
| chemoprophylactic activity of imidocarb, diminazene and oxytetracycline against babesia bovis and b. bigemina. | splenectomized calves treated with imidocarb, diminazene, and oxytetracycline were exposed to babesia bigemina and b. bovis stabilates at various time intervals following treatment to evaluate prophylactic efficacy. diminazene showed no residual activity against a b. bigemina challenge given 54 days after treatment. oxytetracycline appeared responsible for an increased incubation time when given 2 days prior to b. bigemina exposure. imidocarb showed marked prophylactic efficacy against both b. b ... | 1986 | 3739203 |
| babesia bovis: immunity induced by vaccination with a lipid enriched fraction. | a chloroform extract from babesia bovis-infected erythrocytes was used to vaccinate a group of five naive cattle. following vaccination, the vaccinates, along with a group of control cattle, were challenged with a virulent heterologous strain of b. bovis. the vaccinates, comparative to the controls, showed delayed as well as decreased parasitaemias. the serological and initial biochemical studies suggested that the immune response was elicited by lipid of babesial origin. | 1990 | 2228430 |
| uptake of tritiated nucleic acid precursors by babesia bovis in vitro. | | 1986 | 3744669 |
| the inability of a south african babesia bovis vaccine strain to infect boophilus microplus. | a strain of babesia bovis that had been attenuated by rapid syringe passage through a series of 23 splenectomized calves was unable to infect its vector boophilus microplus. an attempt to transmit the attenuated australian babesia bigemina g strain with a south african strain of b. microplus was likewise unsuccessful. the epidemiological implication of these observations in terms of babesiosis control is discussed. | 1986 | 3763166 |
| effect of imidocarb dipropionate prophylaxis on the infectivity and immunogenicity of a babesia bovis vaccine in cattle. | imidocarb dipropionate (idp), a potent prophylactic drug against babesia bovis infections in cattle, was tested for its effect on the infectivity and immunogenicity of a live b. bovis vaccine marketed in australia. at the recommended prophylactic dose rate of 3 mg/kg, idp suppressed infectivity of the vaccine for at least 6 weeks. the vaccine infected all cattle inoculated either 8 weeks after treatment with 3 mg/kg, or 4 weeks after treatment with the recommended therapeutic dose of 1.2 mg/kg. ... | 1986 | 3767795 |
| experimental babesia bovis infection in holstein calves. | one intact and two splenectomized holstein calves were infected intravenously with a mexican strain of babesia bovis and killed following the onset of severe clinical disease. a light and electron microscopic study was conducted on selected tissues to examine the relationship between parasitized erythrocytes and microvascular endothelial cells. the pattern and degree of specific organ sequestration of parasitized erythrocytes was assessed and correlated to lesions. red blood cells infected with ... | 1986 | 3776013 |
| enzymatic characterization of babesia bovis. | agarose gel electrophoresis was used to identify metabolic enzymes in babesia bovis and b. bigemina. glutamate dehydrogenase, lactate dehydrogenase, glucose phosphate isomerase, and hexokinase were identified in b. bovis- and b. bigemina-infected erythrocytes and b. bovis merozoite preparations. a specific electrophoretic mobility was observed for each enzyme. malate dehydrogenase, glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase, 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase, and adenylate kinase were only detected in nor ... | 1986 | 3795141 |
| structural alteration of the membrane of erythrocytes infected with babesia bovis. | babesia bovis, causative agent of cattle babesiosis, induces characteristic alterations on the membrane of infected erythrocytes. elliptical protrusions measuring about 320 nm in long axis and about 160 nm in short axis appear on the membrane of infected erythrocytes, both in vitro and in vivo. freeze-fracture demonstrated alignment of intramembrane particles (imp) along the long axis of both the p and e faces of the protrusions. the number of imp on the endoplasmic face increases, but the numbe ... | 1985 | 3882012 |
| proteinases in the lysate of bovine erythrocytes infected with babesia bovis: initial vaccination studies. | | 1985 | 3905658 |
| protective vaccination against virulent babesia bovis with a low-molecular-weight antigen. | a babesia bovis low-molecular-weight antigen was purified from crude material by using affinity adsorption techniques first with a mouse monoclonal antibody and then by adsorption with normal bovine sera. the antigen was then further purified by gradient gel electrophoresis. analysis by western transfer revealed only one antigen band, with an apparent molecular mass of 29 kilodaltons. a band (12 by 0.3 by 0.6 cm) corresponding to this antigen was excised from the acrylamide gel and injected twic ... | 1985 | 3980077 |
| distribution of boophilus species ticks in swaziland. | recent outbreaks of bovine babesiosis caused by babesia bovis in swaziland had indicated the presence of the vector tick boophilus microplus in the country although it had never before been directly identified. engorged female boophilus ticks were collected from cattle at diptanks in the course of a tick resistance survey and used to map the distribution of the two different species of boophilus. b. decoloratus was found to be widespread throughout the country. b. microplus was identified for th ... | 1991 | 1763439 |
| babesia bovis: successful vaccination against homologous challenge in splenectomised calves using a fraction of haemagglutinating antigen. | | 1985 | 3997349 |
| growth inhibition of babesia bovis in culture by secretions from bovine mononuclear phagocytes. | bovine blood mononuclear phagocytes from babesia-free cattle were cultured in vitro. cell monolayers were treated with culture-derived soluble babesia bovis exoantigens, immune complexes, and bovine anti-b. bovis immune serum. subsequently, the monolayers were washed free of the reagents and allowed to develop further in the presence of standard culture medium. transfer of supernatant media from these cultures to those of b. bovis revealed the presence of growth-inhibiting factors. these factors ... | 1985 | 4055032 |
| oxytetracycline-induced resistance to babesia bovis infection in splenectomised calves. | | 1985 | 4060237 |
| strain variation of babesia bovis merozoite surface-exposed epitopes. | babesia bovis merozoites are exposed to antibodies during the extraerythrocytic phase, and surface polypeptides bearing exposed epitopes are possible immunogens. monoclonal antibodies reactive with the merozoite surface bind either immunodominant epitopes expressed diffusely on the merozoite surface or, alternatively, epitopes expressed in a polar pattern. epitopes expressed diffusely on the immunodominant 42- and 44-kda merozoite polypeptides were not conserved among strains from geographically ... | 1991 | 1715329 |
| babesia bovis: the effect of acute inflammation and isoantibody production in the detection of babesial antigens. | immunoblots of babesia bovis antigen contain dominant antigens which react not only with antisera to b. bovis but with sera from naive calves recovering from an acute inflammatory reaction. it seems likely these antigens are from the host rather than the parasite. | 1985 | 4076403 |
| heterologous strain immunity in bovine babesiosis using a culture-derived soluble babesia bovis immunogen. | the cross-protective capacity of culture-derived soluble immunogens against heterologous babesia bovis strains from different geographical locations of latin america was examined. susceptible yearling cattle were either immunized with immunogens derived from venezuelan or mexican strains, or were administered a multi-component immunogen containing antigens of the australian, mexican and venezuelan strains. cattle were challenged with virulent b. bovis organisms of the argentinian, colombian, ecu ... | 1985 | 4090242 |
| the transmission of babesia bovis using frozen infective material obtained from boophilus microplus larvae. | | 1974 | 4449642 |
| [babesia bovis: transmission by ixodes ricinus (ixodoidea) on the rhone plain]. | | 1972 | 4507024 |
| the prevalence of babesia bovis (babesia argentina) in the brains of slaughter cattle in northern nigeria. | | 1967 | 5629275 |
| the irradiation of babesia bovis. 1. the difference in pathogenicity between irradiated and non-irradiated populations. | babesia bovis parasites attenuated by 35 krads gamma irradiation and parasites not exposed to irradiation, were injected into intact 2-year-old hereford steers. all five animals receiving non-irradiated blood died but the five animals which received irradiated blood were only mildly affected. highly significant differences were observed in changes to plasma fibrinogen, serum fibrinogen-like proteins, packed cell volume, partial thromboplastin time, prothrombin time, blood kinins, and plasma kini ... | 1980 | 6158195 |
| serological comparison of strains of babesia bovis occurring in australia and mozambique. | an antigen prepared in australia and antisera collected from cattle having had field infections of babesiosis were taken to mozambique for a serological comparison of strains of babesia bovis from the 2 countries. the reactivity of antisera collected in mozambique against the australian antigen was similar to that of the imported antisera. this suggested a close serological relationship between b. bovis of the 2 countries. the practical implication of this finding is that australian vaccine shou ... | 1981 | 6165118 |
| the use of pathophysiological reactions to assess the efficacy of the immune response to babesia bovis in cattle. | a group of five splenectomised calves was immunised with a soluble extract prepared from erythrocytes infected with babesia bovis and then challenged by the intravenous inoculation of virulent b. bovis along with appropriate control animals. all controls died but four of the five immunised animals survived. all survivors showed significantly lower activation of the coagulation and kinin systems and did not develop the hypotensive shock syndrome characteristic of acute b. bovis infection. it was ... | 1981 | 6172907 |
| mitochondrial function in babesia bovis. | a variety of anti-mitochondrial drugs that had previously been found to inhibit the growth of the malarial parasite plasmodium falciparum were tested on babesia bovis in vitro. several of these drugs were found to be non-toxic towards b. bovis. however, those drugs that were found to inhibit babesial growth included compounds (shown in parentheses) that have the following putative mitochondrial targets in the parasite: atp synthetase complex (rhodamine 123, oligomycin, janus green); atp-adp tran ... | 1992 | 1587679 |
| characterization of a cdna clone from the haemoparasite babesia bovis encoding a protein containing an "hmg-box". | the complete nucleotide sequence of a babesia bovis cdna clone encoding a protein containing an hmg-box has been determined. the predicted protein of 97 amino acids has a molecular weight of 11,116. it exhibits approximately 45% overall amino acid identity with the saccharomyces cerevisiae non-histone protein 6a (nhp6a) and approximately 57% identity in the hmg-box. the b. bovis protein has been designated nhp1. like hnp6a, and unlike most other hmg1 homologues, nhp1 does not have a basic or an ... | 1992 | 1567437 |
| common and isolate-restricted antigens of anaplasma marginale detected with monoclonal antibodies. | anaplasma marginale-infected erythrocytes were examined for the presence of maturation, isolate-restricted, and isolate-common antigens by indirect immunofluorescence with monoclonal antibodies. a panel of 18 monoclonal antibodies was used; none of the antibodies reacted with anaplasma ovis, babesia bigemina, babesia bovis, trypanosoma brucei, trypanosoma congolense, or uninfected bovine erythrocytes. antigens common to all six a. marginale isolates were detected by nine antibodies. single isola ... | 1984 | 6205996 |
| the enzymes of pyrimidine biosynthesis in babesia bovis and babesia bigemina. | all six enzymes of de novo pyrimidine biosynthesis leading to the formation of ump have been demonstrated in whole homogenates from two bovine babesia species, b. bovis and b. bigemina. the specific activities of the respective enzymes were of the same order of magnitude as observed for the related parasite, plasmodium berghei. the results indicate that both these parasites have the potential of obtaining their pyrimidine requirements by de novo synthesis. subcellular fractionation established t ... | 1983 | 6309129 |
| genes of the protozoan parasite babesia bovis that rearrange to produce rna species with different sequences. | we describe a highly polymorphic gene family from the protozoan parasite babesia bovis that encodes a complex pattern of transcripts. gene rearrangements at this locus (designated babr ) have generated rna species that differ in sequence. the naturally occurring virulent field isolate kv expresses two different sized transcripts that are identical in sequence at their 5' ends but different at the 3' ends. an avirulent derivative of this isolate, ka, expresses not only these two transcripts but a ... | 1984 | 6327081 |
| use of the dot enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay with isolated anaplasma marginale initial bodies for serodiagnosis of anaplasmosis in cattle. | isolated anaplasma marginale initial bodies were successfully used in a dot elisa for rapid detection of antibodies to anaplasma organisms. the enzyme immunoassay used only 25 ng of antigen dotted onto nitrocellulose disks. antigen-antibody complexes were detected by use of alkaline phosphatase-conjugated protein a, and reactions were read visually after addition of a precipitable, chromogenic substrate. the test allowed the processing of multiple sera, either for screening or for titer determin ... | 1990 | 2240769 |
| babesia bovis: isolation of a protective antigen by using monoclonal antibodies. | three distinct monoclonal antibody-producing hybridomas have been produced against a partly purified protective fraction of babesia bovis. all three stain the parasite or infected erythrocytes or both in precise and different manners when fluorescent-antibody techniques are used. the relevant antigens for each monoclonal antibody were isolated by immunoadsorption, their native molecular weights being 1.3 x 10(6), 180 x 10(3), and 44 x 10(3). each antigen reacted in serological assays with homolo ... | 1983 | 6345394 |
| babesia bovis: comparison of culture-derived parasites, non-living antigen and conventional vaccine in the protection of cattle against heterologous challenge. | twenty bos taurus cattle were vaccinated with either live commercial babesia bovis vaccine, live parasites from in vitro culture or non-living supernatant antigen (nlsa) derived from in vitro culture and combined with the adjuvant saponin. heterologous strain challenge 10 weeks later indicated that cattle vaccinated with live parasites from either source were strongly protected, those given 2 doses of nlsa 2 weeks apart were partially protected, and those given one dose of nlsa were poorly prote ... | 1983 | 6347164 |
| cell culture-derived babesia bovis vaccine: sequential challenge exposure of protective immunity during a 6-month postvaccination period. | cell culture-derived soluble babesia bovis vaccine admixed with a saponin adjuvant was administered in 2 doses, 3 weeks between doses, to 18 yearling heifers. an additional 9 heifers served as nonvaccinated controls. comparable groups of these animals were challenge exposed at 131 and 178 days after vaccination, using 1 x 10(8) b bovis organisms contained in freshly collected blood from a splenectomized calf with ascending parasitemia. challenge exposure led to no deaths of vaccinated animals, w ... | 1983 | 6354014 |
| babesial antigens in a saline eluate of sucrose washed bovine erythrocytes infected with babesia bovis. | a saline eluate from sucrose washed bovine erythrocytes infected with babesia bovis contains at least 4 babesial antigens. the antigens are located not only in the parasite but also in the internal matrix of the infected erythrocyte. | 1983 | 6360707 |
| localization of culture-derived soluble babesia bovis antigens in the infected erythrocyte. | immunoprecipitates derived from crossed immunoelectrophoresis of babesia bovis culture supernatant fluid against a polyspecific anti-b. bovis serum were used to produce monospecific rabbit antibodies to individual b. bovis antigens. these antibodies were utilized in an immunofluorescence test to identify the location of the respective antigens within the infected erythrocyte. two antigens were found on or near the erythrocyte membrane, while a third antigen was directly associated with the paras ... | 1983 | 6362173 |
| characterisation of genes encoding two novel members of the aldo-keto reductase superfamily. | the predicted amino acid sequence of the protein encoded by a cdna clone isolated from the protozoan haemoparasite babesia bovis has approximately 22% amino acid identity with the pichia stipitis xylose reductase. there are similar levels of amino acid identity with other members of the aldo-keto reductase superfamily. the identities include many residues highly conserved in the superfamily. however, the amino acid sequence of the b. bovis protein (akr1) clearly lies outside the cluster of the p ... | 1992 | 1482401 |
| isolation and characterization of a gene associated with a virulent strain of babesia microti. | babesia microti genomic dna was purified from parasitized murine erythrocytes, digested with mung bean nuclease and used to construct an expression library in lambda gt11. polyspecific antisera from mice infected with virulent b. microti organisms (atcc30221) were used to screen the genomic library for genes encoding major immunogens. high titer antisera selected a recombinant phage, bm13, containing 3.3 kb of b. microti dna. hybridization analysis confirmed the parasite origin of the clone; aff ... | 1990 | 2362602 |
| a babesia bovis 225-kilodalton protein located on the cytoplasmic side of the erythrocyte membrane has sequence similarity with a region of glycogen phosphorylase. | a babesia bovis gene sequence is described which encodes a geographically conserved epitope (recognized by monoclonal antibody (mab) 23.8.34) of a 225-kda protein located on the surface of merozoites and associated with the infected erythrocyte membrane. the gene sequence, derived from both genomic and cdna copies, is 2044 bp long and has one long open reading frame encoding about one third of the 225-kda protein. the open reading frame is expressed in an approximately 6,400 nucleotide rna trans ... | 1992 | 1377786 |
| serological prevalence of bovine babesiosis in mali. | a serological survey of cattle in mali was carried out to determine the prevalence of antibody activity to babesia bovis and b. bigemina. it was found that the level of b. bovis infection as indicated by antibody activities was too low to be of immediate concern. however, the serological prevalence of b. bigemina was high and this may indicate a potential disease problem. it was also found that when zebu and n'dama cattle grazed together the n'dama were twice as likely to have positive titres to ... | 1984 | 6385427 |
| increased activity of bovine adcc effector cells during acute babesia bovis infection. | mononuclear effector cells from the peripheral blood of babesia bovis-infected cattle responded during initial infection and destroyed fc-bearing target cells. the activity of these cells was measured in an antibody-dependent, cell-mediated cytotoxicity (adcc) assay utilizing chicken erythrocytes coated with bovine anti-chicken erythrocyte antibody as targets. the activity of these effector cells was enhanced during the parasitemic crisis and returned to normal levels of activity following the r ... | 1984 | 6395478 |
| a study on the pathogenesis of human cerebral malaria and cerebral babesiosis. | cerebral complications are important, but poorly understood pathological features of infections caused by some species of plasmodium and babesia. patients dying from p. falciparum were classified as cerebral or non-cerebral cases according to the cerebral malaria coma scale. light microscopy revealed that cerebral microvessels of cerebral malaria patients were filled with a mixture of parasitized and unparasitized erythrocytes, with 94% of the vessels showing parasitized red blood cell (prbc) se ... | 1992 | 1343706 |
| the characterisation of an esterase derived from babesia bovis and its use as a vaccine. | an esterase was isolated from a crude extract of babesia bovis by affinity chromatography, using soy bean trypsin inhibitor as a ligand. in native form this enzyme had a molecular weight greater than 200 000, but on denaturing gels major bands were observed with molecular weights of 20 000, 10 000 and 7 000. western transfer analysis revealed a major band with a molecular weight of 19 000-20 000. both bovine and rabbit antisera avidly stained infected red cells, using indirect immunofluorescence ... | 1983 | 6419487 |
| babesia bovis: vaccination of cattle against heterologous challenge with fractions of lysate from infected erythrocytes. | the distilled water lysate of erythrocytes infected with babesia bovis was separated by gel filtration on sephadex g200. the void volume fraction or a pool of retained fractions which had immunodiffusion activity were injected into two groups of five cattle. these were challenged 2 weeks after the final vaccination with a heterologous strain of b. bovis. a control group of five cattle was similarly challenged. two of the five control animals died from the challenge, whereas none of the vaccinate ... | 1984 | 6429962 |
| successful vaccination against boophilus microplus and babesia bovis using recombinant antigens. | current methods for the control of the cattle tick boophilus microplus and the agent of bovine babesiosis, babesia bovis are unsatisfactory. effective immunological control of both parasites would have great advantages. however, naturally acquired immunity to the tick is generally unable to prevent serious production losses. a vaccine against the tick, based on a novel form of immunization, is being developed. a protective antigen has been isolated from the tick, characterized and produced as an ... | 1992 | 1343705 |
| immune responses of cattle following vaccination with living and non-living babesia bovis antigens. | twenty-four yearling hereford (bos taurus) cattle were vaccinated against babesia bovis using either live parasites or non-living antigens obtained from the supernatant of in vitro cultures. a single dose of live parasites was given subcutaneously, while the non-living supernatant antigen (nlsa) was combined with saponin and 2 doses given, 2 weeks apart. following vaccination with live parasites, serum antibodies remained at high levels for 6 months, but the lymphocyte transformation response wa ... | 1984 | 6542722 |
| field evaluation of an exoantigen-containing babesia vaccine in venezuela. | bovine babesiosis is endemic in venezuela, causing significant losses in highly susceptible imported cattle. current immunoprophylactic methods include the less desirable use of live parasites. inactivated vaccines derived from exoantigen-containing supernatant fluids of in vitro babesia bovis and b. bigemina cultures have been developed and constitute a major improvement in vaccine safety, stability and ease of handling. vaccination trials conducted under field conditions provide the final eval ... | 1992 | 1343704 |
| cloning of babesia bovis by in vitro cultivation. | a procedure for cloning babesia bovis was developed. the procedure was used to establish and cultivate homogeneous populations of parasites and to isolate b. bovis from carrier animals. three different clone lines of b. bovis based on in vitro growth rates were established. | 1983 | 6618662 |
| serological response of cattle to infection with babesia bigemina and babesia bovis in southern africa. | the indirect fluorescent antibody test was used to measure the antibody response of cattle for 8 weeks after infection with either babesia bigemina or babesia bovis, or a combination of both species. serological cross-reactions were observed between the 2 species, but these were most marked when b. bigemina antigen was used. in animals infected with both babesia spp., the b. bigemina reaction appeared to suppress the b. bovis reaction. | 1983 | 6634084 |
| comparison of tick and blood challenge for assessing immunity to babesia bovis. | | 1983 | 6639533 |
| development of a babesia rodhaini mouse assay for quality control of the serum component of a bovine babesiosis vaccine. | the rodent babesia, babesia rodhaini, survived equally well in basal medium containing either 10 per cent rat serum or 10 per cent bovine serum. as a result, a b rodhaini mouse assay is now performed routinely to determine the suitability of batches of bovine serum for use in a commercial babesia bovis vaccine issued in australia. heat inactivation of bovine serum at 56 degrees c for two hours did not affect the survival of either b bovis or b rodhaini. | 1983 | 6665317 |
| [existence of tropical babesiasis caused by babesia bovis in guadeloupe (french antilles)]. | | 1983 | 6672884 |
| hypocholesterolemia and hypocortisolemia in acute and terminal babesia bovis infections. | sera from babesia bovis-infected cross-bred cows and purebred steers were evaluated throughout the course of acute babesia bovis infection for cholesterol and cortisol concentrations. cholesterol and cortisol values of surviving cattle became markedly reduced (less than 50% of normal values) during the acute phase of the disease, days 10-15 postinoculation, and returned to essentially normal values by the end of the 35 day experimental period. the combined control group values were approximately ... | 1983 | 6683035 |
| prevalence and control of babesiosis in the americas. | this review presents up-to-date information on the distribution and control measures of babesiosis in latin america. bovine babesiosis caused by babesia bovis and b. bigemia will be emphasized. the disease is endemic in most countries and poses a serious economic burden on livestock production in the region (u.s. $1365 million/year, fao, 1989). of the estimated 250 million cattle in central and south america, approximately 175 million (70%) are in tick-infested regions. humid, tropical and subtr ... | 1992 | 1343700 |
| clinical and serological evidence of bovine babesiosis and anaplasmosis in st. lucia. | one hundred fifty-nine holstein calves were imported into st. lucia from the u.s.a. an outbreak of babesiosis occurred 17 days post-arrival, and an outbreak of anaplasmosis occurred 5 months after importation. sera obtained 3, 6, and 12 months post-importation revealed a high prevalence of ifa titres to babesia bovis and b. bigemina 3 months after arrival and an increase in titres to anaplasma marginale 6 months after arrival. sera obtained from native cattle from several places on the island in ... | 1982 | 6753317 |
| a rapid, reliable method of evaluating growth and viability of intraerythrocytic protozoan hemoparasites using fluorescence flow cytometry. | fluorescence flow cytometry was employed to assess the potential of a vital dye, hydroethidine, for use in the detection and monitoring of the viability of hemoparasites in infected erythrocytes, using babesia bovis as a model parasite. the studies demonstrated that hydroethidine is taken up by b. bovis and metabolically converted to the dna binding fluorochrome, ethidium. following uptake of the dye, erythrocytes containing viable parasites were readily distinguished and quantitated. timed stud ... | 1992 | 1343696 |
| the bovine immune response to tick-derived babesia bovis infection: serological studies of isolated immunoglobulins. | a cryopreserved stabilate was prepared from babesia bovis-infected boophilus microplus ticks. the stabilate was used to infect a group of mature bos taurus-bos indicus cows. the survivors of the initial infection were rechallenged with the homologous stabilate 65 days later. all cows reacted parasitologically after primary challenge, and most responded serologically. with the exception of two cows, those not responding serologically died of acute babesiosis. the two that survived the primary cha ... | 1982 | 6761951 |
| a microplate enzyme immunoassay for detecting and measuring antibodies to babesia bovis in cattle serum. | a microplate enzyme immunoassay (eia) is described for measuring igg antibody to babesia bovis in cattle serum. b. bovis antibody status (whether positive or negative) and the amount of b. bovis antibody (eia score), were measured by comparison with reference serums. the eia was shown to be specific for b. bovis, and eia score correlated well with eia titre. comparison of eia with the indirect fluorescent antibody test (ifat) showed more than 95% agreement between the methods and disagreement in ... | 1982 | 6762198 |
| babesia bovis (argentina): studies on the composition and location of antigen associated with infected erythrocytes. | | 1980 | 6768683 |
| a recombinant surface protein of babesia bovis elicits bovine antibodies that react with live merozoites. | ten monoclonal antibodies (moabs) were generated against five surface-exposed proteins (16 kda, 42 kda, 44 kda, 60 kda, 225 kda) on merozoites of babesia bovis. a genomic library constructed in the lambda gt11 expression vector was screened with moabs in a plaque immunoassay for identification of clones expressing recombinant surface proteins. two recombinant clones were identified (lambda bo44-15 and lambda bo44-16) that encoded a protein recognized by a moab specific for an epitope on the nati ... | 1989 | 2473398 |
| babesia, theileria and anaplasma spp. infecting sable antelope, hippotragus niger (harris, 1838), in southern africa. | some observations are recorded on blood parasites of sable antelopes. blood smears of 124 of these antelopes from south africa and zimbabwe were examined and 7 were found to be positive for a babesia sp., identified as babesia irvinesmithi martinaglia 1936. a total of 70 of the smears were positive for theilerial piroplasms, while 1 smear had macroschizonts (with cytomeres) and microschizonts of a theileria (= cytauxzoon) sp. one blood smear was positive for an anaplasma sp. attempts to isolate ... | 1982 | 6817250 |