| virulence of metarhizium anisopliae (deuteromycotina: hyphomycetes) on anastrepha ludens (diptera: tephritidae): laboratory and field trials. | twenty isolates of the fungus metarhizium anisopliae (metsch). sorkin (ma) were evaluated to determine their virulence against last instar and adult emergence of mexican fruit fly, anastrepha ludens (loew). larvae were exposed by immersion in a conidial suspension at a concentration of 10(8) ufc/ml under laboratory conditions. larvae and pupae cumulative mortality rates ranged from 37.9 to 98.75%. thirteen isolates caused mortality rates > 83.7%, and their lt50 values ranged from 1.8 to 6.2 d. t ... | 2000 | 10985015 |
| characterization and carbon metabolism in fungi pathogenic to triatoma infestans, a chagas disease vector. | the pathogenicity of metarhizium anisopliae (ma) and beauveria bassiana (bb) isolates against triatoma infestans, the major vector of chagas disease in argentina is reported. a 100% mortality was achieved with mean lethal times varying form 5.8 (ma6) to 7.7 (bb5) or 11.1 days (bb10). the fatty acid, hydrocarbon, and total lipid patterns were compared for glucose-grown and alkane-grown bb10 cultures. the alkane-grown cells showed a lipid pattern different from that of glucose-grown cells, with tr ... | 2000 | 11023748 |
| biolistic co-transformation of metarhizium anisopliae var. acridum strain cg423 with green fluorescent protein and resistance to glufosinate ammonium. | metarhizium anisopliae var. acridum (syn. m. flavoviride) is recognized as a highly specific and virulent mycopathogen of locusts and grasshoppers and is currently being developed as a biological control agent for this group of insects in brazil. intact conidia of m. anisopliae var. acridum strain cg423 were transformed using microparticle bombardment. plasmids used were: (1) pbarks1 carrying the bar gene of streptomyces hygroscopicus fused to the aspergillus nidulans trpc promoter, encoding res ... | 2000 | 11024271 |
| effect of beauveria bassiana and metarhizium anisopliae (deuteromycetes) upon the coffee berry borer (coleoptera: scolytidae) under field conditions. | the effect of three strains of the fungus beauveria bassiana (balsamo) vuillemin and two strains of metarhizium anisopliae (metschnikoff) sorokin upon the coffee berry borer, hypothenemus hampei (ferrari), was studied in three coffee farms at different altitudes (450-1,100 m above sea level) in soconusco, chiapas, mexico. the maximum average percentage mycosis varied according to altitude. at 450 m asl (el rincon) mycosis was 14.3% for b. bassiana and 6.3% for m. anisopliae; at 880 m asl (santa ... | 2000 | 11057711 |
| in vitro assessment of metarhizium anisopliae isolates to control the cattle tick boophilus microplus. | metarhizium anisopliae is a filamentous fungus used for tick control. the in vitro effects of 12 m. anisopliae isolates on engorged boophilus microplus females were analysed. the most pathogenic isolate (e6s1) caused a 100% death rate when 10(7) spores/ml were used to infect ticks. isolates of m. anisopliae taken from experimentally infected ticks proved to be more pathogenic than fungus maintained on culture media. a comparison between dsrna mycovirus-free and infected m. anisopliae isolates su ... | 2000 | 11078949 |
| biosynthesis of destruxins. | l-[me-13c]-methionine, sodium [2-13c]acetate and sodium [1,2-13c]acetate were incorporated into destruxins a, b and e by the entomopathogenic fungus metarhizium anisopliae. nmr analysis established that methionine is involved in the n-methylation of l-valine and l-alanine, and that one intact acetate unit participates in the biosynthesis of the -ch(oh)-cooh fragment of the hydroxy acid moiety. the presence of two acetate units in proline and isoleucine agrees with the accepted biochemical scheme ... | 1993 | 7763948 |
| biological control of locusts and grasshoppers. | control of grasshoppers and locusts has traditionally relied on synthetic insecticides, and for emergency situations this is unlikely to change. however, a growing awareness of the environmental issues associated with acridid control as well as the high costs of emergency control are expanding the demand for biological control. in particular, preventive, integrated control strategies with early interventions will reduce the financial and environmental costs associated with large-scale plague tre ... | 2001 | 11112183 |
| laboratory evaluation of chemical-biological control of the rice weevil (sitophilus oryzae l.) in stored grains. | the virulence of ten different fungal isolates of: beauveria bassiana, metarhizium anisopliae, verticillium lecanii and paecilomyces farinosus to the rice weevil sitophilus oryzae was tested. a fungal mix of the most efficient isolates, b. bassiana arsef 5500+m. anisopliae arsef 2974, which caused the highest mortality, was assayed in combination with fenitrothion at a concentration lower (3 ppm) than the normal 6 ppm. fungal inoculation of insects was done by spraying conidial suspensions of ea ... | 2000 | 11124371 |
| pathogenicity of the entomopathogenic fungus metarhizium anisopliae (deuteromycetes) to ixodes scapularis (acari: ixodidae). | the entomopathogenic fungus metarhizium anisopliae is highly pathogenic to the black-legged tick, ixodes scapularis. spore concentrations of 10(8)/ml for engorged larvae and 10(7)/ml for engorged females resulted in 100% tick mortality, 2 wk postinfection. the lc50 value for engorged larvae (concentration to kill 50% of ticks) was 10(7) spores/ml. metarhizium anisopliae shows considerable potential as a microbial control agent for the management of ixodes scapularis. | 1997 | 9379283 |
| fungal keratitis caused by metarhizium anisopliae var. anisopliae. | metarhizium anisopliae var. anisopliae (metschnikov) sorokin 1883 to our knowledge has never been reported as an agent of human or animal mycosis. this fungus has great importance as an agent of biological control of different pests and mosquito larvae in colombia. it has been isolated as the aetiological agent of keratomycosis for the first time from the eye of a colombian male. | 1997 | 9402530 |
| biochemical characterization and ultrastructural localization of two extracellular trypsins produced by metarhizium anisopliae in infected insect cuticles. | proteinase 2 (pr2) is a fungal (metarhizium anisopliae) serine proteinase which has a tryptic specificity for basic residues and which may be involved in entomopathogenicity. analytical and preparative isoelectric focusing methods were used to separate two trypsin components, produced during growth on cockroach cuticle, with isoelectric points of 4.4 (molecular mass, 30 kda) and 4.9 (27 kda). the catalytic properties of the proteases were analyzed by their kinetic constants and by a combination ... | 1996 | 8919786 |
| identification of group-i introns at three different positions within the 28s rdna gene of the entomopathogenic fungus metarhizium anisopliae var. anisopliae. | using a set of heterologous primers designed from the 3'-end of the 28s rrna gene of verticillium dahliae the corresponding gene region of 30 isolates of the entomopathogenic fungus metarhizium anisopliae var. anisopliae was amplified. the polymerase chain reaction products obtained could be classified into four groups varying in size from 1.0 to 2.2 kb. sequence analyses of representative pcr products revealed the presence of five distinct introns, positioned in three different insertion sites. ... | 2000 | 11170737 |
| study of structure-activity correlation in destruxins, a class of cyclodepsipeptides possessing suppressive effect on the generation of hepatitis b virus surface antigen in human hepatoma cells. | a new destruxin [destruxin e2 chlorohydrin] was isolated from the culture medium of metarrhizium anisopliae and its structure was determined by nmr spectroscopy and mass spectrometry. as compared with other destruxins, the new destruxin showed a lower suppressive activity on the production of hepatitis b virus surface antigen in human hepatoma hep3b cells. nmr study coupled with molecular modeling by computer graphics has revealed that the hydrophobicity nature of the convex surface characterist ... | 1996 | 8954084 |
| trials to control south american ticks with entomopathogenic fungi. | ticks are parasites of great importance to man, domestic, and wild animals. in spite of the progress of the science, thus far, ticks are controlled mainly by chemical acaricides and when this technique is used in an indiscriminate way it can lead to ambiental pollution and development of tick resistance to acarcides. the studies developed in the universidade federal rural do rio de janeiro demonstrate that some isolates of the fungi metarhizium anisopliae and beauveria bassiana are pathogens for ... | 2000 | 11193672 |
| laboratory and field evaluation of entomogenous fungi for tick control. | aqueous and oil-based formulations of two entomogenous fungi, beauveria bassiana and metarhizium anisopliae were tested for their efficacy against the three major species of african ticks; namely, amblyomma variegatum, rhipicephalus apendiculatus, and boophilus decoloratus. both fungal species and formulations were observed to induce high mortalities, especially in the larvae. the oil-based formulation was found to be more effective than the aqueous formulation. monthly application of aqueous fo ... | 2000 | 11193673 |
| habitat association in two genetic groups of the insect-pathogenic fungus metarhizium anisopliae: uncovering cryptic species? | strains of insect-pathogenic fungi with high virulence toward certain pest insects have great potential for commercial biological control applications. identifying such strains has been a central theme in using fungi for biological control. this theme is supported by a persistent paradigm in insect pathology which suggests that the host insect is the predominant influence on the population genetics of insect-pathogenic fungi. in this study, a population genetics analysis of the insect-pathogenic ... | 2001 | 11229929 |
| aerial treatment of the australian plague locust, chortoicetes terminifera (orthoptera: acrididae) with metarhizium anisopliae (deuteromycotina: hyphomycetes). | between october 1999 and april 2000, nearly 4000 ha of nymphal bands and adult swarms of chortoicetes terminifera (walker) were aerially treated using a ulv oil formulation of strain fi-985 of metarhizium anisopliae var. acridum. during the mild weather (maxima 22-30 degrees c) of spring (october), there was little change in nymphal bands during the first week but at all doses between 25-100 g (1-4 x 10(12) conidia) ha(-1), the bands rapidly declined 9-12 days after treatment reaching > 90% mort ... | 2001 | 11260723 |
| cloning and sequence analysis of an intron-containing domain from a peptide synthetase-encoding gene of the entomopathogenic fungus metarhizium anisopliae. | a gene encoding a putative peptide synthetase has been cloned and partially sequenced from the filamentous fungus, metarhizium anisopliae. the deduced amino acid sequence of one entire domain and the following spacer is typical of fungal peptide synthetases, showing good conservation of the six expected core sequences. there are two introns within this region, the first interrupting core 5 (rldltdie) of the domain and the second in a conserved area of the spacer region. | 1996 | 8964498 |
| characterization and functional analysis of 12 naturally occurring reactive site variants of serpin-1 from manduca sexta. | serpin gene-1 from the tobacco hornworm, manduca sexta, encodes, through alternative exon usage, 12 reactive site variants (jiang, h., wang, y. and kanost, m. r., (1994) j. biol. chem. 269, 55-58; jiang, h., wang, y., huang, y., mulnix, a. b., kadel, j., cole, k., and kanost, m. r. (1996) j. biol. chem. 271, 28017-28023). these 43-kda proteins differ from each other only in their cooh-terminal 39-46 residues, which include the reactive site. to test the hypothesis that these proteins are protein ... | 1997 | 8995406 |
| virulence of metarhizium anisopliae to embryos of the grass shrimp palaemonetes pugio | experiments were performed in which developing embryos of the grass shrimp, palaemonetes pugio, were exposed to conidiospores of the insect pathogenic fungus, metarhizium anisopliae. responses were variable, with significant (p </= 0.05) adverse effects observed in five of six experiments conducted. dead embryos and larvae with visible growth of m. anisopliae were observed in all experiments. growth of m. anisopliae was occasionally observed on embryos and larvae prior to death. delayed hatch wa ... | 1997 | 9056466 |
| entomopathogenous fungi degrade epicuticular hydrocarbons of triatoma infestans. | studies were undertaken to analyze the ability of entomopathogenous fungi to degrade insect hydrocarbons. strains of beauveria bassiana and metarhizium anisopliae pathogenic to the blood-sucking bug triatoma infestans were grown on hydrocarbon and non-hydrocarbon insect lipid extracts and on synthetic hydrocarbon-enriched media as the sole carbon source. entomopathogenous fungi were shown to utilize hydrocarbons as the only carbon source for their growth. insect-derived hydrocarbons served more ... | 1997 | 9244399 |
| pathogenicity of four strains of entomopathogenic fungi against the bovine tick boophilus microplus. | to evaluate the pathogenicity of 4 strains of the entomopathogenic fungi metarhizium flavoviride var flavoviride and metarhizium anisopliae var anisopliae in vitro against the bovine tick boophilus microplus. | 2001 | 11560280 |
| an unusual case of fungal keratitis: metarrhizium anisopliae. | to report a case of fungal keratitis caused by metarrhizium anisopliae, which to our knowledge is the first reported case in the united states. | 2001 | 11588434 |
| cloning and phylogenetic analysis of chitin synthase genes from the insect pathogenic fungus, metarhizium anisopliae var. anisopliae. | degenerated pcr primers were used to amplify chitin synthase genes from genomic dna of metarhizium anisopliae var. anisopliae. through cloning and sequencing of approximately 600-bp fragments amplified by pcr, we found three genes encoding different types of chitin synthases, designated machs1, machs2, and machs3. southern blot analysis performed on genomic dna showed that each of the chitin synthases machs1, machs2, and machs3 is encoded by a single copy gene. alignment of their deduced amino a ... | 1998 | 9485597 |
| acid phosphatases of metarhizium anisopliae during infection of the tobacco hornworm manduca sexta. | three acid phosphatase (acp) isozymes, pi 8.1, 8.0 and 7.8, were isolated, purified and partially characterised from optimised cultures of the entomopathogenic fungus metarhizium anisopliae. the enzymes had similar molecular masses (approximately 44.0 kda), and could degrade sugar phosphates found in the haemolymph of a host insect, the tobacco hornworm manduca sexta. the acp activity in haemolymph of mycosed insects increased significantly over controls, and some new isozymes were present. the ... | 2001 | 11734886 |
| pathogenicity of entomopathogenic fungi to different developmental stages of rhipicephalus sanguineus (acari: ixodidae). | the pathogenicity of 4 species of entomopathogenic fungi (hyphomycetes species: beauveria bassiana, metarhizium anisopliae, metarhizium flavoviride, and paecilomyces fumosoroseus) to various developmental stages of rhipicephalus sanguineus (acari: ixodidae) ticks was compared under laboratory conditions. the most virulent isolate, m. anisopliae-108, caused 92-96% mortality to unfed larvae and nymphs on day 7 postinfection (pi) and 100% mortality to unfed adults and engorged females on day 21 pi. ... | 2001 | 11780821 |
| analysis of swainsonine and its early metabolic precursors in cultures of metarhizium anisopliae. | the alpha-mannosidase inhibitor swainsonine is produced by the filamentous fungus metarhizium anisopliae. the primary metabolite pathway from which it is derived is known to be that leading to lysine. in order to effect improvements in the yield of swainsonine it is of interest to study the changes in the intracellular levels of lysine and its biosynthetic intermediates, as well as swainsonine itself, which accompany changes in culture conditions or in the genetics of the microbe. czapek-dox def ... | 1997 | 9298701 |
| isolation of a cdna encoding a novel subtilisin-like protease (pr1b) from the entomopathogenic fungus, metarhizium anisopliae using differential display-rt-pcr. | reverse transcription differential display pcr (rt-dd-pcr) was used to identify genes that are specifically expressed by metarhizium anisopliae when it contacts the host insect cuticle. using a homology-based subtilisin-like protease primer we identified a hitherto unsuspected differentially expressed subtilisin-like protease (pr1b) encoding gene. the deduced amino acid sequence shows 54% similarity to the well characterized pr1a subtilisin of m. anisopliae and karyotype analysis revealed that p ... | 1997 | 9332344 |
| cordyceps brittlebankisoides, a new pathogen of grubs and its anamorph, metarhizium anisopliae var. majus. | | 2001 | 11812122 |
| antimicrobial activity of exocrine glandular secretion of chrysomela larvae. | the exocrine glandular secretions of leaf beetle larvae of the taxon chrysomela are well-known defensive devices used against some generalist predators. salicylaldehyde is the major repellent component of secretions emitted by larvae of chrysomela vigintipunctata and c. lapponica, which feed on salicin-rich salicaceae. in this study, we examined whether salicylaldehyde is also active against the entomopathogenic fungus metarhizium anisopliae. the germination and growth of this fungus was strongl ... | 2002 | 11925070 |
| characterization of cell lines developed from the colorado potato beetle, leptinotarsa decemlineata say (coleoptera: chrysomelidae). | in order to isolate new pathogens (viruses, microsporidia, etc.) or to evaluate the efficiency of some pathogens (serovarieties and mutants of bacillus thuringiensis, fungi, etc.) in the control of colorado potato beetle, an economically important pest, we established four cell lines from tissues of this insect. one was initiated from embryonated egg fragments in the m3 medium supplemented with 20% fetal bovine serum (fbs) and then transferred after several passages to the ex-cell 400 medium wit ... | 2002 | 11928998 |
| allergen-triggered airway hyperresponsiveness and lung pathology in mice sensitized with the biopesticide metarhizium anisopliae. | metarhizium anisopliae is an entomopathogenic fungus recently licensed for indoor control of cockroaches, a major source of allergens. while m. anisopliae has been shown to be non-infectious and non-toxic to mammals there has been only limited research on potential allergenicity. using a mouse model, we previously demonstrated allergic immune and inflammatory responses to this agent. the present study was designed to determine whether these responses were associated with changes in pulmonary res ... | 2000 | 10755701 |
| transformants of metarhizium anisopliae sf. anisopliae overexpressing chitinase from metarhizium anisopliae sf. acridum show early induction of native chitinase but are not altered in pathogenicity to manduca sexta. | extracellular chitinase activity has been implicated in the pathogenesis of several fungal infections. following induction with chitin, the insect pathogens metarhizium anisopliae sf. acridum arsef strain 324 and metarhizium anisopliae sf. anisopliae arsef strain 2575 secrete 44-kda basic and acidic isoforms of endochitinase, respectively. the gene from strain 324 (chit1) was cloned and inserted into the genome of strain 2575 under the control of aspergillus regulatory elements such that transge ... | 2001 | 12009808 |
| comparison of respiratory responses to metarhizium anisopliae extract using two different sensitization protocols. | metarhizium anisopliae, an entomopathogenic fungus, is a prototypic microbial pesticide licensed for indoor control of cockroaches, a major source of allergens. we have previously demonstrated allergy and asthma-like responses in balb/c mice intraperitoneally (ip) sensitized in the presence of adjuvant and intratracheally (it) challenged with the soluble factors from m. anisopliae crude antigen (maca) (ward et al., 1998, 2000). this protocol has been used frequently to establish animal models of ... | 2000 | 10874159 |
| transformation system of beauveria bassiana and metarhizium anisopliae using nitrate reductase gene of aspergillus nidulans. | an heterologous transformation system for entomopathogenic fungi b. bassiana and m. anisopliae was developed based on the use of a. nidulans nitrate reductase gene (niad). b. bassiana and m. anisopliae niad stable mutants were selected by treatment of protoplast with ethane methane sulphonate (ems) and regenerated on chlorate medium. the cloned gene was capable of transforming b. bassiana and m. anisopliae at a frequency of 5.8 to 20 transformants per microg of dna. most of them were mitotically ... | 2001 | 12019757 |
| phenotypic degeneration occurs during sector formation in metarhizium anisopliae. | the formation of sectors was observed during subculturing of an isolate of the entomopathogenic fungus metarhizium anisopliae, a fungus used for biological control of insect pests. the aim of the investigation was to establish whether sector formation was accompanied by changes in physiological characters. | 2002 | 12067386 |
| conidium production by insect pathogenic fungi on commercially available agars. | conidium production by three species of insect pathogenic fungi, metarhizium anisopliae, beauveria bassiana and verticillium lecanii, was assessed on various depths and types of commercially available agars. | 2002 | 12081554 |
| isolation and characterization of a chitinase cdna from the entomopathogenic fungus, metarhizium anisopliae. | a novel chitinase gene was isolated from metarhizium anisopliae grown in a medium containing chitin as the sole carbon source. comparisons of nucleotide sequence of the isolated gene with those of other fungal chitinase genes showed low sequence identity (24.4-36.4%) except for the active site of chitinase. in addition, molecular mass determination of the fused gene product separated on a gel showed that the fused chitinase seems to be about 70 kda, while the molecular mass calculated from the d ... | 1998 | 9742698 |
| risks to the aquatic ecosystem from the application of metarhizium anisopliae for locust control in australia. | laboratory tests of metarhizium anisopliae var acridum driver & milner, at a dose of 1.3 x 10(6) conidia ml-1, had no adverse effects on nymphs of mayfly, ulmerophlebia sp or 8-week-old fry of the rainbow fish, melanotaenia duboulayi castelnau. this dose was toxic to the cladoceran, ceriodaphnia dubia richard, causing 100% mortality in 48 h. when this test was repeated at doses of up to 6.7 x 10(3) conidia ml-1, there was only 5% mortality after 192 h. spraying of artificial water sources with a ... | 2002 | 12146174 |
| detection and characterisation of pr1 virulent gene deficiencies in the insect pathogenic fungus metarhizium anisopliae. | in an initial attempt to characterise single-spore isolates from metarhizium anisopliae wild-type strain v275, three genetically identical spontaneous pr1a- and pr1b-deficient mutants were detected. these mutants were identified by nested-pcr amplification and verified by southern hybridisation. sequencing and comparison of the highly conserved sequences of 28s rdna domains 9-11 confirmed that the mutant isolates were metarhizium anisopliae, but each had both morphological and genetic difference ... | 2002 | 12167546 |
| host-pathogen interactions in a varying environment: temperature, behavioural fever and fitness. | we demonstrate how variable temperatures, mediated by host thermoregulation and behavioural fever, critically affect the interaction between a host (the desert locust, schistocerca gregaria) and a pathogen (the fungus metarhizium anisopliae var. acridum). by means of behavioural thermoregulation, infected locusts can raise their body temperatures to fever levels. the adaptive value of this behaviour was examined using three thermal regimes wherein maximum body temperatures achievable were: (i) b ... | 2002 | 12184830 |
| isolation of beauveria bassiana and metarhizium anisopliae var. anisopliae from boophilus microplus tick (canestrini, 1887), in rio de janeiro state, brazil. | the objective of this work were to isolate and identify strains of entomopathogenic fungi from ingurgitated female boophilus microplus ticks, collected from the soil in the municipality of paracambi, rio de janeiro state, brazil. the ingurgitated females were inoculated in the selective medium oat dodine agar (oda), where 49 colonies of beauveria bassiana (71%) and 20 of metarhizium anisopliae var. anisopliae (29%) were isolated. these isolated strains characterize for the first time in brazil t ... | 2002 | 12206323 |
| allergic responses to the biopesticide metarhizium anisopliae in balb/c mice. | metarhizium anisopliae is used as a microbial pesticide to control cockroaches and other insects. m. anisopliae has demonstrated neither infectivity nor toxicity in mammals. however, allergenicity has not been assessed. m. anisopliae is a prototype for other organisms released into the environment for pesticide or other beneficial applications. hence this study is part of an effort to develop methods for screening such organisms for allergenic potential. soluble factors from fungal components we ... | 1998 | 9848126 |
| characterization of mycoviruses and analyses of chitinase secretion in the biocontrol fungus metarhizium anisopliae. | metarhizium anisopliae is the best-characterized entomopathogen and is used to control insect pests in sugar cane plantations in brazil on a commercial scale. we have previously reported the infection of some m. anisopliae strains by dsrna mycoviruses. here we describe the purification and characterization of the viruses (mav-a1, mav-m5, mav-rj) in terms of dsrna content, capsid proteins, electron microscopy, western blot, and hybridization patterns. one spontaneous mutant lost some of the high ... | 2002 | 12232663 |
| natural enemies of coelomera lanio (coleoptera: chrysomelidae) in the region of viçosa, minas gerais, brazil. | coelomera lanio (coleoptera: chrysomelidae) is the most important defoliator of cecropia trees. natural enemies of c. lanio collected in the region of viçosa, state of minas gerais, brazil were identified on field observations in a forest fragment and on laboratory analyses. individuals of c. lanio were not found on cecropia pachystachya trees colonized by azteca mülleri (hymenoptera: formicidae). the majority of the egg masses of c. lanio collected in the field were found to be parasitised by a ... | 2002 | 12298235 |
| destruxin ed1 a cyclopeptide from the fungus metarhizium anisopliae. | a new destruxin ed1 has been isolated from the entomopathogenic fungus metarhizium anisopliae. its structure was deduced from the nmr and mass spectral data. | 1998 | 9862142 |
| trade-offs in group living: transmission and disease resistance in leaf-cutting ants. | sociality can be associated with significant costs due to the increased risk of disease transmission. however, in some organisms the costs may be offset by benefits due to improvements in defences against parasites. to examine this possible trade-off between infection risk and disease resistance, we used acromyrmex leaf-cutting ants and the entomopathogenic fungus metarhizium anisopliae as the model system. ants exposed to the parasite were found to have substantially improved survival when they ... | 2002 | 12350269 |
| molecular cloning, characterisation, and expression of a neutral trehalase from the insect pathogenic fungus metarhizium anisopliae. | a neutral trehalase gene (nth1) was isolated from a lambdaembl3 genomic library of the insect pathogenic fungus metarhizium anisopliae. sequencing of the gene revealed extensive homology with other fungal neutral trehalases. the nth1 gene exists as a single copy in the genome. two stres exist in the 5'utr of nth1, which may mediate transcriptional activation of the nth1 gene in response to various stresses. the nth1 gene encodes a protein of 737 amino acids with a calculated m(r) of 83.1kda. a c ... | 2002 | 12383437 |
| trehalose-hydrolysing enzymes of metarhizium anisopliae and their role in pathogenesis of the tobacco hornworm, manduca sexta. | trehalose is the main haemolymph sugar in most insects including the tobacco hornworm, manduca sexta, and is potentially a prime target for an invading pathogenic fungus. there was considerably more trehalose-hydrolysing activity in the haemolymph of caterpillars infected with metarhizium anisopliae than in controls. this appeared to be due primarily to additional isoforms; one of which could also hydrolyse maltose and was designated an alpha-glucosidase. a comparable isoform was identified in i ... | 2002 | 12384080 |
| effects of the peptide mycotoxin destruxin e on insect haemocytes and on dynamics and efficiency of the multicellular immune reaction. | destruxins (dtxs) are cyclic peptide toxins secreted by the entomopathogenic fungus metarhizium anisopliae var. anisopliae. the effects of dtx e, the most active compound of this family on haemocytes, the immunocompetent insect cells, and on the dynamics and efficacy of the multicellular defense of insect hosts have been investigated. ultrastructural alterations have been observed in circulating plasmatocytes and granular haemocytes, and in attached haemocytes of galleria mellonella larvae treat ... | 2002 | 12384084 |
| attenuation of fungal infection in thermoregulating locusta migratoria is accompanied by changes in hemolymph proteins. | hemolymph proteins in the locust, locusta migratoria migratorioides infected with the fungus metarhizium anisopliae var acridum were analyzed with sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (sds-page). under conditions that allowed locusts to thermoregulate, 2 proteins, itb1 (ca. 18kda) and itb2 (ca. 13kda) were induced 48h post inoculation. in contrast, under non-thermoregulating conditions, only 1 band, intb1 (ca. 18kda) was induced with similar molecular mass to itb1. itb1 and ... | 2002 | 12417209 |
| effect of ph on physiology of metarhizium anisopliae for production of swainsonine. | the effect of ph on the production of swainsonine and fungal morphology at different stages of fermentation of metarhizium anisopliae was investigated. when no control was applied, the ph of the culture dropped from 6.5 to 3.8 within the first 72 hours and the concentration of swainsonine reached 43.3 mg 1(-1). when the ph was held constant either at the beginning or throughout the fermentation, the maximum recorded swainsonine level was only 8.4 mg 1(-1) corresponding with an increase in the fo ... | 1998 | 9867471 |
| light and electron microscopy studies of the infection of the western flower thrips frankliniella occidentalis (thysanoptera: thripidae) by the entomopathogenic fungus metarhizium anisopliae | the infection of frankliniella occidentalis by two isolates of the entomopathogenic fungus metarhizium anisopliae was studied using fluorescence, scanning, transmission, and confocal scanning laser microscopy techniques. conidia of m. anisopliae adhered mostly to the wings of adult f. occidentalis but the number declined from 73 to 40% within 72 h postinoculation at 23 degreesc, presumably due to preening. conidia germinated and produced appressoria on adult, larval, and pupal stages within 12 h ... | 1999 | 9878286 |
| field studies using a recombinant mycoinsecticide (metarhizium anisopliae) reveal that it is rhizosphere competent. | in the summer of 2000, we released genetically altered insect-pathogenic fungi onto a plot of cabbages at a field site on the upper marlboro research station, md. the transformed derivatives of metarhizium anisopliae arsef 1080, designated gpma and gma, carried the aequorea victoria green fluorescent protein (gfp) gene alone (gma) or with additional protease genes (pr1) (gpma). the study (i) confirmed the utility of gfp for monitoring pathogen strains in field populations over time, (ii) demonst ... | 2002 | 12450863 |
| protein analysis in a pleomorphically deteriorated strain of the insect-pathogenic fungus metarhizium anisopliae. | pleomorphic deterioration is a process where a fungal isolate loses the ability to produce conidia during repeated subculturing. we have previously isolated strains of the entomopathogenic fungus metarhizium anisopliae that have irreversibly lost the ability to produce conidia and only produce mycelia when grown on agar. gel electrophoresis was used to examine differences in intracellular protein patterns (urea-soluble proteins and urea-insoluble proteins (i.e., hydrophobins)) in conidiating and ... | 2002 | 12455610 |
| purification and characterization of a novel chitinase from the entomopathogenic fungus, metarhizium anisopliae. | a novel chitinase was detected in extracellular culture fluids of the entomopathogenic fungus metarhizium anisopliae (atcc 20500) grown in liquid medium containing chitin as a sole carbon source. a chitinase was purified to near homogeneity from culture broth of m. anisopliae by deae-sephacel, cm-sepharose cl-6b ion-exchange chromatography, and gel filtration with superose 12hr. the molecular mass of the enzyme determined by sds-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis was approximately 60 kda and the ... | 1999 | 10222181 |
| hirsutella thompsonii and metarhizium anisopliae as potential microbial control agents of varroa destructor, a honey bee parasite. | the potential of hirsutella thompsonii fisher and metarhizium anisopliae (metschinkoff) as biological control agents of the parasitic mite, varroa destructor anderson and trueman was evaluated in the laboratory and in observation hives. in the laboratory, time required for 90% cumulative mortality of mites (lt(90)) was 4.16 (3.98-4.42) days for h. thompsonii and 5.85 (5.48-7.43) days for m. anisopliae at 1.1 x 10(3) conidia mm(-2). at a temperature (34+/-1 degrees c) similar to that of the brood ... | 2002 | 12507487 |
| pathogenicity of two entomopathogenic hyphomycetes, beauveria bassiana and metarhizium anisopliae, to the housefly musca domestica l. | the pathogenicity of three isolates of metarhizium anisopliae and two isolates beauveria bassiana originating from different insect species and localities was tested against housefly larvae. only one isolate of m. anisopliae (ma23) and the two isolates of b. bassiana (bb2, bb108) significantly (p<0.05) reduced the percentage of emerging adults. at the highest tested concentration 10(7) spores/ml. the reduction in the percentage of adult emergence was 93.8%. 61.3% and 49% for bb2. ma23 and bb108. ... | 2002 | 12512811 |
| enzymatic changes and cytotoxic effects of metarhizium anisopliae fungal extracts on the egyptian cotton leaf worm spodoptera littoralis (sl 96) cell line. | the extra-and intra-cellular extracts of two metarhizium anisopliae isolates: ma23 and mr3, were introduced to a cell line of spodoptera littoralis. the cell line (sl96) was established in the entomovirology centre from s. littoralis ovaries. mr3 extracellular fluid-treated culture had an increase in the acid phosphatase (acp) level as compared either to the untreated cell line or to the fungal extract alone. moreover, the enzymatic tests showed that alpha and beta-glucosidases have been detecte ... | 2002 | 12512818 |
| oxygen consumption by metarhizium anisopliae during germination and growth on different carbon sources. | respirometry was used to monitor the germination and growth of the entomopathogenic deuteromycete metarhizium anisopliae on media containing carbon sources of different kinds (monosaccharides, polysaccharides, amino acids, and proteins). as also observed in several other species of fungi, m. anisopliae germination was found to be marked by a significant increase in o(2) consumption, which started a few hours before germ tube emergence. the exponential consumption of the carbon source and o(2) co ... | 1999 | 10486222 |
| [purification and characterization of cuticle-degrading protease from entomopathogenic fungus, metarhizium anisopliae]. | the cuticle-degrading proteases from entomopathogensis fungus, melarhizium anisopliae, were induced by adding cicada exuviae, colloidal chitin, shrimp cuticle, maggot cuticle, horsefly cuticle and silkworm chrysalis cuticle into minimal medium. after ultrafiltration, ultrogel aca 54 column and ief, a protease designated as map-21 with mr 27 kd, and pi 7.6 were purified. it was shown that the recognition site of map-21 was arg, pmsf and tlck could inhibited the activity of this protease, indicati ... | 2000 | 12548997 |
| regulation of extracellular chitinases and proteases in the entomopathogen and acaricide metarhizium anisopliae. | metarhizium anisopliae infects insects and ticks via a combination of specialized structures and cuticle degradation. hydrolytic enzymes are accepted as key factors for the penetration step. the search for pathogenicity determinants has demonstrated that the process is multifactorial. host specificity is an important factor to be addressed. the study of the enzymes produced during infection is important to discover those with a role in the process. to address some of the enzymes that take part d ... | 2003 | 12567244 |
| production of cyclodepsipeptides destruxin a and b from metarhizium anisopliae. | maltose and peptone were the best carbon and nitrogen sources for the production of destruxins from metarhizium anisopliae. with the addition of 0.1% (w/v) beta-alanine to the basal medium, the yields of cyclodepsipeptides da and db were 7.2 and 279 mg/l, respectively, which was 2-fold higher than that of control experiment. response surface methodology (rsm) was applied to optimize the compositions of maltose, peptone, beta-alanine, and glucose used in a shaker-flask cultivation of m. anisoplia ... | 2000 | 11101326 |
| laboratory evaluation of temperature effects on the germination and growth of entomopathogenic fungi and on their pathogenicity to two aphid species. | as part of an approach to select potential mycoinsecticides for aphid biocontrol, we investigated the effects of temperature on the growth, germination and pathogenicity of some hyphomycete fungi. commercially available mycoinsecticides (based on beauveria bassiana (balsamo) vuillemin and verticillium lecanii (zimmermann) viegas) and other isolates of b bassiana, v lecanii, metarhizium anisopliae (metschnikoff) sorokin and paecilomyces fumosoroseus (wize) brown & smith were evaluated. the rate o ... | 2003 | 12587869 |
| determination of destruxins, cyclic peptide toxins, produced by different strains of metarhizium anisopliae and their mutants induced by ethyl methane sulfonate and ultraviolet using hplc method. | metarhizium anisopliae produces a family of cyclic peptide toxins, destruxins (dtxs), which exhibit various insecticidal activity. four major dtxs have been separated by hplc and identified by the liquid chromatography electrospray mass spectrometry (lc-esi-ms) methods. strain f061 of m. anisopliae produced large amounts of (dtxs), especially dtx-a (12.84+/-0.04 microg/ml), dtx-b (66.89+/-2.57 microg/ml) and dmdb (1.41+/-0.13 microg/ml). high levels of dtx-e (4.19+/-0.13 microg/ml) were produced ... | 2001 | 11137544 |
| igs sequence variation, group-i introns and the complete nuclear ribosomal dna of the entomopathogenic fungus metarhizium: excellent tools for isolate detection and phylogenetic analysis. | the complete nuclear rdna gene complex of metarhizium anisopliae var. anisopliae isolate me1 is 8118bp long and contains the 18s, 5.8s, and 28s rrna genes as well as the its and igs regions. variation in the its of isolates of m. anisopliae var. anisopliae and one each of metarhizium anisopliae var. acridum, metarhizium flavoviride var. flavoviride, and metarhizium flavoviride var. minus, clustered 39 out of 40 of m. anisopliae var. anisopliae isolates in one clade. nucleotide sequence variation ... | 2003 | 12620253 |
| inhibition of fungal growth in thermoregulating locusts, locusta migratoria, infected by the fungus metarhizium anisopliae var acridum. | the locust, locusta migratoria, has the capacity to develop a behavioural fever which reduces fungal infection by metarhizium anisopliae var acridum. we investigated hemocyte and blastospore kinetics in infected insects under conditions that did or did not allow thermoregulation. hemocyte concentrations were severely reduced in inoculated insects that did not thermoregulate but remained similar to those of controls in inoculated insects that were allowed to thermoregulate. reductions in hemocyte ... | 2003 | 12623310 |
| constitutive and heat-inducible heat shock element binding activities of heat shock factor in a group of filamentous fungi. | this study represents the initial characterization of the heat shock factor (hsf) in filamentous fungi. we demonstrate that hsfs from beauveria bassiana, metarhizium anisopliae, tolypocladium nivea, paecilomyces farinosus, and verticillium lecanii bind to the heat shock element (hse) constitutively (non-shocked), and that heat shock resulted in increased quantities and decreased mobility of hsf-hse complexes. the monomeric molecular mass of both heat-induced and constitutive hsfs was determined ... | 1999 | 10590835 |
| proteinase inhibitors from the molting fluid of the pharate adult tobacco hornworm, manduca sexta. | the molting fluid of pharate adult manduca sexta was found to contain at least two types of proteinase inhibitor activities. one inhibited the native cuticle degrading trypsin-like proteinase, mfp1, while the other was found to be highly specific for subtilisin-like enzymes. the developmental profiles of both these inhibitor activities were investigated. mfp-1 inhibitor activity was found to be present in the molting fluid of all stages of pre-ecdysial development, except stage 7, which possesse ... | 2000 | 10613961 |
| zygosporin d and two new cytochalasins produced by the fungus metarrhizium anisopliae. | zygosporin d (3) and two new cytochalasins (4 and 5) were isolated from the culture filtrate of the fungus metarrhizium anisopliae and characterized on the basis of their spectral data and chemical conversions. the new cytochalasins, 4 and 5, were determined to be deacetylcytochalasin c and (6r,16s,18r,21r)-18,21-dihydroxy-16, 18-dimethyl-10-phenyl[11]cytochalasa-13(e),19(e)-diene-1,7,17-trio ne, respectively. of these three cytochalasins, only zygosporin d is an effective inhibitor of shoot elo ... | 2000 | 10650095 |
| genetic polymorphisms in three subtilisin-like protease isoforms (pr1a, pr1b, and pr1c) from metarhizium strains. | restriction fragment length polymorphisms (rflp) were examined in three isoforms of a gene family encoding subtilisin-like proteases (pr1a, pr1b, and pr1c) in several isolates of the entomopathogenic fungus metarhizium anisopliae. rflp variation was not observed in any of the pr1 genes from isolates within the same genetically related group. between genetically related groups and between isolates from disparate geographical areas, the greatest variation in rflp patterns was observed for pr1a. wh ... | 2000 | 11142404 |
| acute toxicity of locust insecticides to two indigenous invertebrates from sahelian temporary ponds. | during desert locust plagues large amounts of insecticides are used for control operations. drift from these treatments and accidental overspraying may contaminate small surface waters such as temporary ponds. the present study describes methods for static acute toxicity tests with two abundant organisms that occur in temporary ponds in the african sahel region: the fairy shrimp streptocephalus sudanicus daday (branchiopoda, anostraca, streptocephalidae) and the backswimmer anisops sardeus herri ... | 2001 | 11161680 |
| effects of the entomopathogenic fungus metarhizium anisopliae and its secondary metabolites on morphology and cytoskeleton of plasmatocytes isolated from the greater wax moth, galleria mellonella. | the effects of metarhizium anisopliae infection and three different secondary metabolites released by the fungus, destruxin a and e and cytochalasin d, on the morphology and cytoskeleton of plasmatocytes of the greater wax moth galleria mellonella were studied. plasmatocytes isolated from m. anisopliae infected larvae exhibited impairment of attachment, spreading and cytoskeleton formation accompanied with the occurrence of blebbing and pycnotic nuclei. plasmatocytes treated with destruxin in vi ... | 1997 | 12770487 |
| effect of soil temperature and moisture on survival and infectivity of metarhizium anisopliae to four tephritid fruit fly puparia. | the infectivity of 4 isolates of metarhizium anisopliae to puparia of ceratitis capitata treated as late third-instar larvae in unsterilized soil was investigated in the laboratory under controlled temperature and moisture. at 20-30 degrees c, mortality in puparia was highest at water potential of -0.1 and -0.01 mega pascal (mpa) and lowest at water potential of -0.0055 and -0.0035 mpa in all the isolates. in wetter soil however, isolates icipe 20 and 60 caused significantly higher mortality tha ... | 2003 | 12788285 |
| selection of virulent isolates of entomopathogenic hyphomycetes against clavigralla tomentosicollis stål. and evaluation in cage experiment using three cowpea varieties. | the virulence of 8 isolates of entomopathogenic hyphomycetes against adult and 5th instar nymph of clavigralla tomentosicollis was evaluated in the laboratory at 4 different concentrations of inoculum. at all concentrations, beauveria bassiana cpd 9 and metarhizium anisopliae cpd 5 caused the highest mortality in adult bug ranging from 58 to 97% and 53 to 100%, respectively at 7 days post inoculation. the same isolates had the shortest lt50 (3.5 and 4.1 days, respectively) and the lowest lc50 (1 ... | 1999 | 11189764 |
| effects of uvb irradiance on conidia and germinants of the entomopathogenic hyphomycete metarhizium anisopliae: a study of reciprocity and recovery. | we tested the effects of irradiances of 920 and 1200 mw m-2 (weighted irradiance) on the conidia and germinants of the entomopathogenic hyphomycete metarhizium anisopliae. the conidia were exposed to the two irradiances for 1, 2, 4, 6, 7 or 8 h. increased exposure decreased relative percent culturability. the inactivation provoked by the irradiance of 1200 mw m-2 was higher than for the 920 mw m-2, with a reduction in the 50% lethal time (lt50) from 6 h 40 min to 4 h 26 min. reciprocity was not ... | 2001 | 11272727 |
| the development of immunity in a social insect: evidence for the group facilitation of disease resistance. | the extraordinary diversity and ecological success of the social insects has been attributed to their ability to cope with the rich and often infectious microbial community inhabiting their nests and feeding sites. mechanisms of disease control used by eusocial species include antibiotic glandular secretions, mutual grooming, removal of diseased individuals from the nest, and the innate and adaptive immune responses of colony members. here we demonstrate that after a challenge exposure to the en ... | 2002 | 12011442 |
| a blumeria graminis gene family encoding proteins with a c-terminal variable region with homologues in pathogenic fungi. | in a study aimed at characterising, at the molecular level, the obligate biotrophic fungus blumeria graminis f. sp. hordei (bgh), we have identified a novel group of genes, the egh16h genes, and shown that two of these are up-regulated during primary infection of barley leaves. the genes have partial homology to a previously characterised bgh gene family, egh16. egh16 and egh16h are subfamilies of a larger multigene family with presently about 15 members identified in bgh. egh16h has about ten m ... | 2003 | 12853153 |
| est analysis of genes expressed by the zygomycete pathogen conidiobolus coronatus during growth on insect cuticle. | conidiobolus coronatus (zygomycota) is a facultative saprobe that is a pathogen of many insect species. almost 2000 expressed sequence tag (est) cdna clones were sequenced to analyse gene expression during growth on insect cuticle. sixty percent of the ests that could be clustered into functional groups (e<or=10(-5)) had their best blast hits among fungal sequences. these included chitinases and multiple subtilisins, trypsin, metalloprotease and aspartyl protease activities with the potential to ... | 2003 | 12855740 |
| effects of virulence, sporulation, and temperature on metarhizium anisopliae and beauveria bassiana laboratory transmission in coptotermes formosanus. | sporulation characteristics and virulence of metarhizium anisopliae and beauveria bassiana were examined in relation to laboratory transmission in coptotermes formosanus. fungal isolates significantly affected disease prevalence in termite populations. sporulation of m. anisopliae played a more important role than virulence in producing epizootics within small groups of termites, but this was not the case for b. bassiana. isolates characterized by quick sporulation (day 2 after death) did not ex ... | 2003 | 13678711 |
| submerse cultivation of the fungus metarrhizium anisopliae (metsch.). | | 1965 | 14339691 |
| field trials using the fungal pathogen, metarhizium anisopliae (deuteromycetes: hyphomycetes) to control the ectoparasitic mite, varroa destructor (acari: varroidae) in honey bee, apis mellifera (hymenoptera: apidae) colonies. | the potential for metarhizium anisopliae (metschinkoff) to control the parasitic mite, varroa destructor (anderson and trueman) in honey bee colonies was evaluated in field trials against the miticide, tau-fluvalinate (apistan). peak mortality of v. destructor occurred 3-4 d after the conidia were applied; however, the mites were still infected 42 d posttreatments. two application methods were tested: dusts and strips coated with the fungal conidia, and both methods resulted in successful contro ... | 2003 | 14503579 |
| modulation by eicosanoid biosynthesis inhibitors of immune responses by the insect manduca sexta to the pathogenic fungus metarhizium anisopliae. | metarhizium anisopliae conidia (spores) reduced weight gain and caused death when injected into manduca sexta larvae. when the fungus was co-injected with the eicosanoid biosynthesis inhibitor dexamethasone, larval weight gain was further reduced and mortality increased. these effects were reversed when dexamethasone was given together with the eicosanoid precursor arachidonic acid (aa). similarly, treatment with other eicosanoid biosynthesis inhibitors (esculetin, phenidone, ibuprofen, and indo ... | 2002 | 12095238 |
| infection of malaria (anopheles gambiae s.s.) and filariasis (culex quinquefasciatus) vectors with the entomopathogenic fungus metarhizium anisopliae. | current intra-domiciliary vector control depends on the application of residual insecticides and/or repellents. although biological control agents have been developed against aquatic mosquito stages, none are available for adults. following successful use of an entomopathogenic fungus against tsetse flies (diptera: glossinidae) we investigated the potency of this fungus as a biological control agent for adult malaria and filariasis vector mosquitoes. | 2003 | 14565851 |
| the susceptibility of different species and stages of ticks to entomopathogenic fungi. | boophilus annulatus, hyalomma excavatum and rhipicephalus sanguineus ticks were shown to be susceptible to different entomopathogenic fungi under laboratory conditions. comparative results of bioassays using five different fungal species showed that some strains of metarhizium anisopliae are highly pathogenic against various tick stages tested. in contrast to to their activity against insects, fungi also affected tick eggs. all tested tick stages including those feeding on a host were found to b ... | 2002 | 14570142 |
| behavioral thermoregulation in the migratory locust: a therapy to overcome fungal infection. | we examined under laboratory conditions the thermopreference of the migratory locust, locusta migratoria migratorioides, following infection by the entomopathogenic fungus metarhizium anisopliae var. acridum and its influence on mycosis. infected locusts raised their body temperature more frequently than healthy conspecifics through selection of high temperatures in a heat gradient. thermoregulation did not, however, alter the frequency of feeding events nor the amount of food eaten by infected ... | 2004 | 14614620 |
| in vivo study on combined toxicity of metarhizium anisopliae (deuteromycotina: hyphomycetes) strain esc-1 with sublethal doses of chlorpyrifos, propetamphos, and cyfluthrin against german cockroach (dictyoptera: blattellidae). | the effect of metarhizium anisopliae (metschnikoff) sorokin strain esc-1 alone and in combination with sublethal doses of commercial formulations of chlorpyrifos, propetamphos and cyfluthrin on mortality of csma strain of german cockroach, blattella germanica (l.), was determined by conducting in vivo studies that included 3 bioassays. spores of m. anisopliae cultured on sday media had germination of >90%. based on bioassay 1, doses ranging from 0.5 to 300 ppm of chlorpyrifos and propetamphos, a ... | 2000 | 14658513 |
| adaptive innate immunity? responsive-mode prophylaxis in the mealworm beetle, tenebrio molitor. | a primary infection by a parasite may indicate a higher risk of being reinfected in the near future (since infection may indicate that enemies are becoming more abundant). acquired immunity does not exist in invertebrates despite the fact that they also face increased risks of reinfection following primary exposure. however, when subjected to immune insult, insects can produce immune responses that persist for long enough to provide prophylaxis. because these immune responses are costly, persist ... | 2003 | 14667338 |
| pathogenicity of beauveria bassiana, metarhizium anisopliae (deuteromycotina: hyphomycetes), and other entomopathogenic fungi against lygus lineolaris (hemiptera: miridae). | the pathogenicity of 32 fungal isolates from the genera of beauveria, verticillium, paecilomyces, metarhizium, mariannaea, and hirsutella to second-instar tarnished plant bug, lygus lineolaris (palisot de beauvois), was tested under laboratory conditions. these isolates originated from various insect hosts and substrates from france, denmark, austria, italy, turkey, syria, and the united states. a single exposure concentration (1 x 10(7) conidia/ ml) assay for each isolate was first conducted by ... | 2002 | 12216806 |
| laboratory and field evaluation of the entomopathogenic fungus metarhizium anisopliae (deuteromycetes) for controlling questing adult ixodes scapularis (acari: ixodidae). | unfed adult ixodes scapularis say were treated with spores of the entomopathogenic fungus metarhizium anisopliae metschnikoff in the laboratory and in the field. an m. anisopliae suspension containing 4 x 10(9) spores per milliliter caused 96% mortality in the laboratory, versus 53% mortality among field-treated ticks. the lc50 value for unfed adult i. scapularis in the laboratory was 4 x 10(7) spores per milliliter. our results indicate that m. anisopliae was highly pathogenic to unfed adult ti ... | 2002 | 12349854 |
| reconstructing the diversification of subtilisins in the pathogenic fungus metarhizium anisopliae. | fungi secrete subtilisin proteinases to acquire nutrients and breach host barriers. here we sought a global characterization of the diversity of subtilisins in the insect pathogen metarhizium anisopliae. expressed sequence tag (est) analyses showed that a broad host range strain of m. anisopliae sf. anisopliae (strain 2575) expressed 11 subtilisins during growth on insect cuticle, the largest number of subtilisins reported from any fungus. polymerase chain reaction amplified 10 of their ortholog ... | 2004 | 14693381 |
| food consumption by chilo partellus (lepidoptera: pyralidae) larvae infected with beauveria bassiana and metarhizium anisopliae and effects of feeding natural versus artificial diets on mortality and mycosis. | second and third instar chilo partellus larvae were infected with beauveria bassiana and metarhizium anisopliae (both at 1x10(8)conidia/ml) and daily consumption of maize leaves was measured. infection by the fungi was associated with reduced mean daily food consumption. reduction in food consumption became evident 3-4 days after treatment with the fungi for second instar larvae and 4-5 days for third instar larvae. four conidial concentrations, 1x10(5), 1x10(6), 1x10(7), and 1x10(8)conidia/ml, ... | 2003 | 14726244 |
| expression and characterization of the 42 kda chitinase of the biocontrol fungus metarhizium anisopliae in escherichia coli. | albeit metarhizium anisopliae is the best-characterized entomopathogenic fungus, the role of some hydrolytic enzymes during host cuticle penetration has not yet been established. three chitinase genes (chit1, chi2, chi3) from metarhizium have already been isolated. to characterize the chitinase coded by the chit1 gene, we expressed the active protein (chit42) in escherichia coli using a t7-based promoter expression vector. the recombinant protein, chit42, is active against glycol chitin and synt ... | 2003 | 14735222 |
| diversity of entomopathogenic fungi near leaf-cutting ant nests in a neotropical forest, with particular reference to metarhizium anisopliae var. anisopliae. | we investigated the prevalence of entomopathogenic fungi associated with leaf-cutting ant colonies in a small area of tropical forest in panama. there was a high abundance of metarhizium anisopliae var. anisopliae near the colonies. beauveria bassiana was also detected in the soil, aspergillus flavus in dump material, and six camponotus atriceps ants were found infected with cordyceps sp. based on a partial sequence of the igs region, almost all of the m. anisopliae var. anisopliae isolates fell ... | 2004 | 14992860 |
| comparison of non-linear temperature-dependent development rate models applied to in vitro growth of entomopathogenic fungi. | five non-linear models with three to five parameters, built to quantify the effect of temperature on insect development and microbial growth, were tested to describe the influence of temperature on in vitro-measured growth rates of entomopathogenic hyphomycetes. data from two isolates of each of the four fungal species, paecilomyces fumosoroseus, beauveria bassiana, metarhizium anisopliae, metarhizium flavoviride, were used to assess the features of each model. criteria for model evaluation incl ... | 2003 | 15000248 |
| beauveria bassiana yeast phase on agar medium and its pathogenicity against diatraea saccharalis (lepidoptera: crambidae) and tetranychus urticae (acari: tetranychidae). | beauveria bassiana colonizes insect hosts initially through a yeast phase, which is common in some artificial liquid cultures, but not reported on artificial solid media. we describe a yeast-like phase for b. bassiana isolate 447 (atcc 20872) on macconkey agar and its virulence toward diatraea saccharalis and tetranychus urticae. the yeast-like cells of b. bassiana developed by budding from germinating conidia after 24-h incubation. cells were typically 5-10 microm and fungal colonies were initi ... | 2002 | 12445790 |
| production and processing of metarhizium anisopliae var. acridum submerged conidia for locust and grasshopper control. | currently, mycopesticide development for locust and grasshopper control depends on aerial conidia or submerged spores of entomopathogenic fungi. in our study, the production of submerged conidia of metarhizium anisopliae var. acridum (imi 330189) was investigated in a liquid medium containing 3% biomalt and 1% yeast extract (bh-medium). the effects of freeze and spray drying techniques on the quality of submerged conidia were determined. the influence of different additives on the viability of f ... | 2004 | 15035510 |
| the extracellular constitutive production of chitin deacetylase in metarhizium anisopliae: possible edge to entomopathogenic fungi in the biological control of insect pests. | the possible contribution of extracellular constitutively produced chitin deacetylase by metarhizium anisopliae in the process of insect pathogenesis has been evaluated. chitin deacetylase converts chitin, a beta-1,4-linked n-acetylglucosamine polymer, into its deacetylated form chitosan, a glucosamine polymer. when grown in a yeast extract-peptone medium, m. anisopliae constitutively produced the enzymes protease, lipase, and two chitin-metabolizing enzymes, viz. chitin deacetylase (cda) and ch ... | 2004 | 15050837 |
| sporulation of metarhizium anisopliae and beauveria bassiana on coptotermes formosanus and in vitro. | the sporulation of 22 total isolates of metarhizium anisopliae and beauveria bassiana was quantified on cadavers of the formosan subterranean termite, coptotermes formosanus. conidial production increased significantly over 11 days post-death. effects of isolates of m. anisopliae and b. bassiana on in vivo sporulation were significant. although the overall effects of fungal species on in vivo sporulation were not significant, the interactions between fungal species and certain times post-death w ... | 2002 | 12445791 |
| enzyme activities associated with oxidative stress in metarhizium anisopliae during germination, mycelial growth, and conidiation and in response to near-uv irradiation. | metarhizium anisopliae isolates have a wide insect host range, but an impediment to their commercial use as a biocontrol agent of above-ground insects is the high susceptibility of spores to the near-uv present in solar irradiation. to understand stress responses in m. anisopliae, we initiated studies of enzymes that protect against oxidative stress in two strains selected because their spores differed in sensitivity to uv-b. spores of the more near-uv resistant strain in m. anisopliae 324 displ ... | 2004 | 15052320 |