| acid precipitation of clostridium botulinum type c and d toxins from whole culture by addition of ribonucleic acid as a precipitation aid. | the ratios of ribonucleic acid to protein contents of clostridium botulinum type c, d, and e cultures were lower than those of type a, b, and f cultures. addition of ribonucleic acid at 0.4 mg/ml to culture satisfactorily aided acid precipitation of type c and d toxins, but not that of type e toxin. | 1978 | 344224 |
| [food poisoning in cattle caused by ingestion of brewers' grains contaminated with clostridium botulinum type b (author's transl)]. | in 1977, outbreaks of disease associated with serious losses occurred on twenty cattle farms. this disease was due to the fact that the animals had been fed brewers' grains. the clinical picture was marked by anorexia, profuse salivation, regurgitation and dehydration. the course of the disease varied with the severity of the attack. toxicological tests were negative. cl. botulinum type b as well as toxin type b were found to be present in the brewers' grains fairly often. as a rule, cl. botulin ... | 1978 | 345520 |
| [atypical cases of type b botulism in cattle, caused by supplementary feeding of brewers' grains (author's transl)]. | | 1978 | 345521 |
| avian botulism in winter and spring and the stability of clostridium botulinum type c toxin. | | 1978 | 345598 |
| relation between radiation resistance and salt sensitivity of spores of five strains of clostridium botulinum types a, b, and e. | the nacl tolerance of different strains of clostridium botulinum varies over a wide range, and the patterns of nacl inhibition differ distinctly and characteristically from strain to strain. the more radiation-resistant strains, such as 33a, 62a, and 7272a, are more resistant to nacl, whereas the more radiation-sensitive strains, such as 51b and 1304e, are more sensitive to nacl. this rule appears to hold irrespective of whether the spores were unirradiated controls or whether they were radiatio ... | 1978 | 345971 |
| clostridium botulinum type c and its toxin in fly larvae. | | 1978 | 347685 |
| clostridium botulinum in aquatic environments in great britain and ireland. | mud samples from aquatic environments in many parts of great britain and ireland were collected, mainly in 1975 and 1976, and examined for clostridium botulinum. the samples were taken from lakes, ponds, reservoirs, marshes, mudflats, streams, rivers and canals, and the sampling areas included a number of bird refuges and reserves. of 554 samples 194 (35.0%) were positive and 167 (30.1%), 19 (3.4%), 6 (1.1%) and 15 (2.7%) contained types b, c, d and e respectively; 13 (2.3%) contained more than ... | 1978 | 349077 |
| effect of prior refrigeration on botulinal outgrowth in perishable canned cured meat when temperature abused. | perishable canned cured meat inoculated with clostridium botulinum spores was placed at 4.4 or 10 degrees c after manufacture. spore germination occurred at 10 degrees c. the germinated cell count remained stable over a period of 16 to 18 weeks. during that time period the inhibitory system and residual nitrite descreased. these factors combine to make perishable canned cured meats more prone to spoilage and potential hazard if they are temperature abused after a period of refrigerated storage. | 1978 | 350155 |
| causes of variation in botulinal inhibition in perishable canned cured meat. | final internal processing temperatures within the range of 63 to 74 degrees c did not alter the degree of botulinal inhibition in inoculated perishable canned comminuted cured pork abused at 27 degrees c. adding hemoglobin to the formulation reduced residual nitrite after processing and decreased botulinal inhibition. different meats yielded different rates of botulinal outgrowth when substituted for fresh pork ham. pork or beef heart meat showed no inhibition of the clostridium botulinum inocul ... | 1978 | 350156 |
| experimental botulism in chickens: the cecum as the site of production and absorption of botulinum toxin. | highly purified preparations of clostridium botulinum toxins were administered to chickens by various routes. chickens were highly susceptible to type a toxin, but relatively resistant to toxins of other types. type c toxin (12s) at a dose of 1 x 10(7) mouse ip ld50 failed to kill the chicken by the oral route. oral administration of 10 or more of type a, c, or d spores killed normal chickens, whereas cecoligated chickens were insusceptible to oral administration of 10(6) spores. these results s ... | 1978 | 351242 |
| enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for detection of clostridium botulinum toxin type a. | the enzyme linked immunosorbent assay using the so-called "double-sandwich technique" has been applied to determine botulinum toxin type a. by this assay, 50-100 mouse ip ld50 of toxin type a can be detected. no cross-reaction occurs with botulinum toxins of other types tested. in all probability this is due to the high specificity of the antiserum prepared against the toxic component of type a toxin. | 1978 | 351243 |
| the taxonomic position of clostridium botulinum type c. | experimental evidence is produced to justify abandoning the practice of subdividing costridium botulinum type c into type calpha and cbeta. | 1977 | 351507 |
| [autolysin of clostridium botulinum types a, e and f]. | | 1978 | 352045 |
| [bacteriophages and bacteriocins of clostridium botulinum]. | | 1978 | 354284 |
| the occurrence of clostridium botulinum and clostridium tetani in the soil of the united states. | soil samples taken every fifty miles on four east-west transects across the united states were examined for c. botulinum and c. tetani, organisms that could inhibit the growth of c. botulinum type a, and for various soil properties. type a strains were found mostly in the western part of the united states, in neutral to alkaline soil. type b strains were more uniformly distributed, with a majority of them occurring east of the mississippi river; none, however, were found in samples taken in the ... | 1978 | 355208 |
| production of trypsin-activable toxic components by clostridium botulinum types c and d [proceedings]. | | 1978 | 355684 |
| structure of the outer membrane and toxin localization of clostridium botulinum type e [proceedings]. | | 1978 | 355685 |
| [characteristics of spore formation in clostridium botulinum type c]. | electron microscope study of c1. botulinum, tyep c, showed that microbial cells were surrounded with a five-layer wall. structures characteristic of sporulating cells and phage particles whose intracellular development led to reduction and lysis of the cytoplasm were revelaed in the area of the cytoplasm. mature spores were encountered rarely. formation of prespore, cortex was observed, but the elements of the spore membrane were chaotically dispersed in the whole cytoplasm. such disturbances co ... | 1978 | 358687 |
| role of chelation and water binding of calcium in dormancy and heat resistance of bacterial endospores. | the possible relationship between the water binding by bacterial endospores and their dormancy and heat resistances has been examined in terms of the coordination characteristics of the spore-bound calcium. stabilities of the calcium complexes of typical cytoplasmic and structural spore components were determined by potentiometric equilibrium ph measurements in model systems consisting of dpa, glycine, alanine, glutamic acid, alanyl-glutamic acid, triglycine, and tetraglycine. the ca++-form and ... | 1978 | 359055 |
| botulism, waterfowl and mud. | | 1978 | 359101 |
| intraintestinal toxin in infant mice challenged intragastrically with clostridium botulinum spores. | conventionally raised suckling mice were injected intragastrically with 10(5) spores of a clostridium botulinum type a culture. botulism was not observed, but 80% or more of mice challenged when 8 to 11 days old had botulinum toxin in the large intestine 3 days later. mice younger than 7 days or older than 15 days were resistant to the challenge. when in vivo toxin production was started by spores given to 9-day-old mice, toxin was present in the intestine at 1 through 7 days postchallenge but w ... | 1978 | 361570 |
| [botulism (author's transl)]. | | 1978 | 362406 |
| adsorption to clostridium botulinum cultures of phage controlling type c botulinum toxin production. | | 1978 | 362423 |
| microbiology problem. | | 1978 | 362919 |
| inhibition of clostridium botulinum type c by bacteria isolated from mud. | | 1978 | 363675 |
| [cell-associated toxin as a cause of type b botulism in cattle (author's transl)]. | | 1978 | 364766 |
| [incidence of clostridium botulinum in the rumen contents and faeces of cattle fed brewers' grains naturally contaminated with clostridium botulinum (author's transl)]. | the number of clostridium botulinum type b organisms excreted by cattle fed brewers' grains in which these organisms were found to be present and the period for which they were excreted, were studied. large numbers (10(5) - 10(7) per gramme) of these organisms were detected in the rumen contents and faeces of the animals. when feeding brewers' grains was discontinued, cl. botulinum type b was still detectable in the faeces for a considerable period (greater than eight weeks). there was evidence ... | 1978 | 364767 |
| inhibition of clostridium botulinum by aliphatic amines and long chain aliphatic aminodiamides. | | 1978 | 365921 |
| proteases produced by a proteolytic mutant of clostridium botulinum type e. | a proteolytic mutant from clostridium botulinum type e produced extracellular proteases after the end of exponential growth coinciding with the period of sporulation. proteases were separated into four fractions by chromatography on a deae-cellulose column. one was a sulphydryl-dependent protease that also apparently required a divalent cation for enzyme activity since it was inhibited by edta. this enzyme hydrolysed synthetic amide and ester compounds containing an arginine residue, and showed ... | 1978 | 366076 |
| ocular findings in botulism type b. | in april 1977, fifty-nine persons became ill with type b botulism in a large, common-source outbreak. a combination of signs and symptoms that should make the clinician strongly suspect botulism was derived from the histories and ocular findings of these persons. certain signs of third cranial nerve dysfunction reliably predicted in which patients ventilatory insufficiency would develop. | 1979 | 366187 |
| the clinical recognition of botulism. | | 1979 | 366190 |
| honey and other environmental risk factors for infant botulism. | infant botulism results from the in vivo production of toxin by clostridium botulinum after it has colonized the infant's gut. epidemiologic and laboratory investigations of this recently recognized disease were undertaken to identify risk factors and routes by which c. botulinum spores might reach susceptible infants. clostridium botulinum organisms, but no preformed toxin, were identified in six different honey specimens fed to three california patients with infant botulism, as well as from 10 ... | 1979 | 368301 |
| commentary: infant botulism and the honey connection. | | 1979 | 368302 |
| sporulation and c2 toxin production by clostridium botulinum type c strains producing no c1 toxin. | all of the 8 strains that were previously assumed to be nontoxigenic clostridium botulinum type c were re-examined for their toxigenicity and were demonstrated by trypsinization of the culture filtrates to produce c2 toxin under improved cultural conditions. one per cent glucose added to trypticase peptone medium enhanced c2 toxin production. the larger the spore population, the higher the c2 toxicity and when spore population was smaller than a level of 10(4)/ml, no c2 toxicity was demonstrated ... | 1978 | 368526 |
| [clostridium botulinum type c--toxic infection in broilers in north west germany]. | | 1979 | 369547 |
| wound botulism complicating an open fracture. a case report and review of the literature. | | 1979 | 370120 |
| botulism: a pyrolysis-gas-liquid chromatographic study. | forty samples of dried clostridia bacteria were subjected to pyrolysis-gas-liquid chromatography (pglc). examination of the key fingerprint peaks enabled the analyst to differentiate the samples into their respective antigenic groups. peaks occurring at the high boiling end of profile could be used to distinguish proteolytic from non-proteolytic strains of c-botulinum. pglc has proven to be a highly reproducible as well as a rapid specific method for differentiating and identifying samples of cl ... | 1978 | 370136 |
| toxin production by clostridium botulinum type e in fresh herring in relation to the measured oxidation potential (eh). | recent work has showed high positive oxidation-reduction potential (eh) values in fresh fish flesh, whereas strongly reducing conditions exist in fish viscera and spoiled fish flesh. the present study has demonstrated that this difference in measured eh does not significantly influence growth and toxin production by cl. botulinum type e. in comparison, storage temperature and the spore load in fish markedly influence toxin production. the public health significance of rapid toxin formation and h ... | 1979 | 370763 |
| isolation of clostridium botulinum from honey. | methods for the isolation of clostridium botulinum from honey samples are described. a total of 9 of 90 honey samples were positive for c. botulinum; 6 of the positive samples had been fed to babies who developed infant botulism. | 1979 | 372229 |
| clostridium botulinum in the gulf of thailand. | a survey was carried out to determine the incidence of clostridium botulinum in samples of mud, sand, and fish from the gulf of thailand. enrichment cultures from 762 samples of mud and sand from seven different areas around the gulf were tested. c. botulinum type d was present in 10 samples, and type e was present in 2 samples taken from the west coast at hua hin. enrichment cultures from 16,773 fish grouped into 2,151 samples yielded 10 filtrates containing c. botulinum type d and 5 containing ... | 1979 | 373623 |
| [preparation of botulin anatoxin type d]. | | 1979 | 375636 |
| [use of the passive hemagglutination inhibition reaction for the purpose of determining the antigenic activity of anatoxins in vitro]. | the work deals with the study of the possibility of using the passive hemagglutination inhibition test (antibody neutralization) for the determination of the antigenic activity of botulinum toxoids, types a, b and e. erythrocytic diagnostic preparations were shown to allow the determination of up to 0.1 g of antigen. at the same time in vitro determinations were found to satisfactorily correlate with the results of in vivo determinations of the antigenic activity of these toxoids in the antitoxi ... | 1979 | 375637 |
| infant botulism in 1931. discovery of a misclassified case. | | 1979 | 375716 |
| diagnosis and management of infant botulism. | | 1979 | 375717 |
| immunofluorescent study of the spore antigens of proteolytic strains of clostridium botulinum. | by means of the spore fluorescent antibody technique 31 strains of clostridium botulinum types a (18 strains), b (10 strains) and f (3 strains) were found to belong to the same homogeneous group irrespective of their toxigenic types. some strains of this species also cross-reacted with certain strains of clostridium sporogenes types i, ii and iii and clostridium histolyticum type ii. by spore antigenic analysis it was found that clostridium parabotulinum contained two components designated l and ... | 1979 | 379206 |
| infant botulism: consideration of multifactor cause. | | 1979 | 381623 |
| clostridium botulinum in fish. | 1407 fish caught in scandinavian waters, the north sea and the north atlantic have been examined for the presence of cl. botulinum. the incidence in gut samples expressed as percentage of fish tested was generally highest in fish from scandinavian coastal waters and the baltic sea (4--43%), decreasing in fish from the north sea (0--8%), and the organism was practically absent in fish from the north atlantic. when gut samples were examined, the incidence was highest in demersal fish (cod and flat ... | 1979 | 382097 |
| studies on the mechanism of action of botulinum toxin. | | 1979 | 382789 |
| inhibition of clostridium botulinum by p-hydroxybenzoic acid n-alkyl esters. | twelve straight-chain esters, c(5) to c(14), c(16), and c(18), of p-hydroxybenzoic acid were prepared, and their melting points, solubilities in water at 25 degrees c, infrared spectra, dissociation constants (pk(a)), and activities against clostridium botulinum were determined. these studies also included four commercial straight-chain esters, c(1) to c(4). the most potent activity was exhibited by undecyl and dodecyl esters, which are about 300 times as active as sodium nitrite. quadratic and ... | 1979 | 383010 |
| binding of clostridium botulinum neurotoxin to the presynaptic membrane in the central nervous system. | large synaptosome fractions were isolated from the cerebellar and cerebral cortices of rats and were incubated with clostridium botulinum type a neurotoxin in vitro. the binding of the neurotoxin to the synapses was observed by electron microscopy, using the double-sandwich immunocytochemical method. botulinum neurotoxin was preferentially bound to the presynaptic membrane in the large synaptosome fraction. the binding regions for the neurotoxin were localized on both the extrajunctional and jun ... | 1979 | 383721 |
| high and low toxin production by a non-toxigenic strain of clostridium botulinum type c following infection with type c phages of different passage history. | toxin production in clostridium botulinum types c and d is governed by specific bacteriophages. prior passages of a phage controlling type c toxin production caused subsequently lysogenized bacteria to become variably toxigenic. this appears to be one of the causes of the decrease in toxigenicity which is common in some type c and d strains. the morphology of bacteria was also changed from rod-shaped to filamentous by infection with a successively propagated phage. | 1979 | 383896 |
| effect of reducing agents on oxidation-reduction potential and the outgrowth of clostridium botulinum type e spores. | oxidation-reduction potential (eh) levels were measured and standardized to ph (eh7) for trypticase soy broth containing various concentrations of reducing agents. prereduced trypticase soy broth with no added reducing agents exhibited a potential of -141 mv. ascorbic acid at 0.2 to 0.005% and sodium thioglycolate at concentrations below 0.05% produced an eh7 higher than the prereduced trypticase soy broth containing no added reducing agents. the addition of cysteine hydrochloride,2-mercaptoetha ... | 1979 | 384903 |
| sodium nitrite and sorbic acid effects on clostridium botulinum spore germination and total microbial growth in chicken frankfurter emulsions during temperature abuse. | samples of (i) a control or of (ii) sodium nitrite-containing or (iii) sorbic acid-containing, mechanically deboned chicken meat frankfurter-type emulsions inoculated with clostridium botulinum spores, or a combination of ii and iii, were temperature abuse at 27 degrees c. spore germination and total microbial growth were followed and examined at specified times and until toxic samples were detected. the spores germinated within 3 days in both control and nitrite (20, 40 and 156 micrograms/g) tr ... | 1979 | 384904 |
| enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for detection of clostridium botulinum type e toxin. | the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay using the "double-sandwich" technique was utilized to determine clostridium botulinum type e toxin. with this technique, about 80 mouse intraperitoneal 50% lethal doses of toxin could be detected. cross-reaction was hardly observed with c. botulinum type a and b toxins. no cross-reaction was observed with culture supernatants of c. botulinum type c or other clostridium strains. in all probability this was due to the high specificity of the antiserum prepared ... | 1979 | 384908 |
| outgrowth and sporulation studies on clostridium botulinum type e: influence of isoleucine. | a defined medium (cdm) is described which supported growth and sporulation of type e strains of clostridium botulinum, but not sporulation of other serotypes of c. botulinum or c. sporogenes. as compared to growth in complex medium, spore outgrowth was delayed and both the growth rate and the cell yield was reduced. however, efficiency of sporulation of the type e mspt strain in a chemically defined medium (cdm) was the same as that in complex medium and, in fact, sporulation was nearly synchron ... | 1979 | 385130 |
| microbial ecological basis of infant botulism as studied with germfree mice. | the possible role of the indigenous intestinal microflora in the toxicoinfection of human infant botulism was studied with adult germfree mice. intraintestinal botulinum monoassociation was consistently produced when mice were fed 10 c. botulinum type a spores. control germfree mice became enterically infected when placed in the same isolator with, but separated from, animals that had been fed spores. when transferred into a room holding a colony of normal mice, the highly susceptible gnotobiot ... | 1979 | 385503 |
| clostridium botulinum in soil on the site of the former metropolitan (caledonian) cattle market, london. | sixty soil samples were collected from the redeveloped site of the former metropolitan (caledonian) cattle market, islington, london. of these, 15 (25%) contained clostridium botulinum and no less than four types (b, c, d and e) were demonstrated. early british soil surveys suggested that only 4--8% of samples contained cl. botulinum (type a or b). although there can be no absolute proof, it seems likely that the striking prevalence at the market site was the result of faecal contamination by a ... | 1979 | 385765 |
| isolation and partial characterization of exosporium from spores of a highly sporogenic mutant of clostridium botulinum type a. | homogeneous fragments of exosporium were isolated and purified from mature spores of a highly sporogenic mutant derived from clostridium botulinum type a strain 190l. the exosporium was composed of three lamellae and showed a hexagonal array when negatively stained. the hexagonal array of isolated exosporium was resistant to sodium dodecyl sulfate, urea, dithiothreitol, and proteolytic enzymes such as trypsin, pronase, and nagarse, except for pepsin. the hexagonal array was partially disintegrat ... | 1979 | 386051 |
| infant botulism. | | 1979 | 386749 |
| use of ganglioside affinity filters to identify toxigenic strains of clostridium botulinum types c and d. | clostridium botulinum neurotoxin is synthesized by toxic clones grown anaerobically on ganglioside affinity filters. the toxin binds to the filters and is detected by reaction with 125i-immunoglobulin g from type-specific antitoxin. toxin spots from culture filtrates were similarly identified. the c. botulinum type c and d strains were selected for developing this affinity filter assay because synthesis of the c1 and d toxins is bacteriophage dependent. toxigenic clones were distinguished from p ... | 1979 | 387601 |
| growth and toxigenic activities of clostridium botulinum type a in a molasses medium. | | 1978 | 388562 |
| bile acid inhibition of clostridium botulinum. | bile acids and their glycine and taurine conjugates were tested in vitro for inhibition of clostridium botulinum types a and b. cholic acid inhibited most strains at 2 mg/ml, whereas chenodeoxycholic acid inhibited all strains at 0.4 mg/ml. deoxycholic acid inhibited one strain at 0.08 mg/ml and other strains at 0.4 and 2 mg/ml. lithocholic acid inhibited all strains at 0.016 mg/ml. glycine conjugates also showed considerable inhibition of some strains, whereas taurine conjugates were inactive. | 1979 | 391151 |
| noncorrelation between mouse toxicity and serologically assayed toxin in clostridium botulinum type a culture fluids. | toxicity in culture fluids of several clostridium botulinum type a strains was assayed in mice and converted to weight equivalent. the toxin-related antigen in the samples was quantitated by a radioimmunoassay which used standards of known antigen concentration instead of the usually used toxicity. freshly prepared samples had reasonably similar titers of toxin and antigen. when the samples were held at room temperature for several weeks, toxicity decreased more than antigenicity, but the relati ... | 1979 | 391153 |
| separation of botulinum-positive and -negative fish samples by means of a pattern recognition method applied to headspace gas chromatograms. | a gas chromatographic headspace technique was used to analyze the gas produced during putrefaction of pond-raised, degutted trout, incubated in evacuated plastic pouches. the following samples were analyzed; 10 samples which, due to natural contamination with clostridium botulinum, were toxic when injected into mice, 10 samples which were nontoxic when injected, and 9 samples inoculated with one strain of c. botulinum type e. the gas chromatograms showed the presence of 118 compounds in most sam ... | 1979 | 393168 |
| [nutritional optimization of thermal processing of canned food]. | the model developed by barreiro, salas and herrera (7) for the prediction of nutrient losses during the thermal processing of conduction heated foods was used in this work to optimize the thermal processing, maximizing nutrient retention in processes with equivalent sterilization values. the processes were stimulated in a digital computer (taking pea purée canned in cans 307 x 409 as the product analyzed). aall of the processes had equivalent sterilization values with respect to clostridium botu ... | 1979 | 394694 |
| adsorption of clostridium botulinum cultures of phage controlling type c botulinum toxin production. | | 1979 | 396393 |
| electron microscopic studies of clostridium botulinum type e. | | 1979 | 396394 |
| c2 toxin production by clostridium botulinum type c strains producing no c1 toxin. | | 1979 | 396395 |
| pathogenisis of chicken botulism. | | 1979 | 396396 |
| divergency of nicking of the toxin from the proteolytic activity of clostridium botulinum of different types. | | 1979 | 396397 |
| [clostridium botulinum-like bacilli]. | | 1979 | 396580 |
| study on the immunological heterogeneity of clostridium botulinum b type toxin. | the toxins prepared by dialysis-culture method from proteolytic (p) and nonproteolytic (np) strains of c. botulinum were different. np toxins from 3 strains (american, japanese and polish) showed a higher activation ratio, lower protein nitrogen content, and lower neutralization rate compared with p toxins. antitoxic titers of rabbit anti-p and especially anti-np sera were always higher when titrated with np than with p toxins. the values of the regression coefficients in neutralization experime ... | 1979 | 398207 |
| the sudden infant death syndrome and infant botulism. | fecal and serum specimens taken from 30 cases of sudden infant death and from eight cases of nonsudden infant death that were diagnosed at a single facility in king county, wash., were examined for the presence of clostridium botulinum organisms and toxin. organisms, but not toxin, were recovered from a fecal specimen in one case of sudden infant death, results that parallel those from studies previously reported by investigators in california. studies made in our laboratory of a nonfatal case o ... | 1979 | 399370 |
| clostridium botulinum: characteristics and occurrence. | clostridium botulinum is not a well-defined species of bacterium. instead, it is a conglomerate of four culturally distinct groups of organisms that, among them, produce seven serologically distinct toxins, all with similar pharmacological action. the principal habitat of c. botulinum is the soil, although its distribution in the soil is sometimes highly regional. infant botulism is caused by two types of c. botulinum: type a and the proteolytic strains of type b. type a strains, to whose toxin ... | 1979 | 399371 |
| laboratory aspects of infant botulism in california. | infant botulism is the newly recognized form of the disease in which illness results from the production of toxin in the infant's intestines. between the recognition of infant botulism as a distinct clinical entity in 1976 and the end of 1978, 50 cases were identified in california. the diagnosis of botulism was established by the identification of botulinal toxin in and the isolation of clostridium botulinum from stool specimens of the affected infants. thirty cases were type a and 20 were type ... | 1979 | 399372 |
| the intestinal flora and infant botulism. | the intestinal flora of experimental animals interferes with infection by species of salmonella and shigella. protection against infection with these organisms appears to be related to high concentrations of volatile acids, low ph, and low oxidation-reduction potential of the intestinal contents of animals with an intact flora. there are no data to show that the flora influences colonization of the intestine with clostridial species, but indirect evidence suggests that the intestinal flora may b ... | 1979 | 399374 |
| animal models for the study of infant botulism. | intestinal infection with clostridium botulinum was produced by intragastric administration of c. botulinum spores in conventionally reared mice seven to 13 days old but not in younger or older mice. the 50% infective dose of one of the culture strains administered was 170 spores per nine-day-old mouse. overt botulism did not develop in these animals, but infection with c. botulinum was evidenced by the presence of botulinal toxin in the colon for up to seven days after challenge. infant mice we ... | 1979 | 399375 |
| human-derived immune globulins for the treatment of botulism. | the need for a human-derived immune globulin to replace the equine antitoxins currently used in the treatment of botulism is well recognized. a small group of individuals who had received multiple immunizations with pentavalent botulinal toxoid were plasmapheresed for the purpose of collecting a botulism-immune plasma of human origin to be fractionated for the production of immune globulin. human-derived immune globulin will offer the advantage over equine antitoxins of not inducing reactions to ... | 1979 | 399376 |
| food and environmental aspects of infant botulism in california. | in an effort to identify vehicles by which clostridium botulinum spores might have reached the intestine of patients with infant botulism, 555 samples of foods, drugs, and environmental specimens were examined. of the food items, c. botulinum was only found in nine of 90 (10%) honey specimens. five patients had been exposed to honey that contained c. botulinum, and ingestion of honey was found to be a significant risk factor for type b infant botulism (p = 0.005). in addition, c. botulinum was i ... | 1979 | 399377 |
| activity of some enzymes during growth and sporulation of clostridium botulinum type e. | the activities of alkaline and acid phosphatases, glucose dehydrogenase and nadh oxidase were assayed in cell-free extracts of sporogenic and asporogenic mutants of clostridium botulinum. during growth of both mutants, the activities of alkaline and acid phosphatases were relatively constant, but during sporulation of the sporogenic mutant, the alkaline phosphatase activity rose to a maximum of 70 mumol/min x mg protein whereas the acid phosphatase decreased rapidly before it increased, indicati ... | 1979 | 399719 |
| isolation and molecular size of clostridium botulinum type c toxin. | a procedure is described for the purification of hemagglutinin-free clostridium botulinum type c toxin. the toxin was purified approximately 1,000-fold from the original culture supernatant in an overall yield of 60% to a final specific toxicity of 4.4 x 10(7) minimal lethal doses/mg of protein. the toxin had a molecular weight of 141,000 and consisted of a heavy and a light chain. the molecular weights of the subunits were approximately 98,000 and 53,000. when comparing the molecular size and c ... | 1977 | 403861 |
| [comparative immunochemical study of the hemagglutinins of cl. botulinum a and b]. | the authors demonstrated an incomplete indentity of cl. botulinum hemagglutinins of types a and b in the double diffusion reaction in agar gel, and their difference by electrophoretic mobility. some differences in the interaction of hemagglutinins a and b with human erythrocytes were found by the hemagglutination inhibition method; apparently, of the principal significance in the relization of the reaction of human erythrocyte hemagglutination with hemagglutinins of cl. botulinum, types a and b, ... | 1977 | 404806 |
| improved procedure for crystallization of clostridium botulinum type a toxic complexes. | a modified protocol for the preparation of botulinum type a toxic crystals is decribed. the essential change was the substitution of chromatography on diethylaminoethyl-sephadex for the step in which toxin was precipitated with ethanol. colored materials and nucleic acids were removed by the chromatography so that crystal lots of greater uniformity could be produced. significantly more of toxin in the starting culture was recovered as crystals. the lots of crystals obtained initially by either t ... | 1977 | 405926 |
| phage-conversion to hemagglutinin production in clostridium botulinum types c and d. | | 1977 | 406437 |
| [evaluation of the quality of dry anatoxins in the process of their production]. | on the example of production of botulin toxoids of a, b and e types the authors demon strated the expediency of using the agar gel diffuse precipitation test for preliminary assessment of the toxoid activity, instead of a more expensive and complicated antitoxin-binding test. | 1977 | 409007 |
| development of antitoxin with each of two complementary fragments of clostridium botulinum type b derivative toxin. | two fragments with molecular weights of 111,000 (fragment i) and 59,000 (fragment ii) were separated from each other by gel filtration of dithiothreitol and urea-treated, trypsinized derivative toxin (molecular weight, 170,000) of the proteolytic okra strain of clostridium botulinum type b on a column of sephadex g-200 (superfine) with a buffer containing dithiothreitol and urea. upon removal of dithiothreitol and urea by dialysis, the two fragments reassembled to reconstruct the derivative toxi ... | 1977 | 412790 |
| antibodies to clostridium botulinum toxins in free-living birds and mammals. | naturally-occuring antibodies against clostridium botulinum toxins were found in cathartes aura (turkey vultures), canis latrans (coyotes) and corvus brachyrhynchos (crows) by the passive hemagglutination (pha) test and verified by the serum neutralization (sn) test. the prevalence of iha antibodies was 18 of 20 vultures (90%), 5 of 12 crows (42%) and 25 to 110 coyotes (23%). vultures and coyotes were seropositive by the pha test against a, b, c, d, and f toxins. the highest antibody titer 1:819 ... | 1979 | 459044 |
| amino acid utilization patterns in clostridial taxonomy. | the polyamide layer technique for the chromatographic separation of dimethylaminonaphthalene sulphonyl amino acids has been adapted to the qualitative analysis of amino acids in media before and after the growth of micro-organisms. the method has been used to study the amino acids metabolized by cultures of proteolytic clostridia growing in a medium consisting of an acid hydrolysate of casein as a source of amino acids and small amounts of yeast extract and trypticase as sources of growth factor ... | 1979 | 539867 |
| structure and toxicity of clostridium botulinum type c toxin. | | 1979 | 541872 |
| nitrite as a food additive. | nitrite is used for its colouring, antimicrobial and flavouring effects as a food additive for several meat, fish and cheese products. nitrite combines readily with secondary amines to form carcinogenic nitrosamines. nitrosamines are found in many food products after nitrite addition and sometimes even without addition. nitrite is regarded as an effective growth inhibitor for clostridium botulinum and thereby its production of the lethal toxin. today this is considered to be the main reason for ... | 1979 | 548837 |
| the clinical spectrum of infant botulism. | infant botulism is the systemic illness that results when spores of clostridium botulinum germinate in the infant's intestine and then produce botulinal toxin in vivo. as with other infectious diseases, infant botulism has a spectrum of clinical severity that ranges from a mild, outpatient illness to fulminant, sudden death. most cases reported to date have been recognized in infants so weak and hypotonic that their need for hospital care was unquestioned; yet even this group of patients display ... | 1979 | 551512 |
| laboratory procedures for cases of suspected infant botulism. | the recent development and evaluation of procedures for examination of fecal specimens for botulinal toxin and clostridium botulinum have provided the means by which infant botulism can be recognized. the toxicity for mice of fecal extracts containing botulinal toxin can be neutralized with specific botulinal antitoxin. the presence of c. botulinum in the feces is detected by demonstrating the presence of botulinal toxin in enrichment culture supernatant by means of toxicity tests in mice. c. bo ... | 1979 | 551514 |
| outbreak of botulism in kenyan nomads. | during disease surveillance in kenya, a series of deaths were investigated among a group of nomadic gabra in marsabit. the cause was identified as botulism (clostridium botulinum type a), contracted from sour milk prepared traditionally in a gourd. reported outbreaks of botulism in africa would appear to be extremely rare. | 1979 | 573988 |
| human botulism caused by clostridium botulinum type e: the birmingham outbreak. | | 1979 | 575566 |
| purification and characterization of clostridium botulinum type c toxin [proceedings]. | | 1978 | 682374 |
| [reconstitution of the membrane system of clostridium botulinum, with special reference to the effects of mg2+ and cytoplasmic content on reconstitution]. | | 1975 | 765542 |
| [enzymes of clostridium botulinum: isolation and characterization of proteolytic enzymes i and ii. (i)]. | | 1975 | 765543 |
| [surface antigen of clostridium botulinum. 3. isolation and characterization of glycopeptide antigen of e type organism]. | | 1975 | 765571 |
| bacteriophages and toxigencity in clostridium botulinum types c and d. | | 1975 | 766180 |
| antigenicity of converting phages obtained from clostridium botulinum types c and d. | phage conversion of toxigenicity in clostridium botulinum types c and d was accomplished by using nontoxigenic strains and phages purified from plaques. although the morphology of the converting phages seemed to be the same, they were divided into three groups on the basis of their conversion spectrum. the first group consists of phages obtained from toxogenic strains c-stockholm and c-468. the second group consists of phages from strains d-1873 and c-203. the third group consists of phages from ... | 1976 | 773828 |