| false-negative rate and recovery efficiency performance of a validated sponge wipe sampling method. | recovery of spores from environmental surfaces varies due to sampling and analysis methods, spore size and characteristics, surface materials, and environmental conditions. tests were performed to evaluate a new, validated sponge wipe method using bacillus atrophaeus spores. testing evaluated the effects of spore concentration and surface material on recovery efficiency (re), false-negative rate (fnr), limit of detection (lod), and their uncertainties. ceramic tile and stainless steel had the hi ... | 2011 | 22138998 |
| bacillus methylotrophicus sp. nov., a methanol-utilizing, plant-growth-promoting bacterium isolated from rice rhizosphere soil. | a gram-positive bacterium, designated strain cbmb205(t), was isolated from the rhizosphere soil of traditionally cultivated, field-grown rice. cells were strictly aerobic, motile, rod-shaped and formed endospores. the best growth was achieved at 30°c and ph 7.0 in ammonium mineral salts (ams) medium containing 600 mm methanol. a comparative 16s rrna gene sequence-based phylogenetic analysis placed strain cbmb205(t) in a clade with the species bacillus amyloliquefaciens, bacillus vallismortis, ba ... | 2010 | 19966000 |
| dry thermal resistance of bacillus anthracis (sterne) spores and spores of other bacillus species: implications for biological agent destruction via waste incineration. | to obtain needed data on the dry thermal resistance of bacillus anthracis spores and other bacillus species for waste incinerator applications. | 2010 | 20015207 |
| use of a foam spatula for sampling surfaces after bioaerosol deposition. | the present study had three goals: (i) to evaluate the relative quantities of aerosolized bacillus atrophaeus spores deposited on the vertical, horizontal top, and horizontal bottom surfaces in a chamber; (ii) to assess the relative recoveries of the aerosolized spores from glass and stainless steel surfaces with a polyester swab and a macrofoam sponge wipe; and (iii) to estimate the relative recovery efficiencies of aerosolized b. atrophaeus spores and pantoea agglomerans using a foam spatula a ... | 2010 | 20023101 |
| validation of a nylon-flocked-swab protocol for efficient recovery of bacterial spores from smooth and rough surfaces. | in order to meet planetary-protection requirements, culturable bacterial spore loads are measured representatively for the total microbial contamination of spacecraft. however, the national aeronautics and space administration's (nasa's) cotton swab protocols for spore load determination have not changed for decades. to determine whether a more efficient alternative was available, a novel swab was evaluated for recovery of different bacillus atrophaeus spore concentrations on stainless steel and ... | 2010 | 20543054 |
| modification of bacterial structures by a low-temperature gas plasma and influence on packaging material. | to investigate the effect of a cascaded dielectric barrier discharge (cdbd) treatment on the biological structure of a selected bacterium and on the properties of different polymer films. | 2010 | 20649834 |
| accuracy, precision, and method detection limits of quantitative pcr for airborne bacteria and fungi. | real-time quantitative pcr (qpcr) for rapid and specific enumeration of microbial agents is finding increased use in aerosol science. the goal of this study was to determine qpcr accuracy, precision, and method detection limits (mdls) within the context of indoor and ambient aerosol samples. escherichia coli and bacillus atrophaeus vegetative bacterial cells and aspergillus fumigatus fungal spores loaded onto aerosol filters were considered. efficiencies associated with recovery of dna from aero ... | 2010 | 20817798 |
| evaluation of the efficacy of electrochemically activated solutions against nosocomial pathogens and bacterial endospores. | electrochemically activated solutions (ecas) are generated from halide salt solutions via specially designed electrolytic cells. the active solutions are known to possess high biocidal activity against a wide range of target microbial species, however, literature revealing the kill-kinetics of these solutions is limited. the aim of the study was to identify the kill-rate and extent of population kill for a range of target species (including endospores) using ecas generated at the anode (anolyte) ... | 2010 | 20070511 |
| release of free dna by membrane-impaired bacterial aerosols due to aerosolization and air sampling. | we report here that stress experienced by bacteria due to aerosolization and air sampling can result in severe membrane impairment, leading to the release of dna as free molecules. escherichia coli and bacillus atrophaeus bacteria were aerosolized and then either collected directly into liquid or collected using other collection media and then transferred into liquid. the amount of dna released was quantified as the cell membrane damage index (id), i.e., the number of 16s rrna gene copies in the ... | 2013 | 24096426 |
| ewod driven cleaning of bioparticles on hydrophobic and superhydrophobic surfaces. | environmental air monitoring is of great interest due to the large number of people concerned and exposed to different possible risks. from the most common particles in our environment (e.g. by-products of combustion or pollens) to more specific and dangerous agents (e.g. pathogenic micro-organisms), there are a large range of particles that need to be controlled. in this article we propose an original study on the collection of electrostatically deposited particles using electrowetting droplet ... | 2010 | 21103534 |
| recovery of bacillus spore contaminants from rough surfaces: a challenge to space mission cleanliness control. | microbial contaminants on spacecraft can threaten the scientific integrity of space missions due to probable interference with life detection experiments. therefore, space agencies measure the cultivable spore load ("bioburden") of a spacecraft. a recent study has reported an insufficient recovery of bacillus atrophaeus spores from vectran fabric, a typical spacecraft airbag material (a. probst, r. facius, r. wirth, and c. moissl-eichinger, appl. environ. microbiol. 76:5148-5158, 2010). here, 10 ... | 2011 | 21216908 |
| assessment of bioburden on human and animal tissues: part 1-results of method development and validation studies. | recovered human and animal tissues are used extensively in surgery for wound repair and reconstruction. in preparation for the validation of chemical disinfection and radiation sterilization processes, studies were performed on the development and validation of quantitative bioburden recovery methods for human bone and soft tissue and also for porcine dermis. the use of a swab-based method was not considered due to the known poor efficiency of recovery for this technique. the "exhaustive extract ... | 2011 | 21221820 |
| anthrax letters in an open office environment: effects of selected cdc response guidelines on personal exposure and building contamination. | in 2001, letters filled with a powder containing anthrax (bacillus anthracis) spores were delivered by mail to a number of governmental and media locations within the united states. in response, the u.s. centers for disease control and prevention (cdc) provided guidelines for office personnel who might encounter a letter containing suspicious powder. these guidelines were developed during the crisis and in the absence of experimental data from laboratory or field investigations. an obvious need ... | 2011 | 21253984 |
| discrimination of biological and chemical threat simulants in residue mixtures on multiple substrates. | the potential of laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (libs) to discriminate biological and chemical threat simulant residues prepared on multiple substrates and in the presence of interferents has been explored. the simulant samples tested include bacillus atrophaeus spores, escherichia coli, ms-2 bacteriophage, a-hemolysin from staphylococcus aureus, 2-chloroethyl ethyl sulfide, and dimethyl methylphosphonate. the residue samples were prepared on polycarbonate, stainless steel and aluminum foi ... | 2011 | 21331489 |
| aerosol survival of staphylococcus epidermidis. | recent studies have suggested that aerosol dispersal might play a role in the dissemination of meticillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus (mrsa). relatively little has been published about the ability of staphylococci to survive in aerosols. this study measured the survival of staphylococcus epidermidis, a surrogate for s. aureus, in aerosols and investigated the effect of relative humidity on survival. we used a goldberg drum to assess survival at relative humidities of <20%, 40-60%, 70-80% and ... | 2011 | 21333383 |
| overexpression and characterization of thermostable chitinase from bacillus atrophaeus sc081 in escherichia coli. | the chitinase-producing strain sc081 was isolated from korean traditional soy sauce and identified as bacillus atrophaeus based on a phylogenetic analysis of the 16s rdna sequence and a phenotypic analysis. a gene encoding chitinase from b. atrophaeus sc081 was cloned in escherichia coli and was named scchi-1 (gq360078). the scchi-1 nucleotide sequences were composed of 1788 base pairs and 596 amino acids, which were 92.6, 89.6, 89.3, and 78.9% identical to those of bacillus subtilis (abg57262), ... | 2011 | 21429298 |
| genomic signatures of strain selection and enhancement in bacillus atrophaeus var. globigii, a historical biowarfare simulant. | despite the decades-long use of bacillus atrophaeus var. globigii (bg) as a simulant for biological warfare (bw) agents, knowledge of its genome composition is limited. furthermore, the ability to differentiate signatures of deliberate adaptation and selection from natural variation is lacking for most bacterial agents. we characterized a lineage of bgwith a long history of use as a simulant for bw operations, focusing on classical bacteriological markers, metabolic profiling and whole-genome sh ... | 2011 | 21464989 |
| selection and differentiation of bacillus spp. antagonistic to fusarium oxysporum f.sp. lycopersici and alternaria solani infecting tomato. | antagonistic bacillus spp. displaying in vitro production of siderophore, chitinase, and β-1,3-glucanase were identified from dual culture assays. in independent greenhouse studies, seed bacterization and soil application of bacillus atrophaeus s2bc-2 challenge inoculated with fusarium oxysporum f.sp. lycopersici (fol) and alternaria solani (as) recorded low percent disease index of 25.3 and 28.7, respectively, over nonbacterised pathogen control (44.3 and 56.4). the low disease incidence corrob ... | 2011 | 21503737 |
| disinfection methods for spores of bacillus atrophaeus, b. anthracis, clostridium tetani, c. botulinum and c. difficile. | to evaluate disinfection methods for environments contaminated with bioterrorism-associated microorganism (bacillus anthracis), we performed the following experiments. first, the sporicidal effects of sodium hypochlorite on spores of five bacterial species were evaluated. bacillus atrophaeus was the most resistant to hypochlorite, followed in order by b. anthracis, clostridium botulinum and clostridium tetani, and clostridium difficile. subsequently, using b. atrophaeus spores that were the most ... | 2011 | 21804226 |
| possible overestimation of surface disinfection efficiency by assessment methods based on liquid sampling procedures as demonstrated by in situ quantification of spore viability. | the standard test methods used to assess the efficiency of a disinfectant applied to surfaces are often based on counting the microbial survivors sampled in a liquid, but total cell removal from surfaces is seldom achieved. one might therefore wonder whether evaluations of microbial survivors in liquid-sampled cells are representative of the levels of survivors in whole populations. the present study was thus designed to determine the "damaged/undamaged" status induced by a peracetic acid disinf ... | 2011 | 21742922 |
| extension of bacillus endospore gas dynamic heating studies to multiple species and test conditions. | aims:ôçé shock wave-induced damage to a variety of bacillus endospore species is studied for a wide range of postshock temperatures and test times in oxidative and non-oxidative gas environments. methods and results:ôçé bacillus atrophaeus and bacillus subtilis endospores are nebulized into an aqueous aerosol, loaded into the stanford aerosol shock tube (sast) and subjected to shock waves of controlled strength. endospores experience uniform test temperatures between 500 and 1000ôçâk and pressur ... | 2011 | 21707883 |
| additional effects of silver nanoparticles on bactericidal efficiency depend on calcination temperature and dip-coating speed. | there is an increasing interest in the application of photocatalytic properties for disinfection of surfaces, air, and water. titanium dioxide is widely used as a photocatalyst, and the addition of silver reportedly enhances its bactericidal action. however, the synergy of silver nanoparticles and tio(2) is not well understood. the photocatalytic elimination of bacillus atrophaeus was examined under different calcination temperatures, dip-coating speeds, and ratios of tio(2), sio(2), and ag to i ... | 2011 | 21724887 |
| comparison of eight methods for the extraction of bacillus atrophaeus spore dna from eleven common interferents and a common swab. | eight dna extraction products or methods (applied biosystems prepfiler forensic dna extraction kit; bio-rad instagene only, bio-rad instagene & spin column purification; epicentre masterpure dna & rna kit; fujifilm quickgene mini80; idaho technologies 1-2-3 q-flow kit; mobio ultraclean microbial dna isolation kit; sigma extract-n-amp plant and seed kit) were adapted to facilitate extraction of dna under bsl3 containment conditions. dna was extracted from 12 common interferents or sample types, s ... | 2011 | 21818364 |
| influence of the surface temperature of packaging specimens on the inactivation of bacillus spores by means of gaseous h(2) o(2). | aims: to determine the influence of condensation as a function of the surface temperature of aseptic packaging, on the inactivation of bacillus spores [bacillus subtilis (dsm 347), b. subtilis sa22, bacillus atrophaeus] having different surface properties by means of vaporized h(2) o(2) . methods and results: the packaging specimens inoculated with bacillus spores were tempered and subsequently exposed to h(2) o(2) -vapour. during the exposure, surface temperature curves were measured and the ... | 2011 | 22188339 |
| Microbial inactivation for safe and rapid diagnostics of infectious samples. | The high risk associated with biological threat agents dictates that any suspicious sample be handled under strict surety and safety controls and processed under high-level containment in specialized laboratories. This study attempted to find a rapid, reliable, and simple method for the complete inactivation of a wide range of pathogens, including spores, vegetative bacteria, and viruses, while preserving microbial nucleic acid fragments suitable for PCRs and proteinaceous epitopes for detection ... | 2011 | 21856830 |
| Photochemical Inactivation of Pseudomonas aeruginosa. | Adaptability to a broad range of environments together with relatively high resistance to antibiotics and to disinfectants makes Pseudomonas aeruginosa a concern in hospitals and in public health. We investigated whether UVA-mediated photochemical inactivation of P. aeruginosa could be accomplished with high efficiency while at the same time preserving the sensitivity of subsequent diagnostic tests. We characterized dose responses and bactericidal kinetic rates of 5-iodonaphthyl 1-azide (INA) an ... | 2011 | 22053910 |
| Performance of conventional and antimicrobial-treated filtering facepiece respirators challenged with biological aerosols. | This study evaluated the filtration performance of four commercially available models of National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH)-certified filtering facepiece respirators (FFR) against both biological and inert aerosols at a flow rate of 85 L/min. Conventional N95 and P100 FFRs and two antimicrobial (AM)-treated FFRs (an N95 and a P95, both with iodine-based AM treatments) were tested for both physical penetration (PEN(P)) and viable penetration (PEN(V)) with three different ... | 2012 | 22206440 |
| Optical microchip array biosensor for multiplexed detection of bio-hazardous agents. | An optical waveguide array biosensor suitable for rapid detection of multiple bio-hazardous agents is presented. SpectroSens™ optical microchip sensors contain multiple spatially-separated waveguide channels with integral high-precision Bragg gratings sensitive to changes in refractive-index; selective surface-functionalisation of discrete sensing channels with different antibodies as bio-recognition elements enables selective multi-analyte biological detection. Interactions between target antig ... | 2011 | 21944924 |
| rapid sample preparation method of bacillus spores in powdery and environmental matrices based on filtration separation. | suspicious powders and other samples need to be analyzed frequently for biothreat agents by authorities to assess environmental safety. numerous nucleic acid detection technologies have been developed to detect and identify biowarfare agents in a timely fashion. extracting microbial nucleic acids from a wide variety of powdery and environmental samples to obtain a quality level adequate for these technologies still remains a technical challenge. we aimed to develop a rapid and versatile method t ... | 2011 | 22210204 |
| testing of viscous anti-hiv microbicides using lactobacillus. | the development of topical microbicides for intravaginal use to prevent hiv infection requires that the drugs and formulated products be nontoxic to the endogenous vaginal lactobacillus. in 30min exposure tests we found dapivirine, tenofovir and uc781 (reverse transcriptase inhibitor anti-hiv drugs) as pure drugs or formulated as film or gel products were not deleterious to lactobacillus species; however, psc-rantes (a synthetic ccr5 antagonist) killed 2 strains of lactobacillus jensenii. to dem ... | 2011 | 22226641 |
| dynamic staining of bacillus endospores with thioflavin t. | rapid detection and identification of endospores presents a range of complex challenges. dynamic staining approach, developed in our lab, utilizes the time-course fluorescence enhancement of an amyloid-staining dye, thioflavin t (tht), after mixing with intact endospores. we examined the kinetics of staining bacillus atrophaeus and bacillus thuringiensis endospores, and the rates of staining were different for the two bacilli when intact endospores were treated with tht. this finding demonstrate ... | 2012 | 23365938 |
| diversity, distribution, and antagonistic activities of rhizobacteria of panax notoginseng. | rhizobacteria play an important role in plant defense and could be promising sources of biocontrol agents. this study aimed to screen antagonistic bacteria and develop a biocontrol system for root rot complex of panax notoginseng. | 2015 | 27158229 |
| cold atmospheric air plasma sterilization against spores and other microorganisms of clinical interest. | physical cold atmospheric surface microdischarge (smd) plasma operating in ambient air has promising properties for the sterilization of sensitive medical devices where conventional methods are not applicable. furthermore, smd plasma could revolutionize the field of disinfection at health care facilities. the antimicrobial effects on gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria of clinical relevance, as well as the fungus candida albicans, were tested. thirty seconds of plasma treatment led to a 4 t ... | 2012 | 22582068 |
| rapid identification of bio-molecules applied for detection of biosecurity agents using rolling circle amplification. | detection and identification of pathogens in environmental samples for biosecurity applications are challenging due to the strict requirements on specificity, sensitivity and time. we have developed a concept for quick, specific and sensitive pathogen identification in environmental samples. target identification is realized by padlock- and proximity probing, and reacted probes are amplified by rca (rolling-circle amplification). the individual rca products are labeled by fluorescence and enumer ... | 2012 | 22383994 |
| evaluation of ambulance decontamination using gaseous chlorine dioxide. | we evaluated gaseous chlorine dioxide (clo2) decontamination of an ambulance using a variety of bacterial biological agents. | 2013 | 23734992 |
| isolation and characterization of α-endosulfan degrading bacteria from the microflora of cockroaches. | extensive applications of organochlorine pesticides like endosulfan have led to the contamination of soil and environments. five different bacteria were isolated from cockroaches living in pesticide contaminated environments. according to morphological, physiological, biochemical properties, and total cellular fatty acid profile by fatty acid methyl esters (fames), the isolates were identified as pseudomonas aeruginosa g1, stenotrophomonas maltophilia g2, bacillus atrophaeus g3, citrobacter amol ... | 2016 | 27281995 |
| aerosol and surface deposition characteristics of two surrogates for bacillus anthracis spores. | spores of an acrystalliferous derivative of bacillus thuringiensis subsp. kurstaki, termed btcry-, are morphologically, aerodynamically, and structurally indistinguishable from bacillus anthracis spores. btcry- spores were dispersed in a large, open-ended barn together with spores of bacillus atrophaeus subsp. globigii, a historically used surrogate for bacillus anthracis spore suspensions (2 × 10(12) cfu each of b. atrophaeus subsp. globigii and btcry-) were aerosolized in each of five spray ev ... | 2016 | 27613681 |
| a pilot study on using chlorine dioxide gas for disinfection of gastrointestinal endoscopes. | this pilot study of employing chlorine dioxide (cd) gas to disinfect gastrointestinal endoscopes was conducted to meet the expectations of many endoscopy units in china for a high-efficiency and low-cost disinfectant. | 2016 | 27381729 |
| surfactin variants mediate species-specific biofilm formation and root colonization in bacillus. | cyclic lipopeptides (clp) and especially surfactins produced by bacillus spp. trigger biofilm formation and root colonization and are crucial for biocontrol activity and systemic resistance in plants. bacillus atrophaeus 176s isolated from the moss tortella tortuosa produces the clp fengycins, iturins and surfactins, possesses antifungal activities and can protect tomato, lettuce and sugar beet against rhizoctonia solani infection. in b. atrophaeus we identified for the first time the variant su ... | 2016 | 27306252 |
| gene expression regulation in the plant growth promoting bacillus atrophaeus ucmb-5137 stimulated by maize root exudates. | despite successful use of plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (pgpr) in agriculture, little is known about specific mechanisms of gene regulation facilitating the effective communication between bacteria and plants during plant colonization. active pgpr strain bacillus atrophaeus ucmb-5137 was studied in this research. rna sequencing profiles were generated in experiments where root exudate stimulations were used to mimic interactions between bacteria and plants. it was found that the gene regu ... | 2016 | 27259668 |
| a simple decontamination approach using hydrogen peroxide vapour for bacillus anthracis spore inactivation. | to evaluate the use of relatively low levels of hydrogen peroxide vapour (hpv) for the inactivation of bacillus anthracis spores within an indoor environment. | 2016 | 27569380 |
| evaluating composite sampling methods of bacillus spores at low concentrations. | restoring all facility operations after the 2001 amerithrax attacks took years to complete, highlighting the need to reduce remediation time. some of the most time intensive tasks were environmental sampling and sample analyses. composite sampling allows disparate samples to be combined, with only a single analysis needed, making it a promising method to reduce response times. we developed a statistical experimental design to test three different composite sampling methods: 1) single medium sing ... | 2016 | 27736999 |
| evaluation of standardized sample collection, packaging, and decontamination procedures to assess cross-contamination potential during bacillus anthracis incident response operations. | sample collection procedures and primary receptacle (sample container and bag) decontamination methods should prevent contaminant transfer between contaminated and non-contaminated surfaces and areas during bio-incident operations. cross-contamination of personnel, equipment, or sample containers may result in the exfiltration of biological agent from the exclusion (hot) zone and have unintended negative consequences on response resources, activities and outcomes. the current study was designed ... | 2016 | 27362274 |
| is there an infection risk when playing drums contaminated with bacillus anthracis? | this study aims to investigate the aerosol release of a bacillus anthracis spore surrogate from two different types of drums while playing, by; (i) quantifying the number of spores aerosolized during playing; (ii) investigating spore recovery from drums over long time periods, and (iii) measuring differences between (i) and (ii) for two different drums types. | 2016 | 27348508 |
| action of antimicrobial photodynamic therapy on heterotypic biofilm: candida albicans and bacillus atrophaeus. | the increase in survival and resistance of microorganisms organized in biofilms demonstrates the need for new studies to develop therapies able to break this barrier, such as photodynamic therapy, which is characterized as an alternative, effective, and non-invasive treatment. the objective was to evaluate in vitro the effect of antimicrobial photodynamic therapy on heterotypic biofilms of candida albicans and bacillus atrophaeus using rose bengal (12.5 μm) and light-emitting diode (led) (532 nm ... | 2016 | 26861975 |
| in vitro antimicrobial activities of different solvent extracted samples from iris germinica. | antibacterial and antifungal activities of different solvents extracted samples of iris germinica were carried out through disc diffusion assay. for this purpose five different solvent extracts were prepared with two concentrations (1 and 2 mg disc(-1)) and their antimicrobial activity was tested using disc diffusion assay against eight pathogenic bacteria viz. staphylococcus aureus, b. subtilis, bacillus atrophaeus, escherichia coli, pseudomonas aeruginosa, erwinia carotovara, klebsiella pneumo ... | 2016 | 26826828 |
| ability of cleaning-disinfecting wipes to remove bacteria from medical device surfaces. | nosocomial infections are a serious problem in health care facilities. bacteria can be transferred from patient to patient via contaminated reusable medical devices and equipment. | 2015 | 26654235 |
| effect of sonic stimulation on bacillus endospore germination. | this study investigates the effect of sonic stimulation on bacillus endospore germination. germinating endospores in a microtiter plate were exposed to audible sound wave generated by an array of piezoelectric transducers. in situ germination kinetics was measured by terbium-dipicolinate fluorescence assay, optical density measurement and phase contrast microscopy. fluorescence results revealed that sonic stimulation (5 khz at 90 db) promoted the germination speed by 43.7% ± 11.3% and final germ ... | 2016 | 26607285 |
| use of enterococcus faecalis and bacillus atrophaeus as surrogates to establish and maintain laboratory proficiency for concentration of water samples using ultrafiltration. | the u.s. environmental protection agency's (epa) water laboratory alliance (wla) currently uses ultrafiltration (uf) for concentration of biosafety level 3 (bsl-3) agents from large volumes (up to 100-l) of drinking water prior to analysis. most uf procedures require comprehensive training and practice to achieve and maintain proficiency. as a result, there was a critical need to develop quality control (qc) criteria. because select agents are difficult to work with and pose a significant safety ... | 2015 | 26306940 |
| multigeneration cross-contamination of mail with bacillus anthracis spores. | the release of biological agents, including those which could be used in biowarfare or bioterrorism in large urban areas, has been a concern for governments for nearly three decades. previous incidents from sverdlosk and the postal anthrax attack of 2001 have raised questions on the mechanism of spread of bacillus anthracis spores as an aerosol or contaminant. prior studies have demonstrated that bacillus atrophaeus is easily transferred through simulated mail handing, but no reports have demons ... | 2016 | 27123934 |
| false-negative rate, limit of detection and recovery efficiency performance of a validated macrofoam-swab sampling method for low surface concentrations of bacillus anthracis sterne and bacillus atrophaeus spores. | we sought to evaluate the effects of bacillus species, low surface concentrations, and surface material on recovery efficiency (re), false-negative rate (fnr) and limit of detection for recovering bacillus spores using a validated macrofoam-swab sampling procedure. | 2016 | 26972788 |
| analysis of waste management issues arising from a field study evaluating decontamination of a biological agent from a building. | the bio-response operational testing and evaluation (bote) project was a cross-government effort designed to operationally test and evaluate a response to a biological incident (release of bacillus anthracis [ba] spores, the causative agent for anthrax) from initial public health and law enforcement response through environmental remediation. the bote project was designed to address site remediation after the release of a ba simulant, bacillus atrophaeus spp. globigii (bg), within a facility, dr ... | 2016 | 26479121 |
| design and application of a novel high-throughput screening technique for 1-deoxynojirimycin. | high-throughput screening techniques for small molecules can find intensive applications in the studies of biosynthesis of these molecules. a sensitive, rapid and cost-effective technique that allows high-throughput screening of endogenous production of the natural iminosugar 1-deoxynojirimycin (1-dnj), an α-glucosidase inhibitor relevant to the pharmaceutical industry, was developed in this study, based on the inhibitory effects of 1-dnj on the activity of the β-glycosidase lacs from sulfolobus ... | 2015 | 25708517 |
| bacillus spp. from rainforest soil promote plant growth under limited nitrogen conditions. | the aim of this study was to evaluate effects of pgpr (plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria) isolated from rainforest soil on different plants under limited nitrogen conditions. | 2015 | 25494882 |
| isolation, partial purification and characterization of an antimicrobial compound, produced by bacillus atrophaeus. | antibiotics are usually assumed as secondary metabolites produced during the idiophase of microbial growth, which can kill or inhibit the growth of other microorganisms. nowadays, indiscriminate use of antibiotics has resulted in resistant microorganisms. therefore, screening researches on products with antimicrobial activities are necessary. | 2014 | 25485057 |
| inactivation of chemical and heat-resistant spores of bacillus and geobacillus by nitrogen cold atmospheric plasma evokes distinct changes in morphology and integrity of spores. | bacterial spores are resistant to severe conditions and form a challenge to eradicate from food or food packaging material. cold atmospheric plasma (cap) treatment is receiving more attention as potential sterilization method at relatively mild conditions but the exact mechanism of inactivation is still not fully understood. in this study, the biocidal effect by nitrogen cap was determined for chemical (hypochlorite and hydrogen peroxide), physical (uv) and heat-resistant spores. the three diffe ... | 2015 | 25481059 |
| fighting ebola with novel spore decontamination technologies for the military. | recently, global public health organizations such as doctors without borders (msf), the world health organization (who), public health canada, national institutes of health (nih), and the u.s. government developed and deployed field decontamination kits (fdks), a novel, lightweight, compact, reusable decontamination technology to sterilize ebola-contaminated medical devices at remote clinical sites lacking infra-structure in crisis-stricken regions of west africa (medical waste materials are pla ... | 2015 | 26322021 |
| reaerosolization of spores from flooring surfaces to assess the risk of dissemination and transmission of infections. | the aim of this study was to quantify reaerosolization of microorganisms caused by walking on contaminated flooring to assess the risk to individuals accessing areas contaminated with pathogenic organisms, for example, spores of bacillus anthracis. industrial carpet and polyvinyl chloride (pvc) floor coverings were contaminated with aerosolized spores of bacillus atrophaeus by using an artist airbrush to produce deposition of ∼10(3) to 10(4) cfu · cm(-2). microbiological air samplers were used t ... | 2015 | 25979883 |
| assessing the sporicidal activity of oligo-p-phenylene ethynylenes and their role as bacillus germinants. | a wide range of oligo-p-phenylene ethynylenes has been shown to exhibit good biocidal activity against both gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria. while cell death may occur in the dark, these biocidal compounds are far more effective in the light as a result of their ability to sensitize the production of cell-damaging reactive oxygen species. in these studies, the interactions of a specific cationic oligo-p-phenylene ethynylene with spore-forming bacillus atrophaeus and bacillus anthracis s ... | 2015 | 25822668 |
| efficacy of sporicidal wipes for inactivation of a bacillus anthracis surrogate. | to evaluate five commercially available sporicidal wipes and two disinfecting wipes for their ability to inactivate bacillus atrophaeus spores deposited onto various material surfaces. | 2014 | 25220421 |
| evaluation of sampling methods for bacillus spore-contaminated hvac filters. | the objective of this study was to compare an extraction-based sampling method to two vacuum-based sampling methods (vacuum sock and 37mm cassette filter) with regards to their ability to recover bacillus atrophaeus spores (surrogate for bacillus anthracis) from pleated heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (hvac) filters that are typically found in commercial and residential buildings. electrostatic and mechanical hvac filters were tested, both without and after loading with dust to 50% of ... | 2014 | 24184312 |
| decontamination of a hospital room using gaseous chlorine dioxide: bacillus anthracis, francisella tularensis, and yersinia pestis. | this study assessed the efficacy of gaseous chlorine dioxide for inactivation of bacillus anthracis, francisella tularensis, and yersinia pestis in a hospital patient care suite. spore and vegetative cells of bacillus anthracis sterne 34f2, spores of bacillus atrophaeus atcc 9372 and vegetative cells of both francisella tularensis atcc 6223 and yersinia pestis a1122 were exposed to gaseous chlorine dioxide in a patient care suite. organism inactivation was then assessed by log reduction in viabl ... | 2013 | 23971883 |
| life cycle and spore resistance of spore-forming bacillus atrophaeus. | bacillus endospores have a wide variety of important medical and industrial applications. this is an overview of the fundamental aspects of the life cycle, spore structure and factors that influence the spore resistance of spore-forming bacillus. bacillus atrophaeus was used as reference microorganism for this review because their spores are widely used to study spore resistance and morphology. understanding the mechanisms involved in the cell cycle and spore survival is important for developing ... | 2014 | 24880805 |
| effect of the bacillus atrophaeus subsp. globigii spo0f h101r mutation on strain fitness. | sporulation is a critical developmental process in bacillus spp. that, once initiated, removes the possibility of further growth until germination. therefore, the threshold conditions triggering sporulation are likely to be subject to evolutionary constraint. our previous studies revealed two spontaneous hypersporulating mutants of bacillus atrophaeus subsp. globigii, both containing point mutations in the spo0f gene. one of these strains (detrick-2; contains the spo0f101 allele with a c:t [his1 ... | 2012 | 23042165 |
| genetic barcodes for improved environmental tracking of an anthrax simulant. | the development of realistic risk models that predict the dissemination, dispersion and persistence of potential biothreat agents have utilized nonpathogenic surrogate organisms such as bacillus atrophaeus subsp. globigii or commercial products such as bacillus thuringiensis subsp. kurstaki. comparison of results from outdoor tests under different conditions requires the use of genetically identical strains; however, the requirement for isogenic strains limits the ability to compare other desira ... | 2012 | 23001658 |
| thermal inactivation of bacillus anthracis surrogate spores in a bench-scale enclosed landfill gas flare. | a bench-scale landfill flare system was designed and built to test the potential for landfilled biological spores that migrate from the waste into the landfill gas to pass through the flare and exit into the environment as viable. the residence times and temperatures of the flare were characterized and compared to full-scale systems. geobacillus stearothermophilus and bacillus atrophaeus, nonpathogenic spores that may serve as surrogates for bacillus anthracis, the causative agent for anthrax, w ... | 2012 | 22442931 |
| heterologous expression of γ-glutamyl transpeptidase from bacillus atrophaeus gs-16 and its application in the synthesis of γ-d-glutamyl-l-tryptophan, a known immunomodulatory peptide. | gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase from a mesophilic bacterium bacillus atrophaeus gs-16 (baggt) was expressed heterologously in e. coli using pet-51b vector. maximum production of baggt was obtained at 16°c after 16h of iptg induction and the protein, in its native conformation, was active as a heterooctamer which was composed of four heterodimeric units combined together. one heterodimeric unit constituted two subunits with molecular masses of 45kda and 21kda, respectively. the recombinant enzyme w ... | 2017 | 28193333 |
| highly sensitive sequence specific qpcr detection of mycobacterium tuberculosis complex in respiratory specimens. | nucleic acid amplification tests for mycobacterium tuberculosis (mtb) detection from sputum are highly sensitive and specific with smear microscopy positive specimens, but their sensitivity with smear-negative/culture-positive specimens is much lower; therefore, these tests cannot rule out a tuberculosis diagnosis. co-extraction of pcr inhibitors may be a cause of decreased test sensitivity. here the design and early validation of a mtb screening assay with sample preparation and qpcr methods de ... | 2016 | 27865380 |
| application of atp-based bioluminescence for bioaerosol quantification: effect of sampling method. | an adenosine triphosphate (atp)-based bioluminescence has potential to offer a quick and affordable method for quantifying bioaerosol samples. here we report on our investigation into how different bioaerosol aerosolization parameters and sampling methods affect bioluminescence output per bacterium, and implications of that effect for bioaerosol research. bacillus atrophaeus and pseudomonas fluorescens bacteria were aerosolized by using a collison nebulizer (bgi inc., waltham, ma) with a glass o ... | 2015 | 26806982 |
| overproduction and characterization of a lytic polysaccharide monooxygenase in bacillus subtilis using an assay based on ascorbate consumption. | lytic polysaccharide monooxygenases (lpmos) are copper ion-containing enzymes that degrade crystalline polysaccharides, such as cellulose or chitin, through an oxidative mechanism. to the best of our knowledge, there are no assay methods for the direct characterization of lpmos that degrade substrates without coupled enzymes. as such, in this study, a coupled enzyme-free assay method for lpmos was developed, which is based on measuring the consumption of ascorbic acid used as an external electro ... | 2016 | 27702475 |
| screening of novel bacteria for the 2,3-butanediol production. | biotechnologically produced 2,3-butanediol (2,3-bdo) is a potential starting material for industrial bulk chemicals such as butadiene or methyl ethyl ketone which are currently produced from fossil feedstocks. so far, the highest 2,3-bdo concentrations have been obtained with risk group 2 microorganisms. in this study, three risk group 1 microorganisms are presented that are so far unknown for an efficient production of 2,3-bdo. the strains bacillus atrophaeus nrs-213, bacillus mojavensis b-1469 ... | 2017 | 27687995 |
| the ability of electrochemical oxidation with a bdd anode to inactivate gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria in low conductivity sulfate medium. | the disinfection of 100 ml of synthetic water containing 7 mm na2so4 with 10(6) cfu ml(-1) of either gram-negative or gram-positive bacteria has been studied by electrochemical oxidation. the electrolytic cell was a stirred tank reactor equipped with a boron-doped diamond (bdd) anode and a stainless steel cathode and the trials were performed at acidic and neutral ph, at 33.3 ma cm(-2) and 25 °c. reactive oxygen species, pre-eminently hydroxyl radicals, were efficiently produced in both media fr ... | 2016 | 27567151 |
| ecotoxicological potential of antibiotic pollution-industrial wastewater: bioavailability, biomarkers, and occurrence in mytilus galloprovincialis. | environmental pollution by pharmaceutical residues has become a major problem in many countries worldwide. however, little is known about the concentrations of pharmaceuticals in water sources in tunisia. residues in the natural environment have been of increasing concern due to their impact on bacteria resistance development and toxicity to natural communities and ultimately to public health. in this work, we collected the wastewater sample from a pharmaceutical industry, which specializes in t ... | 2016 | 27109112 |
| isolation and characterization of lignin-degrading bacteria from rainforest soils. | the deconstruction of lignin to enhance the release of fermentable sugars from plant cell walls presents a challenge for biofuels production from lignocellulosic biomass. the discovery of novel lignin-degrading enzymes from bacteria could provide advantages over fungal enzymes in terms of their production and relative ease of protein engineering. in this study, 140 bacterial strains isolated from soils of a biodiversity-rich rainforest in peru were screened based on their oxidative activity on a ... | 2013 | 23297115 |
| antioxidant activity via dpph, gram-positive and gram-negative antimicrobial potential in edible mushrooms. | edible mushrooms (ems) are nutritionally rich source of proteins and essential amino acids. in the present study, the antioxidant activity via 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (dpph) and antimicrobial potential in ems (pleurotus ostreatus, morchella esculenta, p. ostreatus (black), p. ostreatus (yellow) and pleurotus sajor-caju) were investigated. the dpph radical scavenging activity revealed that the significantly higher activity (66.47%) was observed in morchella esculenta at a maximum concentrat ... | 2014 | 23095488 |
| microbiological effectiveness of mineral pot filters in cambodia. | mineral pot filters (mpfs) are household water treatment (hwt) devices that are manufactured and distributed by the private sector, with millions of users in southeast asia. their effectiveness in reducing waterborne microbes has not been previously investigated. we purchased three types of mpfs available on the cambodian market for systematic evaluation of bacteria, virus, and protozoan surrogate microbial reduction in laboratory challenge experiments following who recommended performance testi ... | 2012 | 23030639 |
| antimicrobial effects of ozonated water on the sanitization of dental instruments contaminated with e. coli, s. aureus, c. albicans, or the spores of b. atrophaeus. | ozone has been used as an alternative method for the decontamination of water, food, equipment and instruments. the objective of this study was to evaluate the antimicrobial effects of ozonated water on the sanitization of dental instruments that were contaminated by escherichia coli, staphylococcus aureus, candida albicans and the spores of bacillus atrophaeus. | 2012 | 23021648 |
| comparative analysis of classical and molecular microbiology methods for the detection of escherichia coli and enterococcus spp. in well water. | the microbiological quality of 165 1 litre well water samples collected in the québec city region was assessed by culture-based methods (mfc agar, chromocult coliform agar, colilert(®), mi agar, chromocult enterococci, enterolert™, and mei agar) and by a molecular microbiology strategy, dubbed crename-rtpcr, developed for the detection of escherichia coli, enterococcus spp., enterococcus faecalis/faecium, and bacillus atrophaeus subsp. globigii. in these drinking water samples, approved culture- ... | 2012 | 23014932 |
| a study of the properties of chlorine dioxide gas as a fumigant. | chlorine dioxide (clo2) is a strong oxidant that possesses an antimicrobial activity. we demonstrated here that clo2 gas is easily generated by mixing 3.35% sodium chlorite solution (purogene) and 85% phosphoric acid at a 10:1 volume ratio without using an expensive machine. in a test room (87 m(3)), experiments were carried out using various amounts of sodium chlorite solution (0.25 ml/m(3) to 20.0 ml/m(3)). the gas concentration increased in a sodium chlorite volume-dependent manner and reache ... | 2016 | 27041456 |
| determining the effects of high intensity ultrasound on the reduction of microbes in milk and orange juice using response surface methodology. | this study investigated the effects of high intensity ultrasound (temperature, amplitude, and time) on the inactivation of indigenous bacteria in pasteurized milk, bacillus atrophaeus spores inoculated into sterile milk, and saccharomyces cerevisiae inoculated into sterile orange juice using response surface methodology. the variables investigated were sonication temperature (range from 0 to 84°c), amplitude (range from 0 to 216 μm), and time (range from 0.17 to 5 min) on the response, log micro ... | 2015 | 26904659 |
| comparison of ultraviolet light-emitting diodes and low-pressure mercury-arc lamps for disinfection of water. | ultraviolet (uv) light-emitting diodes (leds) emitting at 260 nm were evaluated to determine the inactivation kinetics of bacteria, viruses, and spores compared to low-pressure (lp) uv irradiation. test microbes were escherichia coli b, a non-enveloped virus (ms-2), and a bacterial spore (bacillus atrophaeus). for lp uv, 4-log10 reduction doses were: e. coli b, 6.5 mj/cm(2); ms-2, 59.3 mj/cm(2); and b. atrophaeus, 30.0 mj/cm(2). for uv leds, the 4-log10 reduction doses were e. coli b, 6.2 mj/cm( ... | 2016 | 26888599 |
| antagonistic activities of bacillus spp. strains isolated from tidal flat sediment towards anthracnose pathogens colletotrichum acutatum and c. gloeosporioides in south korea. | anthracnose is a fungal disease caused by colletotrichum species that is detrimental to numerous plant species. anthracnose control with fungicides has both human health and environmental safety implications. despite increasing public concerns, fungicide use will continue in the absence of viable alternatives. there have been relatively less efforts to search antagonistic bacteria from mudflats harboring microbial diversity. a total of 420 bacterial strains were isolated from mudflats near the w ... | 2015 | 26060435 |
| draft genome sequence of the biowarfare simulant bacillus atrophaeus strain 930029. | we report here the draft genome sequence of bacillus atrophaeus strain 930029. strain 930029 shows evidence of drift, based on a comparison to the corresponding source strain publicly available today. | 2015 | 26044416 |
| a structure activity-relationship study of the bacterial signal molecule hhq reveals swarming motility inhibition in bacillus atrophaeus. | the sharp rise in antimicrobial resistance has been matched by a decline in the identification and clinical introduction of new classes of drugs to target microbial infections. thus new approaches are being sought to counter the pending threat of a post-antibiotic era. in that context, the use of non-growth limiting small molecules, that target virulence behaviour in pathogens, has emerged as a solution with real clinical potential. we have previously shown that two signal molecules (hhq and pqs ... | 2015 | 25880413 |
| fast and effective inactivation of bacillus atrophaeus endospores using light-activated derivatives of vitamin b2. | highly resistant endospores may cause severe problems in medicine as well as in the food and packaging industries. we found that bacterial endospores can be inactivated quickly with reactive oxygen species (ros) that were generated by a new generation of flavin photosensitizers. flavins like the natural compound vitamin b2 are already known to produce ros but they show a poor antimicrobial photodynamic killing efficacy due to the lack of positive charges. therefore we synthesized new flavin phot ... | 2015 | 25423452 |
| from cellular lysis to microarray detection, an integrated thermoplastic elastomer (tpe) point of care lab on a disc. | we present an all-thermoplastic integrated sample-to-answer centrifugal microfluidic lab-on-disc system (lod) for nucleic acid analysis. the proposed cd system and engineered platform were employed for analysis of bacillus atrophaeus subsp. globigii spores. the complete assay comprised cellular lysis, polymerase chain reaction (pcr) amplification, amplicon digestion, and microarray hybridization on a plastic support. the fluidic robustness and operating efficiency of the assay were ensured throu ... | 2015 | 25385141 |
| investigation of the detection ability of an intrinsic fluorescence-based bioaerosol detection system for heat-stressed bacteria. | a number of rapid microbiological methods capable of aerosol-based microbial detection are quickly emerging for use in the pharmaceutical and food markets. a subset of these technologies utilizes intrinsic microbial fluorescence as the basis for bioaerosol detection. this fundamental method of detection is relatively new to the pharmaceutical and food industries, which rely on traditional culture-based methods implemented decades ago to gain an understanding of their manufacturing environments. ... | 2016 | 25336419 |
| influence of high voltage atmospheric cold plasma process parameters and role of relative humidity on inactivation of bacillus atrophaeus spores inside a sealed package. | non-thermal plasma has received much attention for elimination of microbial contamination from a range of surfaces. | 2014 | 25308932 |
| normalization of test and evaluation of biothreat detection systems: overcoming microbial air content fluctuations by using a standardized reagent bacterial mixture. | test and evaluation of engineered biothreat agent detection systems ("biodetectors") are a challenging task for government agencies and industries involved in biosecurity and biodefense programs. in addition to user friendly features, biodetectors need to perform both highly sensitive and specific detection, and must not produce excessive false alerts. in fact, the atmosphere displays a number of variables such as airborne bacterial content that can interfere with the detection process, thus imp ... | 2014 | 25038460 |
| bacillus atrophaeus: main characteristics and biotechnological applications - a review. | the genus bacillus includes a great diversity of industrially important strains, including bacillus atrophaeus (formerly bacillus subtilis var. niger). this spore-forming bacterium has been established as industrial bacteria in the production of biological indicators for sterilization, in studies of biodefense and astrobiology methods as well as disinfection agents, in treatment evaluation and as potential adjuvants or vehicles for vaccines, among other applications. this review covers an overvi ... | 2015 | 24963702 |
| factors affecting uv/h2o2 inactivation of bacillus atrophaeus spores in drinking water. | this study aims at estimating the performance of the bacillus atrophaeus spores inactivation by the uv treatment with addition of h2o2. the effect of factors affecting the inactivation was investigated, including initial h2o2 dose, uv irradiance, initial cell density, initial solution ph and various inorganic anions. under the experimental conditions, the b. atrophaeus spores inactivation followed both the modified hom model and the chick's model. the results revealed that the h2o2 played dual r ... | 2014 | 24792469 |
| evaluation of steam penetration and sterilization of natural latex wraps. | to evaluate the efficacy of steam and ethylene oxide (eto) sterilization of vetrap™ bandages. | 2014 | 24617928 |
| rapid and efficient filtration-based procedure for separation and safe analysis of cbrn mixed samples. | separating cbrn mixed samples that contain both chemical and biological warfare agents (cb mixed sample) in liquid and solid matrices remains a very challenging issue. parameters were set up to assess the performance of a simple filtration-based method first optimized on separate c- and b-agents, and then assessed on a model of cb mixed sample. in this model, ms2 bacteriophage, autographa californica nuclear polyhedrosis baculovirus (acnpv), bacillus atrophaeus and bacillus subtilis spores were ... | 2014 | 24505375 |
| peracetic acid: a practical agent for sterilizing heat-labile polymeric tissue-engineering scaffolds. | advanced biomaterials and sophisticated processing technologies aim at fabricating tissue-engineering scaffolds that can predictably interact within a biological environment at the cellular level. sterilization of such scaffolds is at the core of patient safety and is an important regulatory issue that needs to be addressed before clinical translation. in addition, it is crucial that meticulously engineered micro- and nano- structures are preserved after sterilization. conventional sterilization ... | 2014 | 24341350 |
| lipopeptides, a novel protein, and volatile compounds contribute to the antifungal activity of the biocontrol agent bacillus atrophaeus cab-1. | bacillus atrophaeus cab-1 displays a high inhibitory activity against various fungal pathogens and suppresses cucumber powdery mildew and tomato gray mold. we extracted and identified lipopeptides and secreted proteins and volatile compounds produced by strain cab-1 to investigate the mechanisms involved in its biocontrol performance. in vitro assays indicated all three types of products contributed to the antagonistic activity against the fungal pathogen botrytis cinerea. each of these componen ... | 2013 | 24013222 |
| effect of static magnetic field on endospore germination. | this work investigated the effect of static magnetic field (smf) on bacillus atrophaeus endospore germination. germination was triggered by l-alanine in 1.3-t smf and characterized by ion release, ca(2+) -dipicolinic acid release, and water influx. these events were monitored by electrical conductivity, tb-dpa fluorescence, and optical density, respectively. culturability of endospore germinated in smf exposure was evaluated by cfu enumeration. results indicated that 1.3-t smf failed to signific ... | 2017 | 27862061 |
| production of lipopeptide biosurfactants by bacillus atrophaeus 5-2a and their potential use in microbial enhanced oil recovery. | lipopeptides are known as promising microbial surfactants and have been successfully used in enhancing oil recovery in extreme environmental conditions. a biosurfactant-producing strain, bacillus atrophaeus 5-2a, was recently isolated from an oil-contaminated soil in the ansai oilfield, northwest china. in this study, we evaluated the crude oil removal efficiency of lipopeptide biosurfactants produced by b. atrophaeus 5-2a and their feasibility for use in microbial enhanced oil recovery. | 2016 | 27716284 |
| the role of aromatic l-amino acid decarboxylase in bacillamide c biosynthesis by bacillus atrophaeus c89. | for biosynthesis of bacillamide c by bacillus atrophaeus c89 associated with south china sea sponge dysidea avara, it is hypothesized that decarboxylation from l-tryptophan to tryptamine could be performed before amidation by the downstream aromatic l-amino acid decarboxylase (aadc) to the non-ribosomal peptide synthetases (nrps) gene cluster for biosynthesizing bacillamide c. the structural analysis of decarboxylases' known substrates in kegg database and alignment analysis of amino acid sequen ... | 2013 | 23628927 |
| uncertainty analysis of the recovery of hollow-fiber ultrafiltration for multiple microbe classes from water: a bayesian approach. | in this study, we introduce a bayesian approach to address uncertainty of microbial recoveries from hollow-fiber ultrafilters (hfuf) and to determine any sources of uncertainty. microbial recoveries were measured under twenty conditions, including two types of water, two types of ultrafilters, and five types of microorganisms. the probability distributions of the recoveries were approximated using bayesian statistics with markov chain monte carlo sampling after integrating the likelihood functio ... | 2013 | 23524155 |
| evaluation of surface sampling for bacillus spores using commercially available cleaning robots. | five commercially available domestic cleaning robots were evaluated on their effectiveness for sampling aerosol-deposited bacillus atrophaeus spores on different indoor material surfaces. the five robots tested include three vacuum types (r1, r2, and r3), one wet wipe (r4), and one wet vacuum (r5). tests were conducted on two different surface types (carpet and laminate) with 10(6) colony forming units of b. atrophaeus spores deposited per coupon (35.5 cm × 35.5 cm). spores were deposited on the ... | 2013 | 23431954 |