| anaplasma marginale: failure of sera from immune cattle to confer protection in passive-transfer experiments. | high levels of immunity to anaplasma marginale were induced in cattle either by vaccination using sonically disrupted a. marginale-infected erythrocytes or by repeated infection with different strains of the rickettsia. in both instances, high levels of anti-a. marginale antibody were detected in the sera of the immune cattle by immunoblotting. serum from one animal that had been made immune by repeated infection was transferred intravenously to a. marginale-susceptible calves (three non-splenec ... | 1992 | 1495919 |
| a specific dna probe which identifies babesia bovis in whole blood. | a genomic library of babesia bovis dna from the mexican strain m was constructed in plasmid pun121 and cloned in escherichia coli. several recombinants which hybridized strongly to radioactively labeled b. bovis genomic dna in an in situ screening were selected and further analyzed for those which specifically hybridized to b. bovis dna. it was found that pmu-b1 had the highest sensitivity, detecting 25 pg of purified b. bovis dna, and 300 parasites in 10 microliters of whole infected blood, or ... | 1992 | 1496779 |
| immunisation of cattle against theileriosis in nakuru district of kenya by infection and treatment and the introduction of unconventional tick control. | one hundred and one cross european-boran cattle (50 cows and 51 calves), on a farm in nakuru district, kenya, were immunised against theileriosis using theileria parva lawrencei and theileria parva parva stocks from another district of kenya. the stabilates used were t.p.lawrencei (mara iii) used at 10(-1.7) dilution and t.p.parva (kilae) used at 10(-1.0) dilution. the stabilates were combined and inoculated simultaneously with a short-acting formulation of oxytetracycline hydrochloride given in ... | 1992 | 1496782 |
| serologic survey for selected arboviruses and other potential pathogens in wildlife from mexico. | during 1988 and 1989, a serologic survey of wildlife was conducted in northeastern mexico to determine the presence, prevalence, and distribution of arboviruses and other selected disease agents. eighty mammal specimens were tested. antibodies to vesicular stomatitis-indiana, venezuelan equine encephalitis-mena ii, rio grande virus, and vesicular stomatitis-new jersey were detected predominantly in small mammals. deer and mouflon (ovis musimon) had antibodies to bluetongue and epizootic hemorrha ... | 1992 | 1512876 |
| anaplasmosis in uganda. iii. parasitological and serological evidence of anaplasma infection in ugandan goats. | randomly selected goat sera from north-western, central, and south-western regions of uganda were analyzed parasitologically and serologically for evidence of anaplasmosis. prevalence rates of 3.2% by parasitemia, 4.8% by card-agglutination test, and 12.9% by dot-elisa combined with western blotting were established. parasitologically positive samples were consistently serologically positive. positive samples were all from either the north-western or south-western regions of the country. goats i ... | 1992 | 1513596 |
| sequence of a putative glutathione synthetase ii gene and flanking regions from anaplasma centrale. | the complete nucleotide sequence of a putative glutathione synthetase gene (gsh ii) has been determined from anaplasma centrale. the predicted 308 amino acid protein has a molecular weight of 34,222 and is 32% identical to the enzyme, glutathione synthetase (ec 6.3.2.3), encoded by escherichia coli gsh ii. the previously proposed atp-binding site is not highly conserved. the putative glutathione synthetase gene (gsh ii) is preceded by an unassigned open reading frame. downstream of gsh ii is the ... | 1992 | 1540152 |
| susceptibility of two rocky mountain bighorn sheep to experimental infection with anaplasma ovis. | in north america, the role of wild ruminants in the epidemiology of anaplasmosis has not been clearly defined. such information is particularly meager in regard to bighorn sheep. we report the susceptibility of two rocky mountain bighorn sheep (ovis canadensis canadensis) to experimental infection with a well characterized field isolate of anaplasma ovis obtained from domestic sheep in idaho. both bighorn sheep developed infection resulting in severe clinical disease, with relatively high parasi ... | 1992 | 1548791 |
| development of anaplasma ovis (rickettsiales: anaplasmataceae) in male dermacentor andersoni (acari: ixodidae) transferred from infected to susceptible sheep. | the development of anaplasma ovis was studied in dermacentor andersoni males transferred from infected to susceptible sheep. laboratory-reared male d. andersoni were allowed to feed for 6 d on a sheep with ascending a. ovis parasitemia. the ticks were removed and held at room temperature in a humidity chamber for 6 d, after which they were allowed to feed on five susceptible sheep for 1, 3, 5, 7, or 9 d. gut and salivary glands were collected from ticks during the 21-d experiment and examined wi ... | 1992 | 1552534 |
| a cloned dna probe for cowdria ruminantium hybridizes with eight heartwater strains and detects infected sheep. | the dna probe pcs20, which was cloned from the dna of the crystal springs heartwater strain from zimbabwe, cross-reacted with dnas of heartwater strains from all endemic areas, including four heartwater strains from zimbabwe, two strains from south africa, one strain from nigeria, and the gardel strain from the caribbean island of guadeloupe. by nucleic acid hybridization, the pcs20 dna probe detected cowdria ruminantium dna in all dna preparations made from plasma samples from infected sheep be ... | 1992 | 1572987 |
| phylogenetic relationship of cowdria ruminantium, agent of heartwater, to anaplasma marginale and other members of the order rickettsiales determined on the basis of 16s rrna sequence. | the phylogenetic relationship between cowdria ruminantium and representative members of the orders rickettsiales and chlamydiales has been examined on the basis of the sequence of the 16s rrna. phylogeny reconstruction by using both parsimony and distance methods supports the conclusion that c. ruminantium is closely related to the rickettsiales and in particular to the family anaplasmataceae. a signature of nine base substitutions delineated the linkage of anaplasma marginale with c. ruminantiu ... | 1992 | 1581187 |
| development of anaplasma marginale in male dermacentor andersoni transferred from parasitemic to susceptible cattle. | the development and transmission of anaplasma marginale was studied in dermacentor andersoni males. laboratory-reared male d andersoni were allowed to feed for 7 days on a calf with ascending a marginale parasitemia. the ticks were then held in a humidity chamber for 7 days before being placed on 2 susceptible calves. anaplasmosis developed in the calves after incubation periods of 24 and 26 days. gut and salivary glands were collected from ticks on each day of the 23-day experiment and examined ... | 1992 | 1586018 |
| the effect of oxytetracycline treatment on immunity induced by anaplasma centrale. | calves vaccinated with anaplasma centrale were treated with 20 mg/kg of long-acting oxytetracycline (otc/la) before or simultaneously with vaccination or up to seven months later. of 40 animals given one or two of otc/la from 3 to 13 days before vaccination, 23 become patent after vaccination, with an average prepatent period almost twice as long as that in non-treated vaccinated controls. upon challenge with 2 x 10(8) a. centrale per dose all 17 previously non-patent calves showed average maxim ... | 1992 | 1615637 |
| seroprevalence survey for anaplasma marginale-infection of austrian cattle. | a serologic survey study of 5,076 austrian cattle farming herds was carried out in the period of december 1988 till march 1990. one animal was randomly selected from each herd and the antibody titer against anaplasma marginale in blood serum samples was evaluated by means of the complement fixation test. the number of these tested blood samples was 3.6% of 140,081 cattle herd farms of austria. 109 (2.1%) of the tested animals showed positive titers (1:10) against anaplasma marginale, in relation ... | 1992 | 1621479 |
| detection of babesia bovis carrier cattle by using polymerase chain reaction amplification of parasite dna. | carrier cattle infected with babesia bovis are difficult to detect because of the low numbers of parasites that occur in peripheral blood. however, diagnosis of low-level infections with the parasite is important for evaluating the efficacies of vaccines and in transmission and epidemiological studies. we used the polymerase chain reaction (pcr) to amplify a portion of the apocytochrome b gene from the parasite and tested the ability of this method to detect carrier cattle. the target sequence i ... | 1992 | 1624551 |
| immunization of cattle with an inactivated polyvalent vaccine against anaplasmosis and babesiosis. | | 1992 | 1626861 |
| recent advances in the biology of anaplasma spp. in dermacentor andersoni ticks. | | 1992 | 1626880 |
| preliminary attempts to infect bovine erythrocytes in vitro with a tick-derived stage of anaplasma marginale. | | 1992 | 1626895 |
| serologic survey for selected microbial pathogens in bison from kansas. | a serologic survey was conducted on an american bison (bison bison) herd in kansas for antibodies against brucella spp., leptospira interrogans serovar canicola, pomona, grippotyphosa, icterohaemorrhagiae, and hardjo, anaplasma spp., bluetongue virus, infectious bovine rhinotracheitis virus and bovine viral diarrhea virus. there was an increase in prevalence of bluetongue antibodies from 38% in 1987 to 100% in 1989 in animals greater than or equal to 24-mo-old. prevalences of antibodies against ... | 1991 | 1656107 |
| the msp1 beta multigene family of anaplasma marginale: nucleotide sequence analysis of an expressed copy. | a gene for the beta subunit of the immunoprotective surface antigen msp-1 of anaplasma marginale was previously cloned and expressed in escherichia coli. a nucleic acid probe based on this gene detects a. marginale infection in carrier cattle and in the tick vector. we report here the sequence and structural features of the cloned msp1 beta gene and expressed polypeptide. the gene codes for a polypeptide of 756 amino acids that contains domains of tandemly repeated sequence and glutamine-rich re ... | 1991 | 1671779 |
| molecular basis for surface antigen size polymorphisms and conservation of a neutralization-sensitive epitope in anaplasma marginale. | anaplasmosis is one of several tick-borne diseases severely constraining cattle production and usage in many parts of the world. cattle can be protected from anaplasmosis by immunization with major surface protein 1, a surface protein of anaplasma marginale carrying a neutralization-sensitive epitope. marked size polymorphisms exist among different isolates of a. marginale in the amf105 subunit of major surface protein 1, yet all isolates still contain the neutralization-sensitive epitope. to cl ... | 1990 | 1691504 |
| identification of a theileria mutans-specific antigen for use in an antibody and antigen detection elisa. | purified piroplasms of theileria mutans were used to immunize balb/c mice to generate monoclonal antibodies (moabs). the moabs recognized an antigen of a relative molecular mass of 32 kda in western blots. this antigen was also recognized by sera from cattle which had recovered naturally from experimental tick-transmission or infections induced by the blood stages of t. mutans. the moabs did not react, in indirect immunofluorescence or enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (elisa), with the common ... | 1990 | 1698274 |
| analysis of protein compositions and surface protein epitopes of anaplasma centrale and anaplasma marginale. | protein composition was compared and epitopes were analyzed among the isolates of anaplasma centrale and a. marginale by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, immunoblotting using bovine antisera and monoclonal antibodies, and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. common and unique proteins were found among the isolates. all isolates tested had a major surface protein with an apparent molecular weight of 38 to 40 kilodalton which had slight molecular size variations between spe ... | 1991 | 1713792 |
| induction of protective immunity by using anaplasma marginale initial body membranes. | anaplasma marginale initial bodies of the norton zimbabwe strain were disrupted and separated into two membrane fractions banding at 1.15 and 1.22 g/cm3 by sucrose density centrifugation. the membrane fractions differed in their morphology and polypeptide composition. membranes banding at 1.22 g/cm3 shared epitopes with surface-exposed polypeptides of the florida strain of a. marginale, confirming the outer membrane location of these polypeptides. immunization of cattle with either membrane frac ... | 1991 | 1715323 |
| crossprotective immunity between the florida and a zimbabwe stock of anaplasma marginale. | cattle immunised by infection with the florida stock of anaplasma marginale were protected against subsequent homologous challenge, as demonstrated by complete prevention of microscopically detectable parasitaemia. identically immunised cattle were partially protected against challenge with the norton, zimbabwe stock of a. marginale as determined by the significant prolongation of the prepatent period, a significantly lower peak parasitaemia, and a significantly lower percentage drop in haemoglo ... | 1991 | 1724581 |
| mass screening of cattle sera against 14 infectious disease agents, using an elisa system for monitoring health in livestock. | mass screening elisa methods were developed for testing cattle serum for antibodies against 14 common livestock diseases simultaneously. the absorbance values were transformed to a %elisa (spectrophotometric antibody end point) by a computer interfaced with a microplate reader. a histogram indicating a cutoff point and a report for the veterinarian also was generated. the computer program produced a print-out of the antibody profile for each animal tested, the antibody concentration against each ... | 1991 | 1767993 |
| preliminary observations on ticks and tick-borne diseases in the north west province of cameroon. i. babesiosis and anaplasmosis. | during a survey on ticks and tick-borne diseases in the north-western cameroon at the bamenda cattle market, the ticks identified were boophilus annulatus (20%) and b. decoloratus (80%). more than 50% of the ticks were collected during the dry season. of 524 blood smears 47.3% were positive for babesia bovis, 31.1% for b. bigemina and 2.2% for anaplasma marginale. 19.4% were negative. | 1991 | 1824132 |
| competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for heartwater using monoclonal antibodies to a cowdria ruminantium-specific 32-kilodalton protein. | hybridomas producing monoclonal antibodies (mab) to cowdria ruminantium were raised. four mabs of the igg isotype reacted in western blots with a 32-kilodalton cowdria protein (cr32), which had previously been shown to be conserved and immunodominant. a fifth mab of the igm isotype recognized a 40-kda cowdria protein. the latter mab was negative in an indirect fluorescent antibody test (ifa), whereas the other four were positive. mab no. 4f10b4 showed the strongest signal in western blots using ... | 1991 | 1871954 |
| detection of anaplasma marginale rickettsemia prior to onset of clinical signs by using an antigen capture enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. | an antigen capture enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay was developed by using monoclonal antibodies to conserved epitopes on the anaplasma marginale msp1a surface protein. the assay sensitivity was 1.1 (+/- 0.5)% parasitized erythrocytes, and all infected cattle were detected prior to development of 2.0%-parasitized erythrocytes. positive tests preceded the onset of anemia by a mean of 2 days. the assay was specific for anaplasmosis, as demonstrated by nonreactivity with another common hemoparasit ... | 1991 | 1885753 |
| identification of anaplasma marginale long-term carrier cattle by detection of serum antibody to isolated msp-3. | rapid and accurate detection of anaplasma marginale-infected cattle would enhance anaplasmosis control procedures and evaluation of vaccines. current tests based on detection of antibodies in serum are not widely used for several reasons, including the occurrence of either false-positive or false-negative results. we evaluated binding of antibodies in serum to a subunit antigen isolated from a. marginale initial bodies--major surface protein 3 (msp-3). msp-3 was detected in lysates of eight geog ... | 1991 | 1890178 |
| an anaplasma centrale dna probe that differentiates between anaplasma ovis and anaplasma marginale dna. | an anaplasma centrale genomic library was constructed in puc13. two clones pac5 and pac137 hybridising to a. centrale and a. marginale dna were isolated from this library. one of these, pac5, also hybridised to dna from a. ovis. the total insert of pac5 was subcloned into pbr322. this subclone, pac5-12, could detect 1 ng a. centrale, 0.5 ng a. marginale and 3.9 ng a. ovis dna. the hybridisation pattern obtained with pac5-12 on digests of a. centrale, a. marginale and a. ovis dna suggests that th ... | 1991 | 1897134 |
| identification of immunodominant polypeptides common between anaplasma centrale and anaplasma marginale. | high titered antibody from rabbits immunized with anaplasma centrale or from cattle recovered from a. centrale infection bound predominantly to several 33-36 kda polypeptides present in both a. centrale and the israel-nt isolate of anaplasma marginale. high titered bovine antibody against the israel-nt isolate of a. marginale also reacted predominantly with a. centrale polypeptides in this size range. the immunodominance of the 33-36 kda polypeptides and their cross-reactivity indicate that thes ... | 1991 | 1949581 |
| 16s ribosomal dna amplification for phylogenetic study. | a set of oligonucleotide primers capable of initiating enzymatic amplification (polymerase chain reaction) on a phylogenetically and taxonomically wide range of bacteria is described along with methods for their use and examples. one pair of primers is capable of amplifying nearly full-length 16s ribosomal dna (rdna) from many bacterial genera; the additional primers are useful for various exceptional sequences. methods for purification of amplified material, direct sequencing, cloning, sequenci ... | 1991 | 1987160 |
| efficacy of purified anaplasma marginale initial bodies as a vaccine against anaplasmosis. | anaplasma marginale initial bodies of the florida strain were purified from infected erythrocytes using a combination of ultrasonic disruption, nonionic detergent and differential centrifugation. immunochemical analysis revealed at least 12 a. marginale proteins in the molecular mass (m) range 81-15 kda with a prominent band at 38 kda. several of these proteins remained insoluble in the presence of nonionic detergent. preparations of purified anaplasma initial bodies contained negligible erythro ... | 1991 | 2027888 |
| frozen and fresh anaplasma centrale vaccines in the protection of cattle against anaplasma marginale infection. | the immunity induced by frozen and fresh anaplasma centrale vaccines against anaplasmosis caused by a. marginale was tested in 12-month old friesian steers. a. centrale parasitaemia occurred in all cattle inoculated with both types of vaccine. the average maximal decrease in pcv for the frozen and fresh vaccines was 41.0 and 40.3% respectively. all cattle recovered spontaneously. vaccinated and control steers of the same age were challenged six months later with doses of 10(6), 10(7) or 10(8) a. ... | 1990 | 2092348 |
| interaction between parasite and tick vector. | interaction of tick vectors with borrelia species including b. burgdorferi, rickettsias and piroplasms has been demonstrated by describing selected phenomena. in particular, the various environments inside the tick vector have been considered, including the midgut lumen, gut epithelial cells, body cavities and tissues. intracellular parasitism occurs in different compartments of the host cell: parasitophorous vacuoles (anaplasma marginale), phagolysosomes (coxiella spp.), cytoplasm (rickettsia, ... | 1990 | 2120142 |
| immunodiagnosis of and immunoprophylaxis against the haemoparasites babesia sp. and anaplasma sp. in domestic animals. | the haemoparasites babesia bovis and anaplasma marginale are extremely important pathogens of cattle, affecting more than 300 million animals worldwide. species of less importance affect cattle, dogs, horses and sheep. no vaccine is available for widespread usage. this review summarises existing immunodiagnostic and immunoprophylactic methods currently available for these diseases and reports on future immunoprophylactic methods. | 1990 | 2132684 |
| [natural anaplasma marginale infection in 2 cattle herds with different levels of boophilus microplus tick infestation]. | the dynamics of natural infections by anaplasma marginale was studied in two adjacent dairy farms with different levels of boophilus microplus infestation. the farms were located in the enzootic area of bovine anaplasmosis of the northwest of argentina. the study was carried out in 35 calves from birth in march-august 1985 to march 1986. the infection rate by a. marginale was evaluated by the observation of blood films and by determination of specific antibodies. the degree of infestation by b. ... | 1990 | 2132783 |
| [incidence of trypanosomiasis on wildlife of a game ranch in burkina faso]. | blood samples from 203 wild animals kept on a game ranch in burkina faso were examined by the "buffy coat" technique following microhaematocrite centrifugation in capillary tubes. anaemia was assessed according to the value of packed cell volume (pcv). a thin smear and thick blood film from each animal were prepared and examined for detection of babesia, anaplasma, theileria, microfilaria. the infection rate and parasitaemia were assessed in each animal species. for each animal species examined, ... | 1990 | 2132786 |
| australian frozen vaccines for the control of babesiosis and anaplasmosis in cattle--a review. | | 1990 | 2181745 |
| the indirect fluorescent antibody test for bovine anaplasmosis. | an indirect fluorescent antibody test was used successfully for the serodiagnosis of experimental anaplasma infections in cattle. specific antibodies were detected three to ten days after anaplasma bodies were found in the blood, and persisted at least 15 weeks post-infection. an american and an african stock of a. marginale were used to prepare antigens, and gave comparable results when tested on sera positive to either of these stocks, as well as to an a. central-like stock from korea. there w ... | 1990 | 2194363 |
| tick-borne diseases of cattle in paraguay. ii. immunisation against anaplasmosis and babesiosis. | a total of 102 susceptible adult holstein friesian cattle imported into an area of paraguay where anaplasmosis and babesiosis are endemic were immunised by infection with anaplasma centrale and attenuated forms of babesia bigemina and babesia bovis obtained from uruguay. the results indicated that the attenuated forms of both babesia species protected cattle against heterologous field challenge whereas a. centrale did not invariably confer sufficient protection against a field challenge of a. ma ... | 1990 | 2196724 |
| [ticks and hemoparasitic diseases in cattle in senegal. iv. the southern sudan area]. | the authors report on the results of an investigation on ticks and hemoparasitoses of cattle, sheep and goats in the south sudanian area of senegal. systematic routine dipping against ticks of cattle, 40 sheep and 40 goats was set during 15 months, with a view to determine the population dynamics together with an acurate localization of the different species concerned. the following parasites were collected from these ruminants: amblyomma variegatum, boophilus geigyi, hyalomma truncatum, h. m. r ... | 1990 | 2218038 |
| use of the dot enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay with isolated anaplasma marginale initial bodies for serodiagnosis of anaplasmosis in cattle. | isolated anaplasma marginale initial bodies were successfully used in a dot elisa for rapid detection of antibodies to anaplasma organisms. the enzyme immunoassay used only 25 ng of antigen dotted onto nitrocellulose disks. antigen-antibody complexes were detected by use of alkaline phosphatase-conjugated protein a, and reactions were read visually after addition of a precipitable, chromogenic substrate. the test allowed the processing of multiple sera, either for screening or for titer determin ... | 1990 | 2240769 |
| recombinant dna probe detecting eperythrozoon suis in swine blood. | a genomic library to eperythrozoon suis dna was constructed in lambda gt11, and from this library, e suis clone ksu-2 was identified as a potential diagnostic probe. in hybridization experiments that used 100-microliters samples of blood collected in chaotropic salt solutions, the ksu-2 probe hybridized strongly with purified e suis organisms and blood samples from splenectomized swine that were parasitized with e suis. however, the probe under stringent conditions did not give radiographic indi ... | 1990 | 2240802 |
| an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa) for the detection of antibodies to anaplasma centrale and anaplasma marginale. | an enzyme-linked immunoassay (elisa) was applied to detect antibodies to a. centrale and a. marginale using homologous and heterologous antigens. the assay was compared with the indirect fluorescent antibody (ifa) test, and although a similar degree of sensitivity was obtained, the elisa test had several advantages. partially purified anaplasma initial bodies used for antigen preparations contained negligible amounts of residual erythrocytic material, and did not interfere with the specificity o ... | 1990 | 2247936 |
| comparison of a dna probe, complement-fixation and indirect immunofluorescence tests for diagnosing anaplasma marginale in suspected carrier cattle. | most estimates of the prevalence of anaplasmosis have been based on serologic data using the complement-fixation (cf) and/or card agglutination tests. since these tests are considered to be only about 50 percent reliable for detecting carrier cattle in enzootically stable herds, the need for more sensitive diagnostic tests is widely recognized. the objective in the present study was to compare the sensitivity of the cf test with that of the indirect immunofluorescence (iif) test and a recently d ... | 1990 | 2260275 |
| development of a recombinant anaplasma marginale dna probe. | an anaplasma marginale dna probe has been developed by using an improved method for the isolation of genomic dna. purified genomic a. marginale dna from the st. croix isolate was partially digested with sau 3a1 into fragments (greater than or equal to 5.0 kb). the restriction fragments were cloned using standard techniques in the pbr322 vector and used to transform e. coli (dh5) host cells. the recombinant a. marginale dna library was screened by the colony lifting procedure. colonies containing ... | 1990 | 2260276 |
| concurrent infection with theileria buffeli caused depression of parasitaemia in babesia bovis and anaplasma centrale infections in splenectomised calves but not in b bigemina infections. | in five experiments undertaken in splenectomised calves it was found that theileria buffeli infections depressed the parasitaemias of superimposed babesia bovis and anaplasma centrale infections, but not b bigemina infections. the course of a centrale infections did not appear to be affected by a concurrent eperythrozoon teganodes infection. | 1990 | 2267426 |
| post-thawing viability of vaccines for bovine babesiosis and anaplasmosis cryopreserved with glycerol. | live frozen vaccines containing babesia bovis, babesia bigemina or anaplasma centrale were prepared using glycerol as cryoprotectant and stored in liquid nitrogen. the viability of the vaccines was tested inoculating calves 1 h (n = 12), 2 h (n = 12), 12 h (n = 6) and 24 h (n = 6) after thawing. babesia bovis and a. centrale were detected in thin and/or thick blood smears in all vaccinated calves; however, 1 of 12 calves inoculated 1 h after thawing and 3 of 6 calves inoculated 24 h after thawin ... | 1990 | 2267730 |
| methods currently used for the control of anaplasmosis and babesiosis: their validity and proposals for future control strategies. | four alternative approaches to the control of anaplasmosis and babesiosis as a complex of diseases are identified: no active control, tick control, immunization, and chemoprophylaxis. these methods may be utilized in one of five strategies: tick eradication with or without concurrent immunization, tick reduction with or without concurrent immunization or no active control. factors influencing the choice of strategy are discussed. | 1990 | 2284136 |
| intermediate site of development of anaplasma marginale in feeding adult dermacentor andersoni ticks that were infected as nymphs. | the development of anaplasma marginale in midgut epithelial cells was studied in feeding, transmitting adult dermacentor andersoni ticks. laboratory-reared ticks experimentally infected as nymphs were allowed to feed from 1 to 9 days on susceptible calves. gut tissues from ticks were collected on each day they fed (total, 9 days) and were processed for light and transmission electron microscopy. colonies of a marginale were abundant during the first 6 days of feeding, after which numbers decreas ... | 1990 | 2301812 |
| cyclic rickettsemia during persistent anaplasma marginale infection of cattle. | submicroscopic levels of anaplasma marginale rickettsemia in persistently infected cattle were determined by using nucleic acid hybridization. within individuals, the rickettsemia levels steadily increased from less than 10(4) infected erythrocytes per ml to a peak of more than 10(6) infected erythrocytes per ml and then rapidly declined. this logarithmic variation parallels the variation of the rickettsemia level seen in acute infection and suggests that cyclic emergence of antigenic variants i ... | 1990 | 2318532 |
| tick-borne diseases of cattle in paraguay. i. seroepidemiological studies on anaplasmosis and babesiosis. | a serological survey was carried out in paraguay to determine the prevalence of antibodies to anaplasma marginale, babesia bigemina and babesia bovis. the results suggest that the parasites are widely distributed throughout the country with prevalence rates of 92% for a. marginale, 79% for b. bigemina and 71% for b. bovis. epidemiological studies on calves demonstrated that initial infection with the three blood parasites occurs in most animals within the first nine months of life. it is likely ... | 1990 | 2321261 |
| seasonality of natural transmission of bovine anaplasmosis under desert mountain range conditions. | splenectomized cattle and mature, spleen-intact cattle were used as sentinels in a 4-year study to assess the seasonality of naturally transmitted anaplasmosis. sentinels were exchanged and/or monitored monthly on 4 study areas of desert mountain range land in idaho, oregon, and utah. acute anaplasma infections were diagnosed in sentinels every month of the year. of 44 total infections, 29 (66%) were detected during march through august, the primary arthropod season. from december through februa ... | 1990 | 2329080 |
| characterization of a repetitive dna probe for babesia bigemina. | a plasmid (p16) containing a babesia bigemina dna insert was selected and labeled with 32p. this probe was evaluated for specificity and sensitivity by dot blot hybridization. the probe was specific and hybridized with only babesia bigemina dna, and not dna from babesia bovis, bovine leukocyte, trypanosoma brucei or anaplasma marginale. the dna probe detected as little as 10 pg of babesia bigemina dna. the probe hybridized with babesia bigemina isolates from mexico, the caribbean region and keny ... | 1990 | 2382379 |
| estimation of the potential demand for a bovine babesiosis and anaplasmosis vaccine in argentina. | a survey to estimate the potential demand for a bovine babesiosis and anaplasmosis vaccine was carried out by a postal questionnaire sent to 4407 veterinarians in the north and centre of argentina. twenty-three percent of the questionnaires (1047) were answered; 317 (7.2% of the total, 30% of those answered) pointed out the occurrence of the diseases and/or probable demand for the vaccine. the minimum and maximum demands were 407,892 and 982,300 doses for anaplasmosis, and 272,496 and 631,400 do ... | 1990 | 2382381 |
| development and infectivity of anaplasma marginale in dermacentor andersoni nymphs. | the development of anaplasma marginale was studied in dermacentor andersoni nymphs after they had fed on a calf with ascending anaplasma infection. gut tissues were collected on day 4 of tick feeding, from newly replete (fed) nymphs and on postfeeding days (pfd) 5, 10, 15, 20, and were processed for light and electron microscopy to determine density of a marginale colonies. homogenates of gut tissues were prepared from nymphs collected on the same days and inoculated into susceptible, splenectom ... | 1990 | 2386330 |
| presence of common antigens, including major surface protein epitopes, between the cattle (intraerythrocytic) and tick stages of anaplasma marginale. | epitopes of major surface proteins of the intraerythrocytic cattle stage of anaplasma marginale were demonstrated in the midgut stage of the organism within the infective tick host dermacentor andersoni. these proteins were common to all a. marginale isolates tested and at all stages of parasitemia. sera from cattle immunized with the tick midgut stage of a. marginale immunoprecipitated multiple-erythrocyte-stage proteins, as demonstrated by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophore ... | 1985 | 2415457 |
| characterization of an immunoprotective protein complex of anaplasma marginale by cloning and expression of the gene coding for polypeptide am105l. | immunization with an anaplasma marginale surface protein complex containing two polypeptides (am105u and am105l), each having a molecular weight of 105,000, protected cattle against challenge with virulent organisms. these polypeptides were immunoprecipitated together from detergent extracts of a. marginale by a neutralizing monoclonal antibody. after surface radioiodination of intact parasites, both am105u and am105l contained the radiolabel. to define the structural and antigenic relationships ... | 1987 | 2443451 |
| characterization of a neutralization-sensitive epitope on the am 105 surface protein of anaplasma marginale. | | 1987 | 2448258 |
| differential extraction of antigens of anaplasma marginale. | strain-, group-, and genus-specific antigens of the florida isolate of anaplasma marginale had different solubilities in zwitterionic, nonionic, and anionic detergents. on the basis of their solubility in nonionic detergent, antigens were grouped into 3 classes: (i) a 108-kilodalton (kd) group-specific antigen and a series of poorly defined antigens (70 to 100 kd) were completely soluble in nonionic detergent; (ii) 96 kd and 75 kd group-specific antigens, and a 91-kd strain-specific antigen were ... | 1988 | 2450497 |
| nucleic acid levels in anaplasma marginale during experimentally induced bovine anaplasmosis. | the dna and rna concentrations in uninfected and anaplasma marginale-infected bovine erythrocytes were determined. bovine anaplasmosis was experimentally induced and the nucleic acid levels were followed during the development of the a. marginale infection. two distinct growth stages were found, the "multiplication" stage and the "transfer" stage. based on this hypothetycal developmental cycle, the amount of dna and rna per anaplasma initial body was estimated as 73.1 x 10(-3) pg and 45.7 x 10(- ... | 1988 | 2451913 |
| recognition of conserved surface protein epitopes on anaplasma centrale and anaplasma marginale isolates from israel, kenya and the united states. | | 1988 | 2452797 |
| preliminary studies of the development of anaplasma marginale in salivary glands of adult, feeding dermacentor andersoni ticks. | on each day of feeding on susceptible calves, salivary glands obtained from groups of adult ticks that transmitted anaplasma marginale were examined for a marginale colonies by use of light microscopy and transmission electron microscopy. on day 8 of feeding, salivary glands were examined, using fluorescein-labeled antibody and methyl green-pyronine stain. use of fluorescein-labeled antibody consistently revealed small numbers of fluorescent foci in salivary gland acinar cells obtained from tick ... | 1988 | 2458688 |
| diagnosis of anaplasmosis in formalin-fixed tissue using the wolbach's giemsa stain. | | 1989 | 2484932 |
| [ticks and hemoparasitoses of livestock in senegal. iii. the northern sudan area]. | the authors describe the results of a study on ticks and hemoparasitoses of cattle and small ruminants in the senegalese north-sudanian area. for 15 months, 40 bovine, 40 sheep and 40 goats received a routine dipping treatment, aimed at the determination of the tick population dynamics together with an accurate localization of the preferential sites for the different species. the following parasites were collected from the animals: hyalomma marginatum rufipes, h. truncatum, rhipicephalus lunulat ... | 1989 | 2485548 |
| erythrocyte osmotic fragility and cation concentrations during experimentally induced bovine anaplasmosis. | 1. the osmotic fragility, the concentrations of na, k and ca, the osmolality and the total atpase activity of bovine erythrocytes from uninfected and anaplasma marginale-infected bovines were studied in an attempt to correlate these parameters with the decrease in the cellular atp concentration reported during bovine anaplasmosis. 2. the osmotic fragility found in infected bovine erythrocytes, at 0.52% nacl, was about two times greater than that observed in non-infected bovines. the increase in ... | 1989 | 2574096 |
| cloned dna probes identify anaplasma ovis in goats and reveal a high prevalence of infection. | anaplasma organisms are observed in erythrocytes from goats with anemia and weight loss in kenya. three anaplasmas have been isolated in nature, anaplasma ovis, anaplasma marginale, and anaplasma centrale. the two recognized species, a. ovis and a. marginale, are known to infect goats. since only a. ovis causes clinical disease in goats, the anaplasma species in goats in kenya were identified. to detect a. ovis, a 9.6-kilobase-pair section of genomic dna was cloned into pbr322 (pao12a) and was u ... | 1989 | 2592538 |
| infectivity and antigenicity of anaplasma marginale from tick cell culture. | the infectivity and immunogenicity of anaplasma marginale grown in a tick cell culture from embryonic dermacentor variabilis ticks were assessed in splenectomized and intact calves, respectively. culture 1 consisted of the cell line inoculated with midguts of adult ticks infected with the mississippi isolate of a marginale and dissected 5 to 10 days after repletion and detachment from an experimentally infected calf. cultures 2 and 3 consisted of the cell line inoculated with midguts of ticks in ... | 1989 | 2610428 |
| vaccines for parasitic infections. | | 1989 | 2648776 |
| seroepidemiology of anaplasma marginale in white-tailed deer (odocoileus virginianus) from louisiana. | antibodies to anaplasma marginale were detected by the indirect fluorescent antibody test (ifa) in six of 331 (2%) serum samples of white-tailed deer (odocoileus virginianus) from louisiana. none of the serum samples were positive using the a. marginale modified rapid card agglutination test. of the six ifa positive sera retested by the complement fixation test four sera gave anticomplementary and two gave seropositive reactions. the low a. marginale reactor rate in this white-tailed deer popula ... | 1989 | 2668567 |
| seroprevalence of anaplasmosis in the red river plains and south-east areas of louisiana. | the indirect fluorescent antibody test was used to detect antibodies to anaplasma marginale in serum samples collected from cattle in the red river plains and south-east areas of louisiana. convenience sampling of herd clusters was used. a reactor rate of 7.8% was found in 11,085 samples. beef cattle had a 11.2% reactor rate compared with 3.8% for dairy cattle. the angus and angus cross-breed group had the highest reactor rate. | 1989 | 2675458 |
| anaplasma marginale in tick cell culture. | anaplasma marginale was propagated in a tick cell line derived from dermacentor variabilis embryos. the rickettsial organism was identified and monitored in culture by transmission electron microscopy and the indirect immunofluorescence technique, using specific monoclonal antibodies. inoculation of the embryonic tick cell line with midguts of infected adult ticks (culture 1), nymphal ticks (culture 2) and adult ticks that were infected as nymphs and dissected as adults (culture 3) resulted in 3 ... | 1989 | 2692483 |
| heterologous antibody responses of calves to anaplasma centrale and a. marginale. | antigens of anaplasma centrale, onderstepoort isolate, and a. marginale, wacol isolate, were analysed by a western blotting technique. sera from a. centrale-infected calves reacted to 41- and 38-kda antigens in a. centrale and a 41-kda antigen in a. marginale. serum collected during the primary reaction from an a. marginale-infected calf reacted only to the 41-kda antigen of a. marginale; heterologous antibody response to the 41-kda antigen of a. centrale did occur later during the infection, bu ... | 1989 | 2728329 |
| detection of babesia bigemina in cattle by a radioimmunoassay incorporating specifically depleted antigen. | it was observed that mild acidification (ph less than 4.0) together with solvent extraction of the soluble sonicate of a crude preparation of babesia bigemina infected cattle erythrocytes caused a quantitative loss of b. bigemina-specific antigen. cross-reacting antigen activities with babesia bovis remained intact. these properties were utilized in an assay system wherein antibody response to the specifically depleted antigen preparation was subtracted from the response to the initial crude pre ... | 1989 | 2763443 |
| infectivity of cryopreserved babesia bovis, babesia bigemina and anaplasma centrale for cattle after thawing, dilution and incubation at 30 degrees c. | blood containing either babesia bovis, babesia bigemina or anaplasma centrale was mixed with an equal volume of 3 m glycerol in phosphate-buffered saline with or without glucose and then stored in liquid nitrogen for 2-30 days. after being thawed, the parasitized blood was subjected to various procedures, including dilution up to 1000-fold followed by incubation at 30 or 4 degrees c for 8 h, before infectivity of the parasites was tested in a total of 70 cattle. the results showed that the blood ... | 1989 | 2763444 |
| enzymes of oxidant defence system of leucocytes and erythrocytes in bovine anaplasmosis. | the glutathione oxidant defence system in leucocytes and erythrocytes of six anaplasma marginale-infected calves was examined by assaying glutathione peroxidase (gsh-px), glutathione reductase (gssg-r), reduced glutathione (gsh) and superoxide dismutase (sod). in addition, gsh-s-transferase and arginase levels were measured in leucocytes. there was a significant decline in the activities of leucocyte gsh-px, gssg-r and sod in the post-patent period; whereas arginase activity rose significantly f ... | 1989 | 2763451 |
| epidemiologic investigation and control of an epizootic of anaplasmosis in cattle in winter. | an epizootic of anaplasmosis affecting 18 of 90 beef cows in winter on a western illinois ranch was investigated to determine the probable source and mode of transmission. the cause of the epizootic was anaplasma caudatum. cows were classified as sick, convalescent, or carrier on the basis of blood smear, complement fixation, or modified rapid card agglutination test results. patterns of movement did not suggest a common exposure prior to assembly of cattle at the affected ranch. the combination ... | 1989 | 2777688 |
| transstadial and attempted transovarial transmission of anaplasma marginale by dermacentor variabilis. | transstadial and transovarial transmission of anaplasma marginale by dermacentor variabilis were attempted with with ticks exposed to the organism once by feeding as larvae or nymphs, and twice by feeding as larvae and nymphs. typical colonies of a marginale were in gut tissues of adults that were infected as larvae, larvae and nymphs, and as nymphs; repeated exposure of ticks did not appear to result in an increase in the number of colonies in the gut of subsequently molted adults nor did it af ... | 1989 | 2782719 |
| detection of colonies of anaplasma marginale in salivary glands of three dermacentor spp infected as nymphs or adults. | salivary glands from males of 3 dermacentor species (d andersoni, d variabilis and d occidentalis) that were infected with either the virginia or idaho isolate of anaplasma marginale as nymphs or adults were examined for colonies of a marginale by use of light and electron microscopy. prior to dissection of salivary glands, exposed ticks were held at 25 c for 15 to 18 days, followed by a 3-day incubation at 37 c. ticks of 2 species transmitted a marginale to calves; the third tick species was co ... | 1989 | 2782720 |
| immunization of cattle with the msp-1 surface protein complex induces protection against a structurally variant anaplasma marginale isolate. | the anaplasma marginale surface protein complex msp-1 of the florida isolate is composed of a 105-kilodalton (kda) polypeptide, which bears a neutralization-sensitive epitope, and a 100-kda polypeptide. antigenically similar polypeptides in the okanogan, wash. (washington-o), isolate msp-1 are 86 and 100 kda, respectively. immunization of cattle with florida isolate msp-1 induced antibody titers to both msp-1 polypeptides and protected cattle against homologous and heterologous challenge. | 1989 | 2807542 |
| dna probes for the detection of anaplasma centrale and anaplasma marginale. | anaplasmosis can be diagnosed either by immunological techniques or by direct microscopic examination of blood smears. both methods are time-consuming and labour intensive. the use of dna probes in an hybridization assay may simplify the diagnosis of anaplasmosis in cattle and sheep. a genomic dna library of anaplasma centrale was constructed in an expression vector and screened to detect clones containing a. centrale dna. four probes which hybridized to a. centrale and anaplasma marginale dna w ... | 1987 | 2832800 |
| isolation and restriction endonuclease cleavage of anaplasma marginale dna in situ in agarose. | bacterial restriction endonucleases were used to produce dna cleavage patterns that could be useful as tools to study the relatedness among anaplasma marginale isolates. bovine erythrocytes infected with a. marginale were lysed, washed, and embedded in agarose. the embedded erythrocytes and bacterial pathogens were partially digested by sequential infiltration of the agarose with acetone, lysozyme, sodium dodecyl sulfate, and proteinase k. the unfragmented genomic dna was left supported and prot ... | 1988 | 2838504 |
| serologic survey of selected pathogens in white-tailed and mule deer in western nebraska. | exposure of free-ranging white-tailed deer (odocoileus virginianus) and mule deer (odocoileus hemionus) in western nebraska to selected livestock pathogens was determined by serology and attempted virus isolation. antibodies to bluetongue virus, epizootic hemorrhagic disease virus, and bovine respiratory syncytial virus were present in both species of deer. no serologic reactors to brucella or anaplasma were found. attempts to isolate bluetongue virus were negative. | 1986 | 2845156 |
| bovine leucosis virus contamination of a vaccine produced in vivo against bovine babesiosis and anaplasmosis. | contamination of a batch of tick fever (babesiosis and anaplasmosis) vaccine with bovine leucosis virus (blv) was detected when a herd, in the final stages of an enzootic bovine leucosis (ebl) accreditation program, developed a large number of seropositive cattle following use of tick fever vaccine. investigations incriminated a single calf used to produce anaplasma centrale vaccine from which 13,959 doses were distributed. the failure of this calf to give a positive agar gel immunodiffusion (ag ... | 1988 | 2847702 |
| detection and quantitation of anaplasma marginale in carrier cattle by using a nucleic acid probe. | cattle which have recovered from acute infection with anaplasma marginale, a rickettsial hemoparasite of cattle, frequently remain persistently infected with a low-level parasitemia and serve as reservoirs for disease transmission. to fully understand the role of these carriers in disease prevalence and transmission, it is essential that low levels of parasitemia can be accurately detected and quantitated. we have developed a nucleic acid probe, derived from a portion of a gene encoding a 105,00 ... | 1989 | 2915021 |
| broiler pulmonary hypertension syndrome. i. increased right ventricular mass in broilers experimentally infected with aegyptianella pullorum. | infection with the obligatory intra-erythrocytic anaplasma-like rickettsia aegyptianella pullorum in 4-week-old broilers at a moderate altitude of 1,200 m produced a significant increase in the mean relative right ventricular (rv) mass (rv: tv) from 0.23 in the controls to 0.31 in the infected group. this was accompanied by an increase in the number of birds suffering from severe rv hypertrophy from 14.3% in the controls to 50% in the infected group. pulmonary hypertension and subsequent rv hype ... | 1987 | 2957638 |
| diseases of wapiti utilizing cattle range in southwestern alberta. | specimens from 28 wapiti (cervus elaphus canadensis) were collected by hunters in southwestern alberta in 1984. various tests were performed to detect infections and conditions that could affect cattle sharing the range or cause disease in wapiti. serum antibodies were present against leptospiral serovars autumnalis (25%), bratislava (4%), and icterohaemorrhagiae (8%), and the viruses of bovine virus diarrhea (52%), infectious bovine rhinotracheitis (45%), and parainfluenza type 3 (13%). no sero ... | 1987 | 3029443 |
| epidemiology of bovine babesiosis and anaplasmosis in zambia. | the serological prevalence of bovine babesiosis and anaplasmosis in the traditional farming sector of six provinces of zambia was determined using the indirect fluorescent antibody test (ifat) for babesiosis and the card agglutination test (cat) for anaplasmosis. antibodies to babesia bigemina occurred throughout the country whereas the prevalence of b. bovis followed the distribution of its tick vector boophilus microplus which is limited to the north-eastern part of the country. low numbers of ... | 1988 | 3070875 |
| an enzyme linked immunosorbent assay to diagnose babesia bovis infection in cattle. | the optimum gel filtration fraction from lysate of babesia bovis infected erythrocytes was determined for use as an antigen in an elisa to diagnose b. bovis infection in cattle. of four enzyme labels tested, horseradish peroxidase was the most suitable. the assay is both sensitive and specific in detecting antibody for 2-4 years after a single infection. false positive reactions were obtained only with some sera from some anaplasma marginale infected cattle. | 1987 | 3106957 |
| enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for detection of antibodies to anaplasma centrale. | | 1988 | 3172604 |
| [natural infection with anaplasma marginale in cattle of the hereford, criolla, and nelore breeds in tucumán, argentina]. | | 1988 | 3175379 |
| a sensitive elisa technique for the diagnosis of anaplasma marginale infections. | a sensitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa) technique using a horse radish peroxidase conjugate is described for measuring anaplasma marginale antibodies in bovine serum. this technique utilizes two antigen preparations, a 'negative' antigen derived from an animal prior to infection and a 'positive' antigen derived from a. marginale-infected red cells from the same animal following infection. this markedly reduces cross-reactions which are a result of isoantigens. absorbance values obt ... | 1988 | 3176298 |
| effect of chemotherapy on semen characteristics of balami rams infected with anaplasma ovis. | six intact balami rams were experimentally infected with anaplasma ovis. another six were infected one month after splenectomy and six others served as controls. clinical manifestations of the disease, first observed between 5 to 7 days post-infection, were more severe and prolonged in the splenectomised-infected than in the intact-infected group. there was progressive deterioration in semen quality, which was also significantly more severe and prolonged in the splenectomised than in the intact- ... | 1988 | 3188380 |
| seroprevalence of anaplasmosis and babesiosis in livestock on st lucia, 1983. | | 1988 | 3194971 |
| the significance of eperythrozoon ovis in ill-thrift in sheep in the eastern cape coastal areas of south africa. | ill-thrift in sheep in the coastal region of the eastern cape is described. it is shown to be a complex problem attributable to many causes, most of which can be eliminated by supplementary feeding, drenching, vaccination, dipping and management. however, studies on the aetiology of ill-thrift in young sheep indicate that arthropod-borne anaemia-producing pathogens are an important contributing factor, which cannot readily be diagnosed and controlled. experiments were conducted on various farms ... | 1988 | 3210217 |
| hybridization of dna probes to a. marginale isolates from different sources and detection in dermacentor andersoni ticks. | dna from the washington, south-idaho, virginia and florida isolates of anaplasma marginale was hybridized to probes specific for anaplasma centrale and a. marginale. the a. centrale probes ac-2 and ac-4 hybridized to identical bands on all of these isolates. the hybridization patterns suggests that the virginia, florida and the south african isolates are similar. a number of bands were obtained with the washington isolate which differed from those obtained with the other isolates. probe ac-2 cou ... | 1988 | 3217095 |
| enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay using solubilised antigen for detection of antibodies to anaplasma marginale. | an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa) was used to detect antibodies against anaplasma marginale. a marginale bodies were separated from parasitised erythrocytes by a modified nitrogen decompression method, sonicated, then solubilised with triton x-100 and used as the elisa antigen. in this elisa system the required amount of antigen protein was 16.2 ng for each well. in the course of experimental infections, of calves, significant antibody levels were detected by elisa and the complement ... | 1988 | 3238774 |
| prevalence of anaplasmosis and babesiosis in n'dama cattle of the gambia. | sera from 184 n'dama cattle randomly selected and averaging 2-7 years of age were tested for the presence of specific antibodies to anaplasma marginale, babesia bovis and b. bigemina, using one or more serological tests including complement fixation, rapid card agglutination and indirect fluorescent antibody (ifa). tests for a. marginale and b. bovis were essentially negative. utilising the ifa test 65% of the sera tested were positive for b. bigemina. three randomly selected two-year-old n'dama ... | 1988 | 3281338 |
| monoclonal antibodies that distinguish trypanosoma congolense, t. vivax and t. brucei. | monoclonal antibodies (moabs) were derived against in-vitro-propagated procyclic forms of trypanosoma congolense, t. vivax, t. brucei brucei and t.b. rhodesiense in order to identify antigens for use in immunodiagnosis of african trypanosomiasis. the antibodies have been tested against procyclic and bloodstream form trypanosomes of 13 t. congolense, six t. vivax six t.b. brucei, four t.b. rhodesiense, five t.b. gambiense and three t. simiae isolates from different geographical areas by indirect ... | 1987 | 3306569 |