| ace2 expression in the cat and the tiger gastrointestinal tracts. | angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ace2) has been identified as the functional receptor for severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus-2 (sars-cov-2). it has been identified in the human gastrointestinal tract (git), and sars-cov-2 has been isolated in human and animal fecal samples. the aim of the present study was to investigate the expression of ace2 in the gastrointestinal tract of domestic (cat) and wild (tiger) felines. samples of the pylorus, duodenum, and distal colon were collected fro ... | 2020 | 32903561 |
| antivirals against coronaviruses: candidate drugs for sars-cov-2 treatment? | coronaviruses (covs) are a group of viruses from the family coronaviridae that can infect humans and animals, causing mild to severe diseases. the ongoing pandemic of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (sars-cov-2) represents a global threat, urging the development of new therapeutic strategies. here we present a selection of relevant compounds that have been described from 2005 until now as having in vitro and/or in vivo antiviral activities against human and/or animal covs. we als ... | 2020 | 32903349 |
| predicting the recombination potential of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 and middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus. | severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (sars-cov-2) recently emerged to cause widespread infections in humans. sars-cov-2 infections have been reported in the kingdom of saudi arabia, where middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus (mers-cov) causes seasonal outbreaks with a case fatality rate of ~37 %. here we show that there exists a theoretical possibility of future recombination events between sars-cov-2 and mers-cov rna. through computational analyses, we have identified homolog ... | 2020 | 32902372 |
| genomic characterization of sars-cov-2 identified in a reemerging covid-19 outbreak in beijing's xinfadi market in 2020. | after 56 days without coronavirus disease 2019 (covid-19) cases, reemergent cases were reported in beijing on june 11, 2020. here, we report the genetic characteristics of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (sars-cov-2) sequenced from the clinical specimens of 4 human cases and 2 environmental samples. the nucleotide similarity among six sars-cov-2 genomes ranged from 99.98% to 99.99%. compared with the reference strain of sars-cov-2 (genbank no. nc_045512), all six genome sequences ... | 2020 | 32895643 |
| current state of vaccine development and targeted therapies for covid-19: impact of basic science discoveries. | coronavirus disease-19 (covid-19) is caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (sars-cov-2). sars-cov-2 is closely related to two other coronaviruses that caused disease epidemic breakouts in humans in the last 2 decades, namely, severe acute respiratory distress syndrome coronavirus (sars-cov) and middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus (mers-cov). the similarities have enabled the scientists to apply the basic scientific discoveries garnered from studying the structure and ... | 2020 | 32889088 |
| ad26 vaccine protects against sars-cov-2 severe clinical disease in hamsters. | coronavirus disease 2019 (covid-19) in humans is often a clinically mild illness, but some individuals develop severe pneumonia, respiratory failure and death1-4. studies of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (sars-cov-2) infection in hamsters5-7 and nonhuman primates8-10 have generally reported mild clinical disease, and preclinical sars-cov-2 vaccine studies have demonstrated reduction of viral replication in the upper and lower respiratory tracts in nonhuman primates11-13. here w ... | 2020 | 32884153 |
| sars-cov-2 serology and virology trends in donors and recipients of convalescent plasma. | sars-cov-2 has infected millions worldwide. the virus is novel, and currently there is no approved treatment. convalescent plasma may offer a treatment option. we evaluated trends of igm/igg antibodies/plasma viral load in donors and recipients of convalescent plasma. 114/139 (82 %) donors had positive igg antibodies. 46/114 donors tested positive a second time by np swab. among those retested, the median igg declined (p < 0.01) between tests. 25/139 donors with confirmed sars-cov-2 were negativ ... | 2020 | 32883593 |
| possibility for reverse zoonotic transmission of sars-cov-2 to free-ranging wildlife: a case study of bats. | the covid-19 pandemic highlights the substantial public health, economic, and societal consequences of virus spillover from a wildlife reservoir. widespread human transmission of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (sars-cov-2) also presents a new set of challenges when considering viral spillover from people to naïve wildlife and other animal populations. the establishment of new wildlife reservoirs for sars-cov-2 would further complicate public health control measures and could lea ... | 2020 | 32881980 |
| direct activation of the alternative complement pathway by sars-cov-2 spike proteins is blocked by factor d inhibition. | severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (sars-cov-2) is a highly contagious respiratory virus that can lead to venous/arterial thrombosis, stroke, renal failure, myocardial infarction, thrombocytopenia, and other end-organ damage. animal models demonstrating end-organ protection in c3-deficient mice and evidence of complement activation in humans have led to the hypothesis that sars-cov-2 triggers complement-mediated endothelial damage, but the mechanism is unclear. here, we demonstrate ... | 2020 | 32877502 |
| potential use of noncoding rnas and innovative therapeutic strategies to target the 5'utr of sars-cov-2. | after the increasing number of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (sars-cov-2) infections all over the world, researchers and clinicians are struggling to find a vaccine or innovative therapeutic strategies to treat this viral infection. the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus infection that occurred in 2002, middle east respiratory syndrome (mers) and other more common infectious diseases such as hepatitis c virus, led to the discovery of many rna-based drugs. among them, ... | 2020 | 32875809 |
| in silico structure modelling of sars-cov-2 nsp13 helicase and nsp14 and repurposing of fda approved antiviral drugs as dual inhibitors. | the high mortality rate from the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (sars-cov-2) infections in humans and the lack of effective therapeutic regime for its treatment necessitates the identification of new antivirals. sars-cov-2 relies on non-structural proteins such as nsp13 helicase and nsp14 which are the key components of the replication-transcription complex (rtc) to complete its infectious life cycle. therefore, targeting these essential viral proteins with small molecules will ... | 2020 | 32875166 |
| mie scattering revisited: study of bichromatic mie scattering of electromagnetic waves by a distribution of spherical particles. | two experiments to measure the size of microscopic dielectric spherical particles immersed in purified water with spheres of a nominal diameter 5.2 ± 0.15 μm have been carried out in order to revisit mie scattering techniques. the first experiment uses a 1 mw helium-neon (he-ne) laser with a wavelength of 632.8 nm, while the second one is carried out using a diode laser of 780.0 nm wavelength and a nominal power of 80 mw. the distribution of the scattered light intensity is recorded experimental ... | 2020 | 32872902 |
| sars-cov-2 and its relationship with the genitourinary tract: implications for male reproductive health in the context of covid-19 pandemic. | the current outbreak of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (sars-cov-2) infection, named coronavirus disease 19 (covid-19), is not the first well-known spillover of an animal originated virus to infect humans. however, one of the few to make such a fast jump in a powerful evolutionary shortcut. the incredible pattern of aggressiveness worldwide since the beginning of the outbreak is that up to 20% of those infected need hospitalization and 5% evolve to critical conditions, not limit ... | 2020 | 32869939 |
| establishing an office-based framework for resuming otolaryngology care in academic practice during the covid-19 pandemic. | the covid-19 health crisis abruptly disrupted the practice of otolaryngology. this article aims to define the changes needed to operate an academic otolaryngology practice safely and efficiently from within the epicenter of the pandemic. we define the areas of normal patient workflow that have been affected by covid-19, and we offer mitigation strategies with attention paid to the specific needs of subspecialties. | 2020 | 32867585 |
| a mouse-adapted model of sars-cov-2 to test covid-19 countermeasures. | coronaviruses are prone to transmission to new host species, as recently demonstrated by the spread to humans of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (sars-cov-2), the causative agent of the coronavirus disease 2019 (covid-19) pandemic1. small animal models that recapitulate sars-cov-2 disease are needed urgently for rapid evaluation of medical countermeasures2,3. sars-cov-2 cannot infect wild-type laboratory mice owing to inefficient interactions between the viral spike protein and t ... | 2020 | 32854108 |
| combating covid-19: mva vector vaccines applied to the respiratory tract as promising approach toward protective immunity in the lung. | the lung is the vital target organ of coronavirus disease 2019 (covid-19) caused by infection with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (sars-cov-2). in the majority of patients the most active virus replication seems to be found in the upper respiratory tract, severe cases however suffer from sars-like disease associated with virus replication in lung tissues. due to the current lack of suitable anti-viral drugs the induction of protective immunity such as neutralizing antibodies in ... | 2020 | 32849655 |
| can drinking microfiltered raw immune milk from cows immunized against sars-cov-2 provide short-term protection against covid-19? | the emergence of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (sars-cov-2), which causes severe respiratory tract infections in humans (covid-19), has become a global health concern. currently, several vaccine candidates against sars-cov-2 are in clinical trials but approval of these vaccines is likely to take a long time before they are available for public use. in a previous report, the importance of passive immunity and how immunoglobulin (ig)g collected from recovered coronavirus patients ... | 2020 | 32849647 |
| sars-cov-2 and three related coronaviruses utilize multiple ace2 orthologs and are potently blocked by an improved ace2-ig. | the ongoing coronavirus disease 2019 (covid-19) pandemic has caused >20 million infections and >750,000 deaths. severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (sars-cov-2), the etiological agent of covid-19, has been found closely related to the bat coronavirus strain ratg13 (bat-cov ratg13) and a recently identified pangolin coronavirus (pangolin-cov-2020). here, we first investigated the ability of sars-cov-2 and three related coronaviruses to utilize animal orthologs of angiotensin-convertin ... | 2020 | 32847856 |
| clinical trials for use of melatonin to fight against covid-19 are urgently needed. | the recent pandemic of covid-19 has already infected millions of individuals and has resulted in the death of hundreds of thousands worldwide. based on clinical features, pathology, and the pathogenesis of respiratory disorders induced by this and other highly homogenous coronaviruses, the evidence suggests that excessive inflammation, oxidation, and an exaggerated immune response contribute to covid-19 pathology; these are caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (sars-cov-2). ... | 2020 | 32847033 |
| severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (sars-cov-2), a newly emerged pathogen: an overview. | coronavirus disease 2019 (covid-19) is a viral pneumonia, responsible for the recent pandemic, and originated from wuhan, china, in december 2019. the causative agent of the outbreak was identified as coronavirus and designated as severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (sars- cov-2). few years back, the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (sars- cov) and the middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus (mers-cov) were reported to be highly pathogenic and caused severe infectio ... | 2020 | 32840560 |
| sars-cov-2 infection of human ace2-transgenic mice causes severe lung inflammation and impaired function. | although animal models have been evaluated for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (sars-cov-2) infection, none have fully recapitulated the lung disease phenotypes seen in humans who have been hospitalized. here, we evaluate transgenic mice expressing the human angiotensin i-converting enzyme 2 (ace2) receptor driven by the cytokeratin-18 (k18) gene promoter (k18-hace2) as a model of sars-cov-2 infection. intranasal inoculation of sars-cov-2 in k18-hace2 mice results in high levels ... | 2020 | 32839612 |
| comorbidity and its impact on patients with covid-19. | a novel human coronavirus, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (sars-cov-2), was identified in wuhan, china, in december 2019. since then, the virus has made its way across the globe to affect over 180 countries. sars-cov-2 has infected humans in all age groups, of all ethnicities, both males and females while spreading through communities at an alarming rate. given the nature of this virus, there is much still to be learned; however, we know that the clinical manifestations range fr ... | 2020 | 32838147 |
| covid-19 pandemic: from molecular biology, pathogenesis, detection, and treatment to global societal impact. | in december 2019, there was an outbreak of viral disease in wuhan, china which raised the concern across the whole world. the viral disease caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (sars-cov-2) or novel coronavirus or covid-19 (cov-19) is known as a pandemic. after sars-cov and middle east respiratory syndrome (mers)-related cov, covid-19 is the third most pathogenic virus, hazardous to humans which have raised worries concerning the capacity of current security measures and the ... | 2020 | 32837855 |
| covid-19 vaccines: a race against time in the middle of death and devastation! | the coronavirus disease 2019 (covid-19) has turned into a global human tragedy and economic devastation. governments have implemented lockdown measures, blocked international travel, and enforced other public containment measures to mitigate the virus morbidity and mortality. as of today, no drug has the power to fight the infection and bring normalcy to the utter chaos. this leaves us with only one choice namely an effective and safe vaccine that shall be manufactured as soon as possible and av ... | 2020 | 32837093 |
| molecular biology of coronaviruses: current knowledge. | the emergence of the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (sars-cov-2) late december 2019 in wuhan, china, marked the third introduction of a highly pathogenic coronavirus into the human population in the twenty-first century. the constant spillover of coronaviruses from natural hosts to humans has been linked to human activities and other factors. the seriousness of this infection and the lack of effective, licensed countermeasures clearly underscore the need of more detailed and com ... | 2020 | 32835122 |
| critical warning! preventing the multidimensional apocalypse on planet earth. | intensified human activities are causing ever-growing threats to biodiversity, including humans and ecosystem services. conversely, evidence showing the multiple benefits and socio-economic values of ecosystem services and goods is increasing substantially. a fundamental societal revolution is urgently needed to preserve the health of populations of living beings, communities and ecosystems. the present article aims to convey that the multidimensional (sanitary, social, economic, political, ecol ... | 2020 | 32834963 |
| neurological manifestations of covid-19 and other coronaviruses: a systematic review. | to describe the main neurological manifestations related to coronavirus infection in humans. | 2020 | 32834527 |
| investigation of the genetic variation in ace2 on the structural recognition by the novel coronavirus (sars-cov-2). | the outbreak of coronavirus disease (covid-19) was caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (sars-cov-2), through its surface spike glycoprotein (s-protein) recognition on the receptor angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ace2) in humans. however, it remains unclear how genetic variations in ace2 may affect its function and structure, and consequently alter the recognition by sars-cov-2. | 2020 | 32831104 |
| bats in ecosystems and their wide spectrum of viral infectious threats: sars-cov-2 and other emerging viruses. | bats have populated earth for approximately 52 million years, serving as natural reservoirs for a variety of viruses through the course of evolution. transmission of highly pathogenic viruses from bats has been suspected and linked to a spectrum of emerging infectious diseases in humans and animals worldwide. examples of such viruses include marburg, ebola, nipah, hendra, influenza a, dengue, equine encephalitis viruses, lyssaviruses, madariaga and coronaviruses, involving the now pandemic sever ... | 2020 | 32829048 |
| severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (sars-cov-2) exhibits high predicted binding affinity to ace2 from lagomorphs (rabbits and pikas). | severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (sars-cov-2) is responsible for the pandemic covid-19. the virus infects human cells by binding of the virus spike to the cell receptor ace2. the crystal structure of sars-cov-2 spikes in complex with human ace2 has recently been solved, and the main amino acid residues involved in the virus-receptor complex have been detected. to investigate the affinity of ace2 of lagomorphs to the sars-cov-2 spike, ace2 sequences from rabbits and american pikas ... | 2020 | 32825305 |
| novel antiviral strategies in the treatment of covid-19: a review. | the coronavirus disease 2019 (covid-19) pandemic, caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (sars-cov-2), is still a global public health problem for humans. it has caused more than 10,000,000 infections and more than 500,000 deaths in the world so far. many scientists have tried their best to discover safe and effective drugs for the treatment of this disease; however, there are still no approved standard therapeutics or effective antiviral drugs on the market. many new drugs ar ... | 2020 | 32825283 |
| covid-19 pandemic: insights into structure, function, and hace2 receptor recognition by sars-cov-2. | severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (sars-cov-2) is a newly emerging, highly transmissible, and pathogenic coronavirus in humans that has caused global public health emergencies and economic crises. to date, millions of infections and thousands of deaths have been reported worldwide, and the numbers continue to rise. currently, there is no specific drug or vaccine against this deadly virus; therefore, there is a pressing need to understand the mechanism(s) through which this virus en ... | 2020 | 32822426 |
| aerosol generation from the respiratory tract with various modes of oxygen delivery. | rationale: aerosol generation with modes of oxygen therapy such as high-flow nasal cannula and noninvasive positive-pressure ventilation is a concern for healthcare workers during the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (sars-cov-2) pandemic. the amount of aerosol generation from the respiratory tract with these various oxygen modalities is unknown.objectives: to measure the size and number concentration of particles and droplets generated from the respiratory tract of humans exposed ... | 2020 | 32822208 |
| the immunomodulatory effects of probiotics on respiratory viral infections: a hint for covid-19 treatment? | respiratory virus infections are among the most prevalent diseases in humans and contribute to morbidity and mortality in all age groups. moreover, since they can evolve fast and cross the species barrier, some of these viruses, such as influenza a and coronaviruses, have sometimes caused epidemics or pandemics and were associated with more serious clinical diseases and even mortality. the recently identified coronavirus disease 2019 (covid-19) caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronav ... | 2020 | 32818576 |
| therapeutic strategies in the development of anti-viral drugs and vaccines against sars-cov-2 infection. | the whole world is currently facing a pandemic of an infectious disease known as novel coronavirus disease-2019 (covid-19) caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (sars-cov-2) . this outbreak emerged unexpectedly and imposed a potential threat to humans, associated with the social and economic burden on the individual and federal governments. covid-19, which initially started in wuhan city of china and then spread to the whole world, has been declared a public health emergency ... | 2020 | 32808122 |
| an integrated drug repurposing strategy for the rapid identification of potential sars-cov-2 viral inhibitors. | the coronavirus disease 2019 (covid-19) is an infectious disease caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus 2 (sars-cov-2). the virus has rapidly spread in humans, causing the ongoing coronavirus pandemic. recent studies have shown that, similarly to sars-cov, sars-cov-2 utilises the spike glycoprotein on the envelope to recognise and bind the human receptor ace2. this event initiates the fusion of viral and host cell membranes and then the viral entry into the host cell. despit ... | 2020 | 32807895 |
| of mice and men: the coronavirus mhv and mouse models as a translational approach to understand sars-cov-2. | the fatal acute respiratory coronavirus disease 2019 (covid-19) is caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (sars-cov-2). since covid-19 was declared a pandemic by the world health organization in march 2020, infection and mortality rates have been rising steadily worldwide. the lack of a vaccine, as well as preventive and therapeutic strategies, emphasize the need to develop new strategies to mitigate sars-cov-2 transmission and pathogenesis. since mouse hepatitis virus (mhv), ... | 2020 | 32806708 |
| women's perspective on the covid-19 pandemic: walking into a post-peak phase. | the pandemic of novel coronavirus disease 2019 (covid-19), caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (sars-cov-2), has provoked hundreds of thousands of deaths, resulting in catastrophe for humans. although some insights have been garnered in studies on women, children and young adults infected with covid-19, these often remain fragmented in literature. therefore, we discussed the impact of covid-19 pandemic on women, children and young patients, particularly those with underlyin ... | 2020 | 32800917 |
| from sars to sars-cov-2, insights on structure, pathogenicity and immunity aspects of pandemic human coronaviruses. | human coronaviruses (hcov), periodically emerging across the world, are potential threat to humans such as severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (sars-cov-2) - diseases termed as covid-19. current sars-cov-2 outbreak have fueled ongoing efforts to exploit various viral target proteins for therapy, but strategies aimed at blocking the viral proteins as in drug and vaccine development have largely failed. in fact, evidence has now shown that coronaviruses undergoes rapid recombination to ... | 2020 | 32798769 |
| treatment of covid-19 with convalescent plasma: lessons from past coronavirus outbreaks. | there is currently no treatment known to alter the course of coronavirus disease 2019 (covid-19). convalescent plasma has been used to treat a number of infections during pandemics, including severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (sars-cov), middle eastern respiratory syndrome coronavirus (mers-cov) and now severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (sars-cov-2). | 2020 | 32791241 |
| systems biological assessment of immunity to mild versus severe covid-19 infection in humans. | coronavirus disease 2019 (covid-19) represents a global crisis, yet major knowledge gaps remain about human immunity to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (sars-cov-2). we analyzed immune responses in 76 covid-19 patients and 69 healthy individuals from hong kong and atlanta, georgia, united states. in the peripheral blood mononuclear cells (pbmcs) of covid-19 patients, we observed reduced expression of human leukocyte antigen class dr (hla-dr) and proinflammatory cytokines by myelo ... | 2020 | 32788292 |
| homo sapiens versus sars-cov-2. | the current outbreak has led to renewed interest in developing novel disinfectants/drugs to kill "a species" for the benefit of "another species." while the discovery of new antimicrobials will ensure our ability to counter such threats in the short term, the development of drug resistance through natural selection will lead to the evolution of more "superbugs." in this regard, there is a need to understand viral perspective and associated molecular mechanisms and whether we can regulate viral s ... | 2020 | 32786329 |
| vaccine candidates against coronavirus infections. where does covid-19 stand? | seven years after the middle east respiratory syndrome (mers) outbreak, a new severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (sars-cov-2) made its first appearance in a food market in wuhan, china, drawing an entirely new course to our lives. as the virus belongs to the same genus of mers and sars, researchers have been trying to draw lessons from previous outbreaks to find a potential cure. although there were five phase i human vaccine trials against sars and mers, the lack of data in humans ... | 2020 | 32784685 |
| antiviral activity of nanomaterials against coronaviruses. | one of the challenges facing by world nowadays is the generation of new pathogens that cause public health issues. coronavirus (cov) is one of the severe pathogens that possess the rna (ribonucleic acid) envelop, and extensively infect humans, birds, and other mammals. the novel strain "sars-cov-2" (severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2) causes deadly infection all over the world and presents a pandemic situation nowadays. the sars-cov-2 has 40 different strains that create a worrying ... | 2020 | 32783352 |
| the outbreak of the novel severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (sars-cov-2): a review of the current global status. | there is currently an ongoing worldwide pandemic of a novel virus belonging to the family of coronaviruses (covs) which are large, enveloped, plus-stranded rna viruses. coronaviruses belong to the order of nidovirales, family of coronavirinae and are divided into four genera: alphacoronavirus, betacoronavirus, gammacoronavirus and deltacoronavirus. covs cause diseases in a wide variety of birds and mammals and have been found in humans since 1960. to date, seven human covs were identified includ ... | 2020 | 32778421 |
| coronavirus in cat flea: findings and questions regarding covid-19. | the coronavirus disease 19 (covid-19) pandemic caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (sars-cov-2) has affected millions of people worldwide. recent evidence raised the question about the possibility that cats may be a domestic host for sars-cov-2 with unknown implications in disease dissemination. based on the fact that the domestic cat flea, ctenocephalides felis, are abundant ectoparasites infesting humans, companion animals and wildlife and that coronavirus-like agents hav ... | 2020 | 32778178 |
| anosmia: a missing link in the neuroimmunology of coronavirus disease 2019 (covid-19). | just before 2020 began, a novel coronavirus, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (sars-cov-2), brought for humans a potentially fatal disease known as coronavirus disease 2019 (covid-19). the world has thoroughly been affected by covid-19, while there has been little progress towards understanding the pathogenesis of covid-19. patients with a severe phenotype of disease and those who died from the disease have shown hyperinflammation and were more likely to develop neurological manif ... | 2020 | 32776905 |
| dermatological manifestations in patients with sars-cov-2: a systematic review. | severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (sars-cov-2) has been initially defined as a disease of the respiratory tract; however, with the increasing number of patients and announcing that the virus became a pandemic, new systemic clinical manifestations are observed, including dermatological manifestations. however, the identification and characteristics of these manifestations are still controversial. this review article aims to evaluate the medical literature and explore the dermatologi ... | 2020 | 32775112 |
| genomic variance of open reading frames (orfs) and spike protein in severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (sars-cov-2). | the outbreak of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (sars-cov-2) has caused severe pneumonia at december 2019. since then, it has been wildly spread from wuhan, china, to asia, european, and united states to become the pandemic worldwide. now coronavirus disease 2019 were globally diagnosed over 3 084 740 cases with mortality of 212 561 toll. current reports variants are found in sars-cov-2, majoring in functional ribonucleic acid (rna) to transcribe into structural proteins as trans ... | 2020 | 32773643 |
| chloroquine or hydroxychloroquine for management of coronavirus disease 2019: friend or foe? | severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (sars-cov-2) continues to be a threat to the health of many humans across the world as they confront coronavirus disease 2019 (covid-19). previous promising in vitro data that emerged after the sars-cov outbreak in 2003, along with the emergent need for pharmacologic management strategies in the fight against covid-19, prompted interest in the use of chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine across the globe. unfortunately, the in vitro activity of these ... | 2020 | 32769401 |
| companion animals likely do not spread covid-19 but may get infected themselves. | coronavirus disease 2019 (covid-19) is a highly contagious infectious disease caused by the novel severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (sars-cov-2). from the epidemiological data, the picture emerges that the more severe etiopathologies among covid-19 patients are found in elderly people. the risk of death due to covid-19 increases exponentially with age. eight out of 10 covid-19 related deaths occur in people older than 65 years of age. older patients with comorbid conditions such as ... | 2020 | 32766998 |
| [replication and transmission mechanisms of highly pathogenic human coronavirus]. | the three known highly pathogenic human coronaviruses are severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (sars-cov), middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus (mers-cov), and severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (sars-cov-2). human highly pathogenic coronaviruses are composed of non-structural proteins, structural proteins, accessory proteins and ribonucleic acid. viral particles recognize host receptors via spike glycoprotein (s protein), enter host cells by membrane fusion, replic ... | 2020 | 32762165 |
| potential zoonotic origins of sars-cov-2 and insights for preventing future pandemics through one health approach. | coronavirus disease 2019 (covid-19) is an emerging infectious disease that has resulted in a global pandemic and is caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (sars-cov-2). zoonotic diseases are infections that are transmitted from animals to humans. covid-19 caused by sars-cov-2 most likely originated in bats and transmitted to humans through a possible intermediate host. based on published research so far, pangolins are considered the most likely intermediate hosts. further stud ... | 2020 | 32760632 |
| an increasing public health burden arising from children infected with sars-cov2: a systematic review and meta-analysis. | severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (sars-cov2) is spreading all over the world and poses a great threat to humans. this study aimed to systematically review the current situation and public health burden associated with children infected with sars-cov2. | 2020 | 32757374 |
| sars-cov-2 jumping the species barrier: zoonotic lessons from sars, mers and recent advances to combat this pandemic virus. | coronavirus disease 2019 (covid-19), caused by sars-cov-2 (severe acute respiratory syndrome - coronavirus-2) of the family coronaviridae, appeared in china in december 2019. this disease was declared as posing public health international emergency by world health organization on january 30, 2020, attained the status of a very high-risk category on february 29, and now having a pandemic status (march 11). covid-19 has presently spread to more than 215 countries/territories while killing nearly 0 ... | 2020 | 32755673 |
| coronavirus disease 2019-historical context, virology, pathogenesis, immunotherapy, and vaccine development. | the current coronavirus disease 2019 (covid-19) pandemic is causing great alarm around the world. the pathogen for covid-19 - severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (sars-cov-2) - is the seventh known coronavirus to cause pneumonia in humans. while much remains unknown about sars-cov-2, physicians and researchers have begun to publish relevant findings, and much evidence is available on coronaviruses previously circulating in human and animal populations. in this review, we situate covi ... | 2020 | 32755425 |
| selective and cross-reactive sars-cov-2 t cell epitopes in unexposed humans. | many unknowns exist about human immune responses to the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (sars-cov-2) virus. sars-cov-2-reactive cd4+ t cells have been reported in unexposed individuals, suggesting preexisting cross-reactive t cell memory in 20 to 50% of people. however, the source of those t cells has been speculative. using human blood samples derived before the sars-cov-2 virus was discovered in 2019, we mapped 142 t cell epitopes across the sars-cov-2 genome to facilitate prec ... | 2020 | 32753554 |
| racial disparities-associated covid-19 mortality among minority populations in the us. | severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (sars-cov-2), a betacoronavirus that causes the novel coronavirus disease 2019 (covid-19), is highly transmissible and pathogenic for humans and may cause life-threatening disease and mortality, especially in individuals with underlying comorbidities. first identified in an outbreak in wuhan, china, covid-19 is affecting more than 185 countries and territories around the world, with more than 15,754,651 confirmed cases and more than 640,029 deaths. ... | 2020 | 32751633 |
| coronavirus disease-2019 (covid-19): an updated review. | the current outbreak of novel coronavirus disease-2019 (covid-19) caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (sars-cov-2) is a major pandemic situation and a catastrophe for humans. covid-19 is a severe infectious disease particularly of the respiratory system characterized by fatal complications such as severe acute respiratory distress syndrome (sars), pneumonia, cardiac arrhythmia, kidney failure/ multiple organ failure and even death. since its discovery, the sars-cov-2 has sp ... | 2020 | 32746481 |
| transient lymphopenia and interstitial pneumonia with endotheliitis in sars-cov-2-infected macaques. | using a reliable primate model is critical for developing therapeutic advances to treat humans infected with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (sars-cov-2). here, we exposed macaques to high titers of sars-cov-2 via combined transmission routes. we observed acute interstitial pneumonia with endotheliitis in the lungs of all infected macaques. all macaques had a significant loss of total lymphocytes during infection, which were restored over time. these data show that sars-cov-2 cau ... | 2020 | 32745172 |
| approaches and advances in the development of potential therapeutic targets and antiviral agents for the management of sars-cov-2 infection. | virus onslaughts continue to spread fear and cause rampage across the world every now and then. the twenty first century is yet again witnessing a gross global pandemic, coronavirus disease 2019 (covid-19) caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (sars-cov-2). globally no vaccines or drug specific to covid-19 is available. corona viruses have been in mutual relationship with humans and other hosts over many decades though aggressive zoonotic strains have caused havoc. zoonotic e ... | 2020 | 32739174 |
| sars-cov-2: a piece of bad news. | a shocking third species emerged from a family of coronaviruses (cov) in late 2019 following viruses causing sars (severe acute respiratory syndrome-cov) in 2003 and mers (middle east respiratory syndrome-cov) in 2012; it's a novel coronavirus now called severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (sars-cov-2; formerly called 2019-ncov). first emerging in china, it has spread rapidly across the globe, giving rise to significant social and economic costs and imposing severe strain on healthca ... | 2020 | 32733765 |
| neuroinvasion, neurotropic, and neuroinflammatory events of sars-cov-2: understanding the neurological manifestations in covid-19 patients. | respiratory viruses are opportunistic pathogens that infect the upper respiratory tract in humans and cause severe illnesses, especially in vulnerable populations. some viruses have neuroinvasive properties and activate the immune response in the brain. these immune events may be neuroprotective or they may cause long-term damage similar to what is seen in some neurodegenerative diseases. the new "severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2" (sars-cov-2) is one of the respiratory viruses cau ... | 2020 | 32725449 |
| comparative genomic analysis of rapidly evolving sars-cov-2 reveals mosaic pattern of phylogeographical distribution. | the outbreak of coronavirus disease 2019 (covid-19) that started in wuhan, china, in december 2019 has spread worldwide, emerging as a global pandemic. the severe respiratory pneumonia caused by novel severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (sars-cov-2) has so far claimed more than 0.38 million lives and has impacted human lives worldwide. however, as the novel sars-cov-2 virus displays high transmission rates, the underlying genomic severity is required to be fully understood. we studie ... | 2020 | 32723797 |
| neurological complications in covid-19 patients and its implications for associated mortality. | coronavirus is an enveloped, non-segmented, positive-polarity and single-stranded rna virus. it has four types genera that infect mammals and birds, with only alpha and beta types found to affect humans with varying severity. a specific clade of beta coronaviruses are reported as lethal zoonotic viruses and have created major epidemic troubles, starting with the severe acute respiratory syndrome (sars) in 2002, then the middle east respiratory syndrome (mers) in 2012, and lastly coronavirus dise ... | 2020 | 32718292 |
| lessons for covid-19 immunity from other coronavirus infections. | a key goal to controlling coronavirus disease 2019 (covid-19) is developing an effective vaccine. development of a vaccine requires knowledge of what constitutes a protective immune response and also features that might be pathogenic. protective and pathogenic aspects of the response to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (sars-cov-2) are not well understood, partly because the virus has infected humans for only 6 months. however, insight into coronavirus immunity can be informed by ... | 2020 | 32717182 |
| the yin and yang of ace/ace2 pathways: the rationale for the use of renin-angiotensin system inhibitors in covid-19 patients. | the article describes the rationale for inhibition of the renin-angiotensin system (ras) pathways as specific targets in patients infected by sars-cov-2 in order to prevent positive feedback-loop mechanisms. based purely on experimental studies in which ras pathway inhibitors were administered in vivo to humans/rodents, a reasonable hypothesis of using inhibitors that block both ace and ace2 zinc metalloproteases and their downstream pathways in covid-19 patients will be proposed. in particular, ... | 2020 | 32708755 |
| copper-alloy surfaces and cleaning regimens against the spread of sars-cov-2 in dentistry and orthopedics. from fomites to anti-infective nanocoatings. | the latest diffusion of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (sars-cov-2), responsible for the coronavirus disease (covid-19), has involved the whole world population. even if huge efforts to control the pandemic have been done, the viral spread is still continuing. covid-19 is reported as a zoonosis jumped from bats and pangolins to humans. after infection in humans, sars-cov-2 is found in the nasopharyngeal and salivary secretions. the virus has also been detected in the blood plasm ... | 2020 | 32707757 |
| type i and type iii interferons restrict sars-cov-2 infection of human airway epithelial cultures. | the newly emerged human coronavirus, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (sars-cov-2), has caused a pandemic of respiratory illness. current evidence suggests that severe cases of sars-cov-2 are associated with a dysregulated immune response. however, little is known about how the innate immune system responds to sars-cov-2. in this study, we modeled sars-cov-2 infection using primary human airway epithelial (phae) cultures, which are maintained in an air-liquid interface. we found t ... | 2020 | 32699094 |
| covid-19: a new turning point for dental practice. | recent new zoonotic respiratory viruses have infected humans and led to severe acute respiratory syndrome: severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (sars-cov), influenza a h5n1, influenza a h1n1 and middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus (mers-cov). the first sars-cov outbreak took place in 2003, in guangdong, china. a decade later, another pathogenic coronavirus, mers-cov caused an endemic in middle eastern countries. the latest pandemic coronavirus infectious disease (covid-19) has ... | 2020 | 32696908 |
| clinical outcomes of hemodialysis patients infected with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 and impact of proactive chest computed tomography scans. | coronavirus disease 2019 (covid-19) is an emerging infectious disease that first manifested in humans in wuhan, hubei province, china, in december 2019, and has subsequently spread worldwide. | 2020 | 32695322 |
| discovery and genomic characterization of a 382-nucleotide deletion in orf7b and orf8 during the early evolution of sars-cov-2. | to date, limited genetic changes in the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (sars-cov-2) genome have been described. here, we report a 382-nucleotide (nt) deletion in sars-cov-2 that truncates open reading frame 7b (orf7b) and orf8, removing the orf8 transcription regulatory sequence (trs) and eliminating orf8 transcription. the earliest 382-nt deletion variant was detected in singapore on 29 january 2020, with the deletion viruses circulating in the country and accounting for 23.6% ... | 2020 | 32694143 |
| dietary therapy and herbal medicine for covid-19 prevention: a review and perspective. | a novel coronavirus disease (covid-19), transmitted from humans to humans, has rapidly become the pandemic responsible for the current global health crisis. covid-19 is caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (sars-cov-2), which is said to be of zoonotic origin. this review describes the etiology and signs and symptoms as well as the current allopathic therapy for covid-19. additionally, findings of previous studies on the immunomodulatory effects and antiviral activities of pa ... | 2020 | 32691006 |
| inhibiting fusion with cellular membrane system: therapeutic options to prevent severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 infection. | severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (sars-cov), an enveloped virus with a positive-sense single-stranded rna genome, facilitates the host cell entry through intricate interactions with proteins and lipids of the cell membrane. the detailed molecular mechanism involves binding to the host cell receptor and fusion at the plasma membrane or after being trafficked to late endosomes under favorable environmental conditions. a crucial event in the process is the proteolytic cleavage of the v ... | 2020 | 32687406 |
| sars-cov-2 replicating in nonprimate mammalian cells probably have critical advantages for covid-19 vaccines due to anti-gal antibodies: a minireview and proposals. | glycoproteins of enveloped viruses replicating in nonprimate mammalian cells carry α-1,3-galactose (α-gal) glycans, and can bind to anti-gal antibodies which are abundant in humans. the antibodies have protected humans and their ancestors for millions of years, because they inhibit replication of many kinds of microbes carrying αgal glycans and aid complements and macrophages to destroy them. therefore, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (sars-cov-2) replicating in nonprimate mammal ... | 2020 | 32681650 |
| designing a multi-epitope vaccine against sars-cov-2: an immunoinformatics approach. | ongoing covid-19 outbreak has raised a drastic challenge to global public health security. most of the patients with covid-19 suffer from mild flu-like illnesses such as cold and fever; however, few percentages of the patients progress from severe illness to death, mostly in an immunocompromised individual. the causative agent of covid-19 is an rna virus known as severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (sars-cov-2). despite these debilitating conditions, no medication to stop the disease ... | 2020 | 32677533 |
| sars-cov-2 infection in the lungs of human ace2 transgenic mice causes severe inflammation, immune cell infiltration, and compromised respiratory function. | severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus -2 (sars-cov-2) emerged in late 2019 and has spread worldwide resulting in the coronavirus disease 2019 (covid-19) pandemic. although animal models have been evaluated for sars-cov-2 infection, none have recapitulated the severe lung disease phenotypes seen in hospitalized human cases. here, we evaluate heterozygous transgenic mice expressing the human ace2 receptor driven by the epithelial cell cytokeratin-18 gene promoter (k18-hace2) as a model of ... | 2020 | 32676600 |
| which animals are at risk? predicting species susceptibility to covid-19. | in only a few months, the novel coronavirus severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (sars-cov-2) has caused a global pandemic, leaving physicians, scientists, and public health officials racing to understand, treat, and contain this zoonotic disease. sars-cov-2 has made the leap from animals to humans, but little is known about variations in species susceptibility that could identify potential reservoir species, animal models, and the risk to pets, wildlife, and livestock. while there is ... | 2020 | 32676592 |
| rapid gel card agglutination assays for serological analysis following sars-cov-2 infection in humans. | high-throughput and rapid serology assays to detect the antibody response specific to severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus-2 (sars-cov-2) in human blood samples are urgently required to improve our understanding of the effects of covid-19 across the world. short-term applications include rapid case identification and contact tracing to limit viral spread, while population screening to determine the extent of viral infection across communities is a longer-term need. assays developed to a ... | 2020 | 32672954 |
| the pathogenesis of coronavirus disease 2019 (covid-19): evaluation and prevention. | coronavirus disease 2019 (covid-19) has become a major health problem causing severe acute respiratory illness in humans. it has spread rapidly around the globe since its first identification in wuhan, china, in december 2019. the causative virus is called severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (sars-cov-2), and the world health organization (who) named the new epidemic disease coronavirus disease (covid-19). the incidence of covid-19 continues to increase with more than three million c ... | 2020 | 32671115 |
| sars-cov-2-specific t cell immunity in cases of covid-19 and sars, and uninfected controls. | memory t cells induced by previous pathogens can shape susceptibility to, and the clinical severity of, subsequent infections1. little is known about the presence in humans of pre-existing memory t cells that have the potential to recognize severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (sars-cov-2). here we studied t cell responses against the structural (nucleocapsid (n) protein) and non-structural (nsp7 and nsp13 of orf1) regions of sars-cov-2 in individuals convalescing from coronavirus dis ... | 2020 | 32668444 |
| transcriptome-based drug repositioning for coronavirus disease 2019 (covid-19). | the outbreak of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (sars-cov-2) around the world has led to a pandemic with high morbidity and mortality. however, there are no effective drugs to prevent and treat the disease. transcriptome-based drug repositioning, identifying new indications for old drugs, is a powerful tool for drug development. using bronchoalveolar lavage fluid transcriptome data of covid-19 patients, we found that the endocytosis and lysosome pathways are highly involved in th ... | 2020 | 32667665 |
| humoral and circulating follicular helper t cell responses in recovered patients with covid-19. | the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (sars-cov-2) pandemic has dramatically expedited global vaccine development efforts1-3, most targeting the viral 'spike' glycoprotein (s). s localizes on the virion surface and mediates recognition of cellular receptor angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ace2)4-6. eliciting neutralizing antibodies that block s-ace2 interaction7-9, or indirectly prevent membrane fusion10, constitute an attractive modality for vaccine-elicited protection11. however, ... | 2020 | 32661393 |
| a perspective on potential antibody-dependent enhancement of sars-cov-2. | antibody-dependent enhancement (ade) of disease is a general concern for the development of vaccines and antibody therapies because the mechanisms that underlie antibody protection against any virus have a theoretical potential to amplify the infection or trigger harmful immunopathology. this possibility requires careful consideration at this critical point in the pandemic of coronavirus disease 2019 (covid-19), which is caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (sars-cov-2). her ... | 2020 | 32659783 |
| severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2, original antigenic sin, and antibody-dependent enhancement: ménage à trois. | shortly after its emergence in december 2019, the coronavirus disease 2019 (covid-19) was declared as a pandemic by the world health organization. severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (sars-cov-2), is the seventh member of the coronaviridae family of viruses that causes disease in humans. | 2020 | 32657802 |
| factors affecting stability and infectivity of sars-cov-2. | in late 2019, a novel human coronavirus - severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (sars-cov-2) - emerged in wuhan, china. this virus has caused a global pandemic involving more than 200 countries. sars-cov-2 is highly adapted to humans and readily transmits from person-to-person. | 2020 | 32652214 |
| potential causes and consequences of gastrointestinal disorders during a sars-cov-2 infection. | coronaviruses cause several human diseases, including severe acute respiratory syndrome. the global coronavirus disease 2019 (covid-19) pandemic has become a huge threat to humans. intensive research on the pathogenic mechanisms used by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (sars-cov-2) is urgently needed-notably to identify potential drug targets. clinical studies of patients with covid-19 have shown that gastrointestinal disorders appear to precede or follow the respiratory symptoms. ... | 2020 | 32649864 |
| primer design for quantitative real-time pcr for the emerging coronavirus sars-cov-2. | in december 2019, a new coronavirus disease (covid-19) outbreak occurred in wuhan, china. severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus-2 (sars-cov-2), which is the seventh coronavirus known to infect humans, is highly contagious and has rapidly expanded worldwide since its discovery. quantitative nucleic acid testing has become the gold standard for diagnosis and guiding clinical decisions regarding the use of antiviral therapy. however, the rt-qpcr assays targeting sars-cov-2 have a number of ... | 2020 | 32641984 |
| the sensitivity of respiratory tract specimens for the detection of sars-cov-2: a protocol for a living systematic review and meta-analysis. | highly sensitive, non-invasive, and easily accessible diagnostics for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (sars-cov-2) are essential for the control of the coronavirus disease 2019 (covid-19) pandemic. there is a clear need to establish a gold standard diagnostic for sars-cov-2 infection in humans using respiratory tract specimens. | 2020 | 32637978 |
| kinetics of viral load and antibody response in relation to covid-19 severity. | severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (sars-cov-2) is the causative agent for coronavirus 2019 (covid-19) pneumonia. little is known about the kinetics, tissue distribution, cross-reactivity, and neutralization antibody response in patients with covid-19. two groups of patients with rt-pcr-confirmed covid-19 were enrolled in this study: 12 severely ill patients in intensive care units who needed mechanical ventilation and 11 mildly ill patients in isolation wards. serial clinical sampl ... | 2020 | 32634129 |
| repurposing drugs for the management of patients with confirmed coronavirus disease 2019 (covid-19). | severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (sars-cov-2), termed coronavirus disease 2019 (covid-19) by the world health organization, is a newly emerging zoonotic agent that emerged in china in december 2019. no specific treatment for covid-19 is currently available. usual palliative treatment includes maintaining hydration and nutrition and controlling fever and cough. the clinical severity and extent of transmission need to be determined, and therapeutic options need to be developed and o ... | 2020 | 32634080 |
| middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus (mers-cov): state of the science. | coronaviruses belong to a large family of viruses that can cause disease outbreaks ranging from the common cold to acute respiratory syndrome. since 2003, three zoonotic members of this family evolved to cross species barriers infecting humans and resulting in relatively high case fatality rates (cfr). compared to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (sars-cov, cfr = 10%) and pandemic severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (sars-cov-2, cfr = 6%), the middle east respiratory syn ... | 2020 | 32630780 |
| sars-cov-2 host diversity: an update of natural infections and experimental evidence. | coronavirus disease-19 (covid-19) caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (sars-cov-2) is now a pandemic threat. this virus is supposed to be spread by human to human transmission. cellular angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ace2) is the receptor of sars-cov-2 which is identical or similar in different species of animals such as pigs, ferrets, cats, orangutans, monkeys, and humans. moreover, a recent study predicted that dogs might be secondary hosts during the evolution of s ... | 2020 | 32624360 |
| infection risk of dermatologic therapeutics during the covid-19 pandemic: an evidence-based recalibration. | recommendations were made recently to limit or stop the use of oral and systemic immunotherapies for skin diseases due to potential risks to the patients during the current severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (sars-cov-2) covid-19 pandemic. herein, we attempt to identify potentially safe immunotherapies that may be used in the treatment of cutaneous diseases during the current covid-19 pandemic. we performed a literature review to approximate the risk of sars-cov-2 infection, includi ... | 2020 | 32621284 |
| melatonin is a potential adjuvant to improve clinical outcomes in individuals with obesity and diabetes with coexistence of covid-19. | coronavirus, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (sars-cov-2), is a newly discovered highly pathogenic virus that was declared pandemic in march 2020 by the world health organization. the virus affects the respiratory system, produces an inflammatory storm that causes lung damage and respiratory dysfunction. it infects humans of all ages. the covid-19 takes a more severe course in individuals with chronic metabolic diseases such as obesity, diabetes mellitus, and hypertension. this c ... | 2020 | 32615182 |
| [basic principles of replication and immunology of sars-cov-2]. | coronaviruses are a genetically highly variable family of viruses that infect vertebrates and have succeeded in infecting humans many times by overcoming the species barrier. the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (sars-cov-2), which initially appeared in china at the end of 2019, exhibits a high infectivity and pathogenicity compared to other coronaviruses. as the viral coat and other viral components are recognized as being foreign by the immune system, this can lead to initial sy ... | 2020 | 32613257 |
| therapeutic potential of b-1a cells in covid-19. | coronavirus disease 2019 (covid-19) is a life-threatening respiratory illness caused by the novel severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (sars-cov-2). its clinical presentation can vary from the asymptomatic state to acute respiratory distress syndrome (ards) and multi-organ dysfunction. due to our insufficient understanding of its pathophysiology and lack of effective treatment, the morbidity and mortality of severe covid-19 patients are high. patients with covid-19 develop ards fueled ... | 2020 | 32604223 |
| the covid-19 pandemic: catching up with the cataclysm. | infection caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (sars-cov-2), which belongs to the coronaviridae family and is a positive-sense single-stranded rna virus originating from wuhan, china, was declared a global public health emergency on 11 march 2020. sars-cov-2 infection in humans is characterized by symptoms such as fever and dyspnea accompanied by infrequent incidence of lymphopenia, gastrointestinal complications such as elevated hepatic aminotransferases, and diarrhea. orig ... | 2020 | 32595947 |
| sars-cov-2 isolation and propagation from turkish covid-19 patients. | the novel coronavirus pneumonia, which was named later as coronavirus disease 2019 (covid-19), is caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2, namely sars-cov-2. it is a positive-strand rna virus that is the seventh coronavirus known to infect humans. the covid-19 outbreak presents enormous challenges for global health behind the pandemic outbreak. the first diagnosed patient in turkey has been reported by the republic of turkey ministry of health on march 11, 2020. in may, ove ... | 2020 | 32595356 |
| biosafety and biosecurity approaches to restrain/contain and counter sars-cov-2/covid-19 pandemic: a rapid-review. | emergence and reemergence of infectious diseases pose significant public health risks that are continuously haunting human civilization in the past several decades. such emerging pathogens should be considered as a high threat to humans, animals, and environmental health. the year 2020 was welcomed by another significant virus from family coronaviridae called severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (sars-cov-2) that caused the coronavirus disease 2019 (covid-19). the disease was first re ... | 2020 | 32595350 |