| porcine deltacoronavirus (pdcov) infection antagonizes interferon-λ1 production. | porcine deltacoronavirus (pdcov) is a novel swine enteropathogenic coronavirus that causes watery diarrhea, vomiting and mortality in nursing piglets. type iii interferons (ifn-λs) are the major antiviral cytokines in intestinal epithelial cells, the target cells in vivo for pdcov. in this study, we found that pdcov infection remarkably inhibited sendai virus-induced ifn-λ1 production by suppressing transcription factors irf and nf-κb in ipi-2i cells, a line of porcine intestinal mucosal epithel ... | 2020 | 32768229 |
| postweaning mortality in commercial swine production ii: review of infectious contributing factors. | postweaning mortality is extremely complex with a multitude of noninfectious and infectious contributing factors. in the current review, our objective is to describe the current state of knowledge regarding infectious causes of postweaning mortality, focusing on estimates of frequency and magnitude of effect where available. while infectious mortality is often categorized by physiologic body system affected, we believe the complex multifactorial nature is better understood by an alternative stra ... | 2020 | 32705048 |
| microfluidic-rt-lamp chip for the point-of-care detection of emerging and re-emerging enteric coronaviruses in swine. | porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (pedv), porcine deltacoronavirus (pdcov), and swine acute diarrhea syndrome-coronavirus (sads-cov) are three emerging and re-emerging coronaviruses (covs). symptoms caused by these three viruses are extremely similar, including acute diarrhea, vomiting and even death in piglets. to date, strict biosecurity is still the most effective disease prevention and control measures, and the early detection of pathogens is the most important link. here, we developed a micro ... | 2020 | 32674781 |
| porcine deltacoronavirus accessory protein ns7a antagonizes ifn-β production by competing with traf3 and irf3 for binding to ikkε. | as an emerging swine enteropathogenic coronavirus, porcine deltacoronavirus (pdcov) not only causes serious diarrhea in suckling piglets but also possesses the potential for cross-species transmission, which has sparked growing interest when studying this emerging virus. we previously identified a novel accessory protein ns7a encoded by pdcov; however, the function of ns7a was not resolved. in this study, we demonstrated that pdcov ns7a is an interferon antagonist. overexpression of ns7a notably ... | 2020 | 32656094 |
| modulation of gut microbiota, short-chain fatty acid production, and inflammatory cytokine expression in the cecum of porcine deltacoronavirus-infected chicks. | porcine deltacoronavirus (pdcov) is a novel swine enteropathogenic coronavirus that causes watery diarrhea and induces proinflammatory cytokine responses in piglets. our previous research showed that the specific-pathogen-free (spf) chicks exhibited mild diarrhea and low fecal viral shedding, along with cecum lesions after pdcov infection. disturbances in the homeostasis of the gut microbiota have been associated with various diseases. we aimed to explore the effects of pdcov infection on chick ... | 2020 | 32582042 |
| agrodiag porcov: a multiplex immunoassay for the differential diagnosis of porcine enteric coronaviruses. | three different porcine enteric coronaviruses (pecs), i.e., porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (pedv), transmissible gastroenteritis virus (tgev) and porcine deltacoronavirus (pdcov) are currently circulating in u.s. commercial swine herds. differential diagnosis of pecs relies on laboratory methods. this study describes the development of an elisa-like multiplex planar immunoassay based on virus-specific recombinant s1 proteins printed in an array of spots at the bottom of a 96-well microplate for ... | 2020 | 32562689 |
| development of a taqman-probe-based multiplex real-time pcr for the simultaneous detection of emerging and reemerging swine coronaviruses. | with the outbreak of the recent severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (sars-cov-2) in 2019, coronaviruses have become a global research hotspot in the field of virology. coronaviruses mainly cause respiratory and digestive tract diseases, several coronaviruses are responsible for porcine diarrhea, such as porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (pedv), porcine deltacoronavirus (pdcov), and emerging swine acute diarrhea syndrome coronavirus (sads-cov). those viruses have caused huge economic lo ... | 2020 | 32490723 |
| porcine deltacoronavirus nsp5 cleaves dcp1a to decrease its antiviral activity. | porcine deltacoronavirus (pdcov) is an emerging swine enteropathogenic coronavirus. the nonstructural protein nsp5, also called 3c-like protease, is responsible for processing viral polyprotein precursors in coronavirus (cov) replication. previous studies have shown that pdcov nsp5 cleaves the nf-κb essential modulator and the signal transducer and activator of transcription 2 to disrupt interferon (ifn) production and signaling, respectively. whether pdcov nsp5 also cleaves ifn-stimulated genes ... | 2020 | 32461317 |
| emergence of thailand-like strains of porcine deltacoronavirus in guangxi province, china. | porcine deltacoronavirus (pdcov) has been detected sporadically in china since its first description in 2012. in our study, 62 faecal and intestinal samples from pigs with diarrhoea were collected in guangxi province, china, during 2017 and 2018. twelve samples (19.4%, 12/62) were positive for pdcov. five complete genomes of pdcov were then determined, and sequence alignment revealed that the five strains had discontinuous deletions at 400-401 aa in non-structural protein 2 (nsp2) and 758-760 aa ... | 2020 | 32419393 |
| replicative capacity of porcine deltacoronavirus and porcine epidemic diarrhea virus in primary bovine mesenchymal cells. | unlike porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (pedv) that infects only pigs, porcine deltacoronavirus (pdcov) has the capacity to infect different animal species. in vivo gnotobiotic calves were previously confirmed to be susceptible to infection with pdcov, but not with pedv. we next investigated in vitro whether primary bovine cells are susceptible to pdcov or pedv infection. we conducted quantification of viral rna in cell culture supernatants and immunofluorescent staining for the detection of pdco ... | 2020 | 32402338 |
| evaluation of the immune response in conventionally weaned pigs infected with porcine deltacoronavirus. | although porcine deltacoronavirus (pdcov) is a significant pandemic threat in the swine population and has caused significant economic losses, information regarding the immune response in conventionally weaned pigs infected with pdcov is scarce. hence, the immune response in conventionally weaned pigs infected with pdcov was assessed after challenge and rechallenge. after the first challenge, obvious diarrhea and viral shedding developed successively in all pigs in the four inoculation dose grou ... | 2020 | 32399787 |
| rapid and visual detection of porcine deltacoronavirus by recombinase polymerase amplification combined with a lateral flow dipstick. | porcine deltacoronavirus (pdcov) is a newly emerging coronavirus that was first identified in 2012 in hong kong, china. since then, pdcov has subsequently been reported worldwide, causing a high number of neonatal piglet deaths and significant economic losses to the swine industry. therefore, it is necessary to establish a highly sensitive and specific method for the rapid diagnosis of pdcov. | 2020 | 32381014 |
| detecting and monitoring porcine hemagglutinating encephalomyelitis virus, an underresearched betacoronavirus. | members of family coronaviridae cause a variety of diseases in birds and mammals. porcine hemagglutinating encephalomyelitis virus (phev), a lesser-researched coronavirus, can infect naive pigs of any age, but clinical disease is observed in pigs ≤4 weeks of age. no commercial phev vaccines are available, and neonatal protection from phev-associated disease is presumably dependent on lactogenic immunity. although subclinical phev infections are thought to be common, phev ecology in commercial sw ... | 2020 | 32376700 |
| porcine deltacoronavirus activates the raf/mek/erk pathway to promote its replication. | porcine deltacoronavirus (pdcov) is a newly emerged swine coronavirus that causes acute enteritis in neonatal piglets. to date, little is known about the host factors or cellular signaling mechanisms associated with pdcov replication. since the raf/mek/erk pathway is involved in modulation of various important cellular functions, numerous dna and rna viruses coopt this pathway for efficient propagation. in the present study, we found that pdcov induces the activation of erk1/2 and its downstream ... | 2020 | 32283129 |
| characterization, pathogenicity and protective efficacy of a cell culture-derived porcine deltacoronavirus. | porcine deltacoronavirus (pdcov) is a novel swine enteropathogenic coronavirus that causes acute diarrhea, vomiting, dehydration and mortality in neonatal piglets, resulting in significant economic losses to the pig industry. however, there is currently little information on vaccine studies and commercially available vaccines for pdcov. hence, herein, a pdcov strain, ch/xjyn/2016, was successfully isolated and serially propagated in vitro, and its biological characteristics were determined. comp ... | 2020 | 32247757 |
| porcine deltacoronavirus infection alters bacterial communities in the colon and feces of neonatal piglets. | porcine deltacoronavirus (pdcov) is a novel enteropathogenic coronavirus that causes watery diarrhea in piglets. little is known regarding the alteration of the gut microbiota in pdcov-induced diarrhea piglets. in this study, 5-day-old piglets were experimentally infected with pdcov strain ch-01, and all piglets developed typical clinical disease, characterized by acute and severe watery diarrhea. histologic lesions were limited to the villous epithelium of the duodenum and ileum. gut microbiota ... | 2020 | 32239666 |
| trypsin promotes porcine deltacoronavirus mediating cell-to-cell fusion in a cell type-dependent manner. | porcine deltacoronavirus (pdcov) is a newly emerging threat to the global porcine industry. pdcov has been successfully isolated using various medium additives including trypsin, and although we know it is important for viral replication, the mechanism has not been fully elucidated. here, we systematically investigated the role of trypsin in pdcov replication including cell entry, cell-to-cell membrane fusion and virus release. using pseudovirus entry assays, we demonstrated that pdcov entry is ... | 2020 | 32090689 |
| the use of cells from anpep knockout pigs to evaluate the role of aminopeptidase n (apn) as a receptor for porcine deltacoronavirus (pdcov). | the coronaviruses, porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (pedv), transmissible gastroenteritis virus (tgev), and porcine deltacoronavirus (pdcov) represent important sources of neonatal diarrhea on pig farms. the requirement for aminopeptidase n (apn) as a receptor for tgev, but not for pedv, is well established. in this study, the biological relevance of apn as a receptor for pdcov was tested by using crispr/cas9 to knockout the apn gene, anpep, in pigs. porcine alveolar macrophages (pams) from anpep ... | 2020 | 32056711 |
| development of an indirect elisa for detecting porcine deltacoronavirus iga antibodies. | porcine deltacoronavirus (pdcov) is a novel coronavirus that can cause vomiting and watery diarrhea in pigs and death in piglets. since pdcov was first detected in 2009 in hong kong, the prevalence of pdcov has increased in recent years, resulting in serious economic losses to the swine industry. the coronavirus spike (s) protein is an antigen that has been demonstrated to contain epitopes that induce neutralizing antibodies. the presence of serum and milk iga antibodies against pathogens that r ... | 2020 | 32052195 |
| genetic characterization and phylogenetic analysis of porcine deltacoronavirus (pdcov) in shandong province, china. | porcine deltacoronavirus (pdcov) is the etiological agent of acute diarrhoea and vomiting in pigs, threatening the swine industry worldwide. although several pdcov studies have been conducted in china, more sequence information is needed to understand the molecular characterization of pdcov. in this study, the partial orf1a, spike protein (s) and nucleocapsid protein (n) were sequenced from shandong province between 2017 and 2018. the sequencing results for the s protein from 10 pdcov strains sh ... | 2020 | 31962065 |
| isolation and identification of porcine deltacoronavirus and alteration of immunoglobulin transport receptors in the intestinal mucosa of pdcov-infected piglets. | porcine deltacoronavirus (pdcov) is a porcine enteropathogenic coronavirus that causes watery diarrhea, vomiting, and frequently death in piglets, causing serious economic losses to the pig industry. the strain chn-js-2017 was isolated and identified by cytopathology, immunofluorescence assays, transmission electron microscopy, and sequence analysis. a nucleotide sequence alignment showed that the whole genome of chn-js-2017 is 97.4%-99.6% identical to other pdcov strains. the pathogenicity of t ... | 2020 | 31936476 |
| prevalence and phylogenetic analysis of porcine diarrhea associated viruses in southern china from 2012 to 2018. | in china, large-scale outbreaks of severe diarrhea caused by viruses have occurred in pigs since late 2010. to investigate the prevalence and genetic evolution of diarrhea-associated viruses responsible for the outbreaks, a total of 2987 field diarrheal samples collected from 168 pig farms in five provinces in southern china during 2012-2018 were tested. | 2019 | 31881873 |
| genetic manipulation of porcine deltacoronavirus reveals insights into ns6 and ns7 functions: a novel strategy for vaccine design. | porcine deltacoronavirus (pdcov) is an emerging swine coronavirus that causes severe diarrhea, resulting in high mortality in neonatal piglets. despite widespread outbreaks in many countries, no effective pdcov vaccines are currently available. here, we generated, for the first time, a full-length infectious cdna clone of pdcov. we further manipulated the infectious clone by replacing the ns6 gene with a green fluorescent protein (gfp) to generate rpdcov-δns6-gfp; likewise, rpdcov-δns7 was const ... | 2020 | 31859605 |
| reviewing the risk of feed as a vehicle for swine pathogen transmission. | while porcine biological hazards have had the potential to be transmitted through feed and feed mills for decades, the emerging threat of foreign animal disease has elevated the concern that these may enter or be transmitted throughout the domestic swine herd via a feed vehicle. | 2020 | 31854118 |
| identification of the immunodominant neutralizing regions in the spike glycoprotein of porcine deltacoronavirus. | porcine deltacoronavirus (pdcov), is an emerging enteropathogenic coronavirus in pigs, that poses a novel threat to swine husbandry worldwide. crucial to halting pdcov transmission and infection is the development of effective therapies and vaccines. the spike (s) protein of coronavirus is the major target of host neutralizing antibodies, however the immunodominant neutralizing region in the s protein of pdcov has not been defined. here, three truncations of the pdcov s protein were generated, t ... | 2020 | 31816342 |
| nucleocapsid proteins from other swine enteric coronaviruses differentially modulate pedv replication. | porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (pedv), transmissible gastroenteritis virus (tgev) and porcine deltacoronavirus (pdcov) share tropism for swine intestinal epithelial cells. whether mixing of viral components during co-infection alters pathogenic outcomes or viral replication is not known. in this study, we investigated how different coronavirus nucleocapsid (cov n) proteins interact and affect pedv replication. we found that pdcov n and tgev n can competitively interact with pedv n. however, the ... | 2020 | 31756532 |
| characterization and pathogenicity of the porcine deltacoronavirus isolated in southwest china. | porcine deltacoronavirus (pdcov) is a newly emerging enteric pathogen in swine that causes diarrhea in neonatal piglets and creates an additional economic burden on porcine industries in asia and north america. in this study, a pdcov isolate, chn-sc2015, was isolated from sichuan province in southwest china. the isolate was characterized by a cytopathic effect, immunofluorescence, and electron microscopy. chn-sc2015 titers in llc-pk cells ranged from 104.31 to 108.22 tcid50/ml during the first 3 ... | 2019 | 31752115 |
| the porcine deltacoronavirus replication organelle comprises double-membrane vesicles and zippered endoplasmic reticulum with double-membrane spherules. | porcine deltacoronavirus (pdcov) was first identified in hong kong in 2012 from samples taken from pigs in 2009. pdcov was subsequently identified in the usa in 2014 in pigs with a history of severe diarrhea. the virus has now been detected in pigs in several countries around the world. following the development of tissue culture adapted strains of pdcov, it is now possible to address questions regarding virus-host cell interactions for this genera of coronavirus. here, we presented a detailed s ... | 2019 | 31694296 |
| porcine deltacoronavirus (pdcov) modulates calcium influx to favor viral replication. | ionic calcium (ca2+) is a versatile intracellular second messenger that plays important roles in cellular physiological and pathological processes. porcine deltacoronavirus (pdcov) is an emerging enteropathogenic coronavirus that causes serious vomiting and diarrhea in suckling piglets. in this study, the role of ca2+ to pdcov infection was investigated. pdcov infection was found to upregulate intracellular ca2+ concentrations of ipi-2i cells. chelating extracellular ca2+ by egta inhibited pdcov ... | 2020 | 31670218 |
| development of a multiplex rt-pcr for the detection of major diarrhoeal viruses in pig herds in china. | the major enteric rna viruses in pigs include porcine epidemic diarrhoea virus (pedv), transmissible gastroenteritis virus (tgev), porcine rotavirus a (prv-a), porcine kobuvirus (pkv), porcine sapovirus (psav) and porcine deltacoronavirus (pdcov). for differential diagnosis, a multiplex rt-pcr method was established on the basis of the n genes of tgev, pedv and pdcov, the vp7 gene of prv-a, and the polyprotein genes of pkv and psav. this multiplex rt-pcr could specifically detect tgev, pedv, pdc ... | 2020 | 31597013 |
| transcriptome analysis of pk-15 cells in innate immune response to porcine deltacoronavirus infection. | porcine deltacoronavirus (pdcov) is a newly emerged swine enteropathogenic coronavirus affecting pigs of all ages and causing diarrhea problems. research findings indicate that pdcov has evolved strategies to escape innate immune response in host cells, but mechanism of pdcov in innate immune modulation is not well understood. in this study, we report our findings on identifying the alterations of host cell innate immune response affected by pdcov infection and exploring the gene expression prof ... | 2019 | 31574122 |
| epidemiology of deltacoronaviruses (δ-cov) and gammacoronaviruses (γ-cov) in wild birds in the united states. | porcine deltacoronavirus (δ-cov) is the object of extensive research in several countries including the united states. in contrast, the epidemiology of δ-covs in wild birds in the us is largely unknown. our aim was to comparatively assess the prevalence of δ- and γ-covs in wild migratory terrestrial and aquatic birds in arkansas, illinois, indiana, maryland, mississippi, missouri, ohio, tennessee and wisconsin. a total of 1236 cloacal/fecal swabs collected during the period 2015-2018 were tested ... | 2019 | 31561462 |
| pathogenicity of porcine deltacoronavirus (pdcov) strain nh and immunization of pregnant sows with an inactivated pdcov vaccine protects 5-day-old neonatal piglets from virulent challenge. | in this study, the pathogenicity of porcine deltacoronavirus (pdcov) strain nh (passage 10, p10) was evaluated. we found that pdcov strain nh is enteropathogenic in 5-day-old pigs. pathogenicity experiments provided a challenge model for studying the protection efficiency of passive immunity. in order to investigate the protective efficacy of passive immunity in newborn piglets, pregnant sows were vaccinated with either a pdcov-inactivated vaccine at the houhai acupoint (n = 5) or dmem as a nega ... | 2020 | 31541590 |
| comprehensive codon usage analysis of porcine deltacoronavirus. | porcine deltacoronavirus (pdcov) is a newly identified coronavirus of pigs that was first reported in hong kong in 2012. since then, many pdcov isolates have been identified worldwide. in this study, we analyzed the codon usage pattern of the s gene using complete coding sequences and complete pdcov genomes to gain a deeper understanding of their genetic relationships and evolutionary history. we found that during evolution three groups evolved with a relatively low codon usage bias (effective n ... | 2019 | 31536759 |
| antiviral effect of lithium chloride and diammonium glycyrrhizinate on porcine deltacoronavirus in vitro. | porcine deltacoronavirus (pdcov) is an emerging global swine virus that has a propensity for interspecies transmission. it was identified in hong kong in 2012. given that neither specific antiviral drugs nor vaccines are available for newly emerging porcine deltacoronavirus, searching for effective antiviral drugs is a high priority. in this study, lithium chloride (licl) and diammonium glycyrrhizinate (dg), which are host-acting antivirals (haas), were tested against pdcov. we found that licl a ... | 2019 | 31505777 |
| porcine deltacoronavirus causes diarrhea in various ages of field-infected pigs in china. | porcine deltacoronavirus (pdcov) is a novel coronavirus that causes acute diarrhea in suckling piglets. in henan province of china, three swine farms broke out diarrhea in different ages of pigs during june of 2017, march of 2018 and january of 2019, respectively. pcr method, taqman real-time rt-pcr method, sequencing, histopathology and immunohistochemistry (ihc) were conducted with the collected samples, and the results showed that pdcov was detected among the suckling piglets, commercial fatt ... | 2019 | 31488617 |
| retrospective study, full-length genome characterization and evaluation of viral infectivity and pathogenicity of chimeric porcine deltacoronavirus detected in vietnam. | increased evidence of porcine deltacoronavirus (pdcov) causing diarrhoea in pigs has been reported in several countries worldwide. the virus has currently evolved into three separated groups including us, china and southeast asia (sea) groups. in vietnam, pdcov was first reported in 2015. based on phylogenetic analyses of spike, membrane and nucleocapsid genes, it is suggested that vietnam pdcov is chimeric virus. in the present study, we retrospectively investigated the presence of pdcov in vie ... | 2020 | 31469947 |
| short hairpin rnas targeting m and n genes reduce replication of porcine deltacoronavirus in st cells. | porcine deltacoronavirus (pdcov) is a recently identified coronavirus that causes intestinal diseases in neonatal piglets with diarrhea, vomiting, dehydration, and post-infection mortality of 50-100%. currently, there are no effective treatments or vaccines available to control pdcov. to study the potential of rna interference (rnai) as a strategy against pdcov infection, two short hairpin rna (shrna)-expressing plasmids (pgenesil-m and pgenesil-n) that targeted the m and n genes of pdcov were c ... | 2019 | 31463771 |
| dual priming oligonucleotide (dpo)-based real-time rt-pcr assay for accurate differentiation of four major viruses causing porcine viral diarrhea. | currently in china, porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (pedv), transmissible gastroenteritis virus (tgev), porcine rotavirus (porv), and porcine deltacoronavirus (pdcov) are the major causes of porcine viral diarrhea, and mixed infections in clinics are common, resulting in significant economic losses in pig industry. here, a dual priming oligonucleotide (dpo)-based multiplex real-time sybr green rt-pcr assay were developed for accurately differentiating pedv, tgev, porv, and pdcov in clinical spec ... | 2019 | 31415867 |
| porcine deltacoronavirus nsp15 antagonizes interferon-β production independently of its endoribonuclease activity. | porcine deltacoronavirus (pdcov) is an emerging swine coronavirus causing diarrhea and intestinal damage in nursing piglets. previous work showed that pdcov infection inhibits type i interferon (ifn) production. to further identify and characterize the pdcov-encoded ifn antagonists will broaden our understanding of its pathogenesis. nonstructural protein 15 (nsp15) encodes an endoribonuclease that is highly conserved among vertebrate nidoviruses (coronaviruses and arteriviruses) and plays a crit ... | 2019 | 31351410 |
| [porcine deltacoronavirus induces mitochondrial apoptosis in st cells]. | porcine deltacoronavirus (pdcov) is a newly emerging enteropathogenic swine coronavirus causing acute diarrhea and vomiting in pigs. the apoptosis of st cells induced by pdcov infection was studied in this research. in st cells, caspase activity assay showed that the activity of caspase 3, caspase 8 and caspase 9 increased significantly with the infection of pdcov, but not observed in uv irradiated pdcov-infected cells, indicating that pdcov infection activated both endogenous and exogenous apop ... | 2019 | 31232001 |
| porcine deltacoronavirus nucleocapsid protein suppressed ifn-β production by interfering porcine rig-i dsrna-binding and k63-linked polyubiquitination. | porcine deltacoronavirus (pdcov) is a newly detected porcine coronavirus causing serious vomiting and diarrhea in piglets, especially newborn piglets. there has been an outbreak of pdcov in worldwide since 2014, causing significant economic losses in the pig industry. the interferon (ifn)-mediated antiviral response is an important component of virus-host interactions and plays an essential role in inhibiting virus infection. however, the mechanism of pdcov escaping the porcine immune surveillan ... | 2019 | 31143181 |
| porcine deltacoronavirus nucleocapsid protein antagonizes ifn-β production by impairing dsrna and pact binding to rig-i. | porcine deltacoronavirus (pdcov) is an emerging swine enteropathogenic coronavirus that causes watery diarrhea, vomiting and mortality in newborn piglets. previous studies have suggested that pdcov infection antagonizes rig-i-like receptor (rlr)-mediated ifn-β production to evade host innate immune defense, and pdcov-encoded nonstructural protein nsp5 and accessory protein ns6 are associated with this process. however, whether the structural protein(s) of pdcov also antagonize ifn-β production r ... | 2019 | 31129785 |
| characteristics of the life cycle of porcine deltacoronavirus (pdcov) in vitro: replication kinetics, cellular ultrastructure and virion morphology, and evidence of inducing autophagy. | porcine deltacoronavirus (pdcov) causes severe diarrhea and vomiting in affected piglets. the aim of this study was to establish the basic, in vitro characteristics of the life cycle such as replication kinetics, cellular ultrastructure, virion morphology, and induction of autophagy of pdcov. time-course analysis of viral subgenomic and genomic rna loads and infectious titers indicated that one replication cycle of pdcov takes 5 to 6 h. electron microscopy showed that pdcov infection induced the ... | 2019 | 31109068 |
| porcine deltacoronavirus enters cells via two pathways: a protease-mediated one at the cell surface and another facilitated by cathepsins in the endosome. | porcine deltacoronavirus (pdcov) is a pathogen belonging to the genus deltacoronavirus that in 2014 caused outbreaks of piglet diarrhea in the united states. to identify suitable therapeutic targets, a more comprehensive understanding of the viral entry pathway is required, particularly of the role of proteases. here, we identified the proteases that activate the viral spike (s) glycoprotein to initiate cell entry and also pinpointed the host-cellular pathways that pdcov uses for entry. our resu ... | 2019 | 31068417 |
| detection and spike gene characterization in porcine deltacoronavirus in china during 2016-2018. | porcine deltacoronavirus (pdcov) has been emerging in several swine-producing countries for years. in our study, 719 porcine diarrhoea samples from 18 provinces in china were collected for pdcov and porcine epidemic diarrhoea virus (pedv) detection. the epidemiological survey revealed that the positive rates of pdcov, pedv and coinfection were 13.07%, 36.72% and 4.73%, respectively. the entire spike (s) genes of eleven detected pdcov strains were sequenced. phylogenetic analysis showed that the ... | 2019 | 31026605 |
| expression profile analysis of 5-day-old neonatal piglets infected with porcine deltacoronavirus. | porcine deltacoronavirus (pdcov) is a novel coronavirus that can cause diarrhea in nursing piglets. this study was aimed to investigate the roles of host differentially expressed genes on metabolic pathways in pdcov infections. | 2019 | 30992015 |
| analysis of long non-coding rnas in neonatal piglets at different stages of porcine deltacoronavirus infection. | pdcov (porcine deltacoronavirus) is a novel porcine coronavirus that causes intestinal necrosis of piglets, thinning of the intestinal wall and severe villus atrophy in the small intestine. pdcov is a highly contagious infectious disease characterized by diarrhea, dehydration and vomiting. it has been reported that lncrna has a significant effect on viral replication and increased or decreased virulence. at present, there is almost no research on lncrna related to pdcov infection. with the devel ... | 2019 | 30971240 |
| first report and phylogenetic analysis of porcine deltacoronavirus in mexico. | porcine deltacoronavirus has caused great economic losses in the swine industry worldwide. in this study, we carried out the first detection, sequencing and characterization of this virus in mexico. we analysed 885 rectal samples by multiplex rt-pcr to determine coinfections. in addition, the spike gene was amplified, sequenced and analysed phylogenetically. we found 85 positive samples for porcine deltacoronavirus, representing 9.6% of the total samples, and we determined that the most frequent ... | 2019 | 30941894 |
| complete genome sequences of two porcine deltacoronavirus strains from henan province, china. | in 2016 and 2018, two porcine deltacoronavirus (pdcov) strains, ch-01 and hnzk-02, were identified from fecal samples of piglets with diarrhea in henan province, china. the full-length genomic sequence analysis indicated that these two strains had high nucleotide identities with the other chinese pdcov epidemic strains. | 2019 | 30863822 |
| pedv and pdcov pathogenesis: the interplay between host innate immune responses and porcine enteric coronaviruses. | enteropathogenic porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (pedv) and porcine deltacoronavirus (pdcov), members of the coronavirus family, account for the majority of lethal watery diarrhea in neonatal pigs in the past decade. these two viruses pose significant economic and public health burdens, even as both continue to emerge and reemerge worldwide. the ability to evade, circumvent or subvert the host's first line of defense, namely the innate immune system, is the key determinant for pathogen virulence ... | 2019 | 30854373 |
| point-of-care diagnostic assay for rapid detection of porcine deltacoronavirus using the recombinase polymerase amplification method. | porcine deltacoronavirus (pdcov) has emerged and spread throughout the porcine industry in many countries over the last 6 years. pdcov caused watery diarrhoea, vomiting and dehydration in newborn piglets. a sensitive diagnostic method would be beneficial to the prevention and control of pdcov infection. recombinase polymerase amplification (rpa) is an isothermal amplification method which has been widely used for virus detection. a probe-based reverse transcription rpa (rt-rpa) assay was develop ... | 2019 | 30801935 |
| emerging and re-emerging coronaviruses in pigs. | porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (pedv), porcine deltacoronavirus (pdcov), and swine acute diarrhea syndrome-coronavirus (sads-cov) are emerging/reemerging coronaviruses (covs). they cause acute gastroenteritis in neonatal piglets. sequence analyses suggest that pedv and sads-cov may have originated from bat covs and pdcov from a sparrow cov, reaffirming the interspecies transmission of covs. the clinical signs and pathogenesis of the three viruses are similar. necrosis of infected intestinal epi ... | 2019 | 30654269 |
| porcine deltacoronavirus induces tlr3, il-12, ifn-α, ifn-β and pkr mrna expression in infected peyer's patches in vivo. | porcine deltacoronavirus (pdcov) is a newly identified swine enteropathogenic coronavirus that causes watery diarrhea in piglets and results in significant economic losses to the pig industry. currently there are no effective treatments or vaccines for pdcov. in particular, the pathogenesis of pdcov infection is still largely unknown. in this study, we reported that inoculating conventional weaned piglets with 1 × 109 tcid50 of the pdcov chn-gd-2016 strain by oral feeding could cause severe diar ... | 2019 | 30593372 |
| development of a conventional rt-pcr assay for rapid detection of porcine deltacoronavirus with the same detection limit as a sybr green-based real-time rt-pcr assay. | porcine deltacoronavirus (pdcov) is a newly discovered coronavirus, which belongs to the family coronaviridae. it causes watery diarrhea, vomiting, and dehydration in newborn piglets. a sensitive rt-pcr method is urgently required to detect pdcov infection. in this study, we developed and evaluated a conventional rt-pcr assay and a sybr green-based real-time rt-pcr assay that targeted the pdcov n gene. both assays are specific and have the same limit of detection at 2 × 101 copies of rna molecul ... | 2018 | 30533434 |
| genomic characterization and pathogenicity of porcine deltacoronavirus strain chn-hg-2017 from china. | porcine deltacoronavirus (pdcov) was first detected in hong kong and has recently spread to many countries around the world. pdcov causes acute diarrhea and vomiting in pigs, resulting in significant economic losses in the global pork industry. in this study, a chinese pdcov strain, designated chn-hg-2017, was isolated from feces of a suckling piglet with severe watery diarrhea on a farm located in central china. subsequently, the virus was identified by an indirect immunofluorescence assay and ... | 2019 | 30377826 |
| molecular evolution of porcine epidemic diarrhea virus and porcine deltacoronavirus strains in central china. | porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (pedv) and porcine deltacoronavirus (pdcov) are epizootic swine viruses. to detect and study the evolution of pedv and pdcov in central china (shanxi, henan, hubei province), 70 clinical intestinal and fecal samples from piglets with severe watery diarrhea during august 2015 and june 2016 were collected, tested and analyzed. pedv was more frequently detected by pcr than pdcov. phylogenetic analysis of s genes showed that the 10 pedv strains from this study cluster ... | 2018 | 30265872 |
| cholesterol is important for the entry process of porcine deltacoronavirus. | the present study was conducted to examine whether cellular and/or viral cholesterol levels play a role in porcine deltacoronavirus (pdcov) replication. our results showed that depletion of cholesterol from cells or virions by treating them with methyl-β-cyclodextrin (mβcd) diminished pdcov infection in a dose-dependent manner. the addition of exogenous cholesterol to mβcd-treated cells or virions moderately restored pdcov infectivity. furthermore, the pharmacological sequestration of cellular o ... | 2018 | 30051343 |
| detection, sequence analysis, and antibody prevalence of porcine deltacoronavirus in taiwan. | porcine deltacoronavirus (pdcov) was initially documented in hong kong and later in the united states, south korea, and thailand. to investigate if pdcov is also present in taiwan, three swine coronaviruses-pdcov, porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (pedv), and transmissible gastroenteritis coronavirus (tgev)-were tested using real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (rrt-pcr) in 172 rectal swab samples from piglets exhibiting diarrhea between january 2016 and may 2017 on 68 pig far ... | 2018 | 30051342 |
| susceptibility of porcine ipec-j2 intestinal epithelial cells to infection with porcine deltacoronavirus (pdcov) and serum cytokine responses of gnotobiotic pigs to acute infection with ipec-j2 cell culture-passaged pdcov. | the porcine small intestinal epithelial cell line, ipec-j2, is useful to characterize the interactions of enterocytes with enteric viruses in vitro. we investigated whether ipec-j2 cells are susceptible to porcine deltacoronavirus (pdcov) infection. we conducted quantification of infectious virus or viral rna, immunofluorescent (if) staining for the detection of pdcov antigens, and tunel assay in ipec-j2 cells inoculated with the strain oh-fd22-p8 grown in llc-pk cells, and supplemented with 10 ... | 2018 | 29981708 |
| porcine epidemic diarrhea virus and porcine deltacoronavirus not detected in waterfowl in the north american mississippi migratory bird flyway in 2013. | cloacal swab samples collected from 538 migratory waterfowl along the mississippi migratory bird flyway in 2013 were tested for porcine epidemic diarrhea virus and porcine deltacoronavirus. neither virus was detected in any of the samples, indicating that waterfowl likely did not contribute to the rapid spread of these viruses within central us. | 2019 | 29953312 |
| development of a real time reverse transcription loop-mediated isothermal amplification method (rt-lamp) for detection of a novel swine acute diarrhea syndrome coronavirus (sads-cov). | a novel swine acute diarrhea syndrome coronavirus (sads-cov) that causes severe diarrhea in suckling piglets was identified in southern china in 2017. a simple and rapid detection test was developed for this virus using real-time rt-lamp based on the conserved n gene of the virus. the method had a detection limit of 1.0 × 101 copies/μl with no cross-reactions with classical swine fever virus, porcine and respiratory syndrome virus na, porcine and respiratory syndrome virus eu, transmissible gast ... | 2018 | 29936095 |
| insight into the evolution of nidovirus endoribonuclease based on the finding that nsp15 from porcine deltacoronavirus functions as a dimer. | nidovirus endoribonucleases (nendous) include nonstructural protein 15 (nsp15) from coronaviruses and nsp11 from arteriviruses, both of which have been reported to participate in the viral replication process and in the evasion of the host immune system. results from a previous study of coronaviruses sars-cov, hcov-229e, and mhv nsp15 indicate that it mainly forms a functional hexamer, whereas nsp11 from the arterivirus prrsv is a dimer. here, we found that porcine deltacoronavirus (pdcov) nsp15 ... | 2018 | 29887523 |
| porcine deltacoronavirus accessory protein ns6 antagonizes interferon beta production by interfering with the binding of rig-i/mda5 to double-stranded rna. | porcine deltacoronavirus (pdcov) has recently emerged as an enteric pathogen that can cause serious vomiting and diarrhea in suckling piglets. the first outbreak of pdcov occurred in the united states in 2014 and was followed by reports of pdcov in south korea, china, thailand, lao people's democratic republic, and vietnam, leading to economic losses for pig farms and posing a considerable threat to the swine industry worldwide. our previous studies have shown that pdcov encodes three accessory ... | 2018 | 29769346 |
| isolation and characterization of korean porcine deltacoronavirus strain knu16-07. | porcine deltacoronavirus (pdcov) has emerged in several pig-raising countries and has been a causative pathogen associated with diarrheal diseases in south korea since 2014. in the present study, we were able to isolate and cultivate a korean pdcov strain (knu16-07) in cell culture and investigate its pathogenicity. pdcov-inoculated piglets showed watery diarrhea accompanied by acute enteritis in the natural host. sequencing analysis demonstrated the genetic stability of knu16-07 for at least th ... | 2018 | 29695146 |
| contribution of porcine aminopeptidase n to porcine deltacoronavirus infection. | porcine deltacoronavirus (pdcov), a member of genus deltacoronavirus, is an emerging swine enteropathogenic coronavirus (cov). although outstanding efforts have led to the identification of alphacoronavirus and betacoronavirus receptors, the receptor for deltacoronavirus is unclear. here, we compared the amino acid sequences of several representative covs. phylogenetic analysis showed that pdcov spike (s) protein was close to the cluster containing transmissible gastroenteritis virus (tgev), whi ... | 2018 | 29636467 |
| genetic characterization and pathogenicity of japanese porcine deltacoronavirus. | porcine deltacoronavirus (pdcov) have recently emerged in several swine producing countries. our survey found that in addition to porcine epidemic diarrhoea virus (pedv), pdcov has also been a causative enteric pathogen of diarrhoeic outbreaks occurring at swine farms around japan since late 2013. phylogenetic analysis using the complete genomes of pdcovs detected in japan in 2014 demonstrated that the pdcovs from japan may be closely related to the pdcovs from the u.s. and korea during 2013 to ... | 2018 | 29621617 |
| porcine deltacoronavirus engages the transmissible gastroenteritis virus functional receptor porcine aminopeptidase n for infectious cellular entry. | identification of cellular receptors used by coronavirus (cov) entry into the host cells is critical to an understanding of pathogenesis and to development of intervention strategies. the fourth cov genus, deltacoronavirus, evolutionarily related to the gammacoronavirus, has just been defined recently. in the current study, we demonstrate that porcine aminopeptidase n (papn) acts as a cross-genus cov functional receptor for both enteropathogenic porcine deltacoronovirus (pdcov) and alphacoronovi ... | 2018 | 29618640 |
| scientific opinion on porcine epidemic diarrhoea and emerging porcine deltacoronavirus. | in the last decade, many porcine epidemic diarrhoea (ped) outbreaks have been reported by several countries in asia whereas only a few member states of the european union (eu) have reported ped clinical cases and/or ped virus (pedv)-seropositive animals. this alphacoronavirus was first reported in the usa in may 2013, followed by rapid spread throughout the country and outbreaks reported by several countries in the americas. the recent pedv-eu isolates have high level of sequence identity to ped ... | 2014 | 32313570 |