| [study of the phylogeny of related species--horse, donkey and mule--by a labeling technic]. | | 1974 | 4217225 |
| arbovirus serology in north dakota mule and white-tailed deer. | | 1973 | 4361503 |
| cutaneous streptothricosis in a mule. | | 1974 | 4407376 |
| meiosis in interspecific equine hybrids. i. the male mule (equus asinus x e. caballus) and hinny (e. caballus x e. asinus). | | 1974 | 4430187 |
| epizootiologic studies of anaplasmosis in oregon mule deer. | | 1973 | 4784318 |
| experimental infection of immature mule deer with elaeophora schneideri. | | 1974 | 4810215 |
| immunological similarity of horse, donkey and mule haemoglobins. | | 1967 | 4963570 |
| carotene and vitamin a in the liver and blood serum of a rocky mountain mule deer, odocoileus hemionus hemionus population. | | 1972 | 5032169 |
| evidence for selective differences between cells with an active horse x chromosome and cells with an active donkey x chromosome in the female mule. | | 1971 | 5094847 |
| identification of anatomic features of the equine clitoris as potential growth sites for taylorella equigenitalis. | a median clitoral sinus, as a space canalized from epithelial cells, was distinguishable developmentally in equine fetuses from 33-mm crown-rump length (crl) to 500-mm crl (including a mule of 21-mm crl). in saggital sections of the clitoris of a 480-mm crl fetus, indentations under the transverse frenular fold were identified as lateral sinuses of the clitoris. unlike the median sinus, they were shallow; it therefore could not be anatomically substantiated that the lateral sinuses were of suffi ... | 1990 | 2365620 |
| [chromosome study in an equine family: mare, horse and mule]. | | 1966 | 5299389 |
| eimeria ivensae sp. n. from the mule deer, odocoileus hemionus hemionus, in montana. | | 1969 | 5372089 |
| gene expression in an interspecific hybrid: analysis of hemoglobins in donkey, horse, and mule by peptide mapping. | | 1970 | 5444105 |
| an epizootic of besnoitiosis in captive caribou (rangifer tarandus caribou), reindeer (rangifer tarandus tarandus) and mule deer (odocoileus hemionus hemionus). | besnoitia sp. was diagnosed in two caribou (rangifer tarandus caribou) which died of pneumonia at the assiniboine park zoo (winnipeg, manitoba, canada) in 1983. during the following 3 yr besnoitiosis spread to an isolated herd of caribou, to mule deer (odocoileus hemionus hemionus) and to reindeer (rangifer tarandus tarandus). reduction of exposure to biting insects appears to have reduced the transmission of besnoitiosis within the reindeer herd. the morbidity rate was approximately 82% in cari ... | 1990 | 1971029 |
| a light microscopic study of nuclear and cytoplasmic size of the aggregate acidophil population in the hypophysis cerebri, pars distalis, of adult male mule deer, odocoileus hemionus hemionus, relative to seasons of the photoperiod and antler cycles. | | 1971 | 5575133 |
| capacitation in vitro of rabbit sperm with mule eo sinophils. | | 1969 | 5789309 |
| amino acid sequence studies on artiodactyl fibrinopeptides. i. dromedary camel, mule deer, and cape buffalo. | | 1967 | 6033721 |
| microscopic lesions in the hearts of aged horses and mules. | | 1967 | 6071094 |
| morphological and histochemical observations on the duodenal glands of eight wild ungulate species native to north america. | the duodenal glands of the species examined (alces alces, ovis canadensis, cervus canadensis, oreamnos americanus, bison bison, antilocapra americana, odocoileus virginianas, odocoileus heminous) are confined primarily to the submucosa of the small intestine. in one species, the moose, a significant population of secretory tubules also is observed in the mucosa. the ducts of the duodenal glands pierce the overlying muscularis mucosae to empty most often independently into the intestinal lumen. t ... | 1981 | 6171158 |
| colostrum deficiency in mule deer fawns: identification, treatment and influence on neonatal mortality. | glutaraldehyde coagulation test, zinc sulfate turbidity test, and total protein refractometry were adapted for use in detecting failure of passive transfer of colostral immunoglobulins to mule deer fawns (odocoileus hemionus). the results of all three tests were similar. serum total protein concentration was directly correlated to gamma globulin concentration and gave the best indication of morbidity and mortality. thirteen of 13 fawns with serum total protein concentrations of 5 g/dl or less at ... | 1982 | 6178849 |
| antibodies in horses, mules and donkeys following monovalent vaccination against african horse sickness. | a total of 256 sera collected from three species of domesticated equidae in four different spanish provinces were examined 1-4 months after the administration of attenuated monovalent african horse sickness virus (ahsv) serotype 4 vaccine. approximately 10% of the sera were negative by elisa, virus neutralization, agar gel immuno-diffusion and complement fixation tests. similar negative reactions were recorded with sera from two ponies after experimental primary vaccination. the rapid rise in an ... | 1991 | 1902185 |
| lesions caused by parelaphostrongylus odocoilei (nematoda: metastronglyloidea) in two cervid hosts. | pathologic effects and host response were evaluated in seven white-tailed deer (odocoileus virginianus) and six mule deer (o. hemionus hemionus) each exposed per os to 300 or 1000 third-stage larvae of parelaphostrongylus odocoilei. pathologic effects in mule deer consisted of hemorrhagic myositis throughout skeletal muscles, severe verminous pneumonia, and moderate lymphadenitis. the major host response was a granulomatous inflammation associated with nematode eggs and larvae. granulomas oblite ... | 1984 | 6235669 |
| [possible morphological differentiation of horse and mule kidneys from those of donkey and hinny]. | | 1984 | 6236717 |
| survey for antibodies to viruses of bovine virus diarrhea, bluetongue, and epizootic hemorrhagic disease in hunter-killed mule deer in new mexico. | sera from male mule deer (odocoileus hemionus) collected in november 1977 in otero county, new mexico were tested fro antibodies to bovine virus diarrhea virus (bvdv), bluetongue virus (btv), and epizootic hemorrhagic disease virus (ehdv). neutralizing antibodies were detected in 26 of 76 (34%) sera tested for bvdv (titer greater than or equal to 1:16). of 46 sera tested for antibodies to btv and ehdv, 10 (22%) and 3 (7%), respectively, were positive. three (7%) of 46 sera were suspect (titer < ... | 1980 | 6256331 |
| serological evidence of infection with japanese encephalitis virus in mules of eastern himalayan region. | | 1981 | 6263798 |
| biological functions and receptor binding activities of equine chorionic gonadotrophins. | the role of equine chorionic gonadotrophin (cg, formerly termed pregnant mare serum gonadotrophin, pmsg) in maintaining equine pregnancy was investigated by examining the effects of this hormone on the maternal ovaries during early gestation and relating these findings to the receptor binding activities of cg in vitro. measurement of plasma progestagen profiles in mares and donkeys carrying horse, donkey, mule ( female horse x male donkey) and hinny (female donkey x male horse) conceptuses confi ... | 1981 | 6265633 |
| epizootic hemorrhagic disease virus in montana: isolation and serologic survey. | epizootic hemorrhagic disease virus (ehdv) was isolated in vero cell culture from the spleen and whole blood of a white-tailed deer (odocoileus virginianus). a 10% spleen suspension caused acute hemorrhagic disease (hd) when inoculated into an experimental white-tailed deer and resulted in the recovery of ehdv from the blood of the experimental animal at 5 days after inoculation. the virus was identified as ehdv serotype 2 through indirect fluorescent antibody tests, electron microscopy, and rec ... | 1981 | 6267969 |
| [a case of syndactylia--'mule foot'--'horse's hoof'--in cattle]. | | 1982 | 6294904 |
| flavivirus infections in chiang mai area, thailand, in 1982. | infection by je virus still constitutes major cause of encephalitis in chiang mai area, although some cases of possible dengue encephalopathy were observed. in spite of many apparent encephalitis cases, infection of vector mosquitoes by je virus was not demonstrated. virus isolation from hospitalized patients showed that the principal type of dengue virus circulating in chiang mai in 1982 was type 1 virus. seroepidemiological survey on healthy humans indicated that the northern part of chiang ma ... | 1983 | 6324386 |
| cerebral abscess and cephenemyia phobifer in a mule deer in central nebraska. | | 1983 | 6358538 |
| the origin and early history of the mules operation. | | 1984 | 6378170 |
| failure to transmit sarcocystis species from ox, sheep, goats, moose, elk, and mule deer to raccoons. | | 1983 | 6408956 |
| phlebotomine sandfly (diptera: psychodidae) fauna survey in an american cutaneous leishmaniasis (acl) focus in baturité, ceará state, northeast brazil. | from october until july 1991, cdc miniature light traps were set up and man and animal-landing and biting catches were made in 100 different catching zones, in different habitats, throughout the acl focus of the serra de baturité. female lutzomyia whitmani and lu. wellcomei appeared to be highly anthropophilic and were the most prevalent species in man-landing catches in peridomestic sites. most lu. migonei were attracted to animals, especially mules. seasonal fluctuations and habitat preference ... | 1991 | 1841202 |
| expression of major histocompatibility complex (mhc) class 1 molecules on early trophoblast. | the expression of class i major histocompatibility complex (mhc) molecules by early trophoblast of intraspecific horse and donkey, interspecific mule and extraspecific donkey-in-horse conceptuses was determined using a rat monoclonal antibody (mac 291) in a peroxidase anti-peroxidase immunohistochemical technique. most non-invasive allantochorion of horse, donkey and mule conceptuses did not express class i mhc molecules at any stage of gestation except in small isolated patches of pseudostratif ... | 1991 | 1795291 |
| congenital phalangeal hypoplasia in equidae. | three cases of unilateral congenital phalangeal hypoplasia are described in 2 horses and 1 mule. radiographic lesions include severe hypoplasia of the 3rd phalanx, and associated hypoplasia of the 2nd phalanx in 2 cases, and hypoplasia or aplasia of the navicular bone in 2 cases. all animals could ambulate but were lame. two cases had palpable laxity at the level of the coronary band. documented etiology was not determined for the dysgenesis, but possibilities include inherited transmission or a ... | 1984 | 6480478 |
| intracellular location of mycoplasmas in cultured cells demonstrated by immunocytochemistry and electron microscopy. | mycoplasma fermentans (strain 'incognitus') was incubated with hela cells for up to 96 h. after 24 h, mycoplasma organisms were demonstrated intracellularly by immunocytochemistry using mule anti-m. fermentans antiserum and gold labelling on ultrathin sections of both lowicryl k4m and araldite-embedded hela cells, the latter being treated with hydrogen peroxide. the araldite-embedded cells were fixed with glutaraldehyde and osmium tetroxide in the presence of ruthenium red to stain the mucopolys ... | 1991 | 1768615 |
| a survey on neoplasia in domestic species over a 40-year period from 1935 to 1974 in the republic of south africa. iv. tumours occurring in equidae. | a survey was carried out on the neoplasms of horses, donkeys and mules which are recorded in the registration files of the section of pathology of the veterinary research institute, onderstepoort, in the republic of south africa, over a 40-year period from 1935 to 1974. a total of 378 tumours are recorded, 339 of which were in horses, 32 in mules and 7 in donkeys. sarcoids (38%), squamous cell carcinomas (23,5%), fibromas (8,2%), melanomas (8,0%), papillomas (4,5%), fibrosarcomas (3,4%) and lymp ... | 1983 | 6634089 |
| experimental infection of some north american wild ruminants and domestic sheep with mycobacterium paratuberculosis: clinical and bacteriological findings. | mycobacterium paratuberculosis originally isolated from bighorn sheep (ovis canadensis) with spontaneous paratuberculosis was used to orally inoculate rocky mountain elk (cervus elaphus nelsoni) calves, mule deer (odocoileus hemionus) fawns, white-tailed deer (odocoileus virginianus) fawns, bighorn x mouflon (ovis musimon) hybrid lambs, and domestic lambs. all experimentally exposed animals became infected. during the first year of infection, hybrid and domestic sheep were able to control the in ... | 1983 | 6644916 |
| experimental contagious ecthyma in mule deer, white-tailed deer, pronghorn and wapiti. | hand-reared mule deer fawns (odocoileus hemionus), white-tailed deer fawns (odocoileus virginianus), pronghorn fawns (antilocapra americana) and wapiti calves (cervus elaphus nelsoni) were exposed to contagious ecthyma lesion material obtained from rocky mountain bighorn sheep (ovis canadensis canadensis) to determine the susceptibility and pathogenesis in these species. all four species developed mucocutaneous proliferative lesions of the oral cavity, grossly and histologically compatible with ... | 1983 | 6685778 |
| analysis of horse and donkey gonadotrophin genes using southern blotting and dna hybridization techniques. | the number of genes encoding the common alpha-subunit and hormone-specific beta-subunits of the equine gonadotrophins (fsh, lh and cg) were investigated in the horse (equus caballus), donkey (e. asinus) and 2 horse x donkey hybrids (the mule and hinny). the southern technique, involving restriction enzyme digestion, blotting and dna hybridization to 32p-labelled dna probes was used to estimate the copy number for each gene and to assess the extent to which equids resemble primates, the only othe ... | 1991 | 1686622 |
| anaplasma infections in wild and domestic ruminants: a review. | anaplasma marginale can be transmitted, will grow and can survive in a large number of domestic and wild animals. it is pathogenic in cattle, and usually produces nonapparent or mild infections in other species. anaplasma marginale has been recovered from cattle, sheep, goats, water buffalo (bubalus bubalis), white-tailed deer (odocoileus virginianus), mule deer (odocoileus hemionus hemionus), black-tailed deer (odocoileus hemionus columbianus), pronghorn (antilocapra americana americana), rocky ... | 1984 | 6716555 |
| horse haemoglobin phenotyping by agarose gel isoelectric focusing comparison of thoroughbreds with other equidae. | by using isoelectric focusing in thin agarose slab gels 1049 thoroughbred, 82 nooitgedachter, 45 percheron and 244 horses of other breeds were examined. the numbers of other equidae tested were 107 donkeys, 50 mules, 4 common zebras (equus burchelli boehmi) and 8 mountain zebras (equus zebra hartmannae). phenotypic data are presented for all tested animals and gene frequencies are calculated for the horses. | 1984 | 6742514 |
| effects of active immunization against a synthetic peptide sequence of the inhibin alpha-subunit on plasma gonadotrophin concentrations, ovulation rate and lambing rate in ewes. | thirty adult mule (blue-faced leicester x swaledale) ewes were actively immunized against a synthetically produced peptide corresponding to the n-terminus of the alpha-subunit of bovine inhibin conjugated to tuberculin purified protein derivative (ppd). primary immunization in the late anoestrous period was followed by two booster injections at 5 week intervals. control groups were either not immunized (n = 15) or received ppd only (n = 15). ten days after the second booster, oestrus was synchro ... | 1992 | 1625233 |
| sarcocystis in wild ungulates in alberta. | muscle samples from 557 wild ungulates in alberta, comprising seven species, were examined grossly and/or histologically for cysts of sarcocystis. sarcocystis was found in 100, 96, 94, 75, 75, 73, and 49% of the wapiti (cervus canadensis), moose (alces alces), bison (bison bison), mule deer (odocoileus hemionus), bighorn sheep (ovis canadensis), mountain goat (oreamnos americanus), and white-tailed deer (o. virginianus), respectively. | 1980 | 6780701 |
| antigenic changes produced by complex formation between thrombin and antithrombin-iii. | immunization of goats and mules with human thrombin resulted in an antiserum that reacted only weakly with the parent molecule, prothrombin. some of the antibodies in this antiserum showed a greater affinity for thrombin complexed to its naturally occurring inhibitor, antithrombin-iii, than for active thrombin. an antiserum against the human thrombin inhibitor, antithrombin-iii, produced 2 precipitin lines against human serum but only 1 against plasma. the 2nd line in serum was shown to represen ... | 1981 | 6787123 |
| sarcocystis spp. in white-tailed deer. i. definitive and intermediate host spectrum with a description of sarcocystis odocoileocanis n. sp. | sporocysts containing four sporozoites and measuring (avg.) 15.2 micrometers x 10.7 micrometers (n = 195) were shed in the feces of dogs (canis familiaris) 8 to 16 days (avg. 11.6 days) after the first feeding of venison infected with sarcocystis sp. sporocysts containing four sporozoites and measuring (avg.) 11.5 micrometers x 8.1 micrometers (n = 35) were shed by a cat (felis catus) 14 days after ingesting sarcocystis-infected venison. statistical (pooled t-test) comparison of the mean measure ... | 1981 | 6802990 |
| the 'natural' hybrid haemoglobin from mule. interrelationships with its parent haemoglobins from horse and donkey. | the equilibrium o2-binding properties of the hybrid haemoglobin (hb) present in vivo in erythrocytes from mule and of its parent hbs from horse and donkey were compared with special reference to the effect of heterotropic ligands such as cl-, d-glycerate 2,3-bisphosphate (dpg) and inositol hexakisphosphate. all these hbs display a decreased effect by polyphosphates, confirming that what has been observed for horse hb [giardina, brix, clementi, scatena, nicoletti, cicchetti, argentin & condò (199 ... | 1992 | 1546974 |
| pathology of spontaneous and experimental infection of north american wild ruminants with mycobacterium paratuberculosis. | spontaneous paratuberculosis was studied in free-ranging and captive bighorn sheep (ovis canadensis), and rocky mountain goats (oreamnos americanus). lesions of paratuberculosis in these species resembled the disease in domestic sheep and goats. mycobacterium paratuberculosis cultured from bighorn sheep was used to orally infect bighorn x mouflon (ovis musimon) hybrid sheep, elk (cervus elaphus nelsoni), mule deer (odocoileus hemionus), and white-tailed deer (odocoileus virginianus). clinical pa ... | 1983 | 6879954 |
| entomophthoromycosis due to conidiobolus. | entomophthoromycosis due to conidiobolus coronatus is a granulomatous infection characterized by lesions that originate in the inferior turbinate, spread through ostia and foramina to involve the facial and subcutaneous tissues and paranasal sinuses. the majority of the cases have been described from areas of tropical rainforest in west africa, agricultural and outdoor workers (aged 20-60 years) being the ones most frequently affected. the fungus is common in soil and decaying vegetation. infect ... | 1992 | 1397203 |
| [parasitic helminths of the cecum and colon of equidae in italy]. | intestinal helminths from coecum and colon were studied in 93 equidae including 40 horses, 36 donkeys and 17 mules. a total of 38 species, 36 nematodes and 2 cestodes, were identified as follows: 1) triodontophorus serratus, 2) triodontophorus brevicauda, 3) strongylus equinus, 4) strongylus edentatus, 5) strongylus vulgaris, 6) cyathostomum tetracanthum, 7) cyathostomum coronatum, 8) cyathostomum labiatum, 9) cyathostomum labratum, 10) cyathostomum alveatum, 11) cyathostomum pateratum, 12) cyat ... | 1992 | 1339978 |
| fetal and maternal brain and plasma levels of cocaine and benzoylecgonine following chronic subcutaneous administration of cocaine during gestation in rats. | the distribution of cocaine and the cocaine metabolite benzoylecgonine (be) in brain and plasma of sprague-dawley rat dams and their near-term fetuses was assessed 0.5 and 2 h post-injection on gestational day 20 following chronic daily subcutaneous injections of 10, 20, or 40 mg/kg/3 ml cocaine hydrochloride beginning on gestational day 8. plasma concentrations of cocaine reached in the dams were found to be in the range of, or to exceed, those reported in human cocaine users. dose-related incr ... | 1989 | 2498938 |
| [isolation from ducks of a hypervirulent strain of duck plague virus and an avian type 6 paramyxovirus]. | this paper describes the isolation and identification of a duck plague virus (dp) and a paramyxovirus (pmv6), from the livers and intestines collected in 4-month old mule ducks, under fattening, exhibiting 75% mortality and necrotic-haemorrhagic gross lesions. these viruses were isolated in specific pathogen free (spf) muscovy duck eggs and spf chicken eggs respectively. then the dp virus was adapted to duck and chicken fibroblasts. the disease was reproduced in 2-week old spf muscovy ducklings, ... | 1987 | 2827947 |
| [gangliosides of neural and extraneural tissues of various species of mammals]. | the ganglioside patterns of the forebrain, cerebellum and brain stem from horse, donkey, mule and goat have been determined by thin-layer chromatography. gm1, gd1a, gd1b and gt1b are the four major brain gangliosides. n-acetylneuraminic acid as the predominant sialic acid (congruent to 97%) and traces of n-glycolyneuraminic acid were found. the four above mentioned major gangliosides were also found in the forebrain, cerebellum and brain stem of adult rats. this pattern is not modified in rats u ... | 1982 | 7146593 |
| isolation of encysted toxoplasma gondii from muscles of mule deer in montana. | toxoplasma gondii was isolated from muscles of 2 road-killed mule deer found near bozeman, mont, by feeding muscles to a toxoplasma-free cat. the cat shed t gondii oocysts 5 days after ingesting muscles pooled from the 2 deer. one infective oocyst of this isolate of t gondii was lethal to mice. | 1982 | 7161172 |
| induced toxoplasmosis in pronghorns and mule deer. | two mule deer and 2 pronghorns were inoculated intraruminally with infective oocysts (deer with 100,000 each, and pronghorns with 100, and 10,000) of the gt-1 strain of toxoplasma gondii. the deer died 7 and 11 days after inoculation, and the pronghorns died 13 and 19 days after inoculation. necropsy findings were typical of acute toxoplasmosis. | 1982 | 7174439 |
| trypanosoma cervi from alaskan reindeer, rangifer tarandus. | twenty-nine (64.4%) or 45 reindeer, rangifer tarandus, examined over a two-year period were infected with trypanosomes. trypomastigotes and dividing epimastigotes were found in the blood of fawns, cows, and bulls. morphometric analysis of bloodstream trypomastigotes from reindeer and comparison of these parasites with similar stages of trypanosomes from elk, mule deer, and white-tailed deer from the continuous united states proved them conspecific; the trypanosomes from these members of the cerv ... | 1982 | 7175772 |
| studies on strongylus asini. i. experimental infestation of equines. | infective larvae were harvested from a culture of eggs collected from adult strongylus asini recovered from a free-ranging burchell's zebra, equus burchelli, in the kruger national park. worm-free zebra, horse and donkey foals were successfully infested, but infestation failed in a mule foal. at slaughter, 117-125 days post-infestation, s. asini in their 4th moult were recovered from the liver and portal veins. this is the first report of successful experimental infestation of these hosts with s ... | 1982 | 7177594 |
| isolation of encysted toxoplasma gondii from musculature of moose and pronghorn in montana. | pieces of skeletal muscle from 43 mule deer, 34 elk, 4 white-tailed deer, 21 pronghorn, 7 moose, and 2 bison were examined for toxoplasma infection, by the acid-pepsin digestion technique. toxoplasma gondii was isolated from 1 moose and 1 pronghorn. the isolated strains of t gondii were of low virulence to mice. | 1981 | 7224306 |
| haemagglutinins and lysins in plants and their application in characterising human and animal red cells. | saline extracts of 207 seed varieties belonging to 53 families were tested for haemagglutinating and haemolytic activity against the erythrocytes of eleven vertebrate species (man, monkey, rabbit, rat, goat, sheep, cow, buffalo, horse, mule and fowl). of these, 85 seed extracts showed haemagglutinating activity and 49 seed extracts showed haemolytic activity against the red cells of one or more animal species. several seed extracts were found to react in a species specific manner agglutinating o ... | 1981 | 7259639 |
| the epidemiology of squamous cell carcinoma of the perineal region of sheep. | a high prevalence of squamous cell carcinoma of the perineal region of ewes was detected in the wheat belt area of western australia. a postal survey of 80 farms was conducted in the area, seeking information on the epidemiology of the condition, based on the farmers identification of the disease, eighty-two per cent of flocks surveyed were affected, the mean prevalence in ewes of all ages being 2.29% (range 0.12% to 4.0%). the prevalence increased with age, from 0.05% in 1- to 2-year-old ewes t ... | 1981 | 7337596 |
| [stallions and jackasses of moroccan horse and mule breeds. initial results using fluid and frozen semen in mule breeding]. | | 1981 | 7337644 |
| further studies on trypanosomes in game animals in wyoming ii. | further studies on moose revealed trypanosomes in two captive moose (alces alces shirasi) and in 4 of 7 free-ranging moose in wyoming by blood culture. two free-ranging moose from utah were negative. one of two additional captive moose calves was positive for trypanosomes. trypanosomes also were detected in blood cultures of 8 of 39 american bison (bison bison) being brought into wyoming from nebraska. nineteen additional bison were negative for trypanosomes by blood cultures. identification of ... | 1981 | 7338978 |
| a comparison of the mineral composition of milk of domestic and captive wild equids (equus przewalski, e. zebra, e. burchelli, e. caballus, e. assinus). | milk samples were obtained in early and/or late lactation from przewalski horses, hartmann's zebras, grant's zebras, domestic horses, ponies and a mule mare made pregnant by embryo transfer. samples were compared for their content of total solids, ash, calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, sodium, potassium, copper, zinc and iron. milk from the przewalski horses, hartmann's zebra and the domestic horse had similar mineral composition and the content of minerals was higher in early than in late lactati ... | 1986 | 2876831 |
| chronic wasting disease of captive mule deer: a spongiform encephalopathy. | in the past 12 years (1967-79) a syndrome we identify as chronic wasting disease has been observed in 53 mule deer (odocoileus hemionus hemionus) and one black-tailed deer (odocoileus hemionus columbianus) held in captivity in several wildlife facilities in colorado and more recently in wyoming. clinical signs were seen in adult deer and included behavioral alterations, progressive weight loss and death in 2 weeks to 8 months. gross necropsy findings included emaciation and excess rumen fluid ad ... | 1980 | 7373730 |
| experimental infection of mule deer with parelaphostrongylus tenuis. | six adult and three fawn mule deer (odocoileus hemionus) were experimentally infected with a range of 75-100 infective larvae of parelaphostrongylus tenuis. five of the six adult deer developed clinical signs of neurologic disease that terminated in paralysis between 35 and 80 days. the sixth deer developed slight signs of neurologic disease for 10 days, but recovered. all three mule deer fawns developed neurologic disease. adult meningeal worms were recovered from the subdural space of the spin ... | 1980 | 7463606 |
| sensitivity of antigen elisa test for detecting trypanosoma evansi antigen in horses in the subtropical area of argentina. | the sensitivity of an antigen detection enzyme immunoassay (ag-elisa) based on a trypanosoma brucei group-specific monoclonal antibody was evaluated to detect circulating trypanosoma evansi antigen in horse sera. three horses and 2 mules were experimentally infected with t. evansi. circulating antigens were detected on 7 and 21 days postinfection. antigen levels increased during the course of the illness and remained high even when parasitemia was low or when parasites could not be detected. ant ... | 1995 | 7472885 |
| an unusual structure in the primary cyst wall of sarcocystis hemionilatrantis. | disc-shaped plaques were found in the primary cyst wall of sarcocysts of sarcocystis hemionilatrantis in mule deer in montana. ultrastructurally, the plaques were 190.5 nm in diameter, 161.6 nm thick and consisted of six distinct layers with microfilaments arising from the innermost layer. these unusual plaques have not been reported previously for any species of sarcocystis. | 1986 | 3083102 |
| animal traction in south africa: research priorities in veterinary science. | during june 1994, members of numerous organisations with a vested interest in animal traction in south africa met for a one-day workshop, the initial activity of a forum on working animals. the workshop was sponsored by the foundation for research development in south africa. the individuals who attended were representatives of academic and government institutions, farmer and civic organisations, and included veterinarians and veterinary scientists, administrators, traction experts from the regi ... | 1994 | 7602567 |
| susceptibility of mule deer (odocoileus hemionus) and two species of north american molluscs to elaphostrongylus cervi (nematoda: metastrongyloidea). | an experimental study was done to determine whether elaphostrongylus cervi can be transmitted to common intermediate and definitive hosts indigenous to north america. first-stage larvae of e. cervi obtained from red deer (cervus elaphus elaphus) in new zealand developed to the infective third stage in snails (triodopis multilineata) and slugs (deroceros reticulatum). two mule deer (odocoileus hemionus) were inoculated orally with 102 or 406 third-stage larvae. one animal developed a patent infec ... | 1995 | 7623202 |
| seroepidemiological and molecular evidence for the presence of two h3n8 equine influenza viruses in china in 1993-94. | in may 1993, a severe epidemic of respiratory disease began in horses in inner mongolia and spread throughout horses in china. the disease affected mules and donkeys as well as horses but did not spread to other species, including humans. the severity of the disease raised the question of whether the outbreak might have been caused by the new avian-like influenza viruses detected in horses in china in 1989 or by current variants ofa/equine/miami/1/63 (h3n8) (equine-2) or by a reassortant between ... | 1995 | 7636481 |
| neisseria mule, horse, or donkey. | | 1988 | 3130392 |
| neonatal isoerythrolysis in mule foals. | four mule foals received anti-rbc antibody from their dam's colostrum. two foals developed anemia, 1 developed severe thrombocytopenia, and 1 did not develop any clinical or laboratory abnormalities. all foals had the same donkey sire. seven mares, including the dams of foals 1 to 4, bred to the donkey sire produced anti-rbc antibody. two mares produced anti-rbc antibody to the donkey rbc on the first mating. the donkey sire and 18 of its offspring were found to have an rbc antigen unique to mul ... | 1995 | 7744666 |
| susceptibility of phagocytes from elk, deer, bighorn sheep, and domestic sheep to pasteurella haemolytica cytotoxins. | alveolar macrophages and peripheral blood neutrophils from elk (cervus elaphus), bighorn sheep (ovis canadensis canadensis), and domestic sheep were exposed to culture supernatants from pasteurella haemolytica isolated from bighorn sheep and domestic sheep. in a second experiment, peripheral blood neutrophils from mule deer (odocoileus hemionus), elk, and bighorn sheep were exposed to culture supernatants from p. haemolytica isolated from elk, bighorn sheep and domestic sheep. alveolar macrophag ... | 1994 | 7760482 |
| hamster challenge potency assay for evaluation of mycoplasma pneumoniae vaccines. | a hamster immunization challenge assay described in the accompanying paper (m. f. barile, d. k. f. chandler, h. yoshida, m. w. grabowski, r. harasawa, and s. razin, infect. immun. 56:2443-2449, 1988) was used to examine protection against mycoplasma pneumoniae disease by passive immunization and to evaluate the protective potency of a formalin-inactivated whole-cell and a cell extract m. pneumoniae vaccine. passive immunization with a globulin fraction of hyperimmune mule antiserum to m. pneumon ... | 1988 | 3137170 |
| genetic parameters from factorial cross breeding in two duck strains (anas platyrhynchos) brown tsaiya and pekin, for growth and fatty liver traits. | 1. a total of 655 mule ducklings were produced in three hatches by artificial insemination of common duck females brown tsaiya and pekin "alienor" and of their 2 reciprocal crossbreds with muscovy semen. 2. they were fed ad libitum until 6 weeks, then restricted to one meal per day until day 75 and afterwards preforce fed until day 84 and subsequently forced fed by 2 crammers, twice a day, from the age of 85 d and for a maximum of 13 d. 3. body weight at hatching, 28 d, 56 d, 75 d, 84 d and at s ... | 1994 | 7828009 |
| ultrastructure of the hinny (equus asinus x equus caballus) seminiferous epithelium. | the gonads and the germinative cells of 3 male hinnies were studied with light and transmission electron microscopy with the aim to observe the development of germ cells and verify the morphological modifications due to the hybridization. the hinny seminiferous epithelium presented sertoli cells and spermatogonia with normal features and anomalous spermatocytes i. the other cells from the spermatogenic sequence were not seen. most of the alterations began to occur in the cytes i, which presented ... | 1994 | 7887486 |
| perioperative intratumoral administration of cisplatin for treatment of cutaneous tumors in equidae. | twenty-seven horses (and 1 mule) with 32 histologically confirmed cutaneous tumors were studied to evaluate the effects of intratumoral injection of cisplatin initiated at the time of surgery. as a result of surgery, 9 of the wounds were closed primarily (5 sarcoids, 4 carcinomas) and 23 were left open to granulate (16 sarcoids, 6 carcinomas, 1 hamartoma). chemotherapy consisted of 4 treatment sessions of intratumoral injection of cisplatin in purified sesame oil at 2-week intervals. the first t ... | 1994 | 7890578 |
| use of an intraruminal soluble glass bolus containing melatonin for early lamb production. | the use of melatonin to advance the onset of seasonal oestrus is potentially useful for early lamb production. a number of delivery systems for melatonin have been developed and this study evaluates an intraruminal soluble glass bolus under field conditions. anoestrous, non-lactating mule and dorset cross mule ewes were treated in late june with two types of bolus of different solubilities (melatonin 1, 'slow release' and melatonin 2, 'extra slow release'). rams were introduced in mid-august for ... | 1988 | 3363812 |
| electron microscopic findings in brain of rocky mountain elk with chronic wasting disease. | we report here the electron microscopic findings in brain of rocky mountain elk with chronic wasting disease (cdw), a progressive and fatal neurological disorder of wild ruminants characterized neuropathologically by intraneuronal vacuolation, spongiform change of the neuropil and astrocytic hypertrophy and hyperplasia. ultrastructural findings included membrane-bound vacuoles in neuronal elements, increased number of glial filaments, dystrophic neurites, numerous neuritic plaques, hirano bodies ... | 1994 | 7982031 |
| characterization of a red blood cell antigen in donkeys and mules associated with neonatal isoerythrolysis. | a red cell antigen of donkeys and mules was identified using antibodies in serum from a mare which produced a mule foal affected with neonatal isoerythrolysis (ni). subsequently antibodies with similar activity were identified in the sera of other mares which had produced mule foals and were produced by immunization of horses with blood from donkeys. the antigen detected by these antibodies does not correspond to any recognized horse red cell alloantigen. this may be a xenoantigen since all donk ... | 1994 | 8010529 |
| chromosome conservation among the advanced pecorans and determination of the primitive bovid karyotype. | extensive monobrachial qfh-band homologies were found among cattle (bovidae), pronghorn (antilocapridae), masai giraffe (giraffidae), and mule and whitetail deer (cervidae). the deer species had identical karyotypes (2n = 70, naa = 70). interfamily comparisons demonstrated that cattle (2n = 60, naa = 58) and pronghorn (2n = 58, naa = 60) were karyotypically the most similar. the giraffe possessed a 2n = 30, naa = 54, and differed from the other artiodactyls by having a preponderance of biarmed a ... | 1994 | 8014460 |
| epidemiological study of sporotrichosis and histoplasmosis in captive latin american wild mammals, são paulo, brazil. | sporotrichosis and histoplasmosis are deep mycosis with a high incidence in human beings in brazil. in domestic animals histoplasmosis has been described only in dogs, but the occurrence of sporotrichosis among domestic animals in brazil has been described in dogs, cats, mules and asses. there is also a case of this disease reported in a chimpanzee (pan troglodites). the purpose of this research was to perform an epidomiological study of these mycoses using delayed hypersensitivity tests (histop ... | 1994 | 8028639 |
| a fertile mule and hinny in china. | anecdotal reports of fertility in female mules (jack donkey x mare) and hinnies (stallion x jenny donkey) have appeared in the literature over the years, but scientists have generally regarded them with scepticism. the fact that some of these hybrids can come into estrous and ovulate makes fertility conceivable, given that opportunity for mating arises. in china, where mules are bred extensively for work on the farms, a fertile female mule and a fertile female hinny have now been verified by chr ... | 1988 | 3378453 |
| species-specific non-expression of ribosomal rna genes in a mammalian hybrid, the mule. | the expression of nucleolus organizer activity in diploid cells was investigated in a model system for mammalian hybrids, the horse-ass cross (mule), by means of sequential ag-nor and chromomycin a3/distamycin a-dapi (cdd) staining in lectin-stimulated peripheral blood lymphocytes (pbl). as a rule we found species-specific non-expression of the horse-derived nor chromosomes in the mule, whereas the ass-derived nor chromosomes were active. the results of pbl interphase studies were compatible wit ... | 1986 | 3829827 |
| inheritance of equus asinus serum albumin variants in hybrid offspring. | data from mule offspring of mares bred to an ai-cd jack document that the control of ai-c and ai-d zone variants in equus asinus is due to the action of autosomal, codominant alleles, aic and aid. | 1985 | 3980976 |
| antibody prevalence of eight ruminant infectious diseases in california mule and black-tailed deer (odocoileus hemionus). | we tested 276 sera from 18 free-ranging black-tailed and mule deer (odocoileus hemionus) herds in california (usa) collected from 1987 to 1991 in five biogeographical habitat types, for antibodies against eight infectious disease agents. overall antibody prevalence was 56% for anaplasma marginale, 31% for borrelia burgdorferi, 16% for bluetongue virus serotype 17, 15% for epizootic hemorrhagic disease virus, 7% for coxiella burnetii and toxoplasma gondii, respectively, and 0% for bovine leukosis ... | 1994 | 8151824 |
| breed and species comparison of amino acid transport variation in equine erythrocytes. | the amino acid permeability of red blood cells from equus caballus (thoroughbred, arab, shire and pony), e przewalskii (przewalski's horse), e asinus (donkey and mule) and e burchelli (common or plains zebra) was measured. individual animals exhibited stable but widely differing rates of l-[u-14c]alanine uptake in the range 5 to 1554 mumol (litre cells)-1 h-1 (0.2 mm extracellular l-alanine, 37 degrees c). of the thoroughbreds tested, 30 per cent had red blood cells which were essentially imperm ... | 1985 | 4012037 |
| the biology and molecular biology of scrapie-like diseases. | the transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (tse's) are degenerative diseases of the central nervous system which naturally affect man (creutzfeldt-jakob disease [cjd], gerstmann-sträussler syndrome [gss], kuru), sheep and goats (scrapie), cattle (bovine spongiform encephalopathy [bse]), mink (transmissible mink encephalopathy), mule deer, elk and antelope (chronic wasting disease). spongiform encephalopathies have also been diagnosed in captive species of zoo antelope and in domestic cats. mu ... | 1993 | 8219804 |
| [hypothesis on the achean disease]. | a hypothesis on the achaean disease. analyzing the text in the light of the modern medical knowledge, the article traces a profile of the mortal illness described in the first book of homer's iliad. the disease was a severe, acute epidemic zoonosis, rapidly bringing death. first, it affected mules and dogs, then it involved men; the infection spread quickly and the number of deaths was high. these elements suggest that the illness occurred among the achaeans can be identified with glanders, an i ... | 1993 | 8233662 |
| prevalence of bluetongue virus expression in leukocytes from experimentally infected ruminants. | replication of bluetongue virus (btv) in leukocytes from the blood of sheep, cattle, elk, and mule deer inoculated with btv serotype 10 or 17 was assessed by immunocytochemical staining and dot blot northern hybridization to determine if differences in the prevalence of infection in this blood fraction might account for the differences in clinical disease among these species. viremia was confirmed by virus isolation in all inoculated animals. analysis of leukocytes with monoclonal antibodies spe ... | 1993 | 8239132 |
| isospora sp from ducks. infectivity for the goose, four anatids and the domestic fowl. | a coccidium was isolated from mule duck farms, the sporulated oocysts of which most closely resemble that of isospora anseris, a goose coccidium. by experimental infection, these oocysts were proved to be able to develop in the goose and in several duck species, but unable to develop in the chicken. no pathogenicity was noted in any species. | 1993 | 8260965 |
| male mule foal qualifies as the offspring of a female mule and jack donkey. | whereas mules are normally considered sterile, reports of fertile female mules persist. however, none subjected to cytogenetical and blood typing analyses could be confirmed as having indeed been mules that transmitted maternal markers to their alleged offspring. reported here is the case of a cytogenetically verified female mule whose alleged male foal qualifies as offspring by a male donkey. the male foal is karyotypically a mule. | 1985 | 4056372 |
| bcg treatment of periocular sarcoid. | twenty-six horses and five mules with periocular sarcoids were treated with intralesional injections of a purified bacillus of calmette and guerin (bcg) cell walls in oil suspension. all sarcoids were cured and the horses and mules remained free from recurrence of sarcoid during the two-year follow-up period. | 1985 | 4076159 |
| ear-scab mites, psoroptes cuniculi (acarina: psoroptidae), in captive mule deer. | | 1970 | 5504528 |
| fibrils in brain of rocky mountain elk with chronic wasting disease contain scrapie amyloid. | chronic wasting disease (cwd), a progressive, fatal neurological disorder of captive mule deer and rocky mountain elk, is characterized neuropathologically by spongiform change in the neuropil, intraneuronal vacuolation and astrocytic hypertrophy and hyperplasia. recently, scrapie amyloid-immunoreactive plaques have been demonstrated in brain tissues of cwd-affected captive mule deer, rocky mountain elk and hybrids of captive mule deer and white-tailed deer. we now report on the presence of abno ... | 1993 | 8372644 |
| the pineal gland of the horse. morphological and histochemical results. (with notes on the donkey and mule pineal). | the horse pineal gland has been investigated by morphological and histochemical methods. particular care has been given to the cellular types, to the eventual presence of neurosecretory activity and to the nature of the pigments. even in the horse pineal, it is possible to distinguish two populations of pinealocytes, morphologically but not histochemically distinct. a great number of pinealocytes are positive for the masson- hamperl reaction, and for gomori- bargmann 's chromic haematoxylin-phlo ... | 1984 | 6203514 |
| elaeophorosis in barbary sheep and mule deer from the texas panhandle. | adult elaeophora schneideri were recovered from the common carotid artery and its branches in 14 of 14 mule deer, odocoileus hemionus, and 3 of 9 barbary sheep or aoudads, ammotragus lervia, from palo duro canyon in the texas panhandle. gross cutaneous lesions attributable to elaeophorosis in the barbary sheep varied from small circumscribed scars up to 10 cm in diameter usually on the poll or orbital region to extensive proliferative irregular encrustations on the frontal, temporal and orbital ... | 1981 | 6454793 |
| neuropathology of chronic wasting disease of mule deer (odocoileus hemionus) and elk (cervus elaphus nelsoni). | the pathology of the central nervous system of nine mule deer (odocoileus hemionus) and six elk (cervus elaphus nelsoni) with chronic wasting disease, a spongiform encephalopathy of mule deer and elk, was studied by light microscopy. lesions were similar in both species and were characterized by spongiform transformation of gray matter, intracytoplasmic vacuolation of neurons, neuronal degeneration and loss, astrocytic hypertrophy and hyperplasia, occurrence of amyloid plaques, and absence of si ... | 1993 | 8442326 |
| moisture and temperature effects on survival and infectivity of first-stage larvae of parelaphostrongylus odocoilei and p. tenuis (nematoda: metastrongyloidea). | the survival of first-stage larvae (l1) of parelaphostrongylus odocoilei and p. tenuis (nematoda: metastrongyloidea) and their infectivity to the snail triodopsis multilineata were determined experimentally in a variety of temperature and moisture conditions. survival of larvae of p. odocoilei increased with decreasing temperature. survival of larvae in water was similar to survival in air at 17 and 45% rh; survival of larvae in air at 75, 85, and 95% rh was considerably lower at corresponding t ... | 1984 | 6470888 |
| ultrastructural neuropathology of chronic wasting disease in captive mule deer. | chronic wasting disease (cwd), a progressive and uniformly fatal neurological disorder, is characterized neuropathologically by intraneuronal vacuolation, spongiform change of the neuropil and astrocytic hyperplasia and hypertrophy. ultrastructural neuropathological findings consist of (1) extensive vacuolation in neuronal processes, within myelin sheaths, formed by splitting at the major dense lines or within axons; (2) dystrophic neurites (dendrites, axonal preterminals and myelinated axons co ... | 1993 | 8480515 |