| assessment of pregnancy in sheep by analysis of plasma progesterone using an amplified enzyme immunoassay technique. | an amplified enzyme immunoassay kit for progesterone analysis was used to diagnose pregnancy in a flock of 130 mule ewes. an accuracy of 100 per cent was obtained after the analysis of progesterone in plasma samples taken 15 to 16 days after mating. in mule ewes a plasma progesterone level greater than 5.9 nmol/litre was indicative of pregnancy. in the validation of the technique, duplicate ewe plasma samples and progesterone standards were compared with a radio immunoassay technique; the regres ... | 1987 | 3307117 |
| experimental anaplasmosis in mule deer: persistence of infection of anaplasma marginale and susceptibility to a. ovis. | an experimental anaplasma marginale infection was induced in a splenectomized mule deer (odocoileus hemionus hemionus) which persisted subclinically at least 376 days as detected by subinoculation into susceptible cattle. anaplasma ovis was experimentally transmitted from sheep to a splenectomized and a spleen-intact mule deer, and back to sheep. the pathogenesis in deer was very similar to that seen in sheep using ovine blood inoculations. | 1988 | 3352081 |
| use of an intraruminal soluble glass bolus containing melatonin for early lamb production. | the use of melatonin to advance the onset of seasonal oestrus is potentially useful for early lamb production. a number of delivery systems for melatonin have been developed and this study evaluates an intraruminal soluble glass bolus under field conditions. anoestrous, non-lactating mule and dorset cross mule ewes were treated in late june with two types of bolus of different solubilities (melatonin 1, 'slow release' and melatonin 2, 'extra slow release'). rams were introduced in mid-august for ... | 1988 | 3363812 |
| a fertile mule and hinny in china. | anecdotal reports of fertility in female mules (jack donkey x mare) and hinnies (stallion x jenny donkey) have appeared in the literature over the years, but scientists have generally regarded them with scepticism. the fact that some of these hybrids can come into estrous and ovulate makes fertility conceivable, given that opportunity for mating arises. in china, where mules are bred extensively for work on the farms, a fertile female mule and a fertile female hinny have now been verified by chr ... | 1988 | 3378453 |
| characterization of berne virus genomic and messenger rnas. | from 380s particles of berne virus (proposed family toroviridae) one species of polyadenylated rna was isolated. using agarose gel electrophoresis its length was estimated as 20 kb or greater. when assayed under hypertonic transfection conditions genomic rna was found to be infectious; rnase treatment destroyed the infectivity. the positive polarity of the molecule was confirmed by filter spot hybridization using cdna prepared against poly(a)-selected rna from infected cells. in embryonic mule s ... | 1988 | 3411297 |
| electrophysiological studies on atrial fibrillation. | we tested the multiple-wavelet hypothesis by studying the initiation and maintenance of atrial fibrillation in normal mules, horses, cows, calves, and goats. persistence of atrial fibrillation in animals with a large atrial mass was compared with results in adult goats and calves having a smaller atrial mass. atrial stimulation in clinically normal cows, mules, calves, and goats was accomplished using an intra-atrial stimulating catheter with rapid atrial pacing (30/s). once initiated, atrial fi ... | 1987 | 3449503 |
| studies on the association of aspergillus fumigatus with ocular infections in animals. | the occurrence and aetiological significance of aspergillus fumigatus, an opportunistic pathogen, have been studied in 93 animals with various ophthalmological problems. a total of 93 eye swabs collected from 35 mules, 26 dogs, 13 fowl, 11 cattle, five buffaloes and three camels were investigated mycologically for the presence of a fumigatus. the pathogen was isolated in pure and heavy growth from the swabs from two dogs, one bull, one mule and one fowl. the fungus was also demonstrated directly ... | 1986 | 3511605 |
| clostridium botulinum type b toxicosis in a herd of cattle and a group of mules. | clostridium botulinum type b toxicosis was diagnosed as the cause of generalized weakness and death in a group of cows and mules fed from the same batch of rye silage. one severely affected cow was treated and recovered, as did other less severely affected cows. all affected mules died. the remaining cattle in the herd were then vaccinated before continued feeding of the silage. | 1986 | 3512502 |
| serological evidence of california serogroup virus activity in oregon. | we wished to demonstrate evidence of the presence of california serogroup viruses in oregon and to test for the presence of certain other arboviruses in large ungulates. blood samples from black-tailed deer (odocoileus hemionus columbianus), mule deer (o. hemionus hemionus), and roosevelt elk (cervus elaphus roosevelti) from nine counties in oregon were tested by serum-dilution plaque reduction neutralization for antibody to california serogroup viruses, including snowshoe hare, california encep ... | 1987 | 3586196 |
| [cutaneous leishmaniasis in a mule (equus caballus x equus asinus) in an endemic area of the state of rio de janeiro]. | | 1986 | 3587005 |
| cutaneous leishmaniasis is frequent in equines from an endemic area in rio de janeiro, brazil. | in an endemic area of cutaneous leishmaniasis in rio de janeiro state where a mule had been found infected, a systematic search among equines was performed, resulting in the detection of leishmania parasites in skin lesions of 30.8% of the animals, which included horses and mules. the eventual role of equines in the epidemiology of the human disease is being investigated. | 1986 | 3613980 |
| the peplomers of berne virus. | using [3h]glucosamine and [3h]mannose labels, two virus-specific glycosylated polypeptide species with mr values of about 200,000 (200k) and in the 75k to 100k range, respectively, were recognized in berne virus-infected embryonic mule skin cells. in purified virions only the latter glycoprotein occurred. concanavalin a was bound to the virion as evidenced by reduction in infectivity. analyses using sds-page, blotting and glycoprotein identification with concanavalin a and horseradish peroxidase ... | 1986 | 3783129 |
| dourine in southern africa 1981-1984: serological findings from the veterinary research institute, onderstepoort. | the distribution of positive dourine cases found on the complement fixation test at the veterinary research institute, onderstepoort from 1981 to 1984, is recorded. within the republic of south africa, foci of infection occurred in the johannesburg, pretoria, potchefstroom, rustenburg, upington, lichtenburg, kroonstad, louis trichardt, middelburg (cape) and mossel bay state veterinary districts. in bophuthatswana, transkei, lesotho, south west africa and swaziland, positive cases were also recor ... | 1986 | 3806561 |
| plague in a free-ranging mule deer from wyoming. | | 1987 | 3820418 |
| species-specific non-expression of ribosomal rna genes in a mammalian hybrid, the mule. | the expression of nucleolus organizer activity in diploid cells was investigated in a model system for mammalian hybrids, the horse-ass cross (mule), by means of sequential ag-nor and chromomycin a3/distamycin a-dapi (cdd) staining in lectin-stimulated peripheral blood lymphocytes (pbl). as a rule we found species-specific non-expression of the horse-derived nor chromosomes in the mule, whereas the ass-derived nor chromosomes were active. the results of pbl interphase studies were compatible wit ... | 1986 | 3829827 |
| precipitating antibodies against micropolyspora faeni in equines in north-western india. | prevalence of serum precipitins against micropolyspora faeni, thermoactinomyces vulgaris and aspergillus fumigatus, employing the counterimmunoelectrophoresis (coie) and ouchterlony's double diffusion (dd) techniques, is reported in 162 of the equines stationed at two military installations in north-western india. m. faeni specific precipitins were demonstrable in 58 of 112 mules from site i in the mountainous region whereas the results were negative for all of the 50 horses examined from site i ... | 1985 | 3937491 |
| amyloid plaques in spongiform encephalopathy of mule deer. | amyloid plaques were demonstrable in central nervous system tissues of adult captive mule deer affected with chronic wasting disease, a transmissible primary spongiform encephalopathy. plaques were detected in tissues of 13 of 21 (62 per cent) spontaneously affected animals from 2 to 4 years of age or older, but were not found in 16 unaffected deer of from a few months to 12 years of age. | 1985 | 3973104 |
| inheritance of equus asinus serum albumin variants in hybrid offspring. | data from mule offspring of mares bred to an ai-cd jack document that the control of ai-c and ai-d zone variants in equus asinus is due to the action of autosomal, codominant alleles, aic and aid. | 1985 | 3980976 |
| breed and species comparison of amino acid transport variation in equine erythrocytes. | the amino acid permeability of red blood cells from equus caballus (thoroughbred, arab, shire and pony), e przewalskii (przewalski's horse), e asinus (donkey and mule) and e burchelli (common or plains zebra) was measured. individual animals exhibited stable but widely differing rates of l-[u-14c]alanine uptake in the range 5 to 1554 mumol (litre cells)-1 h-1 (0.2 mm extracellular l-alanine, 37 degrees c). of the thoroughbreds tested, 30 per cent had red blood cells which were essentially imperm ... | 1985 | 4012037 |
| failure of yohimbine to reverse ketamine anesthesia in rhesus monkeys. | yohimbine hydrochloride has been used experimentally to reverse the anesthetic effects of ketamine and xylazine in dogs, cats, cattle and mule deer, but there are no reports of its use in nonhuman primates. nine adult female rhesus monkeys were given an intravenous dose of either 0.5 mg/kg yohimbine hydrochloride or saline 10 minutes after intramuscular administration of 10 mg/kg ketamine hydrochloride. there was no difference in the duration of anesthesia between the yohimbine and saline treatm ... | 1985 | 4046554 |
| male mule foal qualifies as the offspring of a female mule and jack donkey. | whereas mules are normally considered sterile, reports of fertile female mules persist. however, none subjected to cytogenetical and blood typing analyses could be confirmed as having indeed been mules that transmitted maternal markers to their alleged offspring. reported here is the case of a cytogenetically verified female mule whose alleged male foal qualifies as offspring by a male donkey. the male foal is karyotypically a mule. | 1985 | 4056372 |
| lymphocyte blastogenesis, complement fixation, and fecal culture as diagnostic tests for paratuberculosis in north american wild ruminants and domestic sheep. | the efficacy of the lymphocyte blastogenesis and complement-fixation tests and fecal culture for detection of mycobacterium paratuberculosis infection was assessed in bighorn sheep (ovis canadensis), elk (cervus elaphus nelsoni), mule deer (odocoileus hemionus), white-tailed deer (o virginianus), bighorn x mouflon (o musimon) hybrid sheep, and domestic sheep. spontaneously infected bighorns were tested at the time of capture; experimentally infected animals were tested monthly for 12 months or p ... | 1985 | 4073642 |
| bcg treatment of periocular sarcoid. | twenty-six horses and five mules with periocular sarcoids were treated with intralesional injections of a purified bacillus of calmette and guerin (bcg) cell walls in oil suspension. all sarcoids were cured and the horses and mules remained free from recurrence of sarcoid during the two-year follow-up period. | 1985 | 4076159 |
| yohimbine antagonism to xylazine in free-ranging mule deer and desert bighorn sheep. | | 1985 | 4077656 |
| [study of the phylogeny of related species--horse, donkey and mule--by a labeling technic]. | | 1974 | 4217225 |
| arbovirus serology in north dakota mule and white-tailed deer. | | 1973 | 4361503 |
| cutaneous streptothricosis in a mule. | | 1974 | 4407376 |
| meiosis in interspecific equine hybrids. i. the male mule (equus asinus x e. caballus) and hinny (e. caballus x e. asinus). | | 1974 | 4430187 |
| epizootiologic studies of anaplasmosis in oregon mule deer. | | 1973 | 4784318 |
| experimental infection of immature mule deer with elaeophora schneideri. | | 1974 | 4810215 |
| immunological similarity of horse, donkey and mule haemoglobins. | | 1967 | 4963570 |
| carotene and vitamin a in the liver and blood serum of a rocky mountain mule deer, odocoileus hemionus hemionus population. | | 1972 | 5032169 |
| evidence for selective differences between cells with an active horse x chromosome and cells with an active donkey x chromosome in the female mule. | | 1971 | 5094847 |
| cytological and biochemical correlation of late x-chromosome replication and gene inactivation in the mule. | the correlation between late x-chromosome replication and the quantitation of different x-linked glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase electrophoretic forms was studied in a natural hybrid, the female mule. in all four animals examined, a significant deviation from the expected 1: 1 ratio of random x-chromosome inactivation was observed, with the donkey x-chromosome the more frequently late-replicating one. the relative amounts of horse and donkey enzymes activities in lysates of mule skin fibroblas ... | 1971 | 5276759 |
| [chromosome study in an equine family: mare, horse and mule]. | | 1966 | 5299389 |
| eimeria ivensae sp. n. from the mule deer, odocoileus hemionus hemionus, in montana. | | 1969 | 5372089 |
| gene expression in an interspecific hybrid: analysis of hemoglobins in donkey, horse, and mule by peptide mapping. | | 1970 | 5444105 |
| ear-scab mites, psoroptes cuniculi (acarina: psoroptidae), in captive mule deer. | | 1970 | 5504528 |
| a light microscopic study of nuclear and cytoplasmic size of the aggregate acidophil population in the hypophysis cerebri, pars distalis, of adult male mule deer, odocoileus hemionus hemionus, relative to seasons of the photoperiod and antler cycles. | | 1971 | 5575133 |
| capacitation in vitro of rabbit sperm with mule eo sinophils. | | 1969 | 5789309 |
| amino acid sequence studies on artiodactyl fibrinopeptides. i. dromedary camel, mule deer, and cape buffalo. | | 1967 | 6033721 |
| microscopic lesions in the hearts of aged horses and mules. | | 1967 | 6071094 |
| morphological and histochemical observations on the duodenal glands of eight wild ungulate species native to north america. | the duodenal glands of the species examined (alces alces, ovis canadensis, cervus canadensis, oreamnos americanus, bison bison, antilocapra americana, odocoileus virginianas, odocoileus heminous) are confined primarily to the submucosa of the small intestine. in one species, the moose, a significant population of secretory tubules also is observed in the mucosa. the ducts of the duodenal glands pierce the overlying muscularis mucosae to empty most often independently into the intestinal lumen. t ... | 1981 | 6171158 |
| colostrum deficiency in mule deer fawns: identification, treatment and influence on neonatal mortality. | glutaraldehyde coagulation test, zinc sulfate turbidity test, and total protein refractometry were adapted for use in detecting failure of passive transfer of colostral immunoglobulins to mule deer fawns (odocoileus hemionus). the results of all three tests were similar. serum total protein concentration was directly correlated to gamma globulin concentration and gave the best indication of morbidity and mortality. thirteen of 13 fawns with serum total protein concentrations of 5 g/dl or less at ... | 1982 | 6178849 |
| the pineal gland of the horse. morphological and histochemical results. (with notes on the donkey and mule pineal). | the horse pineal gland has been investigated by morphological and histochemical methods. particular care has been given to the cellular types, to the eventual presence of neurosecretory activity and to the nature of the pigments. even in the horse pineal, it is possible to distinguish two populations of pinealocytes, morphologically but not histochemically distinct. a great number of pinealocytes are positive for the masson- hamperl reaction, and for gomori- bargmann 's chromic haematoxylin-phlo ... | 1984 | 6203514 |
| lesions caused by parelaphostrongylus odocoilei (nematoda: metastronglyloidea) in two cervid hosts. | pathologic effects and host response were evaluated in seven white-tailed deer (odocoileus virginianus) and six mule deer (o. hemionus hemionus) each exposed per os to 300 or 1000 third-stage larvae of parelaphostrongylus odocoilei. pathologic effects in mule deer consisted of hemorrhagic myositis throughout skeletal muscles, severe verminous pneumonia, and moderate lymphadenitis. the major host response was a granulomatous inflammation associated with nematode eggs and larvae. granulomas oblite ... | 1984 | 6235669 |
| [possible morphological differentiation of horse and mule kidneys from those of donkey and hinny]. | | 1984 | 6236717 |
| survey for antibodies to viruses of bovine virus diarrhea, bluetongue, and epizootic hemorrhagic disease in hunter-killed mule deer in new mexico. | sera from male mule deer (odocoileus hemionus) collected in november 1977 in otero county, new mexico were tested fro antibodies to bovine virus diarrhea virus (bvdv), bluetongue virus (btv), and epizootic hemorrhagic disease virus (ehdv). neutralizing antibodies were detected in 26 of 76 (34%) sera tested for bvdv (titer greater than or equal to 1:16). of 46 sera tested for antibodies to btv and ehdv, 10 (22%) and 3 (7%), respectively, were positive. three (7%) of 46 sera were suspect (titer < ... | 1980 | 6256331 |
| serological evidence of infection with japanese encephalitis virus in mules of eastern himalayan region. | | 1981 | 6263798 |
| biological functions and receptor binding activities of equine chorionic gonadotrophins. | the role of equine chorionic gonadotrophin (cg, formerly termed pregnant mare serum gonadotrophin, pmsg) in maintaining equine pregnancy was investigated by examining the effects of this hormone on the maternal ovaries during early gestation and relating these findings to the receptor binding activities of cg in vitro. measurement of plasma progestagen profiles in mares and donkeys carrying horse, donkey, mule ( female horse x male donkey) and hinny (female donkey x male horse) conceptuses confi ... | 1981 | 6265633 |
| epizootic hemorrhagic disease virus in montana: isolation and serologic survey. | epizootic hemorrhagic disease virus (ehdv) was isolated in vero cell culture from the spleen and whole blood of a white-tailed deer (odocoileus virginianus). a 10% spleen suspension caused acute hemorrhagic disease (hd) when inoculated into an experimental white-tailed deer and resulted in the recovery of ehdv from the blood of the experimental animal at 5 days after inoculation. the virus was identified as ehdv serotype 2 through indirect fluorescent antibody tests, electron microscopy, and rec ... | 1981 | 6267969 |
| [a case of syndactylia--'mule foot'--'horse's hoof'--in cattle]. | | 1982 | 6294904 |
| flavivirus infections in chiang mai area, thailand, in 1982. | infection by je virus still constitutes major cause of encephalitis in chiang mai area, although some cases of possible dengue encephalopathy were observed. in spite of many apparent encephalitis cases, infection of vector mosquitoes by je virus was not demonstrated. virus isolation from hospitalized patients showed that the principal type of dengue virus circulating in chiang mai in 1982 was type 1 virus. seroepidemiological survey on healthy humans indicated that the northern part of chiang ma ... | 1983 | 6324386 |
| cerebral abscess and cephenemyia phobifer in a mule deer in central nebraska. | | 1983 | 6358538 |
| the origin and early history of the mules operation. | | 1984 | 6378170 |
| failure to transmit sarcocystis species from ox, sheep, goats, moose, elk, and mule deer to raccoons. | | 1983 | 6408956 |
| elaeophorosis in barbary sheep and mule deer from the texas panhandle. | adult elaeophora schneideri were recovered from the common carotid artery and its branches in 14 of 14 mule deer, odocoileus hemionus, and 3 of 9 barbary sheep or aoudads, ammotragus lervia, from palo duro canyon in the texas panhandle. gross cutaneous lesions attributable to elaeophorosis in the barbary sheep varied from small circumscribed scars up to 10 cm in diameter usually on the poll or orbital region to extensive proliferative irregular encrustations on the frontal, temporal and orbital ... | 1981 | 6454793 |
| moisture and temperature effects on survival and infectivity of first-stage larvae of parelaphostrongylus odocoilei and p. tenuis (nematoda: metastrongyloidea). | the survival of first-stage larvae (l1) of parelaphostrongylus odocoilei and p. tenuis (nematoda: metastrongyloidea) and their infectivity to the snail triodopsis multilineata were determined experimentally in a variety of temperature and moisture conditions. survival of larvae of p. odocoilei increased with decreasing temperature. survival of larvae in water was similar to survival in air at 17 and 45% rh; survival of larvae in air at 75, 85, and 95% rh was considerably lower at corresponding t ... | 1984 | 6470888 |
| congenital phalangeal hypoplasia in equidae. | three cases of unilateral congenital phalangeal hypoplasia are described in 2 horses and 1 mule. radiographic lesions include severe hypoplasia of the 3rd phalanx, and associated hypoplasia of the 2nd phalanx in 2 cases, and hypoplasia or aplasia of the navicular bone in 2 cases. all animals could ambulate but were lame. two cases had palpable laxity at the level of the coronary band. documented etiology was not determined for the dysgenesis, but possibilities include inherited transmission or a ... | 1984 | 6480478 |
| parelaphostrongylus andersoni (nematoda: protostrongylidae) and p. odocoilei in two cervid definitive hosts. | infectivity (as percentage of initial dose), location, orientation, and productivity (as maximum weekly larval output) of adult parelaphostrongylus andersoni prestwood, 1972 and p. odocoilei (hobmaier and hobmaier, 1934) were compared in white-tailed deer (odocoileus virginianus) (wtd) and mule deer (odocoileus hemionus) (md). fourteen wtd and 10 md were exposed to third-stage larvae of p. andersoni or p. odocoilei. infectivity was 20% and 31%, respectively, in 7 wtd and 4 md exposed to p. ander ... | 1984 | 6502355 |
| a survey on neoplasia in domestic species over a 40-year period from 1935 to 1974 in the republic of south africa. iv. tumours occurring in equidae. | a survey was carried out on the neoplasms of horses, donkeys and mules which are recorded in the registration files of the section of pathology of the veterinary research institute, onderstepoort, in the republic of south africa, over a 40-year period from 1935 to 1974. a total of 378 tumours are recorded, 339 of which were in horses, 32 in mules and 7 in donkeys. sarcoids (38%), squamous cell carcinomas (23,5%), fibromas (8,2%), melanomas (8,0%), papillomas (4,5%), fibrosarcomas (3,4%) and lymp ... | 1983 | 6634089 |
| experimental infection of some north american wild ruminants and domestic sheep with mycobacterium paratuberculosis: clinical and bacteriological findings. | mycobacterium paratuberculosis originally isolated from bighorn sheep (ovis canadensis) with spontaneous paratuberculosis was used to orally inoculate rocky mountain elk (cervus elaphus nelsoni) calves, mule deer (odocoileus hemionus) fawns, white-tailed deer (odocoileus virginianus) fawns, bighorn x mouflon (ovis musimon) hybrid lambs, and domestic lambs. all experimentally exposed animals became infected. during the first year of infection, hybrid and domestic sheep were able to control the in ... | 1983 | 6644916 |
| experimental contagious ecthyma in mule deer, white-tailed deer, pronghorn and wapiti. | hand-reared mule deer fawns (odocoileus hemionus), white-tailed deer fawns (odocoileus virginianus), pronghorn fawns (antilocapra americana) and wapiti calves (cervus elaphus nelsoni) were exposed to contagious ecthyma lesion material obtained from rocky mountain bighorn sheep (ovis canadensis canadensis) to determine the susceptibility and pathogenesis in these species. all four species developed mucocutaneous proliferative lesions of the oral cavity, grossly and histologically compatible with ... | 1983 | 6685778 |
| artificial insemination and natural mating in the crossbreeding of the muscovy drake and the pekin duck. | artificial insemination and natural mating were used for the crossbreeding of the muscovy drake with the pekin duck in order to produce the mule duck. an average fertility rate of 48% was reached by artificially inseminating twice a week. in small flocks, however, when the male to female ratio was 1:2.5 (or higher), natural mating yielded a fertility rate of 80%. | 1984 | 6709575 |
| anaplasma infections in wild and domestic ruminants: a review. | anaplasma marginale can be transmitted, will grow and can survive in a large number of domestic and wild animals. it is pathogenic in cattle, and usually produces nonapparent or mild infections in other species. anaplasma marginale has been recovered from cattle, sheep, goats, water buffalo (bubalus bubalis), white-tailed deer (odocoileus virginianus), mule deer (odocoileus hemionus hemionus), black-tailed deer (odocoileus hemionus columbianus), pronghorn (antilocapra americana americana), rocky ... | 1984 | 6716555 |
| horse haemoglobin phenotyping by agarose gel isoelectric focusing comparison of thoroughbreds with other equidae. | by using isoelectric focusing in thin agarose slab gels 1049 thoroughbred, 82 nooitgedachter, 45 percheron and 244 horses of other breeds were examined. the numbers of other equidae tested were 107 donkeys, 50 mules, 4 common zebras (equus burchelli boehmi) and 8 mountain zebras (equus zebra hartmannae). phenotypic data are presented for all tested animals and gene frequencies are calculated for the horses. | 1984 | 6742514 |
| the epidemiology of squamous cell carcinoma of the perineal region of sheep: abattoir and flock studies. | the roles of age, tail length and the mules operation in the epidemiology of squamous cell carcinoma in ewes were studied. the prevalence of the disease in adult sheep slaughtered at 2 abattoirs was 0.08%. no cases occurred in lambs. of all adult sheep condemnations before slaughter, 38.5% were due to squamous cell carcinoma. of these sheep, 73.3% had a single lesion of the vulva (62.9%), tail (6.6%), or anus (3.8%), while 26.7% had lesions at more than one site. the number of lesions was signif ... | 1984 | 6743163 |
| sarcocystis in wild ungulates in alberta. | muscle samples from 557 wild ungulates in alberta, comprising seven species, were examined grossly and/or histologically for cysts of sarcocystis. sarcocystis was found in 100, 96, 94, 75, 75, 73, and 49% of the wapiti (cervus canadensis), moose (alces alces), bison (bison bison), mule deer (odocoileus hemionus), bighorn sheep (ovis canadensis), mountain goat (oreamnos americanus), and white-tailed deer (o. virginianus), respectively. | 1980 | 6780701 |
| antigenic changes produced by complex formation between thrombin and antithrombin-iii. | immunization of goats and mules with human thrombin resulted in an antiserum that reacted only weakly with the parent molecule, prothrombin. some of the antibodies in this antiserum showed a greater affinity for thrombin complexed to its naturally occurring inhibitor, antithrombin-iii, than for active thrombin. an antiserum against the human thrombin inhibitor, antithrombin-iii, produced 2 precipitin lines against human serum but only 1 against plasma. the 2nd line in serum was shown to represen ... | 1981 | 6787123 |
| sarcocystis spp. in white-tailed deer. i. definitive and intermediate host spectrum with a description of sarcocystis odocoileocanis n. sp. | sporocysts containing four sporozoites and measuring (avg.) 15.2 micrometers x 10.7 micrometers (n = 195) were shed in the feces of dogs (canis familiaris) 8 to 16 days (avg. 11.6 days) after the first feeding of venison infected with sarcocystis sp. sporocysts containing four sporozoites and measuring (avg.) 11.5 micrometers x 8.1 micrometers (n = 35) were shed by a cat (felis catus) 14 days after ingesting sarcocystis-infected venison. statistical (pooled t-test) comparison of the mean measure ... | 1981 | 6802990 |
| sarcocystis of deer in south dakota. | the prevalence of sarcocystis in white-tailed deer (odocoileus virginianus) and mule deer (o. hemionus) in south dakota was determined through microscopic examination of tongue samples. the percentage of sarcocystis infection for both species of deer was determined for prairies east of the missouri river, west of the missouri river, and black hills of western south dakota. sixteen percent (n = 62) of the white-tailed deer tongues from east river, 69% (n = 42) from west river, and 74% (n = 23) fr ... | 1982 | 6808161 |
| pathology of spontaneous and experimental infection of north american wild ruminants with mycobacterium paratuberculosis. | spontaneous paratuberculosis was studied in free-ranging and captive bighorn sheep (ovis canadensis), and rocky mountain goats (oreamnos americanus). lesions of paratuberculosis in these species resembled the disease in domestic sheep and goats. mycobacterium paratuberculosis cultured from bighorn sheep was used to orally infect bighorn x mouflon (ovis musimon) hybrid sheep, elk (cervus elaphus nelsoni), mule deer (odocoileus hemionus), and white-tailed deer (odocoileus virginianus). clinical pa ... | 1983 | 6879954 |
| variation in skin surface lipid composition among the equidae. | skin surface lipids from equus caballus, e. przewalskii, e. asinus, e. grevyi, e. hemionus onager and a mule (e. asinus/e. caballus) were analyzed in detail. in all species the surface lipid mixtures consisted of giant-ring lactones, cholesterol, cholesteryl esters and minor amounts of wax diesters. in e. caballus, the lactone hydroxyacids were entirely branched chained, while in e. asinus and e. grevyi they were almost exclusively straight chained. in e. przewalskii, the onager and the mule the ... | 1983 | 6883996 |
| precipitating cross-reactions among pneumococcal types. | data accumulated over many years are brought together on cross-reactions of 46 among the more than 80 pneumococcal serological types, with the idea of correlating cross-reactions with the structures of the relevant type-specific capsular polysaccharides, insofar as these have been determined. the precipitin reaction was carried out with the polysaccharides and antibodies raised in horses, rabbits, and a mule. quantitative values (micrograms of antibody nitrogen per milliliter of antiserum at 0 t ... | 1983 | 6885161 |
| a collaborative assay of mycoplasma reference antisera. | a total of 29 mycoplasma and acholeplasma antiserum reagents produced in mules and horses by the baltimore biological laboratory and by huntingdon research centre, under the auspices of national institutes of health, bethesda, usa, were tested for potency and specificity, by a great variety of serological techniques, at the fao/who collaborating centre for animal mycoplasmas, university of aarhus, denmark. subsequently, the antisera were subjected to a collaborative assay in which 20 workers fro ... | 1983 | 6885829 |
| maternal anti-fetal cytotoxic antibody responses of equids during pregnancy. | the maternal immunological response to the developing equine fetus was investigated in 69 pregnancies of various genotypes. in normal intraspecies horse pregnancy (n = 16), 94% of mares produced strong cytotoxic antibody responses to paternal histocompatibility antigens which were first detectable between 44 and 70 days after ovulation. in all other types of pregnancy examined (intraspecies donkey, n = 19; interspecies mule, n = 6; interspecies hinny, n = 2; extraspecies horse-in-donkey, n = 3; ... | 1982 | 6962872 |
| [gangliosides of neural and extraneural tissues of various species of mammals]. | the ganglioside patterns of the forebrain, cerebellum and brain stem from horse, donkey, mule and goat have been determined by thin-layer chromatography. gm1, gd1a, gd1b and gt1b are the four major brain gangliosides. n-acetylneuraminic acid as the predominant sialic acid (congruent to 97%) and traces of n-glycolyneuraminic acid were found. the four above mentioned major gangliosides were also found in the forebrain, cerebellum and brain stem of adult rats. this pattern is not modified in rats u ... | 1982 | 7146593 |
| isolation of encysted toxoplasma gondii from muscles of mule deer in montana. | toxoplasma gondii was isolated from muscles of 2 road-killed mule deer found near bozeman, mont, by feeding muscles to a toxoplasma-free cat. the cat shed t gondii oocysts 5 days after ingesting muscles pooled from the 2 deer. one infective oocyst of this isolate of t gondii was lethal to mice. | 1982 | 7161172 |
| induced toxoplasmosis in pronghorns and mule deer. | two mule deer and 2 pronghorns were inoculated intraruminally with infective oocysts (deer with 100,000 each, and pronghorns with 100, and 10,000) of the gt-1 strain of toxoplasma gondii. the deer died 7 and 11 days after inoculation, and the pronghorns died 13 and 19 days after inoculation. necropsy findings were typical of acute toxoplasmosis. | 1982 | 7174439 |
| trypanosoma cervi from alaskan reindeer, rangifer tarandus. | twenty-nine (64.4%) or 45 reindeer, rangifer tarandus, examined over a two-year period were infected with trypanosomes. trypomastigotes and dividing epimastigotes were found in the blood of fawns, cows, and bulls. morphometric analysis of bloodstream trypomastigotes from reindeer and comparison of these parasites with similar stages of trypanosomes from elk, mule deer, and white-tailed deer from the continuous united states proved them conspecific; the trypanosomes from these members of the cerv ... | 1982 | 7175772 |
| studies on strongylus asini. i. experimental infestation of equines. | infective larvae were harvested from a culture of eggs collected from adult strongylus asini recovered from a free-ranging burchell's zebra, equus burchelli, in the kruger national park. worm-free zebra, horse and donkey foals were successfully infested, but infestation failed in a mule foal. at slaughter, 117-125 days post-infestation, s. asini in their 4th moult were recovered from the liver and portal veins. this is the first report of successful experimental infestation of these hosts with s ... | 1982 | 7177594 |
| isolation of encysted toxoplasma gondii from musculature of moose and pronghorn in montana. | pieces of skeletal muscle from 43 mule deer, 34 elk, 4 white-tailed deer, 21 pronghorn, 7 moose, and 2 bison were examined for toxoplasma infection, by the acid-pepsin digestion technique. toxoplasma gondii was isolated from 1 moose and 1 pronghorn. the isolated strains of t gondii were of low virulence to mice. | 1981 | 7224306 |
| haemagglutinins and lysins in plants and their application in characterising human and animal red cells. | saline extracts of 207 seed varieties belonging to 53 families were tested for haemagglutinating and haemolytic activity against the erythrocytes of eleven vertebrate species (man, monkey, rabbit, rat, goat, sheep, cow, buffalo, horse, mule and fowl). of these, 85 seed extracts showed haemagglutinating activity and 49 seed extracts showed haemolytic activity against the red cells of one or more animal species. several seed extracts were found to react in a species specific manner agglutinating o ... | 1981 | 7259639 |
| the epidemiology of squamous cell carcinoma of the perineal region of sheep. | a high prevalence of squamous cell carcinoma of the perineal region of ewes was detected in the wheat belt area of western australia. a postal survey of 80 farms was conducted in the area, seeking information on the epidemiology of the condition, based on the farmers identification of the disease, eighty-two per cent of flocks surveyed were affected, the mean prevalence in ewes of all ages being 2.29% (range 0.12% to 4.0%). the prevalence increased with age, from 0.05% in 1- to 2-year-old ewes t ... | 1981 | 7337596 |
| [stallions and jackasses of moroccan horse and mule breeds. initial results using fluid and frozen semen in mule breeding]. | | 1981 | 7337644 |
| further studies on trypanosomes in game animals in wyoming ii. | further studies on moose revealed trypanosomes in two captive moose (alces alces shirasi) and in 4 of 7 free-ranging moose in wyoming by blood culture. two free-ranging moose from utah were negative. one of two additional captive moose calves was positive for trypanosomes. trypanosomes also were detected in blood cultures of 8 of 39 american bison (bison bison) being brought into wyoming from nebraska. nineteen additional bison were negative for trypanosomes by blood cultures. identification of ... | 1981 | 7338978 |
| ganglioside pattern and sialic acid content of horse, donkey, and mule brain. | | 1980 | 7354347 |
| chronic wasting disease of captive mule deer: a spongiform encephalopathy. | in the past 12 years (1967-79) a syndrome we identify as chronic wasting disease has been observed in 53 mule deer (odocoileus hemionus hemionus) and one black-tailed deer (odocoileus hemionus columbianus) held in captivity in several wildlife facilities in colorado and more recently in wyoming. clinical signs were seen in adult deer and included behavioral alterations, progressive weight loss and death in 2 weeks to 8 months. gross necropsy findings included emaciation and excess rumen fluid ad ... | 1980 | 7373730 |
| experimental infection of mule deer with parelaphostrongylus tenuis. | six adult and three fawn mule deer (odocoileus hemionus) were experimentally infected with a range of 75-100 infective larvae of parelaphostrongylus tenuis. five of the six adult deer developed clinical signs of neurologic disease that terminated in paralysis between 35 and 80 days. the sixth deer developed slight signs of neurologic disease for 10 days, but recovered. all three mule deer fawns developed neurologic disease. adult meningeal worms were recovered from the subdural space of the spin ... | 1980 | 7463606 |
| sensitivity of antigen elisa test for detecting trypanosoma evansi antigen in horses in the subtropical area of argentina. | the sensitivity of an antigen detection enzyme immunoassay (ag-elisa) based on a trypanosoma brucei group-specific monoclonal antibody was evaluated to detect circulating trypanosoma evansi antigen in horse sera. three horses and 2 mules were experimentally infected with t. evansi. circulating antigens were detected on 7 and 21 days postinfection. antigen levels increased during the course of the illness and remained high even when parasitemia was low or when parasites could not be detected. ant ... | 1995 | 7472885 |
| [epidemiology of melioidosis in china]. | from 1975 to 1989, a total of 73 strains of p. pseudomallei was isolated from the water samples and the pathological samples of human and domestic animals in 13 counties and cities located different latitude from four provinces qiong, yue, gui and xiang in china. serological investigation demonstrated that the geographical distribution of the organism had a significant correlation with the positive rate of antibodies against p. pseudomallei and the native foci of the organisms distributed over t ... | 1994 | 7532109 |
| animal traction in south africa: research priorities in veterinary science. | during june 1994, members of numerous organisations with a vested interest in animal traction in south africa met for a one-day workshop, the initial activity of a forum on working animals. the workshop was sponsored by the foundation for research development in south africa. the individuals who attended were representatives of academic and government institutions, farmer and civic organisations, and included veterinarians and veterinary scientists, administrators, traction experts from the regi ... | 1994 | 7602567 |
| susceptibility of mule deer (odocoileus hemionus) and two species of north american molluscs to elaphostrongylus cervi (nematoda: metastrongyloidea). | an experimental study was done to determine whether elaphostrongylus cervi can be transmitted to common intermediate and definitive hosts indigenous to north america. first-stage larvae of e. cervi obtained from red deer (cervus elaphus elaphus) in new zealand developed to the infective third stage in snails (triodopis multilineata) and slugs (deroceros reticulatum). two mule deer (odocoileus hemionus) were inoculated orally with 102 or 406 third-stage larvae. one animal developed a patent infec ... | 1995 | 7623202 |
| seroepidemiological and molecular evidence for the presence of two h3n8 equine influenza viruses in china in 1993-94. | in may 1993, a severe epidemic of respiratory disease began in horses in inner mongolia and spread throughout horses in china. the disease affected mules and donkeys as well as horses but did not spread to other species, including humans. the severity of the disease raised the question of whether the outbreak might have been caused by the new avian-like influenza viruses detected in horses in china in 1989 or by current variants ofa/equine/miami/1/63 (h3n8) (equine-2) or by a reassortant between ... | 1995 | 7636481 |
| equine parafilariosis in iran. | from march to september 1991, horses (n = 1567), donkeys (n = 112) and mules (n = 96) were examined for equine parafilariosis by random sampling from different areas of iran. the clinical signs of equine parafilariosis were observed in 136 cases of two northern areas (1.4% and 41.3% infection rate) and one northeastern area (6.3% infection rate). most of the infected cases were confirmed by laboratory findings. all infected cases were followed up to establish the epidemiological features. the re ... | 1995 | 7732643 |
| neonatal isoerythrolysis in mule foals. | four mule foals received anti-rbc antibody from their dam's colostrum. two foals developed anemia, 1 developed severe thrombocytopenia, and 1 did not develop any clinical or laboratory abnormalities. all foals had the same donkey sire. seven mares, including the dams of foals 1 to 4, bred to the donkey sire produced anti-rbc antibody. two mares produced anti-rbc antibody to the donkey rbc on the first mating. the donkey sire and 18 of its offspring were found to have an rbc antigen unique to mul ... | 1995 | 7744666 |
| susceptibility of phagocytes from elk, deer, bighorn sheep, and domestic sheep to pasteurella haemolytica cytotoxins. | alveolar macrophages and peripheral blood neutrophils from elk (cervus elaphus), bighorn sheep (ovis canadensis canadensis), and domestic sheep were exposed to culture supernatants from pasteurella haemolytica isolated from bighorn sheep and domestic sheep. in a second experiment, peripheral blood neutrophils from mule deer (odocoileus hemionus), elk, and bighorn sheep were exposed to culture supernatants from p. haemolytica isolated from elk, bighorn sheep and domestic sheep. alveolar macrophag ... | 1994 | 7760482 |
| a comparison of stress in surgically and non-surgically mulesed sheep. | a comparison has been made in 9- to 10-month-old castrated male merino sheep of the changes in plasma total cortisol concentration and behaviour after being treated by either the modified mules operation or by topical application of a quaternary ammonium compound to achieve non-surgical mulesing. after surgical mulesing, plasma total cortisol concentration increased immediately and rapidly and reached a peak value in 15 minutes, whereas after non-surgical treatment an immediate rise did not occu ... | 1994 | 7794315 |
| genetic parameters from factorial cross breeding in two duck strains (anas platyrhynchos) brown tsaiya and pekin, for growth and fatty liver traits. | 1. a total of 655 mule ducklings were produced in three hatches by artificial insemination of common duck females brown tsaiya and pekin "alienor" and of their 2 reciprocal crossbreds with muscovy semen. 2. they were fed ad libitum until 6 weeks, then restricted to one meal per day until day 75 and afterwards preforce fed until day 84 and subsequently forced fed by 2 crammers, twice a day, from the age of 85 d and for a maximum of 13 d. 3. body weight at hatching, 28 d, 56 d, 75 d, 84 d and at s ... | 1994 | 7828009 |
| ultrastructure of the hinny (equus asinus x equus caballus) seminiferous epithelium. | the gonads and the germinative cells of 3 male hinnies were studied with light and transmission electron microscopy with the aim to observe the development of germ cells and verify the morphological modifications due to the hybridization. the hinny seminiferous epithelium presented sertoli cells and spermatogonia with normal features and anomalous spermatocytes i. the other cells from the spermatogenic sequence were not seen. most of the alterations began to occur in the cytes i, which presented ... | 1994 | 7887486 |