| persistent delta antigenaemia in chronic delta hepatitis and its relation with human immunodeficiency virus infection. | the prevalence of persistent hepatitis delta (hd) antigenaemia and associated factors in patients with chronic infection with the hepatitis delta virus (hdv) were investigated. among 157 consecutive patients known to be carriers of hepatitis b surface antigen (hbsag), 36 (23%) had one serum marker of hdv infection (anti-hd and/or hdag). nine of the patients with an hdv marker were hdag positive, including three who were anti-hd negative. a follow-up over a mean period of 13 months showed that fi ... | 1992 | 1287132 |
| tuberculosis in patients infected with human immunodeficiency virus 1. a retrospective multicentre study of 123 cases in france. the groupe des infectiologues du sud de la france. | in order to study the epidemiological, clinical, and progressive characteristics of tb in hiv-infected individuals, a retrospective study was conducted in nine infectious disease centres of university hospitals located in the southern half of france. among the 5730 hiv-seropositive in- and out-patients, 123 (2.1 per cent) had tb (121 infections caused by m. tuberculosis, 2 by m. bovis). tuberculosis was pulmonary in 53 patients (43.1 per cent), extrapulmonary in 36 patients (29.3 per cent), and ... | 1992 | 1287704 |
| the aids epidemic in tanzania: rate of spread of hiv in blood donors and pregnant women in dar es salaam. | the prevalence of antibodies to hiv in population groups in dar es salaam, tanzania has been monitored from late 1984 through 1991. in the pregnant women and blood donors the doubling time was about 2 years. if, however, the doubling time is calculated from reported cases of aids of the whole country, an average doubling time of 10 months is obtained. we point out factors that may bias calculations of the rate of spread of the virus and thus give rise to erroneous projections for the nearest yea ... | 1992 | 1287803 |
| cryptosporidium: different behaviour in calves of isolates of human origin. | the behaviour in calves of 3 cryptosporidium human isolates was analysed in comparison with a bovine isolate. twenty-four neonatal calves were infected. an isolate from a patient infected with human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) and showing mild cryptosporidiosis caused severe diarrhoea with a high production of oocysts in neonatal calves, as did a bovine isolate (group 1). two human isolates, obtained from hiv patients with severe cryptosporidiosis, caused mild diarrhoea with low oocyst producti ... | 1992 | 1287926 |
| salivary and urinary diagnosis of human immunodeficiency viruses 1 and 2 infection in côte d'ivoire, using two assays. | this investigation, done at the institut pasteur de cote d'ivoire 'blind' of the previous serological findings, suggests that gacelisa, a commercial immunoglobulin g capture enzyme immunoassay for anti-human immunodeficiency virus antibody, can be successfully applied to unprocessed saliva and urine specimens. its accuracy may be as high as that of conventional enzyme assays on serum tested under similar conditions. however, the role of gacpat, a similar assay, as a cheap alternative screening t ... | 1992 | 1287941 |
| biological roles of hiv nef proteins. a minireview. | the nef gene, its protein products and diverse mechanisms by which hiv pathogenicity is nef-mediated in vivo and in vitro explain the huge amount of works on this topic. until now the following functional roles have been assigned for nef: 1. downregulation of virus replication; 2. gtp binding and gtpase activities; 3. modulation of cytoplasmic signalling; and 4. cellular (cd4 and il-2) gene regulation. many reports which demonstrate the possible functions of nef in viral replication and in devel ... | 1992 | 1288645 |
| special considerations for hiv infection in women. | this monthly series was developed from the aoa task force on aids writers' workshop, held august 16 to 18, 1991, in new york. the workshop was sponsored by an education grant from burroughs wellcome. it will provide brief clinical updates and perspectives on the human immunodeficiency virus (hiv). readers may request tear sheets from the aoa editorial offices. | 1992 | 1289314 |
| acid lability is not an intrinsic property of interferon-alpha induced by hiv-infected cells. | human immunodeficiency virus (hiv)-infected cells induce acid-labile interferon-alpha (al-ifn-alpha) in cultures of mononuclear cells from peripheral human blood. we have investigated the physiochemical properties of such preparations to elucidate the reasons for acid-lability of this ifn. al-ifn-alpha is a mixture of both glycosylated and unglycosylated molecules as shown by separation on concanavalin-a sepharose. acid-lability is associated only with glycosylated molecules. upon chromatography ... | 1992 | 1289411 |
| inability of human immunodeficiency virus to infect human microvascular endothelial cells. | | 1992 | 1290591 |
| predictors of condom use in sexually active adolescents. | unprotected sexual intercourse places a substantial number of adolescents at risk for sexually transmitted disease (std) and human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) infection. while the most effective means of preventing std/hiv infection among sexually active adolescents is consistent condom use, little is known about the factors that influence their consistent use among adolescents. this study of adolescents (n = 1049, mean age = 16.2 years) found that of the 266 teens who recently became sexually ... | 1992 | 1290763 |
| laboratory reports of human viral and selected non-viral infections in canada--1991. | | 1992 | 1291004 |
| hormonal and immunological pattern in a patient with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome related complex and cushing's syndrome. | a case of cushing's syndrome in a 24-yr-old homosexual with an aids-related complex is reported. in this patient certain symptoms common to both diseases, i.e. weakness, myalgia and muscle atrophy were accentuated, whereas other symptoms pathognomic of the human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) infection, i.e. lymphoadenopathies and weight loss, were less pronounced by the high levels of circulating adrenal steroids. ketoconazole was administered po in order to block adrenal steroidogenesis, the dru ... | 1992 | 1291597 |
| the risk of transmission of human immunodeficiency virus in dental practice. | after a decade of study of the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (aids) there is evidence to address the concerns of dental staff about possible transmission of human immunodeficiency virus (hiv). this paper reviews that evidence which demonstrates an extremely low risk of transmission of hiv to staff and patients. only a few isolated cases have implicated transmission during dental practice, however, there are no proven cases where seroconversion has been demonstrated in relation to an exposur ... | 1992 | 1291943 |
| cell-mediated immunity against hgp-30, a group-specific peptide of hiv p17 in individuals infected with the aids virus. | hgp-30, the synthetic peptide analogue and active component in an hiv-1 (human immunodeficiency virus, type 1) p 17 core-based experimental vaccine, has previously been shown to induce cytotoxic and helper t-lymphocyte responses. in order to further define the t-helper cell responses which are known to play a role in enhancing the immunological response to foreign antigens, we studied the response of individuals infected with hiv to hgp-30 at various stages of disease progression. we have invest ... | 1992 | 1292646 |
| another view to blood and body substance precaution: 1988-91. | occupational transmission of human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) in hospitals can be prevented with the use of 'blood and body substance precaution'. at the royal victoria hospital, an infection control objective is to get employees automatically to use blood and body substance precaution with all patients--without relying on isolation signs. the concept of blood and body substance precaution was introduced in 1988 and simultaneously used with disease-specific signs. it was observed that disease- ... | 1992 | 1292728 |
| chronic idiopathic esophageal ulceration in the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. characterization and treatment with corticosteroids. | study objectives were to characterize the clinical syndrome of chronic idiopathic esophageal ulceration in patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (aids), to determine the extent of local human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) infection, and to evaluate the effect of corticosteroid therapy upon symptoms and healing. twelve aids patients with chronic esophageal ulcers whose etiology remained unknown after clinical evaluation were the subjects. all patients complained of severe odynophagia, c ... | 1992 | 1294632 |
| [a case of perinatal transmission of human immunodeficiency virus--diagnosis of hiv infection by culture and pcr]. | a child born from a mother with hiv infection was reported. we have followed the patient from 3 month old of age. her hiv antibody disappeared at 7 month by eia, and at 10 month by wr. but we confirmed her hiv infection by pcr and hiv culture, repeatedly at those times, pcr and hiv culture are thought to be necessary for sero-negative infants born from mothers positive for hiv antibody. | 1992 | 1294660 |
| monitoring for hiv-1, hiv-2, htlv-i sero-progression and sero-conversion in a population at risk in east africa. | thirty-three individuals from east africa, at risk for acquiring sexually transmitted infections, were selected to be monitored over a five month period for evidence of sero-progression and/or sero-conversion for human immunodeficiency virus type-1 and type-2 (hiv-1, hiv-2), and human t cell leukemia virus type-1 (htlv-i). initially, all sera were reactive by at least one retroviral screening assay, but most produced negative or indeterminate results by western blot assays. five months after the ... | 1992 | 1294680 |
| septic arthritis in patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome with human immunodeficiency virus infection. | we have evaluated the presence and characteristics of septic arthritis in intravenous (iv) drug users with human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) infection. sixteen patients with both hiv infection and septic arthritis were studied and compared with 5 patients with septic arthritis but no hiv infection. clinical profile, laboratory findings at the time of onset, localization, causative organisms, mean hospitalization time and presence of complications were the same in hiv positive and hiv negative p ... | 1992 | 1294747 |
| [interactions between human immunodeficiency virus and immune system in lymphoid organs]. | | 1992 | 1295388 |
| [central nervous system lesions associated with human immunodeficiency virus infection]. | | 1992 | 1295390 |
| transcriptional activation of the human immunodeficiency virus long terminal repeat sequences by tumor necrosis factor. | the recombinant plasmid pbhiv-1 carrying the long terminal repeat (ltr) of the human immunodeficiency virus 1 (hiv-1), linked to the reported chloramphenicol acetyl transferase (cat) gene, was introduced into human and rat fibroblasts. stable transfectants were obtained which were resistant to genetecin and expressed cat-activity from the hiv-1 ltr. the response to tnf alpha was studied. it was found that, at the optimum concentration of 100 iu/ml in human and 1000 iu/ml in rat fibroblasts, the ... | 1992 | 1295450 |
| association between staphylococcus aureus nasopharyngeal colonization and septicemia in patients infected with the human immunodeficiency virus. | in an attempt to identify risk factors for staphylococcus aureus septicemia, 136 consecutive hiv-infected patients were investigated for the presence of nasopharyngeal colonization with staphylococcus aureus and subsequent staphylococcus aureus infection. sixty of 136 (44.1%) hiv-infected patients had staphylococci which were detected in the nasopharynx on initial culture compared to 12 of 39 (30.8%) patients with chronic diseases and 11 of 47 (23.4%) healthy hospital staff. another 12 hiv-infec ... | 1992 | 1295767 |
| suppression of resistance to giardia muris and cytokine production in a murine model of acquired immune deficiency syndrome. | peyer's patch (pp) t cells through the production of appropriate cytokines foster the development of immunity to the intestinal protozoan parasites such as giardia. t cell destruction by the human immunodeficiency virus precedes the development of acquired immune deficiency syndrome. thus, hiv may increase susceptibility to intestinal parasite infections. therefore, we measured the resistance and t cell cytokine responses to giardia in c57b1/6 mice infected with the retrovirus lp-bm5 which produ ... | 1992 | 1297411 |
| [molecular analysis of the principal neutralization epitope (v3 loop) of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 in argentina]. | the main goal of the present paper was to analyze the molecular diversity of the principal neutralizing domain (v3 loop) of the hiv 1 gp120 in samples from patients of argentina. the study was carried out on a total of 30 hiv 1 positive blood samples, obtained during 1991-1992, belonging to 15 intravenous drug users (group a), 5 homosexual men (group b), 8 children born to hiv 1 positive mothers (group c) and 2 aids patients (group d). by using extracted dna from peripheral blood lymphocytes and ... | 1992 | 1298019 |
| [estimated biological markers of progression in human immunodeficiency virus infection]. | the biological markers for determining as early as possible the progression in the infection by the human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) are very important for the health care of patients, and to adapt their anti-retroviral treatment. among those, four independent biological markers for predicting a pejorative evolution in the following 36 months are used in medical practice: two specific for hiv, p24 antigenemia and serum titre of antibodies to the p24 core antigen, and two non-hiv specific surro ... | 1992 | 1298168 |
| [oral hairy leukoplakia in human immunodeficiency virus positive patients: clinical and etiopathogenic aspects]. | clinical and etiopathogenetic features of oral hairy leukoplakia in 5 patients positive for human immunodeficiency virus were studied. oral hairy leukoplakia were located on the lateral borders of the tongue and showed a corrugated/hairy aspect in all the cases. histological examination showed hyperparakeratosis, acanthosis, hair like projection (n = 4) koilocyte-like-cells and moderate subepidermal inflammation. immunohistochemistry revealed positive results for epstein-barr virus indicating an ... | 1992 | 1299282 |
| assessing the needs and quality of life of patients with hiv infection: development of the hiv overview of problems-evaluation system (hopes). | to develop and evaluate the psychometric properties (reliability, validity etc.) of a comprehensive quality of life (qol) tool, for patients infected with the human immunodeficiency virus (hiv), that was adapted from a previously validated cancer tool. | 1992 | 1299472 |
| urocanic acid isomers, immunosuppressive cytokines and the induction of human immunodeficiency virus. | the ability of cis-urocanic acid to mimic the effects of ultraviolet (uv) was tested in two systems that show cellular responses to direct uv irradiation. first, cultured mouse keratinocytes were treated with cis-urocanic acid and the cell culture supernatants were injected into mice to test for the ability to block spleen cell proliferation in the mixed lymphocyte reaction. second, human fibroblasts carrying the chloramphenicol acetyltransferase gene under the control of the human immunodeficie ... | 1992 | 1300141 |
| nephropathy associated with infection by human immunodeficiency virus: a report on 11 cases including 6 treated with zidovudine. | the human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) was recently suggested to be involved in generating kidney lesions in hiv-associated nephropathy (hivn). the possibility that antiretroviral agents can slow down the usually explosive evolution of hivn to end-stage renal failure (esrf) has not been studied in many of the series of cases published. the present work is a retrospective analysis of 11 patients with histologically proven hivn, 6 of whom were treated with zidovudine. seven patients (group 1) eith ... | 1992 | 1300439 |
| seroprevalence of antibodies to the human immunodeficiency virus in dialysis workers: results of a multi-center study. | the center for devices and radiological health, in collaboration with the department of veterans affairs medical center, brooklyn, n.y., conducted a multi-center, multi-institutional study of the seroprevalence of antibodies to the human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) among dialysis workers. seven dialysis units and 112 dialysis workers participated in the study over a period of 2 years. participation was limited to dialysis workers who, by questionnaire, denied non-occupational risk factors for h ... | 1992 | 1300440 |
| progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy and gliomas in a hiv-negative patient. | a case of progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (pml) is reported, detected at autopsy of a 30-year-old patient. the clinical picture was characterized by a progressive course of mental deterioration and ingravescent neurological symptoms. the patient was hiv-negative. he died of bronchopneumonia, after a clinical course of 13 months. autopsy disclosed pulmonary tuberculosis with involvement of regional lymph nodes. in the brain, besides numerous pml-foci of varying age and structure, a ple ... | 1992 | 1300608 |
| cellular localization of nef expressed in persistently hiv-1-infected low-producer astrocytes. | the characterization and localization of hiv-1 nef highly expressed in permanently infected astrocytes (th4-7-5) as a model for latent infection of human brain cells. | 1992 | 1301062 |
| an overview of generic health-related quality of life measures for hiv research. | this paper provides a selective review of instruments currently being employed to evaluate generic health-related quality of life in studies of persons with human immunodeficiency virus (hiv). instruments examined include the quality of well-being scale, the hiv overview of problems/evaluation system, the coop charts, and six medical outcomes study-based measures: the sf-20, sf-30, aids-haq, sf-36, sf-38 and sf-56. relative strengths and weaknesses of the measures are discussed. | 1992 | 1301123 |
| [cytotoxic response against human immunodeficiency virus (hiv): control with suppressor factor]. | we report a new suppressor function of cd8+ cd57+ lymphocytes from hiv-seropositive patients recipients, on the cytolytic activity of allospecific ctl, nk and lak cells. this inhibitory effect is mediated by a non-antigen specific soluble factor distinct from pge2, tgf beta and tnf alpha and beta. biochemical characterization indicates that the cd8+ cd57+ inhibitory activity: 1) is heat and trypsin resistant but remains sensitive to pronase e hydrolyse, 2) specifically bind to concanavalin a-sep ... | 1992 | 1301226 |
| [the serological exam for the human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) as part of the premarital exams]. | due to the presence of the acquired immune deficiency syndrome (aids), it has been frequently stated, by several segments of the society, that mandatory human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) testing as premarital requirement is useful for aids prevention. the usefulness of these tests among general population are discussed, as well as some problems for its eventual implementation, concluding that this screening procedure is impractical, inefficient and expensive as a public health measure. the over ... | 1992 | 1302741 |
| human immunodeficiency virus type 1-infected monocytic cells can destroy human neural cells after cell-to-cell adhesion. | primary cultures of human embryonic neurons and astrocytes have been used to test the interactions between neural cells and either human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1) or hiv-1-infected monocytes. after direct infection with hiv-1, neither morphological alteration of neurons and astrocytes nor signs of viral replication were observed. similarly, cultured human neurons and astrocytes were resistant to incubation with the supernatant of hiv-1-infected u937 cells, a human monoblastoid cell l ... | 1992 | 1303631 |
| a molecular model for membrane fusion based on solution studies of an amphiphilic peptide from hiv gp41. | the mechanism of protein-mediated membrane fusion and lysis has been investigated by solution-state studies of the effects of peptides on liposomes. a peptide (si) corresponding to a highly amphiphilic c-terminal segment from the envelope protein (gp41) of the human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) was synthesized and tested for its ability to cause lipid membranes to fuse together (fusion) or to break open (lysis). these effects were compared to those produced by the lytic and fusogenic peptide fro ... | 1992 | 1303764 |
| (r)-(-)- and (s)-(+)-adenallene: synthesis, absolute configuration, enantioselectivity of antiretroviral effect, and enzymic deamination. | synthesis of optically pure (-)- and (+)-adenallene 2 and 3 is described. racemic adenallene (1a) was subjected to deamination with adenosine deaminase monitored by hplc using a chiralcel ca-1 column to give (-)-adenallene (2) and (+)-hypoxallene (4). the latter compound was converted to acetate 5. the reaction of 5 with trifluoromethanesulfonic anhydride and pyridine followed by ammonolysis furnished acetate 6 or (+)-adenallene (3) depending on the solvent used in the last step. acetate 5 was s ... | 1992 | 1304169 |
| nucleocapsid zinc fingers detected in retroviruses: exafs studies of intact viruses and the solution-state structure of the nucleocapsid protein from hiv-1. | all retroviral nucleocapsid (nc) proteins contain one or two copies of an invariant 3cys-1his array (cchc = c-x2-c-x4-h-x4-c; c = cys, h = his, x = variable amino acid) that are essential for rna genome packaging and infectivity and have been proposed to function as zinc-binding domains. although the arrays are capable of binding zinc in vitro, the physiological relevance of zinc coordination has not been firmly established. we have obtained zinc-edge extended x-ray absorption fine structure (ex ... | 1992 | 1304355 |
| crystal structure of a complex of hiv-1 protease with a dihydroxyethylene-containing inhibitor: comparisons with molecular modeling. | the structure of a crystal complex of recombinant human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1) protease with a peptide-mimetic inhibitor containing a dihydroxyethylene isostere insert replacing the scissile bond has been determined. the inhibitor is noa-his-hch psi [ch(oh)ch(oh)]vam-ile-amp (u-75875), and its ki for inhibition of the hiv-1 protease is < 1.0 nm (noa = 1-naphthoxyacetyl, hch = a hydroxy-modified form of cyclohexylalanine, vam = a hydroxy-modified form of valine, amp = 2-pyridylmeth ... | 1992 | 1304383 |
| tuberculous meningitis in patients infected with the human immunodeficiency virus. | | 1992 | 1304729 |
| peptide models of the tat-tar protein-rna interaction. | | 1992 | 1304886 |
| application of information systems to aids risk reduction. | acquired immune deficiency syndrome (aids) is a specific group of diseases which are indicative of severe immunosuppression related to infection with the human immunodeficiency virus (hiv). in response to the epidemic, a variety of intervention and prevention has been instituted. in such intervention and prevention activities, the role played by information systems becomes more and more important. this paper describes the design and implementation of an information system for aids intervention a ... | 1992 | 1305697 |
| a preliminary survey for human immunodeficient virus (hiv) infections in tuberculosis and melioidosis patients in ubon ratchathani, thailand. | a preliminary survey was conducted for the prevalence of hiv infections in pulmonary tuberculosis and melioidosis patients in ubon ratchathani province, in thailand, the second largest province in population which supplies labors to bangkok metropolis. in this province, tuberculosis is prevalent in a higher rate than in most other provinces and melioidosis is endemic. four hiv-seropositives were found in a total of 551 suspected and culture-positive cases of pulmonary tuberculosis, while no hiv- ... | 1992 | 1306871 |
| chronic and recurrent pneumonia. | recurrent pneumonia is defined as two or (usually) more separate episodes of lower respiratory tract infection that generally are accompanied by fever, leucocytosis, and purulent sputum production. these episodes are separated by an asymptomatic interval of at least 1 month or clearing of the chest visible by radiograph. clinical improvement and radiological clearing should result after appropriate antimicrobial therapy. chronic pneumonia is an illness that lasts at least 6 weeks and is caused b ... | 1992 | 1307131 |
| semen transmission of human immunodeficiency virus. | | 1992 | 1307232 |
| [risk of infections by the human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) among health professionals]. | to investigate the occupational risk of infection by hiv among health professionals, 36 cases of occupational accidents involving exposure to material potentially infected with hiv, reported at a brazilian general hospital (hcfmrp), were studied. of the injured workers 75% were female and 25% male (ranging from 23 to 49 years old) and just one of them had high-risk behavior of hiv infection. of these health professionals, 52.8% were nursing auxiliaries, 19.4%, nurses, 13.9%, nursing attendants, ... | 1992 | 1307422 |
| otosyphilis: a diagnostic and therapeutic dilemma. | traditional treatment of otosyphilis with penicillin and corticosteroids has achieved hearing improvement; however, selecting which patients with a positive fluorescent treponemal antibody absorption (fta-abs) test will benefit from treatment remains a problem. in order to study this problem, 18 patients with cochleovestibular dysfunction of unknown etiology and positive syphilis serology were treated with intravenous penicillin and corticosteroids. in addition, lumbar puncture and human immunod ... | 1992 | 1307698 |
| inefficient transmission of htlv-i to molt-4 cells by cell-free virus and cocultivation. | transmission of human t cell leukemia virus type i (htlv-i) to a t cell line (molt-4#8) was studied using cell-free virus infection or cocultivation with an htlv-i-transformed t cell line (mt-2). immunofluorescence and facs analyses showed that htlv-i was efficiently adsorbed onto molt-4#8 cells. however, after adsorption, no extrachromosomal viral dna in the cells was detected by the southern blot method. in contrast, when mt-2 cells were cocultured with molt-4#8 cells, generation of extrachrom ... | 1992 | 1308003 |
| [the evaluation of the chance cross reactivity of serological tests for the diagnosis of human immunodeficiency virus and trypanosoma cruzi infections]. | | 1992 | 1308070 |
| chronic cutaneous lupus erythematosus and subsequent infection with hiv1. | since the beginning of the pandemia caused by the human immunodeficiency virus several reports have described cases of infection by hiv1 in patients bearing rheumatic diseases. the infection by hiv 1 in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (sle) and chronic cutaneous lupus erythematosus (ccle), however, seems to be elusive. as far as we know, only 3 cases of hiv infection associated with sle have been published. furthermore, we have not been able to find out any report concerning hiv infec ... | 1992 | 1308264 |
| rising trend of hiv infection with special reference to blood donors. | this paper describes the experience in testing for antibodies to the human immunodeficiency virus (anti-hiv) at a private institution. a total of 31,003 persons were tested between august 1986 and june 1990 including 20, 321 blood donors. the other 10,712 were visitors to the ohso international commune (oic), a commune for followers of osho rajneesh. another 133 patients, 45 of whom had been repeatedly transfused, were also tested. thirty two persons tested positive-22 blood donors, 4 visitors t ... | 1992 | 1308488 |
| herpes zoster and human immunodeficiency virus infection. | the interaction of herpes zoster and the human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) was evaluated in a cohort study of 287 homosexual men with well-defined dates of hiv seroconversion and 499 hiv-seronegative homosexual men. the incidence of herpes zoster was significantly higher among hiv-seropositive men (29.4 cases/1000 person-years) than among hiv-seronegative men (2.0 cases/1000 person-years); the overall age-adjusted relative risk (rr) was 16.9 (95% confidence interval [ci], 8.7-32.6). when compar ... | 1992 | 1308664 |
| chemotherapy and immunity in opportunistic parasitic infections in aids. | parasitic diseases are endemic in parts of the tropics, but there is no convincing evidence that their prevalence or incidence is increasing due to the hiv epidemic. available scientific data on parasitic infections in patients with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (aids) suggests a predominance of pneumocystis carinii, toxoplasma gondii and cryptosporidium spp. for reasons which are unclear, parasitic infections such as plasmodium falciparum, strongyloides stercoralis and entamoeba histol ... | 1992 | 1308934 |
| transcriptional activation of several heterologous promoters by the e6 protein of human papillomavirus type 16. | the e6 protein of human papillomavirus type 16 (hpv-16), along with e7, is responsible for the hpv-induced malignant transformation of the cervix. however, the mechanism of this transformation activity is not well understood. we investigated whether the entire e6 protein of hpv-16 could act as an activator of transcription. experiments in which nih 3t3 cells were cotransfected with an e6 expression vector together with the reporter chloramphenicol acetyltransferase (cat) gene linked to various m ... | 1992 | 1309249 |
| impact of pneumocystis carinii and cytomegalovirus on the course and outcome of atypical pneumonia in advanced human immunodeficiency virus disease. | patients undergoing bronchoscopy for possible pneumocystis pneumonia were studied retrospectively to characterize the impact of common viral pathogens on the course of advanced human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) disease and atypical pneumonia. in 327 episodes, pneumocystis carinii was found in 220 (67%), cytomegalovirus (cmv) in 145 (44%), and herpes simplex virus in 16 (5%). early deterioration in oxygenation and use of intensive care was less common in cmv-positive patients. neither cmv nor p. ... | 1992 | 1309375 |
| genital papillomavirus infection and cervical dysplasia--opportunistic complications of hiv infection. | certain human genital papillomaviruses (hpv) are strongly associated with cervical dysplasia and cancer. evidence is accumulating that hpv infection and ano-genital cancers are more common in patients with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. the objective of our study was to evaluate the extent to which hpv infection and associated cervical disease constitute opportunistic complications of human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) infection in a population of sexually promiscuous, hiv-infected wome ... | 1992 | 1309459 |
| herpes simplex virus infection as a risk factor for human immunodeficiency virus infection in heterosexuals. | to determine if infection with herpes simplex virus (hsv) type 2 is associated with human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) type 1 infection among patients attending sexually transmitted diseases clinics, a case-control study was done on coded sera from 179 hiv-1-infected patients and 367 age-, race-, and gender-matched hiv-1-seronegative patients. although only 13 (2.3%) of 546 patients had a history of genital herpes treatment, 72% and 56.6%, respectively, had serologic evidence of prior infection ... | 1992 | 1309846 |
| characterization of early pathogenic effects after experimental infection of calves with bovine immunodeficiency-like virus. | the early pathogenic effects of bovine immunodeficiency-like virus (biv) were studied in calves experimentally inoculated with biv. all animals inoculated with biv r29-infected cells seroconverted by 6 weeks postinoculation, and biv was recoverable from each animal at 2 weeks postinoculation. however, levels of biv replication in vivo appeared to be low. in situ hybridization studies indicated that during peak periods of viral replication in vivo, less than 0.03% of peripheral blood mononuclear ... | 1992 | 1309889 |
| in vitro resolution of adeno-associated virus dna hairpin termini by wild-type rep protein is inhibited by a dominant-negative mutant of rep. | an adeno-associated virus (aav) genome with a lys-to-his (k340h) mutation in the consensus nucleotide triphosphate binding site of the rep gene has a dominant-negative dna replication phenotype in vivo. we expressed both wild-type (rep78) and mutant (rep78ntp) proteins in two helper-free expression systems consisting of either recombinant baculoviruses in insect cells or the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 long terminal repeat promoter in human 293 cell transient transfections. we analyzed n ... | 1992 | 1309900 |
| immunosuppressive effects of corticotropin and melanotropin and their possible significance in human immunodeficiency virus infection. | the activation of human granulocytes and invertebrate immunocytes was found to be suppressed by corticotropin (acth) and melanotropin (msh). in spontaneously active granulocytes both neuropeptides caused significant conformational changes indicative of inactivity plus a reduction in their locomotion. significant inactivation of human granulocytes by acth required 2 hr, that by msh only 20 min. the addition to the incubation medium of phosphoramidon, a specific inhibitor of neutral endopeptidase ... | 1992 | 1309958 |
| solvent/detergent-treated plasma: a virus-inactivated substitute for fresh frozen plasma. | fresh frozen plasma (ffp) is prepared in blood banks world-wide as a by-product of red blood cell concentrate preparation. appropriate clinical use is for coagulation factor disorders where appropriate concentrates are unavailable and when multiple coagulation factor deficits occur such as in surgery. viral safety depends on donor selection and screening; thus, there continues to be a small but defined risk of viral transmission comparable with that exhibited by whole blood. we have prepared a v ... | 1992 | 1310064 |
| transactivation of the hiv-1 ltr by hsv-1 immediate-early genes. | herpes simplex virus type 1 (hsv-1) activates transcription from the long terminal repeat (ltr) promoter region of the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1). hsv-1 immediate-early (ie) genes icp0 and icp4 are thought to be important mediators of this process, which is known to involve the induction of the cellular activators nf-kappa b and sp1. we demonstrate that icp0 and icp4 transactivation of the ltr is largely dependent on the presence of nf-kappa b and sp1 binding sites. however, in ... | 1992 | 1310199 |
| seroepidemiology of viral infections among intravenous drug users in northern california. | intravenous drug users are frequently exposed to parenterally transmitted viral infections, and these infections can spread to the general population through sexual activity. we investigated the prevalence of serologic markers for human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1), human t-cell lymphotropic virus type i/ii (htlv-i/ii), hepatitis b virus (hbv), and hepatitis c virus (hcv) in intravenous drug users and their sexual contacts. of 585 drug users from northern california tested for these ser ... | 1992 | 1310362 |
| health care workers infected with the human immunodeficiency virus. the next steps. | the tragedy of five patients who contracted human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) infection from a seropositive dentist has alarmed the public. the centers for disease control (cdc) recently revised its recommendations for preventing the transmission of hiv infection to patients during invasive procedures. the cdc abandoned a previous plan to list exposure-prone invasive procedures that hiv-infected health care workers should not perform. the cdc said "expert review panels" should decide on a case- ... | 1992 | 1310512 |
| sexually transmitted viruses other than hiv and papillomavirus. | this review has focused on a select group of viruses that can be sexually transmitted. the viruses include the herpesviruses, hepatitis a virus, hepatitis b virus, delta virus, non-a, non-b hepatitis virus(es), and molluscum contagiosum. their impact on the population alone or in association with hiv disease necessitates a clear understanding of their ability to cause infection and of the manifestations of these infections. characterization of these particular pathogens and treatment have been d ... | 1992 | 1310546 |
| youth at risk. sex, drugs, and human immunodeficiency virus. | adolescents and young adults are at risk for human immunodeficiency virus type 1 infection due to unprotected sexual intercourse and drug use. in 1988 and 1989, blinded surveys were conducted in 84 sexually transmitted disease clinics, 115 women's health clinics, and 19 drug treatment centers in 38 metropolitan areas. blood specimens from 153,242 clients, aged 15 to 24 years, were tested for human immunodeficiency virus type 1 antibodies after all client identifiers were removed. in sexually tra ... | 1992 | 1310567 |
| human cytomegalovirus-stimulated peripheral blood mononuclear cells induce hiv-1 replication via a tumor necrosis factor-alpha-mediated mechanism. | human cytomegalovirus (hcmv) is a potential cofactor in hiv-1 infection. to investigate the mechanism whereby hcmv promotes hiv-1 replication, a pbmc coculture assay which measures hiv-1 p24 antigen release was used as an index of viral replication. hcmv-stimulated pbmc were capable of inducing hiv-1 replication in cocultures with acutely infected pbmc; however, this occurred only when the pbmc were from hcmv-seropositive donors (598 +/- 207 versus 27 +/- 10 pg/ml p24 antigen with pbmc from hcmv ... | 1992 | 1310698 |
| decreases in unintegrated hiv dna are associated with antiretroviral therapy in aids patients. | better markers are needed to monitor the efficacy of antiretroviral drugs in persons infected with human immunodeficiency virus (hiv). we investigated the effects of zidovudine (zdv) and dideoxycytidine (ddc) on the presence of unintegrated hiv-1 dna in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (pbmcs) from aids patients. dna was extracted from pbmcs and separated into low molecular weight (unintegrated) and high molecular weight (integrated) chromosomal fractions. these dna fractions were then amplifi ... | 1992 | 1310734 |
| a 10-base-pair element of the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 long terminal repeat (ltr) is an absolute requirement for transactivation by the human cytomegalovirus 72-kilodalton ie1 protein but can be compensated for by other ltr regions in transactivation by the 80-kilodalton ie2 protein. | transient gene expression studies have indicated that human cytomegalovirus (hcmv) specifically transactivates the human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) long terminal repeat (ltr). we show here, by a specific mutational analysis, that only the tata box region is obligatory for transactivation of the hiv-1 ltr by hcmv. similarly, this element is also sufficient for transactivation by either the hcmv 72-kda major immediate-early 1 (ie1) or 80-kda ie2 gene product independently. however, deletion of a ... | 1992 | 1310765 |
| identification and characterization of a human herpesvirus 6 gene segment that trans activates the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 promoter. | human herpesvirus 6 (hhv-6) is a lymphotropic herpesvirus, and in vitro, hhv-6 can productively infect many of the same cell types as can human immunodeficiency virus (hiv). coinfection by both viruses in vitro can lead to both activation of the hiv promoter and acceleration of cytopathic effects. we have previously demonstrated that a large, 22.25-kb cloned hhv-6 fragment, pzvb70, can trans activate hiv promoter expression in vitro. in this study, we show that the pzvb70 fragment can trans acti ... | 1992 | 1310766 |
| insertion of the human immunodeficiency virus cd4 receptor into the envelope of vesicular stomatitis virus particles. | enveloped virus particles carrying the human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) cd4 receptor may potentially be employed in a targeted antiviral approach. the mechanisms for efficient insertion and the requirements for the functionality of foreign glycoproteins within viral envelopes, however, have not been elucidated. conditions for efficient insertion of foreign glycoproteins into the vesicular stomatitis virus (vsv) envelope were first established by inserting the wild-type envelope glycoprotein (g ... | 1992 | 1310767 |
| high frequency of latent and clinical human papillomavirus cervical infections in immunocompromised human immunodeficiency virus-infected women. | in 32 human immunodeficiency virus (hiv)-infected women, routine gynecologic examination was performed with colposcopy and papanicolaou smear; cervical swabs were collected for human papillomavirus (hpv) dna screening and typing; and immune status was assessed by cd4 t-cell count. dot blot analysis was specifically chosen for hpv dna screening to detect only relatively substantial hpv dna infections. polymerase chain reaction analysis was used for precise dna typing of dot blot-positive samples. ... | 1992 | 1310804 |
| serum angiotensin-converting enzyme level is elevated in patients with human immunodeficiency virus infection. | serum angiotensin-converting enzyme (ace) level is elevated in a number of disease states and medical conditions. based on review of the medical literature, we postulated that serum ace level elevation may occur during infection with the human immunodeficiency virus (hiv). | 1992 | 1310846 |
| inhibition of t cell antigen receptor-dependent phosphorylation of cd4 in human immunodeficiency virus type 1 infected cells. | inhibitory effects of human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) on t lymphocyte function have been linked to perturbation of signaling through the t cell antigen receptor-cd3 complex. comparative biochemical analyses of signaling responses were performed in t cells that were either uninfected or chronically infected with the hiv-1/iiib strain. stimulation with antibodies to cd3 triggered both ca2+ accumulation and phosphoinositide hydrolysis responses that were equivalent in uninfected and infected cel ... | 1992 | 1310988 |
| molecular and immunophenotypic characterization of aids-associated, epstein-barr virus-negative, polyclonal lymphoma. | a molecular analysis of non-hodgkin's lymphomas (nhls) from patients with aids was undertaken to determine the prevalence and immunophenotype of polyclonal b-cell lymphoma. | 1992 | 1311023 |
| hiv-infected professionals, patient rights, and the 'switching dilemma'. | the ethical issues surrounding the centers for disease control and american medical association guidelines for health professionals infected with the human immunodeficiency virus are examined and discussed. although human immunodeficiency virus transmission risks during surgery are lower than many risks we routinely face, it is not irrational for a patient to want to switch from an infected professional to an uninfected one. the american medical association claim that physicians have a duty to a ... | 1992 | 1311045 |
| treatment of aggressive cytomegalovirus retinitis with ganciclovir in combination with foscarnet in a child infected with human immunodeficiency virus. | ganciclovir and foscarnet are both effective for cytomegalovirus retinitis in patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome, but the benefits of either agent given alone are limited. a child infected with human immunodeficiency virus who had cytomegalovirus retinitis that progressed despite treatment with either agent alone received the combination of ganciclovir and foscarnet. this treatment resulted in a sustained clinical response. | 1992 | 1311378 |
| epstein-barr virus in hodgkin's disease from patients with human immunodeficiency virus infection. | the polymerase chain reaction (pcr) technique was used to detect the presence of epstein-barr virus (ebv) dna sequences in hodgkin's disease specimens from 10 patients who were also positive for the human immunodeficiency virus (hiv). eight of 10 specimens were positive for ebv, compared to 23 of 57 hodgkin's disease specimens from patients without hiv infection, suggesting a closer association between epstein-barr virus infection and hodgkin's disease in patients with hiv infection than in the ... | 1992 | 1311840 |
| low risk of viral infection after administration of vapor-heated factor viii concentrate. international investigator group. | a multicenter prospective study was carried out to evaluate whether a vapor-heated factor viii concentrate transmitted blood-borne viral infections over a surveillance period of 15 months. thirty-five patients with hemophilia and von willebrand disease who had never received any blood components were treated. twenty-eight were analyzed and found not to have non-a, non-b hepatitis. sera from 20 of these 28 patients were also tested for the antibody to the hepatitis c virus. none had sero-converte ... | 1992 | 1311876 |
| relapsing and remitting human immunodeficiency virus-associated leukoencephalomyelopathy. | we describe a 33-year-old homosexual man with a steroid-responsive, remitting and relapsing leukoencephalopathy associated with recent human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1) seroconversion. biopsy of a parieto-occipital lesion revealed demyelination and astrogliosis with focal necrosis. detailed investigations demonstrated no pathogens in the brain other than hiv-1. this patient illustrates that a neurological disorder clinically indistinguishable from multiple sclerosis may be the presenti ... | 1992 | 1311910 |
| hiv-related risk behaviors among cocaine users. | risk behaviors related to human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) infection and transmission were studied in a sample of 167 male cocaine users admitted during a 5-month period to an inpatient drug treatment program. data obtained included drug history and related behaviors, sexual behaviors, knowledge, and attitudes regarding hiv infection and aids. approximately 20% of the sample had used iv drugs in the year prior to the interview and 94% of these reported sharing needles; 20% of the iv drug users ... | 1992 | 1311941 |
| correlates of human immunodeficiency virus infection in intravenous drug users: are treatment-program samples misleading? | using a community-based sample of 1632 intravenous drug users in baltimore, maryland, usa, this study evaluated a possible selection bias faced when studying risk factors for human immunodeficiency virus, type 1 (hiv-1) in intravenous drug users drawn solely from treatment programs. consenting subjects, recruited by extensive distribution of brochures and word-of-mouth, underwent confidential interviews about drug use behaviors in a setting that was independent of community service agencies. of ... | 1992 | 1311973 |
| epstein-barr virus and hiv play no direct role in persistent generalized lymphadenopathy syndrome. | persistent generalized lymphadenopathy (pgl) and polyclonal b cell activation are features of infection with hiv. epstein-barr virus (ebv) and hiv are known to activate b cells in vitro, but whether they are important b cell activators in patients infected with hiv is less clear. in this study, lymph node tissue was obtained from 10 patients with pgl and assessed for evidence of ebv and hiv gene sequences. dna was extracted and specific viral gene sequences identified using the polymerase chain ... | 1992 | 1311993 |
| [human immunodeficiency virus infection and neurological changes]. | | 1992 | 1312189 |
| [infection by human herpesvirus type 6: epidemiology, immunopathology and clinical implications]. | the human herpesvirus type 6 has been discovered recently and is the object of numerous investigations. even though, its morphology is very close to the cytomegalovirus, its epidemiologic, immunopathologic and clinic characteristics are similar to the epstein-barr virus. like the latter, hhv-6 persists latent in the host during all his live, frequently relapsed and is ubiquitous. exanthema subitum in children and mononucleosis-like syndrome in adults have been attributed to acute hhv-6 infection ... | 1992 | 1312248 |
| activation of bovine immunodeficiency-like virus expression by bovine herpesvirus type 1. | bovine immunodeficiency-like virus (biv) is a recently identified lentivirus that infects cattle. the virus has structural and genetic similarities to human hiv. the present study demonstrates that biv can be activated by bovine herpesvirus type 1 (bhv-1), a pathogen frequently associated with cattle diseases. activation of biv expression can be detected as increased biv reverse transcriptase activity, increased in the number of syncytia induced by biv, and increased in the steady state level of ... | 1992 | 1312280 |
| parenteral and sexual transmission of human immunodeficiency virus in intravenous drug users: a study of seroconversion. the northern italian seronegative drug addicts (nisda) study. | to evaluate the role of parenteral and sexual transmission of human immunodeficiency virus, we studied seronegative intravenous drug users recruited from 25 drug dependence treatment centers in northern italy. all attending intravenous drug users were asked for their consent and screened for antibodies to human immunodeficiency virus; those who were seronegative were enrolled, interviewed about their habits, and invited to follow-up visits. between 1987 and 1989, 1,195 seronegative intravenous d ... | 1992 | 1312300 |
| hiv infection in intravenous drug users entering drug treatment, united states, 1988 to 1989. the field services branch of the centers for disease control. | intravenous drug use has played a key role in the human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) epidemic. standardized surveillance of hiv infection among intravenous drug users (ivdus) is needed to determine hiv prevalence rates, to monitor changes in prevalence over time, and to describe behaviors associated with hiv infection. | 1992 | 1312310 |
| neurological complications of hiv-1-seropositive internal medicine inpatients in kinshasa, zaire. | because little was known about the prevalence of neurological complications of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1) infection in africa, we conducted a cross-sectional study among consecutive admissions to the internal medicine wards of mama yemo hospital in kinshasa, zaire. of the 196 patients studied, 104 (53%) were hiv-1 seropositive, of whom 50 (48%) had stage 3 and 49 (47%) had stage 4 hiv-1 infection according to the provisional who staging criteria for hiv infection. neuropsychiatr ... | 1992 | 1312594 |
| extended stability of ganciclovir for outpatient parenteral therapy for cytomegalovirus retinitis. | cytomegalovirus retinitis in the human immunodeficiency virus-infected patient currently requires almost daily and lifelong parenteral ganciclovir therapy. self-preparation of ganciclovir is not an option in the majority of patients with decreased visual acuity or poor muscle coordination. therefore, based on current stability data, patients usually receive a 5-day supply of reconstituted drug. this requirement is unfortunately associated with poor patient compliance. if the extended stability o ... | 1992 | 1312595 |
| inhibition of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 tat activity by coexpression of heterologous trans activators. | we examined the mechanism of tat-mediated trans activation through competition experiments employing tat proteins of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1) and equine infectious anemia virus (eiav). eiav tat, as well as chimeric eiav/hiv-1 tat proteins, inhibited hiv-1 tat-mediated trans activation in a cell-type-dependent fashion. furthermore, these proteins inhibited trans activation by tat-bacteriophage r17 coat protein chimeras. inhibition resulted from competition between activation do ... | 1992 | 1312617 |
| significance of oral hairy leukoplakia. | since the original description of oral hairy leukoplakia among homosexual men in san francisco in 1984, this white lesion of the tongue has been seen in the mouths of persons infected with the human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) worldwide. its presence in hiv-positive persons usually but not always indicates fairly rapid progression to acquired immunodeficiency syndrome in the absence of antiretroviral therapy. although the lesion appears to be common in hiv-positive persons, it is also, albeit r ... | 1992 | 1312689 |
| oral manifestations of hiv infection in children. | human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) infection was first recognized in children in 1983 and has now assumed the proportions of a major public health challenge. this article briefly reviews, on the basis of the literature, the epidemiology, diagnosis, clinical and immunologic characteristics, and prognosis of hiv infection in children. the clinical oral manifestations in children are described on the basis of the literature and the personal observations of hiv-infected pediatric patients. | 1992 | 1312691 |
| management of oral health in persons with hiv infection. | prevention and treatment of oral disease is required to maintain quality of life and to improve prognosis of patients infected with the human immunodeficiency virus (hiv). management requires a team approach, and close collaboration with the appropriate responsible physicians and other health care workers is necessary. oral infection is frequent and usually opportunistic, and management is based on certain principles. infections may disseminate and can be persistent and severe; multiple concurre ... | 1992 | 1312692 |
| conservation of amino-acid sequence motifs in lentivirus vif proteins. | the nonstructural/regulatory genes of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1) and other lentiviruses are believed to play an important role in the replication and pathogenesis of these viruses. in hiv-1 and other lentiviruses, the vif (viral infectivity factor) open reading frame (orf) (also termed sor or q in some lentivirus genomes) is located in the central region, overlapping the 3' end of the pol orf, but in a different reading frame. among the lentiviruses, only equine infectious anemi ... | 1992 | 1312756 |
| mother-to-child transmission of hepatitis c virus detected by nested polymerase chain reaction. | serum samples from eight pregnant women and their offspring were studied by nested polymerase chain reaction (pcr) for detection of hepatitis c virus (hcv) rna to evaluate mother-to-child transmission of this virus. the mothers were all infected with human immunodeficiency virus (hiv); none showed symptoms of hcv infection. anti-hcv antibodies were tested for by recombinant immunoblot assay. hcv viral sequences were found in five of the mothers and four of eight children, three of them at birth. ... | 1992 | 1313070 |
| [acute hepatitis c. a clinical and epidemiological study]. | the discovery of the hepatitis c virus (hcv) and the possibility of determining anti-hcv serum antibodies has permitted greater etiological, clinical and epidemiological knowledge of non a non b hepatitis (nanb). | 1992 | 1313129 |
| pharmacokinetic evaluation of drug interactions with anti-human immunotrophic virus (hiv) drugs. iii. 2',3'-dideoxycytidine (ddc) and zidovudine in monkeys. | a pharmacokinetic evaluation of a potential drug interaction between zidovudine (azt) and dideoxycytidine (ddc) was conducted in monkeys. each of six animals received 20 mg/kg of azt intragastrically in the absence and presence of an intravenous steady-state dosage regimen of ddc. the regimen was designed to produce steady-state ddc plasma concentration of 1.77 micrograms/ml for 30 min. plasma and urine samples were analyzed for azt, its major glucuronide metabolite, gazt, and ddc by hplc techni ... | 1992 | 1313173 |