| accumulation of recombinant sars-cov spike protein in plant cytosol and chloroplasts indicate potential for development of plant-derived oral vaccines. | plants are promising candidates as bioreactors for the production of oral recombinant proteins in the biopharmaceutical industry. as an initial step toward provision of an oral vaccine against the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (sars-cov), we have expressed a partial spike (s) protein of sars-cov in the cytosol of nuclear-transformed plants and in the chloroplasts of plastid-transformed plants. in the construction of both nuclear and plastid transformation vectors, a 2-kilobase nu ... | 2006 | 16946403 |
| molecular modeling studies of peptide drug candidates against sars. | flexible alignment and docking studies were conducted for the three octapeptides, atlqanev, avlqsgfr, and atlqaias, that were cleavable by sars-cov mpro. it has been observed that all pharmacophores of the three peptides overlap very well, and that atlqanev binds best with the receptor, followed by avlqsgfr, and then atlqaias. during the process of docking the octapeptides to the sars enzyme, the residues of the catalytic dyad, i.e., his-41 and cys-145 are actively involved in forming the hydrog ... | 2006 | 16948478 |
| structural basis of neutralization by a human anti-severe acute respiratory syndrome spike protein antibody, 80r. | severe acute respiratory syndrome (sars) is a newly emerged infectious disease that caused pandemic spread in 2003. the etiological agent of sars is a novel coronavirus (sars-cov). the coronaviral surface spike protein s is a type i transmembrane glycoprotein that mediates initial host binding via the cell surface receptor angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ace2), as well as the subsequent membrane fusion events required for cell entry. here we report the crystal structure of the s1 receptor bindi ... | 2006 | 16954221 |
| airflows around oxygen masks: a potential source of infection? | patients with respiratory infections often require the use of supplemental oxygen via oxygen masks, which, in the hospital, may become sources of aerosolized infectious pathogens. to assess this risk, a human lung model (respiration rate, 12 breaths/min) was designed to test the potential for a simple oxygen mask at a common setting (4 l/min) to disperse potentially infectious exhaled air into the surrounding area. a laser sheet was used to illuminate the exhaled air from the mask, which contain ... | 2006 | 16963681 |
| over-expression of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 3b protein induces both apoptosis and necrosis in vero e6 cells. | the genome of the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus encodes for eight accessory viral proteins with no known homologues in other coronaviruses. one of these is the 3b protein, which is encoded by the second open reading frame in subgenomic rna 3 and contains 154 amino acids. here, a detailed time-course study was performed to compare the apoptosis and necrosis profiles induced by full-length 3b, a 3b mutant that was deleted by 30 amino acids from the c terminus (3bdelta124-154) and t ... | 2006 | 16965829 |
| sars: systematic review of treatment effects. | the sars outbreak of 2002-2003 presented clinicians with a new, life-threatening disease for which they had no experience in treating and no research on the effectiveness of treatment options. the world health organization (who) expert panel on sars treatment requested a systematic review and comprehensive summary of treatments used for sars-infected patients in order to guide future treatment and identify priorities for research. | 2006 | 16968120 |
| amino acid residues critical for rna-binding in the n-terminal domain of the nucleocapsid protein are essential determinants for the infectivity of coronavirus in cultured cells. | the n-terminal domain of the coronavirus nucleocapsid (n) protein adopts a fold resembling a right hand with a flexible, positively charged beta-hairpin and a hydrophobic palm. this domain was shown to interact with the genomic rna for coronavirus infectious bronchitis virus (ibv) and severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (sars-cov). based on its 3d structure, we used site-directed mutagenesis to identify residues essential for the rna-binding activity of the ibv n protein and viral infe ... | 2006 | 16971454 |
| identification of a b-cell antigenic epitope at the n-terminus of sars-cov m protein and characterization of monoclonal antibody against the protein. | to identify the potential b-cell antigenic epitopes within the n-terminus of sars-cov (sars-associated coronavirus, sars-cov) m protein and characterize monoclonal antibody (mab) against the protein as well as its recognizing region, we expressed and purified a portion of sars-cov m protein (amino acid 1-43) in escherichia coli (e. coli). by using western blot and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa), we showed that the purified recombinant m protein could be recognized by four sars-cov-pos ... | 2006 | 16972028 |
| three dimensional model of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus helicase atpase catalytic domain and molecular design of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus helicase inhibitors. | the modeling of the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus helicase atpase catalytic domain was performed using the protein structure prediction meta server and the 3d jury method for model selection, which resulted in the identification of 1jpr, 1uaa and 1w36 pdb structures as suitable templates for creating a full atom 3d model. this model was further utilized to design small molecules that are expected to block an atpase catalytic pocket thus inhibit the enzymatic activity. binding sit ... | 2006 | 16972168 |
| a trimerizing gxxxg motif is uniquely inserted in the severe acute respiratory syndrome (sars) coronavirus spike protein transmembrane domain. | in an attempt to understand what distinguishes severe acute respiratory syndrome (sars) coronavirus (scov) from other members of the coronaviridae, we searched for elements that are unique to its proteins and not present in any other family member. we identified an insertion of two glycine residues, forming the gxxxg motif, in the scov spike protein transmembrane domain (tmd), which is not found in any other coronavirus. this surprising finding raises an "oligomerization riddle": the gxxxg motif ... | 2006 | 16981695 |
| control of coronavirus infection through plasmacytoid dendritic-cell-derived type i interferon. | this study demonstrates a unique and crucial role of plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pdcs) and pdc-derived type i interferons (ifns) in the pathogenesis of mouse coronavirus infection. pdcs controlled the fast replicating mouse hepatitis virus (mhv) through the immediate production of type i ifns. recognition of mhv by pdcs was mediated via tlr7 ensuring a swift ifn-alpha production following encounter with this cytopathic rna virus. furthermore, the particular type i ifn response pattern was not ... | 2007 | 16985170 |
| immunization of mice with a dna vaccine based on severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus spike protein fragment 1. | according to data in genbank, a gene encoding sars spike protein fragment 1 (s1) was synthesized. after recombination with an immunostimulatory sequence (iss), the gene was cloned into the plasmid pires to produce pires-iss-s1. on confirmation of the expression of s1 protein by indirect immunofluorescence assay (ifa), after the transfection of pires-iss-s1 into bhk-21 cells, the dna vaccine was repeatedly administrated to balb/c mice. cd4+ and cd8+ spleen t lymphocytes were analyzed by flow cyto ... | 2006 | 16987069 |
| risk of severe acute respiratory syndrome-associated coronavirus transmission aboard commercial aircraft. | severe acute respiratory syndrome-associated coronavirus (sars-cov) was introduced to the united states through air travel. although the risk of sars-cov transmission within aircraft cabins has been addressed by several studies, the magnitude of the risk remains unclear. | 2006 | 16987125 |
| lessons from sars: control of acute lung failure by the sars receptor ace2. | angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ace2), a second angiotensin-converting enzyme (ace), regulates the renin-angiotensin system by counterbalancing ace activity. accumulating evidence in recent years has demonstrated a physiological and pathological role of ace2 in the cardiovascular systems. recently, it has been shown that severe acute respiratory syndrome (sars) coronavirus, the cause of sars, utilizes ace2 as an essential receptor for cell fusion and in vivo infections in mice. intriguingly, ac ... | 2006 | 16988814 |
| quantitative comparison of the efficiency of antibodies against s1 and s2 subunit of sars coronavirus spike protein in virus neutralization and blocking of receptor binding: implications for the functional roles of s2 subunit. | neutralizing effects of antibodies targeting the c-terminal stalk (s2) subunit of the spike protein of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus have previously been reported, although its mechanism remained elusive. in this study, high titered mouse antisera against the n-terminal globular (s1) and s2 subunits of the s protein were generated and total immunoglobulin g (igg) was purified from these antisera. the efficiency of these purified iggs in virus neutralization and blocking of recept ... | 2006 | 16989815 |
| amino acids 1 to 422 of the spike protein of sars associated coronavirus are required for induction of cyclooxygenase-2. | the causative agent of severe acute respiratory syndrome (sars) has been identified as sars-associated coronavirus (sars-cov). to evaluate the molecular mechanisms involved in the viral infection, in this study, we investigated the role of sars-cov spike (s) protein in the regulation of cyclooxygenase-2 (cox-2). expression of cox-2 stimulated by the s protein was verified by rt-pcr and western blot assay. to explore the relationship between s and cox-2, we constructed a series of plasmids contai ... | 2006 | 16991002 |
| modification of sars-cov s1 gene render expression in pichia pastoris. | s1 gene fragment containing receptor-binding region was amplified by several sets of primers using over-lap pcr. the native s1 gene was modified at a + t abundant regions; n.t.777-1683, n.t.1041-1050, n.t.1236-1248, n.t.1317-1335, n.t.1590-1605; based on the same amino acid sequences. the modified gene was cloned into a yeast expression vector ppic9k. the resultant plasmid ppic9k- s1 was transformed into pichia pastoris gs 115 and the protein expression was induced with methanol. sds-page confir ... | 2006 | 16991004 |
| virtual screening for finding natural inhibitor against cathepsin-l for sars therapy. | recently simmons et al. reported a new mechanism for sars virus entry into target cells, where mdl28170 was identified as an efficient inhibitor of ctsl-meditated substrate cleavage with ic(50) of 2.5 nmol/l. based on the molecule fingerprint searching method, 11 natural molecules were found in the traditional chinese medicines database (tcmd). molecular simulation indicates that the mol376 (a compound derived from a chinese medicine herb with the therapeutic efficacy on the human body such as r ... | 2007 | 16998715 |
| sars-cov nucleocapsid protein binds to hubc9, a ubiquitin conjugating enzyme of the sumoylation system. | sars-cov is a newly identified coronavirus (cov) that causes severe acute respiratory syndrome (sars). the sars-cov nucleocapsid (n) protein is an important structural and functional protein. to identify cellular proteins that interact with the sars-cov n protein and to elucidate the possible involvement of n protein in sars-cov pathogenesis, a human lymphocyte cdna library was screened using a yeast two-hybrid system assay. hubc9, a ubiquitin conjugating enzyme of sumoylation system, was found ... | 2006 | 16998888 |
| [a new method for visual sars dna sequences analysis]. | traditional dna sequence analysis is based on sequence alignment, while a new dna visual sequence analysis is proposed in this paper. based on s. wolfram's cellular automation theory, the method transfers one-dimensional dna sequence into two-demensional visual image. applying this method to sars dna sequence analysis, a characteristic of sars-cov differing from non-sars is discovered. compared with all known coronaviruses' images, it is found that this is a unique characteristic of sars virus, ... | 2006 | 17002096 |
| carboxyl terminus of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus nucleocapsid protein: self-association analysis and nucleic acid binding characterization. | coronavirus nucleocapsid (n) protein envelops the genomic rna to form long helical nucleocapsid during virion assembly. since n protein oligomerization is usually a crucial step in this process, characterization of such an oligomerization will help in the understanding of the possible mechanisms for nucleocapsid formation. the n protein of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (sars-cov) was recently discovered to self-associate by its carboxyl terminus. in this study, to further address ... | 2006 | 17002283 |
| are nonhuman primates good models for sars? | | 2006 | 17002511 |
| evaluation of inactivation methods for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus in noncellular blood products. | severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (sars-cov) has been detected in the blood of infected individuals, which may have the potential to contaminate donated blood and plasma-derived products in the event of a future outbreak. effective methods for inactivating the sars-cov in protein solutions are described in this report. | 2006 | 17002634 |
| sars-cov spike protein-expressing recombinant vaccinia virus efficiently induces neutralizing antibodies in rabbits pre-immunized with vaccinia virus. | a vaccine for severe acute respiratory syndrome (sars) is being intensively pursued against its re-emergence. we generated a sars coronavirus (sars-cov) spike protein-expressing recombinant vaccinia virus (rvv-s) using highly attenuated strain lc16m8. intradermal administration of rvv-s into rabbits induced neutralizing (nt) antibodies against sars-cov 1 week after administration and the nt titer reached 1:1000 after boost immunization with rvv-s. significantly, nt antibodies against sars-cov we ... | 2007 | 17011679 |
| viral ion channel proteins in model membranes: a comparative study by x-ray reflectivity. | we have investigated the effect of the transmembrane domain of three viral ion channel proteins on the lipid bilayer structure by x-ray reflectivity and scattering from oriented planar bilayers. the proteins show a similar effect on the lipid bilayer structural parameters: an increase in the lipid bilayer hydrophobic core, a decrease in the amplitude of the vertical density profile and a systematic change in the ordering of the acyl chains as a function of protein-to-lipid ratio. these results a ... | 2006 | 17019591 |
| adaptive evolution of the spike gene of sars coronavirus: changes in positively selected sites in different epidemic groups. | it is believed that animal-to-human transmission of severe acute respiratory syndrome (sars) coronavirus (cov) is the cause of the sars outbreak worldwide. the spike (s) protein is one of the best characterized proteins of sars-cov, which plays a key role in sars-cov overcoming species barrier and accomplishing interspecies transmission from animals to humans, suggesting that it may be the major target of selective pressure. however, the process of adaptive evolution of s protein and the exact p ... | 2006 | 17020602 |
| preparation of his-tagged armored rna phage particles as a control for real-time reverse transcription-pcr detection of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus. | armored rna has been increasingly used as both an external and internal positive control in nucleic acid-based assays for rna virus. in order to facilitate armored rna purification, a his6 tag was introduced into the loop region of the ms2 coat protein, which allows the exposure of multiple his tags on the surface during armored rna assembly. the his-tagged armored rna particles were purified to homogeneity and verified to be free of dna contamination in a single run of affinity chromatography. ... | 2006 | 17021082 |
| a second, non-canonical rna-dependent rna polymerase in sars coronavirus. | in (+) rna coronaviruses, replication and transcription of the giant approximately 30 kb genome to produce genome- and subgenome-size rnas of both polarities are mediated by a cognate membrane-bound enzymatic complex. its rna-dependent rna polymerase (rdrp) activity appears to be supplied by non-structural protein 12 (nsp12) that includes an rdrp domain conserved in all rna viruses. using sars coronavirus, we now show that coronaviruses uniquely encode a second rdrp residing in nsp8. this protei ... | 2006 | 17024178 |
| upregulation of mitochondrial gene expression in pbmc from convalescent sars patients. | the observations that lymphopenia is common in severe acute respiratory syndrome (sars) patients and that peripheral blood mononuclear cell (pbmc) could be infected by sars-cov indicate that pbmc could be useful in identifying the gene expression profile in convalescent patients and tracing the host response to sars-cov infection. in this study, the altered genes expressions in the pbmc of convalescent sars patients were investigated with suppression subtractive hybridization (ssh). we found tha ... | 2006 | 17024565 |
| full-length genome sequences of two sars-like coronaviruses in horseshoe bats and genetic variation analysis. | bats were recently identified as natural reservoirs of sars-like coronavirus (sl-cov) or sars coronavirus-like virus. these viruses, together with sars coronaviruses (sars-cov) isolated from human and palm civet, form a distinctive cluster within the group 2 coronaviruses of the genus coronavirus, tentatively named group 2b (g2b). in this study, complete genome sequences of two additional group 2b coronaviruses (g2b-covs) were determined from horseshoe bat rhinolophus ferrumequinum (g2b-cov rf1) ... | 2006 | 17030870 |
| full-length genome sequences of two sars-like coronaviruses in horseshoe bats and genetic variation analysis. | bats were recently identified as natural reservoirs of sars-like coronavirus (sl-cov) or sars coronavirus-like virus. these viruses, together with sars coronaviruses (sars-cov) isolated from human and palm civet, form a distinctive cluster within the group 2 coronaviruses of the genus coronavirus, tentatively named group 2b (g2b). in this study, complete genome sequences of two additional group 2b coronaviruses (g2b-covs) were determined from horseshoe bat rhinolophus ferrumequinum (g2b-cov rf1) ... | 2006 | 17030870 |
| expression of elevated levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines in sars-cov-infected ace2+ cells in sars patients: relation to the acute lung injury and pathogenesis of sars. | the authors have previously shown that acute lung injury (ali) produces a wide spectrum of pathological processes in patients who die of severe acute respiratory syndrome (sars) and that the sars coronavirus (sars-cov) nucleoprotein is detectable in the lungs, and other organs and tissues, in these patients. in the present study, immunohistochemistry (ihc) and in situ hybridization (ish) assays were used to analyse the expression of angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ace2), sars-cov spike (s) prot ... | 2006 | 17031779 |
| role for nonstructural protein 1 of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus in chemokine dysregulation. | severe acute respiratory syndrome (sars) is an emerging infectious disease caused by a novel coronavirus. since its associated morbidity and mortality have been postulated to be due to immune dysregulation, we investigated which of the viral proteins is responsible for chemokine overexpression. to delineate the viral and cellular factor interactions, the role of four sars coronavirus proteins, including nonstructural protein 1 (nsp-1), nsp-5, envelope, and membrane, were examined in terms of cyt ... | 2007 | 17035307 |
| [identification of mimotope peptides which bind to the sars-cov spike protein specific monoclonal antibody 2c5 with phage-displayed peptides library]. | to identify the epitope of sars-cov spike protein specific neutralizing monoclonal antibody (mab) 2c5. the antibody was used as target and three rounds of bio-panning were conducted with phage-display peptide library. after the third panning, 20 phage-plague clones were randomly picked and analyzed for the binding ability with the mab 2c5 by elisa. the display sequence analysis demonstrated that among the twenty phage clones, eight clones displayed the same seven-peptide tpeqqft. all these eight ... | 2006 | 17037189 |
| the coronavirus replicase: insights into a sophisticated enzyme machinery. | | 2006 | 17037497 |
| biochemical aspects of coronavirus replication. | | 2006 | 17037498 |
| deubiquitinating activity of the sars-cov papain-like protease. | | 2006 | 17037501 |
| non structural proteins 8 and 9 of human coronavirus 229e. | | 2006 | 17037503 |
| the nsp2 proteins of mouse hepatitis virus and sars coronavirus are dispensable for viral replication. | the results presented here demonstrate that the mhv and sars-cov nsp2 proteins are not required for the production of infectious virus, for polyprotein expression or processing, or for viral replication complex formation in cell culture. the nsp2 protein domain resides in a region of the coronavirus replicase that is relatively nonconserved across coronaviruses. in fact, the size and amino acid sequence variability of nsp2 across the different coronaviruses has led some investigators to speculat ... | 2006 | 17037506 |
| identification and characterization of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus subgenomic rnas. | | 2006 | 17037509 |
| identification and characterization of a unique ribosomal frameshifting signal in sars-cov orf3a. | | 2006 | 17037510 |
| adp-ribose-1"-phosphatase activities of the human coronavirus 229e and sars coronavirus x domains. | | 2006 | 17037511 |
| stem-loop 1 in the 5' utr of the sars coronavirus can substitute for its counterpart in mouse hepatitis virus. | | 2006 | 17037514 |
| structure, expression, and intracellular localization of the sars-cov accessory proteins 7a and 7b. | | 2006 | 17037516 |
| sumoylation of the nucleocapsid protein of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus by interaction with ubc9. | | 2006 | 17037517 |
| sars coronavirus accessory orfs encode luxury functions. | | 2006 | 17037522 |
| production and characterization of monoclonal antibodies against the nucleocapsid protein of sars-cov. | | 2006 | 17037523 |
| ultrastructure of sars-cov, fipv, and mhv revealed by electron cryomicroscopy. | | 2006 | 17037527 |
| viroporin activity of sars-cov e protein. | | 2006 | 17037530 |
| insights from the association of sars-cov s-protein with its receptor, ace2. | | 2006 | 17037532 |
| attachment factor and receptor engagement of sars coronavirus and human coronavirus nl63. | | 2006 | 17037533 |
| interactions between sars coronavirus and its receptor. | | 2006 | 17037534 |
| proteolysis of sars-associated coronavirus spike glycoprotein. | | 2006 | 17037535 |
| enhancement of sars-cov infection by proteases. | | 2006 | 17037538 |
| increased viral titers and subtle changes in plaque morphology upon passage of sars-cov in cells from different species. | | 2006 | 17037539 |
| analysis of sars-cov receptor activity of ace2 orthologs. | | 2006 | 17037542 |
| pseudotyped vesicular stomatitis virus for functional analysis of sars coronavirus spike protein. | | 2006 | 17037546 |
| subcellular localization of sars-cov structural proteins. | | 2006 | 17037547 |
| dissection of the fusion machine of sars-coronavirus. | | 2006 | 17037552 |
| characterization of persistent sars-cov infection in vero e6 cells. | | 2006 | 17037553 |
| sars-cov, but not hcov-nl63, utilizes cathepsins to infect cells: viral entry. | | 2006 | 17037556 |
| sars and other coronaviruses in humans and animals. | | 2006 | 17037578 |
| infection of human airway epithelia by sars coronavirus is associated with ace2 expression and localization. | | 2006 | 17037581 |
| a sars-cov-specific protein enhances virulence of an attenuated strain of mouse hepatitis virus. | | 2006 | 17037583 |
| synergistic inhibition of sars-coronavirus replication by type i and type ii ifn. | | 2006 | 17037585 |
| mustela vison ace2 functions as a receptor for sars-coronavirus. | | 2006 | 17037586 |
| mustela vison ace2 functions as a receptor for sars-coronavirus. | | 2006 | 17037586 |
| pathological and virological analyses of severe acute respiratory syndrome-associated coronavirus infections in experimental animals. | | 2006 | 17037588 |
| identification of ferret ace2 and its receptor function for sars-coronavirus. | | 2006 | 17037589 |
| sars cov replication and pathogenesis in human airway epithelial cultures. | | 2006 | 17037593 |
| immunogenicity of sars-cov: the receptor-binding domain of s protein is a major target of neutralizing antibodies. | | 2006 | 17037594 |
| resurrection of an "extinct" sars-cov isolate gd03 from late 2003. | | 2006 | 17037596 |
| sars coronavirus vaccine development. | | 2006 | 17037597 |
| development of vaccines and passive immunotherapy against sars coronavirus using mouse and scid-pbl/hu mouse models. | we have investigated novel vaccines strategies against severe acute respiratory syndrome (sars) cov infection using cdna constructs encoding the structural antigens; spike (s), membrane (m), envelope (e), or nucleocapsid (n) protein, derived from sars cov (strain hku39849, tw1, or ffm-1). as sars-cov is thought to infect the alveolar epithelial cell of the lung,in the present study, a type ii alveolar epithelial cell clone, t7, was used to analyze the mechanism of ctl against sars cov membrane a ... | 2006 | 17037598 |
| inhibition and escape of sars-cov treated with antisense morpholino oligomers. | | 2006 | 17037599 |
| identification of essential genes as a strategy to select a sars candidate vaccine using a sars-cov infectious cdna. | | 2006 | 17037601 |
| structure and dynamics of sars coronavirus main proteinase (mpro). | | 2006 | 17037602 |
| highly attenuated vaccinia virus dis as a potential sars vaccine. | | 2006 | 17037603 |
| renilla luciferase as a reporter to assess sars-cov mrna transcription regulation and efficacy of anti-sars-cov agents. | | 2006 | 17037604 |
| protein nanopatterns and biosensors using gold binding polypeptide as a fusion partner. | an efficient strategy for immobilizing proteins on a gold surface was developed by employing the gold binding polypeptide (gbp) as a fusion partner. using the enhanced green fluorescent protein (egfp), severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (sars-cov) envelope protein (scvme), and core streptavidin (csa) of streptomyces avidinii as model proteins, specific immobilization of the gbp-fusion proteins onto the gold nanoparticles and generation of protein nanopatterns on the bare gold surface ... | 2006 | 17037921 |
| the relationship of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus with avian and other coronaviruses. | in february 2003, a severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (sars-cov) emerged in humans in guangdong province, china, and caused an epidemic that had severe impact on public health, travel, and economic trade. coronaviruses are worldwide in distribution, highly infectious, and extremely difficult to control because they have extensive genetic diversity, a short generation time, and a high mutation rate. they can cause respiratory, enteric, and in some cases hepatic and neurological diseas ... | 2006 | 17039827 |
| zoonotic viral diseases and the frontier of early diagnosis, control and prevention. | public awareness of the human health risks of zoonotic infections has grown in recent years. currently, concern of h5n1 flu transmission from migratory bird populations has increased with foci of fatal human cases. this comes on the heels of other major zoonotic viral epidemics in the last decade. these include other acute emerging or re-emerging viral diseases such as severe acute respiratory syndrome (sars), west-nile virus, ebola virus, monkeypox, as well as the more inapparent insidious slow ... | 2006 | 17040245 |
| emerging respiratory viruses: challenges and vaccine strategies. | the current threat of avian influenza to the human population, the potential for the reemergence of severe acute respiratory syndrome (sars)-associated coronavirus, and the identification of multiple novel respiratory viruses underline the necessity for the development of therapeutic and preventive strategies to combat viral infection. vaccine development is a key component in the prevention of widespread viral infection and in the reduction of morbidity and mortality associated with many viral ... | 2006 | 17041137 |
| identifying epitopes responsible for neutralizing antibody and dc-sign binding on the spike glycoprotein of the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus. | the severe acute respiratory syndrome-associated coronavirus (sars-cov) uses dendritic cell-specific icam-3 grabbing nonintegrin (dc-sign) to facilitate cell entry via cellular receptor-angiotensin-converting enzyme 2. for this project, we used recombinant baculoviruses expressing different lengths of sars-cov spike (s) protein in a capture assay to deduce the minimal dc-sign binding region. our results identified the region location between amino acid (aa) residues 324 to 386 of the s protein. ... | 2006 | 17041212 |
| bats as a continuing source of emerging infections in humans. | amongst the 60 viral species reported to be associated with bats, 59 are rna viruses, which are potentially important in the generation of emerging and re-emerging infections in humans. the prime examples of these are the lyssaviruses and henipavirus. the transmission of nipah, hendra and perhaps sars coronavirus and ebola virus to humans may involve intermediate amplification hosts such as pigs, horses, civets and primates, respectively. understanding of the natural reservoir or introductory ho ... | 2007 | 17042030 |
| binding interaction of quercetin-3-beta-galactoside and its synthetic derivatives with sars-cov 3cl(pro): structure-activity relationship studies reveal salient pharmacophore features. | the 3c-like protease (3cl(pro)) of severe acute respiratory syndrome-associated coronavirus (sars-cov) is one of the most promising targets for discovery of drugs against sars, because of its critical role in the viral life cycle. in this study, a natural compound called quercetin-3-beta-galactoside was identified as an inhibitor of the protease by molecular docking, spr/fret-based bioassays, and mutagenesis studies. both molecular modeling and q189a mutation revealed that gln189 plays a key rol ... | 2006 | 17046271 |
| studies on the interactions of ti-containing polyoxometalates (poms) with sars-cov 3clpro by molecular modeling. | ti-containing alpha-keggin polyoxometalates (poms) have been proved with properties of both anti-tumor and anti-hiv (human immunodeficiency virus). the potential anti-sars (severe acute respiratory syndrome) activity of the poms [alpha-pti(2)w(10)o(40)](7-) isomers was investigated in this paper by molecular modeling method. the sars 3c like protease, namely the sars 3cl(pro) is the key function protease for virus replication as well as transcription and thus can be taken as one of the key targe ... | 2007 | 17049610 |
| antibodies against trimeric s glycoprotein protect hamsters against sars-cov challenge despite their capacity to mediate fcgammarii-dependent entry into b cells in vitro. | vaccine-induced antibodies can prevent or, in the case of feline infectious peritonitis virus, aggravate infections by coronaviruses. we investigated whether a recombinant native full-length s-protein trimer (trispike) of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (sars-cov) was able to elicit a neutralizing and protective immune response in animals and analyzed the capacity of anti-s antibodies to mediate antibody-dependent enhancement (ade) of virus entry in vitro and enhancement of replica ... | 2007 | 17049691 |
| societal responses to familiar versus unfamiliar risk: comparisons of influenza and sars in korea. | this study examines the connections between familiar (influenza) and unfamiliar (sars) risks among the general public in a sars affected society. using a survey of 350 respondents in chonju, we find that risk perceptions and a belief that influenza vaccination reduces the incidence of sars explain behavioral intentions for influenza vaccination and purchase responses to a hypothetical sars vaccine. those respondents who believe that an influenza vaccination will very likely reduce sars incidence ... | 2006 | 17054529 |
| selection of sars-coronavirus-specific b cell epitopes by phage peptide library screening and evaluation of the immunological effect of epitope-based peptides on mice. | antibodies to sars-coronavirus (sars-cov)-specific b cell epitopes might recognize the pathogen and interrupt its adherence to and penetration of host cells. hence, these epitopes could be useful for diagnosis and as vaccine constituents. using the phage-displayed peptide library screening method and purified fab fragments of immunoglobulin g (igg fab) from normal human sera and convalescent sera from sars-cov-infected patients as targets, 11 b cell epitopes of sars-cov spike glycoprotein (s pro ... | 2007 | 17055022 |
| a study on antigenicity and receptor-binding ability of fragment 450-650 of the spike protein of sars coronavirus. | the spike (s) protein of sars coronavirus (sars-cov) is responsible for viral binding with ace2 molecules. its receptor-binding motif (s-rbm) is located between residues 424 and 494, which folds into 2 anti-parallel beta-sheets, beta5 and beta6. we have previously demonstrated that fragment 450-650 of the s protein (s450-650) is predominantly recognized by convalescent sera of sars patients. the n-terminal 60 residues (450-510) of the s450-650 fragment covers the entire beta6 strand of s-rbm. in ... | 2007 | 17055551 |
| sars/avian coronaviruses. | in the hunt for the aetiology of the sars outbreak in 2003, a newly developed virus dna micro-array was successfully used to hybridise pcr products obtained by random amplification of nucleic acids extracted from a cell culture infected with material from a sars patient. the sars agent was found to hybridise with micro-array probes from both coronaviruses and astroviruses, but one of the coronavirus probes and the four astrovirus probes contained redundant sequences, spanning a highly conserved ... | 2006 | 17058491 |
| sars: an emerging global microbial threat. | in march 2003, the institute of medicine published an update to its 1992 landmark report on emerging infections. the new report, microbial threats to health: emergence, detection, and response, describes the current spectrum of global microbial threats, factors affecting their emergence or resurgence, and measures that should be undertaken to effectively address them. coincident with this publication came increasing reports of severe atypical pneumonia of unknown etiology among persons in southe ... | 2004 | 17060979 |
| evaluation of a novel vesicular stomatitis virus pseudotype-based assay for detection of neutralizing antibody responses to sars-cov. | severe acute respiratory syndrome (sars)-coronavirus (sars-cov) is the causative agent of sars. the s protein of sars-cov is a major target for neutralizing antibodies (nabs) in infected patients. we developed a neutralization assay using a recombinant vesicular stomatitis virus (vsv) bearing sars-cov-s protein (vsv-sars-st19). a total of 56 serum samples collected from 22 healthcare workers in the hanoi french hospital during the sars epidemic in 2003 were evaluated and compared to the conventi ... | 2006 | 17063504 |
| the spleen as a target in severe acute respiratory syndrome. | it has been proposed that immune injury is the central mechanism of pathogenesis of the infectious disease, severe acute respiratory syndrome (sars). to gain a better understanding of immune injury in the spleen, we investigated the number and distribution of various immune cell types in the spleens of sars patients. we performed autopsies on six confirmed sars cases, with six normal subjects as controls; spleen samples from these autopsies were examined with hematoxylin and eosin (h&e) sections ... | 2006 | 17077309 |
| role of laboratory variables in differentiating sars-coronavirus from other causes of community-acquired pneumonia within the first 72 h of hospitalization. | the centers for disease control and prevention (cdc) recommend that sars-coronavirus (sars-cov) testing be considered in epidemiologically high-risk patients hospitalized with community-acquired pneumonia (cap) if no alternative diagnosis is identified after 72 h. the aim of this study was to identify routine laboratory variables that might indicate the need for sars-cov testing. routine hematological/biochemical variables in patients with laboratory-confirmed sars (2003) were compared with thos ... | 2006 | 17077967 |
| lethal infection of k18-hace2 mice infected with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus. | the severe acute respiratory syndrome (sars), caused by a novel coronavirus (sars-cov), resulted in substantial morbidity, mortality, and economic losses during the 2003 epidemic. while sars-cov infection has not recurred to a significant extent since 2003, it still remains a potential threat. understanding of sars and development of therapeutic approaches have been hampered by the absence of an animal model that mimics the human disease and is reproducible. here we show that transgenic mice tha ... | 2007 | 17079315 |
| the orf7b protein of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (sars-cov) is expressed in virus-infected cells and incorporated into sars-cov particles. | coronavirus replication is facilitated by a number of highly conserved viral proteins. the viruses also encode accessory genes, which are virus group specific and believed to play roles in virus replication and pathogenesis in vivo. of the eight putative accessory proteins encoded by the severe acute respiratory distress syndrome associated coronavirus (sars-cov), only two-open reading frame 3a (orf3a) and orf7a-have been identified in virus-infected cells to date. the orf7b protein is a putativ ... | 2007 | 17079322 |
| analysis of costs attributable to an outbreak of severe acute respiratory syndrome at a french hospital. | | 2006 | 17080396 |
| nucleocapsid amino acids 211 to 254, in particular, tetrad glutamines, are essential for the interaction between the nucleocapsid and membrane proteins of sars-associated coronavirus. | gst pull-down assays were used to characterize the sars-cov membrane (m) and nucleocapsid (n) interaction, and it was found that the amino acids 211-254 of n protein were essential for this interaction. when tetrad glutamines (q) were replaced with glutamic acids (e) at positions of 240-243 of the n protein, the interaction was disrupted. | 2006 | 17082754 |