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[an analysis of group salmonellosis morbidity in the republic of moldova].the epidemiological analysis of data on the outbreaks of salmonella infections registered in the republic of moldova in 1983-1989 were analyzed. significant differences in the epidemic parameters of the outbreaks occurring in 1983-1985 and in 1986-1989 were revealed. the deterioration of the epidemiological situation in recent years was shown to be linked with the alimentary route of the transmission of the infective agent with the increased circulation of s. enteritidis among agricultural anima ...19938067114
adjuvanted subunit vaccines for the control of salmonella enteritidis infection in turkeys.liposomes and immunostimulating complexes (iscom) are adjuvants that have been known to potentiate the immune response to membrane proteins. adjuvanted outer membrane proteins (omp) from salmonella enteritidis were evaluated for their protective efficacy against s enteritidis infection in turkeys. the adjuvanted vaccines prepared for evaluation were: positive or negatively charged liposomes, lipid-conjugated iscom, and mineral oil vaccines. these preparations were compared with that of a whole c ...19948067610
outbreak of salmonella enteritidis associated with homemade ice cream--florida, 1993.on september 7, 1993, the epidemiology program of the duval county (florida) public health unit was notified about an outbreak of acute febrile gastroenteritis among persons who attended a cookout at a psychiatric treatment hospital in jacksonville, florida. this report summarizes the outbreak investigation.(abstract truncated at 250 words)19948072480
evaluation of resistance of four strains of commercial laying hens to experimental infection with salmonella enteritidis phage type eight.four different strains of white leghorn hens were orally infected with 1 x 10(8) cfu of salmonella enteritidis phage type 8 per bird. the birds were monitored for 10 wk postinfection for colonization of internal organs, fecal shedding of s. enteritidis, and the production of s. enteritidis-contaminated eggs. there was no difference among the four hen strains in regards to the probability of s. enteritidis isolation from liver and spleen, ovary, and cecal tissue within the first 30 d postinfectio ...19948072917
enzyme capture assay for rapid identification of escherichia coli in blood cultures.an enzyme capture assay (eca) for rapid identification of escherichia coli in blood cultures by using beta-d-glucuronidase as a marker was developed. microdilution plates coated with antiglucuronidase were used to capture this enzyme from the cell lysates of blood cultures which showed growth of gram-negative bacteria. the assay, using 4-methylumbelliferyl-beta-d-glucuronide as a fluorogenic substrate, had a detection limit of 0.1 ng/ml (3 x 10(-13) m) for the enzyme; this was approximately equa ...19948077387
foodhandler-associated salmonella outbreak in a university hospital despite routine surveillance cultures of kitchen employees.to describe an outbreak of salmonella food poisoning that probably was due to contamination of mashed potatoes by a foodhandler, which occurred despite a policy for routine surveillance stool cultures of kitchen employees.19948077642
[clinico-epidemiological observations of 77 pediatric cases of infection with non-typhi salmonellae].non-typhoid salmonellosis remains a common infective illness. we studied 77 consecutively admitted children aged 1 month to 15 years in order to determine frequency of antecedents, the strain of the isolated organisms, clinical findings, frequency of complications and the adequacy of management. the presentation and severity of the illness were compared between younger than two and older children. salmonella typhimurium was isolated in 65% of the cases. two thirds of the tested strains were mult ...19948078787
[the epidemiological markers of salmonella enteritidis]. 19938079560
virulence region of plasmid pnl2001 of salmonella enteritidis.the virulence region of the salmonella enteritidis 55 kb plasmid pnl2001 was identified by tn1-insertion mutagenesis, dna hybridization studies, and western blot analysis of proteins encoded in the virulence region of the plasmid. dna hybridization studies showed that the pnl2001 plasmid contained a 6.4 kb sali-ecori fragment homologous to the 6.4 kb sali-ecori salmonella plasmid virulence (spv) region of the s. choleraesuis 50 kb plasmid (pkdsc50). one of the 247 tn1-insertion mutants of s. ent ...19948081495
growth and survival of salmonella enteritidis in selected egg foods.growth of selected strains of s. enteritidis in the white, yolk and liquid whole egg content at 37, 21 and 8 degrees c and their survival in mayonnaise and sauce tartare at 37 and 21 degrees c were investigated. cell counts of strain no. 2553 rose by 6-7 logs and 5-6 logs during 24 hours of incubation in the yolk at 37 degrees c and in liquid whole egg content at 21 degrees c, respectively. the propagation was inhibited in the white at 37 or 8 degrees c, but the cell count rose by 1.2-1.3 logs a ...19948085304
observations on a broiler breeder flock naturally infected with salmonella enteritidis phage type 4.bacteriological and serological studies in a broiler breeder flock naturally infected with salmonella enteritidis indicated that the infection had become established by about 20 to 22 weeks of age. by 35 weeks, 70 per cent of the birds were positive by elisa and at 39 weeks, 39 per cent were estimated to be carrying the infection as judged by culture post mortem. by 50 weeks, post mortem culture showed 17 per cent to be infected and 85 per cent reacted to the elisa. over the period of observatio ...19948085322
analysis of factors influencing the outcome and development of septic metastasis or relapse in salmonella bacteremia.one-hundred seventy-two consecutive adult patients with salmonella bacteremia documented by at least one positive blood culture were prospectively evaluated over a 10-year period. salmonella enteritidis was isolated in 121 cases (70.3%), salmonella typhimurium in 29 (16.9%), and other salmonella species in 22 (12.8%). twenty-seven patients (15.7%) developed septic metastasis; 21 patients (12.2%) died of bacteremia, and 24 (16.7%) of the 144 patients who survived had at least one relapse. a logis ...19948086546
thin, aggregative fimbriae mediate binding of salmonella enteritidis to fibronectin.the binding of human fibronectin and congo red by an autoaggregative salmonella enteritidis strain was found to be dependent on its ability to produce thin, aggregative fimbriae, named sef 17 (for salmonella enteritidis fimbriae with an apparent fimbrin molecular mass of 17 kda). two other fimbrial types produced by s. enteritidis, sef 14 and sef 21, were not responsible for the aggregative phenotype or for fibronectin binding. sef 17-negative tnphoa mutants which retained the ability to produce ...19938093237
basement membrane carbohydrate as a target for bacterial adhesion: binding of type i fimbriae of salmonella enterica and escherichia coli to laminin.adherence of type-1-fimbriate salmonella enterica and escherichia coli to immobilized proteins of the extracellular matrix and reconstituted basement membranes was studied. the type-1-fimbriate strain sh401 of s. enterica serovar enteritidis showed good adherence to laminin, whereas the adherence to fibronectin, type i, type iii, type iv or type v collagens was poor. only minimal adherence to the matrix proteins was seen with a non-fimbriate strain of s. enterica serovar typhimurium. a specific ...19938095317
role of somatostatin in glucose regulation during endotoxicosis in the rat.this study assessed the role of somatostatin in regulating glucose homeostasis during endotoxicosis in the rat. plasma levels of somatostatin, glucose, lactate, insulin, and glucagon were measured in control and endotoxin-treated rats. cysteamine was used to block endogenous somatostatin release before endotoxin treatment. early during the course of endotoxicosis, plasma levels of somatostatin-like immunoreactivity (sli) were significantly elevated along with glucose, lactate, insulin, and gluca ...19938095378
molecular characterization of plasmids in salmonella enteritidis phage types.plasmids in selected type strains of 26 of the salmonella enteritidis phage types have been characterized by restriction enzyme fingerprinting and by dna-dna hybridization with oligonucleotide probes for salmonella plasmid virulence (spv) genes. with one exception, the fingerprints of the 38 mda plasmids studied were homogeneous but there was heterogeneity in the fingerprints of 59 mda plasmids found in 4 of the type strains. however all 38 mda and 59 mda plasmids were related as was a 45 mda pl ...19938097166
characterization of three fimbrial genes, sefabc, of salmonella enteritidis.salmonella enteritidis produces thin, filamentous fimbriae designated sef14. a 3.9-kb region of a 5.3-kb fragment encoding genes responsible for sef14 biosynthesis was sequenced and found to contain three genes, sefabc. sefa encoded a novel fimbrin, the structural subunit of sef14 fimbriae. sefb and sefc encoded proteins homologous to escherichia coli and klebsiella pneumoniae fimbrial periplasmic chaperone proteins and fimbrial outer membrane proteins, respectively, and are the first such genes ...19938097515
salmonella enteritidis five years on. 19938101578
salmonella contamination of eggs. 19938101602
differentiation of salmonella enteritidis and s. typhimurium by plasmid profile analysis and restriction endonuclease analysis of chromosomal dna.infections with salmonella enteritidis and s. typhimurium are frequent causes of food-borne diseases in man and are responsible for considerable economic losses in the poultry industry (fantasia et al., 1991; pohl et al., 1991). methods for the more careful differentiation and typing of these two serotypes are necessary for the investigation of the spread and transmission of the infection. conventional methods of salmonella differentiation (bioassays, phage-typing, resistance to antibiotics) oft ...19938104365
plasmid analysis of salmonella enteritidis isolated from human gastroenteritis cases and from epidemiologically associated poultry flocks.plasmid analysis of salmonella enteritidis isolates from human gastroenteritis cases and from two commercial egg-producing poultry flocks was performed to determine if the poultry flocks were the source of the human infections. the plasmid profile and restriction fragment pattern (fingerprint) of five s. enteritidis isolates from human cases matched those of nine isolates from internal organs of egg-laying hens in one flock which was the source of eggs consumed by the cases. another commercial f ...19938104815
dna-based diagnostic tests for salmonella species targeting agfa, the structural gene for thin, aggregative fimbriae.salmonella enteritidis 27655-3b and a few diarrheagenic escherichia coli strains produce morphologically and antigenically related, thin, aggregative fimbriae, collectively named gvvpq fimbriae (s. k. collinson, l. emödy, t. j. trust, and w. w. kay, j. bacteriol. 174:4490-4495, 1992). to determine whether gvvpq fimbriae are common to salmonella spp. and other enteropathogenic members of the family enterobacteriaceae, 113 isolates were phenotypically screened for congo red binding and aggregative ...19938104955
multiple brain abscesses caused by salmonella enteritidis in a neonate: successful treatment with ciprofloxacin. 19938105442
a prolonged period of uninterrupted protein synthesis is essential for survival in mice given a submicrogram dose of bacterial endotoxin.a majority of mice failed to survive challenge with a normally tolerated dose of cycloheximide given at intervals up to 96 h after a single intraperitoneal injection of 0.02 microgram of s. enteritidis endotoxin. only by 168 h did a majority of endotoxin-pretreated animals resist such a challenge. this finding underlines the essential role of uninterrupted protein synthesis in resistance to the lethal effects of endotoxin, and demonstrates the relatively persistent nature of this requirement aft ...19938106671
role of interleukin-1 in endotoxin-induced lung injury in the rat.the effects of the recombinant interleukin-1 receptor antagonist (ril-1ra) on the systemic vascular and lung injury following intraperitoneal salmonella enteritidis lipopolysaccharide (lps) were determined in male sprague-dawley rats. initial experiments identified that maximal mortality occurred with an intraperitoneal lps dose of 20 mg/kg, and this dose was used in subsequent experiments. albumin permeability, measured in an ex vivo perfused heart-lung preparation from the rats 2 h after injec ...19948110477
food-borne bacterial infections.the number of episodes of diseases caused by bacterial contamination of food has shown a real increase by about threefold in the last decade in the u.k. the numbers for 1992 are estimated to be 2 million. the causes are multifactorial and complex, and 4 representative pathogens are reviewed. the main increase in diseases due to salmonella has been caused by salmonella enteritidis, especially from eggs. the commonest bacterial food pathogen is campylobacter, which causes an illness with specific ...19938115189
differential, lfa-1-sensitive effects of antibodies to nectadrin, the heat-stable antigen, on b lymphoblast aggregation and signal transduction.nectadrin, the heat-stable antigen (hsa), is a highly glycosylated gpi-linked glycoprotein that can undergo homophilic and heterophilic binding. in the present work we have examined short-term effects of nectadrin antibodies on splenic b lymphoblast aggregation and signal transduction. monoclonal antibody 79 inhibited cell aggregation and induced an intracellular ca++ signal in the absence of cross-linking. both these effects were perturbed in the presence of lfa-1 antibodies. nectadrin antibody ...19948117278
glucose transporters (glut1, 2, & 4) in fat, muscle and liver in a rat model of endotoxic shock.to explore the mechanisms for hypoglycemia in our rat model of septic shock, we examined whether changes occur in glucose transporter isoform protein level. total membrane protein fractions were collected from tissues 6 to 8 hours after endotoxin injection at which time animals exhibited hypoglycemia (7.2 +/- 0.5 vs. 2.6 +/- 1.2mm) and lactacidemia (1.0 +/- 1.0 vs. 5.1 +/- 1.8mm/l) as compared to saline-treated controls. the protein level of glucose transporter isoforms glut1 and 4 in fat did no ...19948117297
dose-response effects in an outbreak of salmonella enteritidis.the effects of ingested salmonella enteritidis (se) dose on incubation period and on the severity and duration of illness were estimated in a cohort of 169 persons who developed gastroenteritis after eating hollandaise sauce made from grade-a shell eggs. the cohort was divided into three groups based on self-reported dose of sauce ingested. as dose increased, median incubation period decreased (37 h in the low exposure group v. 21 h in the medium exposure group v. 17.5 h in the high exposure gro ...19948119352
use of plasmid profile typing for surveillance of salmonella enteritidis phage type 4 from humans, poultry and eggs.plasmids were found in 1022 of 1089 (94%) of drug-sensitive strains of salmonella enteritidis phage type 4 from humans (sporadic and outbreak cases), poultry (chickens) and eggs in england and wales in the 5-year period 1988-92 and 25 plasmid profile patterns were identified. strains characterized by a single plasmid of 38 mda predominated (= plasmid profile type se 38), comprising over 90% of isolates from humans, 70% from poultry and 92% from eggs. eleven profile types were identified in strai ...19948119362
[salmonellae and consumer health protection].to a major extent, the dramatic increase of food-transmitted infections caused by salmonella is due to latent salmonella infections in animal stocks. at the moment, a uniform clone of the phage type 4 of salmonella enteritidis is mainly responsible. it causes illness through eggs or egg-containing food. control of salmonellosis is made more difficult by the fact that, apart from affecting animal stocks, it has now contaminated the environment including feed stuffs. in addition, secondary contami ...19938122231
serological detection of chicken flocks naturally infected with salmonella enteritidis, using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay based on monoclonal antibodies against the flagellar antigen.the dutch salmonella enteritidis monitoring and eradication programme for poultry prescribes a periodic examination of all breeding flocks for the presence of s. enteritidis. for the first years of the programme this was done by bacteriological examination of 50 faecal samples per visit per flock. in this study we compare the results of bacteriological examination of faecal samples taken at 1580 visits from 545 flocks with those of a s. enteritidis enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa) appli ...19938122348
differentiation of salmonella enteritidis phage type 8 strains: evaluation of three additional phage typing systems, plasmid profiles, antibiotic susceptibility patterns, and biotyping.three additional phage typing systems for salmonella enteritidis, plasmid analysis, biochemical tests, and antimicrobial susceptibility tests, were used in an attempt to subdivide 30 phage type 8 (phage typing system used by the who international center for enteric phage typing, london, england) isolates. these isolates represented 18 different egg-related outbreaks (21 strains) and 9 reference strains or strains that were not egg-associated. only 7 of the 30 strains (28%) were subdivided by one ...19948126179
a salmonella data bank for routine surveillance and research.a salmonella data bank has been established in the state of brandenburg, germany, with due steps being taken to ensure the protection of personal data. the system of data collection and rapid return of information to the local health and veterinary services have become essential elements in intersectoral cooperation in case investigation, disease prevention, and epidemiological research. a number of issues, particularly those concerning the pathways of infection, characteristics of clusters of c ...19948131252
involvement of protein kinase c in the inhibition of nitric oxide production from murine microglial cells by glucocorticoid.the effects of glucocorticoid on the production of nitric oxide (no) by murine microglial cells were investigated. stimulation of the cells with lipopolysaccharide (lps) or phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (pma) after the treatment of recombinant interferon-gamma (rifn-gamma) resulted in the increased accumulation of nitrite in the medium. concomitant incubation of the cells with dexamethasone (dex) markedly inhibited the production of no in a dose dependent manner. dex also suppressed both rifn- ...19948135804
contribution of complement-stimulated hepatic macrophages and neutrophils to endotoxin-induced liver injury in rats.the role of complement as potential activator for tissue macrophages and neutrophils was investigated in an experimental model of endotoxin-induced liver injury in male fischer rats. injection of salmonella enteritidis endotoxin (1 mg/kg) into corynebacterium parvum-pretreated animals (7 mg/kg; single dose 6 days before endotoxin) resulted in severe oxidant stress, as indicated by a 37-fold increase of plasma levels of glutathione disulfide (basal concentration, 0.36 +/- 14 mumol/l), accumulatio ...19948138272
effect of induced molting on the severity of intestinal lesions caused by salmonella enteritidis infection in chickens.a study was conducted to describe the intestinal lesions caused by salmonella enteritidis infection in 20-, 40-, and 74-week-old white leghorn chickens that were undergoing a feed deprivation-induced molt. the chickens were infected on the fourth day after feed was removed. at 4 days postinfection (8 days of feed deprivation), cecal and cecal tonsil inflammation was significantly greater in molted infected chickens than in unmolted infected chickens. the cecal lamina propria and epithelium of mo ...19938141727
immunoprophylaxis of salmonella enteritidis infection by lymphokines in leghorn chicks.chickens were treated prophylactically with the soluble products from con a-stimulated t-lymphocytes from salmonella enteritidis-infected chickens in order to investigate the effect of such prophylactic treatment on organ invasion by s. enteritidis. at 18 days of age, chicks were injected intraperitoneally with one of the following: a) the amicon ym 10 ultrafiltrate from immunized chickens, b) the amicon ym 10 ultraretentate material from immunized chickens, or c) the amicon ym 10 ultraretentate ...19938141734
evaluation of the efficacy of oil-emulsion bacterins for reducing fecal shedding of salmonella enteritidis by laying hens.two replicate experiments were conducted to test the efficacy of two different salmonella enteritidis oil-emulsion bacterins (an experimentally prepared acetone-killed vaccine and a commercially available vaccine) for protecting laying hens against intestinal colonization following oral exposure to s. enteritidis. each vaccine was administered twice (4 weeks apart), and all hens were challenged with 10(8) cells of a nalidixic-acid-resistant s. enteritidis strain 2 weeks after the second vaccinat ...19938141738
detection of salmonella enteritidis in feces from poultry using booster polymerase chain reaction and oligonucleotide primers specific for all members of the genus salmonella.salmonella enteritidis was identified in feces from hens using the polymerase chain reaction (pcr) and oligonucleotide primers specific for all members of the genus salmonella. feces from specific-pathogen-free leghorn hens were determined to be negative for salmonella by microbiological culture and by the pcr. fecal samples were inoculated with known numbers of colony-forming units of s. enteritidis. the dna was extracted from fecal samples and amplified by the pcr using genus-specific primers. ...19948146085
[general practice of salmonella control from the viewpoint of the public health office--a report of experiences from cottbus and the brandenburg area].internationally, an enhanced incidence of the pt4 plasmid is seen in s. enteritidis. parallel to this, the incidence is also increasing in the new german land of brandenburg. the federal law governing the control of epidemics--which is now also valid in brandenburg due to the reunification of germany--demands that strict controls are enforced wherever there are institutions for children, including controls of the environment of such institutions. as a result of this enforcement, it was possible ...19948148586
secretory immune response and clinical sequelae of salmonella infection in a point source cohort.to determine the kinetic isotypic serum and secretory immune response to salmonella enteritidis in a cohort of individuals exposed to the organism in a single food source outbreak of dysentery. to determine the clinical outcome and immunogenetics of the exposed cohort and to correlate these features with the immune response.19948151568
nutritional profile and antimicrobial spectrum of the spice aframomum danielli k. schum.the spice, aframomum danielli, on a wet weight basis with a moisture content of 10.5%, protein content of 8.2% (dry matter basis) and caloric value of 469.7 kcal/100 g, contains in varying amounts, minerals like calcium, magnesium, sodium, manganese, phosphorus, zinc and copper. amino acids found in varying concentrations in a. danielli include l-threonine, l-serine, l-valine, l-proline, l-glutamic acid, glycine, l-leucine and l-lysine. using minimum inhibition zone of 20-22 mm in diameter, a. d ...19948153068
salmonella enteritidis. 19948155466
salmonella enteritidis in canada.during the last few years the prevalence of salmonella enteritidis in people in canada has increased slightly from 9 to 12% of all salmonella isolates. nation-wide surveys showed a low prevalence of s. enteritidis in poultry flocks: s. enteritidis was isolated from environmental samples of 2.7% of layer flocks and of 3% of broiler flocks. the overall prevalence of s. enteritidis-contaminated eggs from two flocks with infected hens was less than 0.06%. with the exception of s. enteritidis phage t ...19948155467
understanding salmonella enteritidis in laying chickens: the contributions of experimental infections.a significant proportion of human salmonella enteritidis (se) outbreaks in recent years has been traced to the consumption of contaminated eggs produced by infected laying flocks. experimental se infections in chickens have been used to acquire a considerable amount of basic information about the interaction between se and the avian host. after oral or parenteral inoculation of chickens, se can colonize the intestinal tract, invade and disseminate to reach numerous internal organ sites, and elic ...19948155468
the socio-economic impact of human salmonella enteritidis infection.recent government and public concern about the recorded increase in human salmonellosis in the uk and abroad has stimulated investigations of both the causes and consequences of these infections. this paper discusses the framework for economic analysis of food-borne disease and problems associated with the estimation of costs. a brief review of the literature in this area is given and the results of a national study of the costs of human salmonellosis in england and wales are presented and used ...19948155469
salmonella enteritidis: clinical epidemiological approaches for prevention and control of s. enteritidis in poultry production.salmonella enteritidis infections in poultry appear to be of major public concern. prevalence levels in veal calves and pigs are rather low. because of the complex of socio-psychological, welfare, economic and public health aspects great emphasis should be put on prevention and control. this paper deals with some clinical epidemiological approaches for prevention and control of s. enteritidis. emphasis is set on multifactorial background of infection occurrence, epidemiological methods and featu ...19948155470
intervention strategies for salmonella enteritidis in poultry flocks: a basic approach.poultry laying flocks can become infected with salmonella enteritidis by several routes. in this study a model is presented of the cumulative infection curve of s. enteritidis in laying flocks. based on this model and practical results the contribution of different routes to the infection can be estimated providing a basis for an effective intervention strategy. for illustration, the cumulative infection curve of s. enteritidis in dutch laying flocks is analysed. this curve shows a low level of ...19948155471
salmonella enteritidis in argentina.a significant increase in the number of isolations of salmonella enteritidis has been observed in argentina since 1986. outbreaks of foodborne diseases in humans were associated with the consumption of raw or undercooked hens' eggs. between 1986 and the first 6 months of 1993 there were 150 outbreaks reported, affecting more than 6000 persons. a total of 71.3% of these outbreaks were confirmed by stool cultures, and 47.3% by bacteriological study of the food implicated in the outbreak. a permane ...19948155472
salmonella enteritidis control programs in the united states.a sharply rising incidence of salmonellosis in humans caused by salmonella enteritidis (se) in the united states between 1985 and 1989 resulted in a government-sponsored outbreak traceback program which was started in 1990. layer flocks considered the sources of egg-implicated outbreaks would be tested for se and the eggs from these flocks would be diverted to pasteurization plants. a program to eliminate se from primary and multiplier breeding flocks was started at the same time. a subsequent s ...19948155473
salmonella enteritidis eradication programme in poultry breeder flocks in the netherlands.results of a salmonella enteritidis eradication programme in poultry breeder flocks in the netherlands in 1989-1992 are presented. a top-down approach was performed, which means if infection is cleared out from the top end (breeding stock), and good hygiene standards are maintained throughout the industry, the infection will be progressively cleared from the whole of the national stock. each year all poultry breeder flocks (approx. 2300) were screened for the presence of s. enteritidis by bacter ...19948155474
the epidemiological situation of salmonella enteritidis in poland.the epidemiological situation connected with s. enteritidis in poland, in the years 1961-1991, is described. during this period there were two increases in infections and food poisonings, which were of an epidemiological character. the first epidemic, in 1962-1976, affected primarily small children and spread by contact in a hospital environment. it caused serious diseases, or dangerous complications in already existing illnesses, with high mortality. a few foci of later food poisonings were cau ...19948155475
contamination of egg shell and contents with salmonella enteritidis: a review.salmonella enteritidis can contaminate the contents of clean, intact shell eggs as a result of infections of the reproductive tissue of laying hens. the principal site of infection would appear to be the upper oviduct. in egg contents the most important sites of contamination are either the outside of the vitelline membrane or the albumen surrounding it. in fresh eggs, only few salmonellas are present and as albumen is an iron-restricted environment, growth will only occur once storage-related c ...19948155476
conventional methods for the detection and isolation of salmonella enteritidis.conventional methods for the specific isolation of salmonella enteritidis are scarce. for pre-enrichment, addition of ammonium-iron (iii)-citrate, ferrioxamine e and g or novobiocin in combination with cefsoludin to buffered peptone water (bpw) and of ferrous sulphate to trypticase soy broth seems to favour s. enteritidis isolation. as far as selective media are concerned, the use of semi-solid media, and addition of nitrofurantoin, results in higher isolation rates of the s. enteritidis serovar ...19948155477
the use of latex particle agglutination to specifically detect salmonella enteritidis.this paper reviews the development and evaluation of a latex particle agglutination test to specifically identify cultured salmonella enteritidis organisms. the test is based on the use of two monoclonal antibody-coated latex reagents, one of which detects the recently discovered sef14 fimbriae expressed predominantly by s. enteritidis and s. dublin organisms, while the second reagent detects the h'p' antigen of s. dublin flagella. in a series of field trials 141 out of 142 strains of s. enterit ...19948155478
serological diagnosis of salmonella serotype enteritidis infections in poultry by elisa and other tests.serological methods have increasingly been used for the detection of invasive salmonella serotypes including enteritidis in poultry. different types of elisa, particularly indirect or double antibody-blocking assays using a variety of antigens such as lipopolysaccharide, flagella and sef14 fimbrial antigen are used as part of control programmes in a number of countries. there are many advantages to using such assays for preliminary screening of flocks prior to using bacteriological culture metho ...19948155479
salmonella enteritidis in italy.during the period 1982-1992 the percentages of salmonella enteritidis isolations in italy have increased from 2.4 to 57.1% from human beings and from 0.5 to 22.8% from food. seven hundred and fifty-seven isolates, 702 from man and 55 from food, were characterized. phage type 4 accounted for the 76.8% of these isolates. the majority of strains were sensitive to the antibiotics tested; only 18 (2.4%) showed resistance to three or more antibiotics by nine different patterns.19948155480
pathogenicity of salmonella enteritidis in poultry.salmonella enteritidis is a common pathogen of all species of mammals and fowls. the recent increase in the number of outbreaks of food poisoning due to s. enteritidis in man was epidemiologically analysed, and it was considered that contaminated eggs or egg products were the major source of this infection. to assist in prevention and eradication of human food poisoning many investigators have studied the pathogenicity of s. enteritidis in poultry. gross pathological observations after natural a ...19948155481
[splenic abscess caused by salmonella enteritidis. successful percutaneous drainage in 2 patients]. 19948155762
salmonella infections in a cancer center.data concerning 40 patients hospitalized in a cancer center and salmonella infection were analyzed. hematological malignancy was present in 24 patients (60%) and solid tumor in 14 patients (35%). among the predisposing factors, antineoplastic chemotherapy was the most frequent (60%) followed by antacid use (47.5%), corticosteroids (37.5%), granulocytopenia below 500 neutrophils/microliters (15%), surgery (10%) and splenectomy (2.5%). bacteremia was the most frequent clinical syndrome accounting ...19948156265
spinal cord injury in the rat: treatment with bacterial lipopolysaccharide and indomethacin enhances cellular repair and locomotor function.trauma to the rat's spinal cord results in a lesion characterized by ingrowth of glial cells, accumulation of macrophages, and the progressive development of necrosis and cavitation. since, when appropriately activated, both astrocytes and macrophages secrete growth-promoting cytokines, we examined whether treatment with drugs that stimulate the secretory activities of these cells might promote tissue repair and reduce necrosis in the traumatized spinal cord. the spinal cord of rats was crushed ...19948157128
outbreaks of salmonella enteritidis infections in the united states, 1985-1991.the spread of salmonella enteritidis infections in the united states was tracked to identify potential risk factors and preventive measures. isolation rates and information regarding outbreaks of s. enteritidis from 1985 through 1991 were determined by reports to the national salmonella surveillance system and through the foodborne disease outbreak surveillance system. from 1985 through 1991, 380 outbreaks were reported involving 13,056 ill persons and 50 deaths. the proportion of northeast outb ...19948158026
avian heterophils and monocytes: phagocytic and bactericidal activities against salmonella enteritidis.the ability of heterophils and monocytes from domestic chickens and turkeys to phagocytize and kill salmonella enteritidis (se) was investigated using both a standard plate count (chickens only) and direct microscopic examination by staining with acridine orange (both chickens and turkeys). optimal phagocytosis of se by both chicken and turkey phagocytes required opsonization of the bacteria by antibodies as determined by both assays. however, heterophils from both the turkeys and chickens phago ...19948160345
mechanism of transovarian transmission of salmonella enteritidis in laying hens.to understand the mechanism of transovarian transmission of salmonella enteritidis in laying hens, experiments were conducted to examine the isolation of s. enteritidis from the preovulatory follicles of experimentally infected hens. salmonella enteritidis was isolated from the preovulatory follicles in 16 birds (from follicle membrane alone in 10 birds, from the follicle yolk alone in 4 birds, and from both membrane and yolk in 2 birds). in addition, 83 s. enteritidis isolates of the major phag ...19948165173
the modulation of tumour necrosis factor-alpha, interleukin-1 alpha and glucose levels with gmdp and other analogues of muramyl dipeptide.immunomodulatory agent muramyl dipeptide (mdp) and seven of its analogues were tested for ability to counteract the toxic actions of lipopolysaccharide (lps) in experimental mouse models. female balb/c mice were presensitized with corynebacterium parvum (p. acnes) and given mdp or equimolar doses of one of its analogues after 2 weeks, followed by intravenous challenge with lps 18 h later. this treatment produced a sharp increase in blood cytokine (tnf-alpha, il-1 alpha) levels 4 h after lps admi ...19948167010
altered antigen-presenting capacity of human monocytes after phagocytosis of bacteria.the antigen-presenting and accessory functions of monocytes were studied after phagocytosis of bacteria. peripheral blood monocytes isolated from mononuclear cells by counterflow elutriation were incubated with suspensions of opsonized bacteria (staphylococcus aureus, escherichia coli, pseudomonas aeruginosa, or salmonella enteritidis) under conditions in which at least 80% of the monocytes engulfed microorganisms. either the cells were pulsed with antigen (purified derivative of tuberculin or t ...19948168963
eimeria tenella or eimeria adenoeides: induction of morphological changes and increased resistance to salmonella enteritidis infection in leghorn chicks.the effect of either low doses of the chicken coccidium, eimeria tenella (et) or high doses of the turkey coccidium, eimeria adenoeides (ea) on salmonella enteritidis (se) organ invasion, as well as histological and morphometric changes in the ceca of leghorn chicks, was investigated. in these studies, chicks were inoculated orally with either saline solution (control) or one of three doses of sporulated oocysts of either et or ea at 1 d of age. five days later, 10(4) cfu of se were administered ...19948177817
use of elisas for monitoring salmonella in poultry. 19948178422
outbreak and sporadic egg-associated cases of salmonella enteritidis: new york's experience.since 1985, egg-associated salmonella enteritidis has emerged as a major cause of foodborne disease. new york state has been especially affected, with 47 documented egg-associated s enteritidis outbreaks involving 2279 cases and 10 deaths. individual case reports of salmonella have also increased 56%, and sporadic cases of s enteritidis have been shown to be associated with egg consumption. further educational and regulatory activities are needed to control this continuing public health problem.19948179064
the characterization of danish isolates of salmonella enterica serovar enteritidis by phage typing and plasmid profiling: 1980-1990.plasmid profiling, phage typing and antimicrobial resistance typing have been carried out on 736 isolates of salmonella enterica serovar enteritidis collected in denmark during the period 1980 to 1990. strains originated from cases of human salmonellosis, broiler poultry flocks, layer poultry flocks, quarantined imported poultry, environmental samples from hatchery units, and from bovines. phage type (pt) 1 was found to be the most common type among isolates of poultry origin (57.6%) followed by ...19948185887
penetration of topically applied ciprofloxacin, norfloxacin, and ofloxacin into the aqueous humor.to determine the intraocular penetration of topically applied fluoroquinolone antibiotics into aqueous humor.19948190478
comparison of two salmonella enteritidis phage typing methods.in the last 10 years several phage typing methods were developed for salmonella enteritidis, leading to confusion in the predominant phage types (pt) reported from different countries. we made comparative examinations on 1487 s. enteritidis strains isolated in hungary in 1990-1991, using two phage-sets: a modified version of the method elaborated by lászló et al. (here in after hungarian method) and the system of ward et al. (here in after colindale method). typability of the strains was nearly ...19938191870
[rational therapy of salmonella enteritis].one prerequisite for an effective treatment of a salmonella enteritis with antibiotics is a reliable direct antibacterial activity of the drug. in comparison to most of all other usual antibiotics quinolones, especially ciprofloxacin, fulfill these conditions, because its activity is high and resistance of salmonella against quinolones is extremely rare. since quinolone resistance is never plasmid coded, there will be even in the future no obvious risk of spreading of resistant strains. another ...19948196466
further studies of the application of live salmonella enteritidis aroa vaccines in chickens.a model was developed to simulate the lateral spread of salmonella enteritidis infection among chickens. one group of newly hatched chicks was vaccinated orally with s enteritidis aroa. at three weeks old naive chickens were infected with a wild-type strain of s enteritidis and brought into contact with separate groups of aroa vaccinated chickens and unvaccinated control chickens. the vaccinated chickens were well protected against colonisation of the gut by the wild-type strain whereas the cont ...19938212471
evaluation of bacterins containing three predominant phage types of salmonella enteritidis for prevention of infection in egg-laying chickens.six salmonella enteritidis bacterin formulations differing in adjuvant content and whole-cell inactivation procedures were evaluated in egg-laying chickens. chickens given s enteritidis bacterins containing modified freund's incomplete adjuvant had greater humoral immune responses to s enteritidis than did birds given other bacterin formulations (p < 0.05). better protection against infection by s enteritidis phage types 8, 13a, and 23 was obtained in birds vaccinated with bacterin 5. bacterin 5 ...19938214901
effects of temperature shift on acid and heat tolerance in salmonella enteritidis phage type 4.the transfer of cells of salmonella enteritidis phage type 4 from 20 to 37-46 degrees c resulted in marked increases in acid and heat tolerance. the former was maximized within 5 to 15 min of the shift and was largely independent of protein synthesis. in contrast, induction of increased heat tolerance was slower, requiring more than 60 min to be completed, and was prevented by inhibition of protein synthesis. when cells were transferred to medium at temperatures between 47 and 50 degrees c, the ...19938215381
enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa) for the detection of antibodies against salmonella enteritidis in chicken blood or egg yolk.tracing of flock infection remains one of the most serious unsolved problems of controlling salmonellosis in poultry. in order to overcome this problem, a serological test kit for the detection of antibody to salmonella enteritidis (1, 9, 12:[f], g, m, [p]:[1, 7]) in chicken flocks was developed. in this study, samples of antisera and the yolk of eggs from different chicken flocks were tested with the elisa kit, and the resulting flock profiles were compared. the test system clearly allowed a di ...19938219490
selective pre-enrichment of salmonella from eggs by siderophore supplements.salmonella can overcome the iron limitation of iron-limited nutrient media and albumen by utilizing the siderophores ferrioxamine e and g und grow. 14 out of 18 food-poisoning salmonella strains of different serotypes stored in hen's egg albumen (approx. 2 organisms/ml) could be detected after 6 h of pre-enrichment with buffered peptone water supplemented with ferrioxamine g (1 microgram/ml) on selective nutrient media. in contrast, only 4 of these salmonella strains could be reisolated without ...19938219505
[epidemiologic pattern of salmonella enteritidis and salmonella typhimurium in man--analysis of salmonella cases in the brandenburg federal territory].it is the aim of this study (a study that is part of several investigations suggested and coordinated by the who) to highlight the characteristics of transmission of salmonella in humans. to achieve this, the data collected on the basis of the federal german law governing epidemic diseases as well as additionally available data (sex, serovar, differentiation between diseased and symptomatic, allocation to the respective place of residence) have been evaluated. in this manner it became possible t ...19938219582
effect of intravenous lipid emulsions enriched with gamma-linolenic acid on plasma n-6 fatty acids and prostaglandin biosynthesis after burn and endotoxin injury in rats.to study the effect of intravenous lipid emulsions enriched with gamma-linolenic acid on plasma fatty acids and series-2 prostaglandins to determine if the slow conversion of linoleic acid by delta-6-desaturase to gamma-linolenic acid could be bypassed to provide substrate for the formation of dihomo-gamma-linolenic acid, the immediate precursor for series-1 prostaglandins, in control and injured rats. dihomo-gamma-linolenic acid can also compete with arachidonic acid for oxidative metabolism by ...19938222692
despite intensive efforts, egg-related salmonellosis outbreaks continue. 19938226573
cutaneous abscesses caused by salmonella enteritidis: an unusual presentation of salmonellosis. 19938228305
sequential intravenous/oral ciprofloxacin in the treatment of severe multiresistant gram-negative infections.twenty-one patients with severe multiresistant gram-negative bacillary infections were treated with ciprofloxacin, intravenously followed by oral. the mean duration of therapy was 13 days. causative organisms were klebsiella pneumoniae (18 patients), pseudomonas aeruginosa (2) and salmonella enteritidis (1). the overall clinical improvement was 85 per cent, with a bacteriologic improvement of 90 per cent. three patients died, one had fungemia, another had persistent bacteremia, and a third had p ...19938228692
host risk factors for the development of reactive arthritis: a family study.to determine if the same arthritogenic microorganisms can trigger reactive arthritis (rea) in both hla-b27 positive and hla-b27 negative individuals. to determine risk factors (other than hla-b27) for the development of rea.19938230017
[salmonella enteritidis--monitoring and prevention in reproduction poultry in 1992]. 19938236232
[serologic diagnosis of avian salmonelloses: adjustment of an elisa test using antigens adsorbed with the aid of anti-colibacillary sera].a serological elisa test for diagnosis of avian salmonellosis infections with salmonella typhimurium or enteritidis has been established. plates were coated half with a negative antigen and half with a positive antigen. both negative and positive antigens were adsorbed with a monovalent agglutinant anti escherichia coli serum prior to being distributed into wells of the plates. sera from spf birds and from spf birds vaccinated and/or inoculated with numerous viruses or bacteria, or sera from con ...19938237202
[neonatal salmonella enteritidis infection]. 19938239212
bilateral septic arthritis due to salmonella enteritidis.we present an unusual case of septic arthritis due to salmonella enteritidis involving both knee joints of a 29-year-old man with hodgkin's lymphoma. the role of ciprofloxacin in septic arthritis caused by gram-negative bacilli is also reviewed.19938243039
simultaneous infection with three different s. enteritidis strains in a nursing home resident.a culture taken from a nursing home resident as part of a s. enteritidis outbreak was found to have a mixed infection due to three different strains of s. enteritidis. one of the three strains belonged to phage type (pt) 4, one to pt6 and one reacted with phages but did not conform to any typing scheme (rdnc). all three strains had the 38.9 megadaltons (mda) plasmid found in the isolates from the outbreak-related cases, in addition the pt6 and rdnc strains harboured a 69.9 mda plasmid. the impor ...19938243602
[erythema nodosum in pediatric patients. a study of 22 cases].in this study we report the cases of 22 pediatric patients with nodal erythema. the predominance of this condition in male patients was clear. etiological factors were determined in 77% of the patients. in our series, the principal cause was tuberculosis (36%). we would like to point out the etiological diversity in this small series of children: streptococcal infection, gastrointestinal infection with salmonella enteritidis or campylobacter jejuni, cat scratch disease, infectious mononucleosis, ...19938250429
pullorum disease with unusual signs in two backyard chicken flocks.atypical pullorum disease in two backyard chicken flocks occurred as sudden death of many adult birds in one backyard chicken flock and chronic wasting with high mortality in a second flock. chicks had been added to both flocks for several months before losses occurred. the chicks, which were not affected, came from a previously infected hatchery that did not totally depopulate.19938257389
[mitral valve endocarditis caused by salmonella enteritidis].the epidemiology of salmonellosis has undergone a change during the last 2 years. an increase in the number of cases of enteritis and sepsis caused by salmonella enteritidis has been observed. we report on the case of a 65-year-old woman with mitral valve endocarditis due to salmonella enteritidis. the infective endocarditis occurred without prior episodes of gastroenteritis. after having undergone prosthetic valve replacement and antibiotic therapy with ciprofloxacin, the patient recovered comp ...19938259714
salmonella enteritidis infections in france and the united states: causes vs causal models. 19938259790
salmonella enteritidis infections in france and the united states: characterization by a deterministic model.epidemiological surveillance can be used to identify problems, suggest hypotheses, and assess the effectiveness of preventive actions. these objectives are pursued in the analysis of the dynamic evolution of salmonella enteritidis infections. in this analysis, development of the epidemic in france and the united states is compared.19938259797
salmonellosis-induced hemorrhage and ulcerations of the colon. 19938261997
leukaemoid reaction in diarrhoeal diseases.there was an outbreak of diarrhoea/dysentery in naxalbari, north bengal in august-september of 1992. ninety-seven cases were investigated. bacterial pathogens were isolated from stools of 17 cases and the organisms were salmonella typhimurium (76%), salmonella enteritidis (12%) and shigella dysenteriae type 1(12%). a leukaemoid reaction was observed in 4 cases (24%) amongst all 17 patients and they were all children.19938263332
effect of induced molting on the recurrence of a previous salmonella enteritidis infection.previous work in the authors' laboratory had shown that hens infected with salmonella enteritidis (se) during the feed removal phase of an induced molt shed significantly more se and more readily transmitted se to uninfected hens in adjacent cages when compared with unmolted hens. a study was conducted to examine the effect of induced molting on the recurrence and horizontal transmission of a previous se infection. hens aged 59 and 69 wk in trials 1 and 2, respectively, were infected with se and ...19938265497
[comment on the contribution by h. burow: "increase in infections caused by salmonella enteritidis--causes and possibilities for intervention"]. 19938268708
virulence of salmonella enteritidis phagetypes 4, 8 and 13 and other salmonella spp. for day-old chicks, hens and mice.virulence of three canadian poultry strains of salmonella enteritidis, namely phagetypes (pt) 4, 8 and 13, and one salmonella heidelberg strain was assessed in orally and intraperitoneally inoculated one-day old chickens and compared to the virulence of a human s. enteritidis pt 4 strain from the united kingdom (uk). the two pt 4 strains were also compared in orally inoculated adult laying hens. in addition, orally inoculated balb/c mice were used to evaluate virulence of the above strains and t ...19938269367
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