| 2',5'-oligoadenylate synthetase 1(oas1) inhibits prrsv replication in marc-145 cells. | porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (prrsv) is an economically destructive disease for global pig industry. although its invasion mechanism is clear, the knowledge of pathogen and host interaction is less known. here, we found that pprsv infection led to induction of 2', 5'-oligoadenylate synthetase gene 1(oas1), an important interferon-stimulated gene. more importantly, ectopic overexpression of oas1 significantly restricted the replication of prrsv in 24 and 36 h post-infection ... | 2016 | 27395032 |
| open reading frames 1a and 1b of the porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (prrsv) collaboratively initiate viral minus-strand rna synthesis. | the porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (prrsv) causes a persistent threat to the swine industry, especially when highly pathogenic prrsv (hp-prrsv) emerges. previous studies have indicated that prrsv rna synthesis was correlated with hp-prrsv virulence. prrsv rna synthesis includes genomic rna and sub-genomic mrna, and these processes require minus-strand rna as a template. however, the mechanisms involved in prrsv minus-strand rna synthesis are not fully understood. a mini-geno ... | 2016 | 27378424 |
| comparison of protection provided by type 1 and type 2 porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome field viruses against homologous and heterologous challenge. | the objective of this study was to compare protection provided by type 1 and type 2 porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (prrsv) against homologous and heterologous challenge based on clinical, virological, immunological, and pathological analysis. at 3 and 8 weeks of age, pigs were inoculated intranasally with either 3ml of tissue culture fluid containing 10(5) tcid50/ml of type 1 prrsv or 3ml of tissue culture fluid containing 10(5) tcid50/ml of type 2 prrsv. the homologous chal ... | 2016 | 27374910 |
| [comparison of sampling strategies to detect porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus in a simulated pig producing plant]. | the effectivity of different sampling schemes for the early detection of the introduction of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus into a pig herd was evaluated using monte carlo simulation. within a theoretical breeding herd of 300 animals, disease transmission was simulated using a stochastic seir model incorporating actual animal movement data. the following parameters were evaluated for different sample sizes, sampling frequencies and diagnostic procedures (elisa, pcr): the tim ... | 2016 | 27344920 |
| immunological and biochemical characterisation of 7ap, a short protein translated from an alternative frame of orf7 of prrsv. | sequence analysis revealed a short alternative open reading frame (orf) named orf7a within the nucleocapsid gene of genetically divergent porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (prrsv) genomes. alignment of the corresponding protein sequences (named 7ap) revealed substantial heterogeneity among 7aps of different genotypes, though all of them are predicted to be positively charged. green fluorescent protein and flag fusion constructs of orf7a of the hu-14432/2011 prrsv demonstrated t ... | 2016 | 27342098 |
| highly pathogenic porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus nsp4 cleaves visa to impair antiviral responses mediated by rig-i-like receptors. | porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (prrsv) is one of the most significant etiological agents in the swine industry worldwide. it has been reported that prrsv infection can modulate host immune responses, and innate immune evasion is thought to play a vital role in prrsv pathogenesis. in this study, we demonstrated that highly pathogenic prrsv (hp-prrsv) infection specifically down-regulated virus-induced signaling adaptor (visa), a unique adaptor molecule that is essential for r ... | 2016 | 27329948 |
| determination of the interactome of non-structural protein12 from highly pathogenic porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus with host cellular proteins using high throughput proteomics and identification of hsp70 as a cellular factor for virus replication. | porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (prrsv) has caused tremendous economic losses and continues to be a serious problem to the swine industry worldwide. although extensive research has been focused on prrsv, the structure and function of some viral proteins like nonstructural protein12 (nsp12), which may play important roles in viral replication and production, still remain unknown. in order to better understand the function of nsp12, we investigated the interaction of nsp12 with ... | 2016 | 27327135 |
| preparation and heat resistance study of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus sugar glass vaccine. | to improve the preservation period without cold-chain of the live attenuated vaccine of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (prrs), a set of thermostable formulations composed of trehalose, tryptone and other protectants were dried by vacuum foam drying (vfd) along with prrsv solutions. in the 37°c and 45°c resistance ageing test, the dried foam vaccine showed significant thermostability, and the virus titer lost 0.8 log10 at 37°c for 4months, 1.0 log10 at 45°c for 25days. furthermore, ... | 2016 | 27318421 |
| porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (prrsv) up-regulates il-15 through pkcβ1-tak1-nf-κb signaling pathway. | porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (prrs) caused by prrs virus (prrsv) is one of the most important infectious diseases in swine industry. il-15 is a pleiotropic cytokine and has been shown to be essential to transform nks, cd8 t cells, and other cells of the immune systems into functional effectors. here, we demonstrated that the broad-spectrum or conventional pkc inhibitors repressed prrsv-induced il-15 expression and nf-κb activation. subsequently, we found that the pkcβ specific i ... | 2016 | 27318153 |
| efficacy of fostera® prrs modified live virus (mlv) vaccination strategy against a thai highly pathogenic porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (hp-prrsv) infection. | recently, the chinese highly pathogenic porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (prrsv) (hp-prrsv) belonging to lineage 8 causes severe symptom with high morbidity and high mortality rates to the asian pig industry. a recent study showed that pigs immunized with fostera® prrs modified live virus (mlv) of lineage 8 could provide a degree of protection against a vietnamese hp-prrsv infection. it should be noted that prrsv commonly found after weaning causes porcine respiratory disease ... | 2016 | 27315207 |
| highly pathogenic porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus modulates interferon-β expression mainly through attenuating interferon-regulatory factor 3 phosphorylation. | highly pathogenic porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (hp-prrsv) that emerged from classic prrsv causes more severe damage to the swine industry. the earlier reports indicating inhibition of interferon-β (ifn-β) expression by prrsv through total blockage of ifn-regulatory factor 3 (irf3) nuclear translocation made us investigate the mechanism of ifn-β expression in hp-prrsv infection. for this purpose, the irf3 nuclear translocation in the control group [poly (i:c)] and test grou ... | 2016 | 27314873 |
| establishing porcine monocyte-derived macrophage and dendritic cell systems for studying the interaction with prrsv-1. | monocyte-derived macrophages (momø) and monocyte-derived dendritic cells (modc) are two model systems well established in human and rodent systems that can be used to study the interaction of pathogens with host cells. porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (prrsv) is known to infect myeloid cells, such as macrophages (mø) and dendritic cells (dc). therefore, this study aimed to establish systems for the differentiation and characterization of momø and modc for subsequent infection ... | 2016 | 27313573 |
| outbreak investigation of nadc30-like prrsv in south-east china. | epidemiological outbreak investigations were conducted on nadc30-like porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (prrsv) to investigate the prevalence of the disease in south-east china in 2015. two more provinces were found to have nadc30-like prrsv circulating besides previously reported six provinces. phylogenetic analysis showed that these virus isolates were clustered in an independent branch and shared high nucleotide similarity to nadc30, a type 2 prrsv that has been isolated in ... | 2016 | 27292168 |
| evaluation of infection status in chinese swine with porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus by nested rt-pcr targeting nsp2 gene. | one of the biggest obstacles in containing porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (prrsv) results from its genetic diversity due to the high mutation rate. the nsp2 gene of prrsv is the most hypervariable region of the genome. since the emergence of highly pathogenic (hp)-prrsv, many of prrsv strains with a mutated nsp2 gene have been reported. to decipher the epidemiology of the prrsv and identify the epidemic strains, a nested rt-pcr able to differentiate the nsp2 gene from differ ... | 2016 | 27288556 |
| assessment of safety and reproductive performance after vaccination with a modified live-virus prrs genotype 1 vaccine in pregnant sows at various stages of gestation. | the objective of the present study was to assess safety and efficacy of a new modified live-virus porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (prrs) genotype 1 vaccine in pregnant sows at various stages of gestation under field conditions. a total of 505 sows and gilts were allocated to two treatment groups and maintained in separate facilities. animals of group 1 were vaccinated with a commercial modified live genotype 1 prrsv vaccine (control product, cp), while animals of group 2 were immun ... | 2016 | 27269056 |
| nonstructural protein 11 (nsp11) of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (prrsv) promotes prrsv infection in marc-145 cells. | porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (prrsv) induces one of most important devastating disease of swine worldwide, and the current methods poorly control it. previous studies have indicated that the nonstructural protein 11 (nsp11) of prrsv may be an important protein for the immune escape of prrsv. | 2016 | 27268206 |
| effect of vaccination with a modified live porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus vaccine on growth performance in fattening pigs under field conditions. | porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (prrsv) has caused significant economic losses to the global swine industry. the present study aimed to evaluate the efficacy of a commercial prrsv modified live virus (mlv) vaccine in conventionally reared growing/finishing pigs. four barns were designated for groups a, b, c and d in the growing-to-finishing site. all pigs of the a barn were vaccinated with a commercial prrsv mlv vaccine, whereas pigs of the b, c or d barn as control groups we ... | 2016 | 27264966 |
| the chinese highly pathogenic porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus infection suppresses th17 cells response in vivo. | porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (prrsv) has been shown to immunomodulate innate and adaptive immunity of pigs. the chinese highly pathogenic prrsv (hp-prrsv) infection causes severe bacterial secondary infection in pigs. however, the mechanism in relation to the bacterial secondary infection induced by hp-prrsv remains unknown. in the present study, th17 cells response in peripheral blood, lungs, spleens and lymph nodes of piglets were analyzed, and bacterial loads in lungs o ... | 2016 | 27259830 |
| a novel role for poly(c) binding proteins in programmed ribosomal frameshifting. | translational control through programmed ribosomal frameshifting (prf) is exploited widely by viruses and increasingly documented in cellular genes. frameshifting is induced by mrna secondary structures that compromise ribosome fidelity during decoding of a heptanucleotide 'slippery' sequence. the nsp2 prf signal of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus is distinctive in directing both -2 and -1 prf and in its requirement for a trans-acting protein factor, the viral replicase subun ... | 2016 | 27257056 |
| emerging of two new subgenotypes of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome viruses in southeast china. | porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (prrsv) is one of the leading swine pathogens and causes major economic loss to the global swine industry. in this study, a total of 49 prrsv isolates were collected from different swine herds in seven provinces in southeast china from 2014 to 2015. all the orf5 genes and some nsp2 genes were sequenced. phylogenetic analysis showed that all the isolates belonged to the north america genotype. among them, five isolates formed a new subgenotype i ... | 2016 | 27224859 |
| transcriptional analysis of prrsv-infected porcine dendritic cell response to streptococcus suis infection reveals up-regulation of inflammatory-related genes expression. | the porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (prrsv) is one of the most important swine pathogens and often serves as an entry door for other viral or bacterial pathogens, of which streptococcus suis is one of the most common. pre-infection with prrsv leads to exacerbated disease caused by s. suis infection. very few studies have assessed the immunological mechanisms underlying this higher susceptibility. since antigen presenting cells play a major role in the initiation of the immune ... | 2016 | 27213692 |
| syndecan-4, a prrsv attachment factor, mediates prrsv entry through its interaction with egfr. | the causative agent of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome is the prrs virus (prrsv), an enveloped, single-stranded and positive-sense rna virus. the host factors and mechanisms that are involved in prrsv entry are still largely unknown. in our present studies, we found that syndecan-4, one of the heparan sulfate proteoglycans, plays a critical role in prrsv entry, especially in prrsv attachment. moreover, egfr interacts with syndecan-4 in macr-145 cells and disruption of their interac ... | 2016 | 27208778 |
| genome-wide analysis of the transcriptional response to porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus infection at the maternal/fetal interface and in the fetus. | porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (prrsv) infection of pregnant pigs can result in congenital infection and ultimately fetal death. little is known about immune responses to infection at the maternal-fetal interface and in the fetus itself, or the molecular events behind virus transmission and disease progression in the fetus. to investigate these processes, rna-sequencing of two sites, uterine endothelium with adherent placental tissue and fetal thymus, was performed 21 days p ... | 2016 | 27207143 |
| comparison of the immune competence of turopolje, german landrace × turopolje, and german landrace × pietrain pigs after prrsv vaccination. | the competences of the immune systems of the ancient pig breed turopolje (t×t), german landrace × turopolje (l×t) and 'modern' pig breed german landrace × pietrain (l×p) were compared in this study. all pigs were immunized with a modified live vaccine against 'porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome' (prrs) virus (ingelvac prrs mlv(®)) to simulate an infection. antibody production against prrs mlv was evaluated in serum. elimination of the viral infectious fragments during the experimental ... | 2016 | 27185261 |
| developing a triple transgenic cell line for high-efficiency porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus infection. | porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (prrsv) is one of the most devastating pathogens in the swine industry worldwide. due to the lack of robust cell lines and small animal models, the pathogenesis of prrsv infection and mechanism for protective vaccination are still not yet well understood. to obtain useful cell lines, several groups have attempted to construct different transgenic cell lines with three prrsv receptors: cd163, cd169, and cd151. the results showed that cd163 is es ... | 2016 | 27182980 |
| quantitative interactome reveals that porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus nonstructural protein 2 forms a complex with viral nucleocapsid protein and cellular vimentin. | porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (prrsv) is an arterivirus that has heavily impacted the global swine industry. the prrsv nonstructural protein 2 (nsp2) plays crucial roles in viral replication and host immune regulation, most likely by interacting with viral or cellular proteins that have not yet been identified. in this study, a quantitative interactome approach based on immunoprecipitation and stable isotope labeling with amino acids in cell culture (silac) was performed to ... | 2016 | 27180283 |
| in vitro antiviral activity of germacrone against porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus. | porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (prrs) is one of the most serious diseases affecting the swine industry worldwide; however, there is no efficient control strategies against prrsv at present. therefore, development of new antiviral treatment strategies is urgently needed. as reported, germacrone can efficiently impair influenza virus replication. in this study, we exploited whether germacrone has the potential to inhibit prrsv infection. our results showed that the germacrone signif ... | 2016 | 27178541 |
| correction for guo et al., modulation of cd163 expression by metalloprotease adam17 regulates porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus entry. | | 2016 | 27174637 |
| complete genome sequence of an nadc30-like porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus characterized by recombination with other strains. | we report here the complete genome sequence of an nadc30-like porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (prrsv), hnyc15, which was characterized by recombination with vr-2332 and ch-1a prrsv strains in open reading frames (orfs) 2 to 4. | 2016 | 27151798 |
| pathogenicity comparison between highly pathogenic and nadc30-like porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus. | the pathogenicity of hnjz15, an nadc30-like strain of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (prrsv), was investigated and compared to that of a highly pathogenic prrsv jax1 strain. six-week-old pigs infected with each virus showed typical clinical symptoms, including high fever and respiratory disorders. pigs infected with jxa1 had more-severe clinical manifestations than pigs infected with hnjz15. hnjz15 replicated in vivo with kinetics similar to those of jxa1 but induced a lower ... | 2016 | 27151278 |
| chemical constituents from the fruiting bodies of cryptoporus volvatus. | new drimane-type sesquiterpene cryptoporol a (1), cryptoporic acid derivative 6'-cryptoporic acid e methyl ester (2), and pseudouridine derivative cryptoporine a (3), as well as a known ergosterol 5α,8α-epidioxy-22e-ergosta-6,22-dien-3β-ol (4), were isolated from a 90 % alcohol extract of the fruiting bodies of cryptoporus volvatus. the structures of these compounds were established by spectroscopic analysis and circular dichroism. 5α,8α-epidioxy-22e-ergosta-6,22-dien-3β-ol (4) exhibited antivir ... | 2016 | 27146415 |
| thymic depletion of lymphocytes is associated with the virulence of prrsv-1 strains. | porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (prrsv) exists as two distinct viruses, type 1 (prrsv-1) and type 2 (prrsv-2). atrophy of the thymus in prrsv-2 infected piglets has been associated with a loss of thymocytes. the present study aimed to evaluate the impact of prrsv-1 strains of differing virulence on the thymus of infected piglets by analysing the histomorphometry, the presence of apoptotic cells and cells producing cytokines. thymic samples were taken from animals experimental ... | 2016 | 27139029 |
| immune responses to modified live virus vaccines developed from classical or highly pathogenic prrsv following challenge with a highly pathogenic prrsv strain. | modified live virus vaccines (mlvs) are used on swine farms to control porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (prrsv). mlvs from classical prrsv (c-prrsv) provide some protection against emergent highly pathogenic prrsv (hp-prrsv). this study characterized the protective efficacy and immune response to mlvs from c-prrsv (ch-1r) or hp-prrsv (hun4-f112) in a challenge using hp-prrsv (hun4). the outcomes were clinical signs of disease, pathological changes in the thymus and lungs, vire ... | 2016 | 27119981 |
| myh9 is an essential factor for porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus infection. | porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (prrs) caused by the prrs virus (prrsv) is an important swine disease worldwide. prrsv has a limited tropism for certain cells, which may at least in part be attributed to the expression of the necessary cellular molecules serving as the virus receptors or factors on host cells for virus binding or entry. however, these molecules conferring prrsv infection have not been fully characterized. here we show the identification of non-muscle myosin heavy c ... | 2016 | 27112594 |
| complete genome sequence of an nadc30-like strain of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus in china. | the most recently emergent porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus strains in china are characterized by 393 nucleotide deletions in the nonstructural protein 2 (nsp2) region and are known as nadc30-like strains. here, we report the complete genome sequence of the nadc30-like hnjz15 strain that was isolated in 2015. | 2016 | 27103728 |
| antiviral activity of recombinant porcine surfactant protein a against porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus in vitro. | porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (prrsv) has caused significant economic losses in the swine industry worldwide. however, there is not an ideal vaccine to provide complete protection against prrsv. thus, the need for new antiviral strategies to control prrsv still remains. surfactant protein a (sp-a) belongs to the family of c-type lectins, which can exert antiviral activities. in this present study, we assessed the antiviral properties of recombinant porcine sp-a (rpsp-a) on ... | 2016 | 27101074 |
| differences in whole blood gene expression associated with infection time-course and extent of fetal mortality in a reproductive model of type 2 porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (prrsv) infection. | porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (prrsv) infection of pregnant females causes fetal death and increased piglet mortality, but there is substantial variation in the extent of reproductive pathology between individual dams. this study used rna-sequencing to characterize the whole blood transcriptional response to type 2 prrsv in pregnant gilts during the first week of infection (at 0, 2, and 6 days post-inoculation), and attempted to identify gene expression signatures associate ... | 2016 | 27093427 |
| quantitative estimation of the replication kinetics of genotype 2 prrsv strains with different levels of virulence in vitro. | porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (prrsv) has become an important pathogen for the swine industry, and has resulted in substantial economic losses. in 2006, highly pathogenic prrsv (hp-prrsv) belonging to genotype 2 was first identified in china. here, the replication kinetics of genotype 2 prrsv strains were estimated in vitro in marc-145 cells and porcine alveolar macrophages (pams) using a taqman-based real-time quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (r ... | 2016 | 27091099 |
| synthetic toll-like receptor 7 ligand inhibits porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus infection in primary porcine alveolar macrophages. | porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (prrsv), a common viral pathogen, causes huge annual economic losses to the swine industry worldwide. after triggering by specific ligands, the toll-like receptor 7 (tlr7), a type of pattern-recognition receptor (prr), induces antiviral cytokines production. previously, we synthesized an adenine analog, designated szu101, a tlr7-specific ligand. in this study, we assessed the inhibitory effect of szu101 on prrsv infection in vitro. szu101 signi ... | 2016 | 27079946 |
| porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus envelope (e) protein interacts with mitochondrial proteins and induces apoptosis. | porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (prrsv) causes significant economic losses for the swine industry worldwide. the prrsv e protein, encoded by orf 2b, is one of the non-glycosylated minor structural proteins. in this study, we present evidence for the interaction of the e protein with mitochondrial proteins atp5a (part of atp synthase complex), prohibitin, and adp/atp translocase. we additionally demonstrate partial mitochondrial localization of the e protein in transfected cel ... | 2016 | 27068165 |
| downregulation of protein kinase pkr activation by porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus at its early stage infection. | the interferon-induced double-strand rna activated protein kinase (pkr) plays an important role in antiviral response. the objective of this study was to assess the effect of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (prrsv) on pkr activation. here we report that prrsv inhibited pkr activation during its early stage infection of primary pulmonary alveolar macrophages (pams). prrsv infection led to lower level of phosphorylated pkr in comparison with mock-infected cells. the pkr inhibit ... | 2016 | 27066702 |
| molecular identification and genetic diversity of open reading frame 7 field isolated porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome in north sumatera, indonesia, in the period of 2008-2014. | molecular identification and genetic diversity of open reading frame 7 (orf7) of field isolated porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (prrsv) in north sumatera, indonesia, in the period of 2008-2014. | 2015 | 27047168 |
| quantitative risk assessment of the likeihood of introducing porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus into new zealand through the importation of pig meat. | a quantitative model was developed to estimate the likelihood of an incursion of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (prrsv) into new zealand through the importation of fresh consumer-ready cuts of pig meat. a sensitivity analysis of all the inputs used in this model illustrated the importance of correctly modelling the available 'dose-response' data, and a mechanistic beta-poisson model was shown to be the most appropriate method for this in the authors' assessment. the output o ... | 2015 | 27044165 |
| ligation of porcine fc gamma receptor iii inhibits levels of antiviral cytokine in response to prrsv infection in vitro. | prrsv infection ade facilitates the attachment and internalization of the virus onto macrophages through fc receptor-mediated endocytosis. fcγr iii is the activating receptor with a tyrosine-based activating motif (itam) in its cytoplasmic tail, where up-regulates phagocytosis. however, porcine fcγr iii's role in the antiviral immune response to prrsv infection has not been studied. in this study, our results indicated that selective activation of porcine fcγr iii in pam cells down-regulated sig ... | 2016 | 27033907 |
| efficacy of commercial genotype 1 porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (prrsv) vaccine against field isolate of genotype 2 prrsv. | although several recent studies have found that type 1 porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (prrsv) modified live virus (mlv) vaccine showed appreciable levels of cross-protection against type 2 prrsv infection, the possibility of cross-protection between two genotype of prrsv is still controversial. to determine potential protective efficacy against hetero-genotype field strain of prrsv and to improve understandings of the mechanisms underlying performance improvement after infec ... | 2016 | 27032502 |
| pathogenicity and genetic characteristics associated with cell adaptation of a virulent porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus nsp2 del strain ca-2. | porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (prrsv) is the most common and world-widespread viral pathogen of swine. we previously reported genomic sequences and pathogenicity of type 2 korean prrsv strains belonging to the virulent lineage 1 family, which contain remarkable amino acid deletions in nonstructural protein 2 (nsp2 del) compared to vr-2332. here, a virulent type 2 korean prrsv nsp2 del strain, ca-2, was serially propagated in marc-145 cells for up to 100 passages (ca-2-p100) ... | 2016 | 27016772 |
| intracellularly expressed nanobodies against non-structural protein 4 of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus inhibit virus replication. | to isolate specific nanobodies to porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (prrsv) non-structural protein 4 (nsp4) and investigate their potential antiviral activities. | 2016 | 27010387 |
| porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus nucleocapsid protein interacts with nsp9 and cellular dhx9 to regulate viral rna synthesis. | porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (prrsv) nucleocapsid (n) protein is the main component of the viral capsid to encapsulate viral rna, and it is also a multifunctional protein involved in the regulation of host cell processes. nonstructural protein 9 (nsp9) is the rna-dependent rna polymerase that plays a critical role in viral rna transcription and replication. in this study, we demonstrate that prrsv n protein is bound to nsp9 by protein-protein interaction and that the conta ... | 2016 | 27009951 |
| development of a porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus-like-particle-based vaccine and evaluation of its immunogenicity in pigs. | porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (prrs) is a leading cause of economic burden to the pork industry worldwide. the routinely used modified live prrs virus vaccine (prrs-mlv) induces clinical protection, but it has safety concerns. therefore, in an attempt to develop a safe and protective inactivated prrsv vaccine, we generated prrs-virus-like-particles (prrs-vlps) containing the viral surface proteins gp5-gp4-gp3-gp2a-m or gp5-m using a novel baculovirus expression system. our in vit ... | 2016 | 27008569 |
| anti-apoptosis in porcine respiratory and reproductive syndrome virus. | | 2016 | 27008530 |
| influence of the amino acid residues at 70 in m protein of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus on viral neutralization susceptibility to the serum antibody. | porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (prrsv) is mainly responsible for the significant economic losses in pig industry in the world. the adaptive immune responses of the host act as an important source of selective pressure in the evolutionary process of the virus. in the previous study, we confirmed that the amino acid (aa) residues at 102 and 104 sites in gp5 played an important role in escaping from the neutralizing antibodies (nabs) against highly pathogenic prrsv (hp-prrsv). ... | 2016 | 27004554 |
| purification of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus using ultrafiltration and liquid chromatography. | porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (prrs) virus causes severe and persistent disease in pigs worldwide. its heterogeneity poses a major challenge for the effective prevention and control of prrs. purified viruses are essential for serological studies. traditional methods for purifying prrs virus are time- and labor-intensive and difficult to scale-up and requires long processing time. here, we describe a rapid, simple, scalable process for prrs virus purification. highly pure viral pa ... | 2016 | 26990732 |
| comparative analysis of routes of immunization of a live porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (prrsv) vaccine in a heterologous virus challenge study. | porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (prrs) is caused by prrs virus (prrsv), which infects primarily the respiratory tract of pigs. thus intranasal (in) delivery of a potent vaccine-adjuvant formulation is promising. in this study, prrs-mlv (vr2332) was coadministered ± an adjuvant mycobacterium vaccae whole cell lysate or cpg odn through intramuscular (im) or in route as a mist, and challenged with a heterologous prrsv 1-4-4 in at 42 days post-vaccination (dpv). at 14 and 26 dpv, vacci ... | 2016 | 26988085 |
| porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus utilizes nanotubes for intercellular spread. | intercellular nanotube connections have been identified as an alternative pathway for cellular spreading of certain viruses. in cells infected with porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (prrsv), nanotubes were observed connecting two distant cells with contiguous membranes, with the core infectious viral machinery (viral rna, certain replicases, and certain structural proteins) present in/on the intercellular nanotubes. live-cell movies tracked the intercellular transport of a reco ... | 2016 | 26984724 |
| highly pathogenic porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus infection and induction of apoptosis in bone marrow cells of infected piglets. | highly pathogenic porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (hp-prrsv) has been shown to have a wide range of tissue tropism, and can directly and indirectly induce cellular apoptosis. however, the impact of hp-prrsv infection on the bone marrow (bm) of piglets remains unclear. in this study, we investigated the bm as a novel site of infection by the hp-prrsv strain in piglets. hp-prrsv infected swc3+swc8- cells in the bm and induced bm cells to undergo apoptosis. the number of apoptot ... | 2016 | 26963602 |
| pathologic evaluation of type 2 porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus infection at the maternal-fetal interface of late gestation pregnant gilts. | the pathogenesis of fetal death caused by porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (prrsv) remains unclear. the objective of this study was to improve our understanding of the pathogenesis by assessing potential relationships between specific histopathological lesions and prrsv rna concentration in the fetuses and the maternal-fetal interface. pregnant gilts were inoculated with prrsv (n = 114) or sham inoculated (n = 19) at 85±1 days of gestation. dams and their litters were humanely ... | 2016 | 26963101 |
| orf5 of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (prrsv) is a target of diversifying selection as infection progresses from acute infection to virus rebound. | genetic variation in both structural and nonstructural genes is a key factor in the capacity of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (prrsv) to evade host defenses and maintain within animals, farms and metapopulations. however, the exact mechanisms by which genetic variation contribute to immune evasion remain unclear. in a study to understand the role of host genetics in disease resistance, a population of pigs were experimentally infected with a type 2 prrsv isolate. four pigs ... | 2016 | 26961593 |
| immunoprophylaxis in intensive farming systems: the way forward. | high levels of production in intensive farming systems are associated with increased replacement rates as a result of multifactorial diseases. the so-called "production diseases" may include low-grade infection reducing profitability without increased morbidity. such infections are sustained by low pathogenic viral and bacterial agents which give rise to full-blown disease in association with poor environmental conditions. in these farms, the results of vaccination may be disappointing. therefor ... | 2016 | 26923880 |
| a dimerization-dependent mechanism drives the endoribonuclease function of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus nsp11. | porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (prrsv) rna endoribonuclease nsp11 belongs to the xendou superfamily and plays a crucial role in arterivirus replication. here, we report the first crystal structure of the arterivirus nsp11 protein from prrsv, which exhibits a unique structure and assembles into an asymmetric dimer whose structure is completely different from the hexameric structure of coronavirus nsp15. however, the structures of the prrsv nsp11 and coronavirus nsp15 catalyti ... | 2016 | 26912626 |
| the non-structural protein 5 and matrix protein are antigenic targets of t cell immunity to genotype 1 porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome viruses. | the porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (prrsv) is the cause of one of the most economically important diseases affecting swine worldwide. efforts to develop a next-generation vaccine have largely focused on envelope glycoproteins to target virus-neutralizing antibody responses. however, these approaches have failed to demonstrate the necessary efficacy to progress toward market. t cells are crucial to the control of many viruses through cytolysis and cytokine secretion. since co ... | 2016 | 26909080 |
| the non-structural protein nsp2tf of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus down-regulates the expression of swine leukocyte antigen class i. | porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (prrsv) is arguably the most economically-important global swine pathogen. here we demonstrated that prrsv down-regulates swine leukocyte antigen class i (sla-i) expression in porcine alveolar macrophages, pk15-cd163 cells and monocyte-derived dendritic cells. to identify the viral protein(s) involved in sla-i down-regulation, we tested all 22 prrsv structural and non-structural proteins and identified that nsp1α and nsp2tf, and gp3 significant ... | 2016 | 26895249 |
| complete genome sequence of a chinese highly pathogenic porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus that has a further deletion in the nsp2 gene. | here, we report the complete genome of a chinese highly pathogenic porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (hp-prrsv) characterized by a further 29-amino acid (87 nucleotides) deletion in its nsp2-coding region compared to the prototype of the hp-prrsv jxa1 strain. | 2016 | 26893437 |
| the attenuation phenotype of a ribavirin-resistant porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus is maintained during sequential passages in pigs. | in a previous study, ribavirin-resistant porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (prrsv) mutants (rvrp13 and rvrp22) were selected, and their resistance against random mutation was shown in cultured cells. in the present study, these ribavirin-resistant mutants were evaluated in terms of their genetic and phenotypic stability during three pig-to-pig passages in comparison with modified live virus (mlv) (ingelvac prrs mlv). pigs challenged with rvrp22 had significantly lower (p< 0.05) ... | 2016 | 26889041 |
| differences of immune responses between tongcheng (chinese local breed) and large white pigs after artificial infection with highly pathogenic porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus. | porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (prrs) is one of the severest infectious diseases of pigs throughout the world. pigs of different breeds infected with prrs virus (prrsv) have been reported to vary in their immune responses. here, the differences of immune responses to highly pathogenic porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (hp-prrsv) were investigated by artificially infecting tongcheng (tc) pigs (a chinese indigenous breed) and large white (lw) pigs with prrsv wuh3. ... | 2016 | 26878768 |
| peripheral viral infection induced microglial sensome genes and enhanced microglial cell activity in the hippocampus of neonatal piglets. | although poorly understood, early-life infection is predicted to affect brain microglial cells, making them hypersensitive to subsequent stimuli. to investigate this, we assessed gene expression in hippocampal tissue obtained from a previously published study reporting increased microglial cell activity and reduced hippocampal-dependent learning in neonatal piglets infected with porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (prrsv), a virus that induces interstitial pneumonia. infection al ... | 2016 | 26872419 |
| applications of bayesian phylodynamic methods in a recent u.s. porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus outbreak. | classical phylogenetic methods such as neighbor-joining or maximum likelihood trees, provide limited inferences about the evolution of important pathogens and ignore important evolutionary parameters and uncertainties, which in turn limits decision making related to surveillance, control, and prevention resources. bayesian phylodynamic models have recently been used to test research hypotheses related to evolution of infectious agents. however, few studies have attempted to model the evolutionar ... | 2016 | 26870024 |
| augmented immune responses in pigs immunized with an inactivated porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus containing the deglycosylated glycoprotein 5 under field conditions. | porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (prrsv) leads to major economic losses in the swine industry. vaccination is the most effective method to control the disease by prrsv. | 2016 | 26866026 |
| comparison of commercial type 1 and type 2 prrsv vaccines against heterologous dual challenge. | this study was to compare the effect of vaccination of pigs with either type 1 or type 2 porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (prrsv) against heterologous dual challenge of both genotypes. pigs were administered type 1 (unistrain prrs) or type 2 (fostera prrs) prrsv vaccine at 28 days of age and inoculated intranasally with both genotypes at 63 days of age. vaccination of pigs with type 1 prrsv was able to reduce the levels of type 1 but not type 2 prrsv viraemia, whereas vaccinat ... | 2016 | 26864027 |
| immunopotentiation of four natural adjuvants co-administered with a highly pathogenic porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus glycoprotein 5 subunit. | to improve the efficacy of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (prrsv) subunit vaccine, the immunological enhancement effects of four natural adjuvants were compared, including astragalus extract, astragalus/bacillus production, propolis, and freund's adjuvant. the results showed that titers of igg and neutralizing antibody against highly pathogenic prrsv (hp-prrsv) glycoprotein 5 (gp5) from the groups of astragalus/bacillus adjuvant and freund's adjuvant co-administered with a r ... | 2016 | 26856331 |
| the viral non-structural protein 1 alpha (nsp1α) inhibits p53 apoptosis activity by increasing murine double minute 2 (mdm2) expression in porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (prrsv) early-infected cells. | apoptosis is one of the most important mechanisms of pathogenesis in porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (prrsv)-infected cells. the tumor suppressor p53 plays a critical role in apoptotic induction in viral infections. in the present study, we found that p53 activity was inhibited at the early stage of prrsv infection in both the highly pathogenic (hp) and lowly pathogenic (lp) prrsv isolates. bax expression showed a similar change pattern to that of p53. murine double minute 2 ... | 2016 | 26854347 |
| a wur snp is associated with european porcine reproductive and respiratory virus syndrome resistance and growth performance in pigs. | porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (prrs) causes decreased reproductive performance and respiratory problems in pigs. the goals of the current study were 1) to examine whether individual variation applies to infection with prrsv european strains and 2) to investigate the association of a single nucleotide polymorphism (snp) wur10000125 (wur) at the interferon-inducible guanylate-binding protein 1 gene (gbp1) with average daily gain (adg) in prrsv infected and uninfected pigs. the expe ... | 2016 | 26850549 |
| enhanced humoral and cellular immune responses to prrs virus gp5 glycoprotein by dna prime-adenovirus boost vaccination in mice. | in order to investigate the induction of humoral and cellular immune responses against porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (prrsv), balb/c mice were immunized in a pcdna3-gp5 prime-rad-gp5 boost regimen. after humoral and cellular immune response detection, levels of prrsv-specific antibodies, neutralizing antibodies, lymphocyte proliferation response, and cytotoxic t-lymphocyte response were significantly increased as compared to controls. the humoral immune response was induced ... | 2016 | 26837895 |
| potentiation of taishan pinus massoniana pollen polysaccharide on the immune response and protection elicited by a highly pathogenic porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus glycoprotein 5 subunit in pigs. | porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (prrsv) heavily affects the global pork industry. current available vaccine strategies have inherent drawbacks. in this work, the immune enhancement from taishan pinus massoniana pollen polysaccharide (tppps) and freund's adjuvant on the efficacy of a prrsv subunit vaccine were examined. titers of specific anti-highly pathogenic prrsv (hp-prrsv) elisa antibody and neutralizing antibody were significantly higher in pigs from the groups inoculate ... | 2016 | 26828953 |
| microrna-30c modulates type i ifn responses to facilitate porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus infection by targeting jak1. | porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (prrsv) is an economically important pathogen and has evolved several mechanisms to evade ifn-i responses. we report that a host microrna, mir-30c, was upregulated by prrsv via activating nf-κb and facilitated its ability to infect subject animals. subsequently, we demonstrated that mir-30c was a potent negative regulator of ifn-i signaling by targeting jak1, resulting in the enhancement of prrsv infection. in addition, we found that jak1 expre ... | 2016 | 26826240 |
| differential expression of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (prrsv) open reading frame 5, but not apoptogenic cytokines, contribute to severe respiratory disease in pigs infected with type 2 prrsv compared with pigs infected with type 1 prrsv. | the aim of this study was to compare the expression of open reading frame 5 (orf5) of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (prrsv) and apoptogenic cytokines in the lungs from pigs infected with type 1 and type 2 prrsv. microscopical lung lesion scores and the mean number of apoptotic cells were significantly (p <0.05) higher in pigs with type 2 prrsv infection than in those with type 1 prrsv infection. the score for the mean number of prrsv orf5-positive cells per unit area of lun ... | 2017 | 26797582 |
| mutations in a highly conserved motif of nsp1β protein attenuate the innate immune suppression function of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus. | porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (prrsv) nonstructural protein 1β (nsp1β) is a multifunctional viral protein, which is involved in suppressing the host innate immune response and activating a unique -2/-1 programmed ribosomal frameshifting (prf) signal for the expression of frameshifting products. in this study, site-directed mutagenesis analysis showed that the r128a or r129a mutation introduced into a highly conserved motif ((123)gkylqrrlq(131)) reduced the ability of nsp1β ... | 2016 | 26792733 |
| investigation on host susceptibility of tibetan pig to infection of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus through viral challenge study. | previous reports showed that infection of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (prrsv) stimulated a variable host response and pig susceptibility to prrsv was largely dependent on its genetic composition. in the present study, host susceptibility of tibetan pig to prrsv was compared with other two pig breeds, zangmei black and large white, by challenge of them with highly pathogenic prrsv (hp-prrsv). in the first challenge test, each eight piglets of the three breeds were inoculat ... | 2016 | 26790936 |
| c-reactive protein, haptoglobin and pig-major acute phase protein profiles of pigs infected experimentally by different isolates of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus. | porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (prrs) virus (prrsv) is the etiologic agent of prrs, one of the most important diseases in swine worldwide. in the present work, the effects of different prrsv strains were tested on a piglet experimental model to study the induced acute phase response. for this purpose, pigs (n=15 for each group) were intranasally inoculated with one of five prrsv strains (isolates eu10, 12, 17, 18 from genotype 1 and isolate ja-142 from genotype 2). the acute phase ... | 2016 | 26790929 |
| analysis of genetic variation of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (prrsv) isolates in central china. | porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (prrsv) is an epidemic etiology in pigs of all ages causing reproductive failure and respiratory manifestation. prrsv has been circulating in chinese pig farms for almost 20 years. the aim of the present study was to fully understand the extent of the genetic diversity and molecular characteristics of prrsvs in central china. a strain of prrsv isolated from a recent outbreak farm in hunan province in central china, designated hun-2014, was sequ ... | 2016 | 26781704 |
| interplay of autophagy and apoptosis during prrsv infection of marc145 cell. | autophagy and apoptosis play essential roles 'in virus infection. our study was performed to investigate the interplay between autophagy and apoptosis in prrsv replication. in our present study, autophagy and apoptosis were induced by prrsv infection. viral replication was dampened/attenuated by autophagy deficient and potentiated by apoptosis inhibition. furthermore, prrsv replication was restored by apoptosis inhibition in autophagy deficient cells. taken together, our findings unveil the func ... | 2016 | 26774368 |
| pathological characterization of an outbreak of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome in northern vietnam. | in 2007, a highly pathogenic porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (hp-prrsv) emerged in vietnam and spread to nearly all regions of the country by 2010. ten representative pigs of different age groups, infected naturally with hp-prrsv in northern vietnam in 2010, were used to characterize the pathological features of the infection. infection was confirmed using reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction and viral isolation. the clinical signs and gross findings in these pigs ... | 2017 | 26774273 |
| characterization of two austrian porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (prrsv) field isolates reveals relationship to east asian strains. | porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (prrsv) causes major problems for the swine industry worldwide. due to austria's central location in europe, a large number of animals are transported through the country. however, little is known about current prrsv strains and epidemiology. we determined full-length genome sequences of two austrian field isolates (aut13-883 and aut14-440) from recent prrsv outbreaks and of a related german isolate (ger09-613). phylogenetic analysis revealed t ... | 2016 | 26754154 |
| propagation of field highly pathogenic porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus in marc-145 cells is promoted by cell apoptosis. | infection of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (prrsv) induces cell apoptosis both in vivo and in vitro. however, the correlation between host cell apoptosis and prrsv replication is unclear. here, the promotion of prrsv propagation by cell apoptosis in marc-145 cells was reported. the observation on propagation of field highly pathogenic prrsv (hp-prrsv) in marc-145 cells showed that infection of overgrown marc-145 cells obviously elevated virus production and cell apoptosis w ... | 2016 | 26742774 |
| immunity raised by recent european subtype 1 prrsv strains allows better replication of east european subtype 3 prrsv strain lena than that raised by an older strain. | stable spatial distribution of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (prrsv)-1 subtypes in europe is accompanied by a strong population immunity induced by local prrsv strains. in the present study, it was examined if the immunity induced by three west european subtype 1 prrsv strains (2007 isolate 07v063 and 2013 isolates 13v091 and 13v117) offers protection against the highly virulent east european subtype 3 prrsv strain lena. the number of fever days was greater (p < 0.05) in the cont ... | 2016 | 26742636 |
| [advances in understanding of the infection/replication mechanisms and virulence determinants of the porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus]. | the porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (prrsv) can cause reproductive barriers in breeding pigs and respiratory symptoms in piglets. in this review, we summarize research progress of the infection and replication mechanisms of the prrsv. we also review the virulence determinants of the prrsv. all these fundamental studies are important for the control and elimination of the prrsv. | 2015 | 26738300 |
| efficacy of fostera prrs modified live virus vaccine against a canadian heterologous virulent field strain of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus. | vaccination is a useful option to control infection with porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (prrsv), and several modified live-prrsv vaccines have been developed. these vaccines have shown some efficacy in reducing the incidence and severity of clinical disease as well as the duration of viremia and virus shedding but have failed to provide sterilizing immunity. the efficacy of modified live-virus (mlv) vaccines is greater against a homologous strain compared with heterologous p ... | 2016 | 26732457 |
| production of porcine tnfα by adam17-mediated cleavage negatively regulates porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus infection. | porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (prrsv) causes a series of inflammatory reactions in sites of infection, companied by the upregulation of key inflammatory factor tnfα. tnfα, which serves as a "master regulator" of inflammatory cytokine production, is mainly produced by macrophages at the early infection stage. here, we showed that porcine alveolar macrophages produced a great amount of soluble tnfα upon prrsv infection. furthermore, we found that tnfα had great anti-prrsv eff ... | 2016 | 26724939 |
| transdermal delivery of plasmid encoding truncated nucleocapsid protein enhanced prrsv-specific immune responses. | porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (prrsv) induces several immunomodulatory mechanisms that resulted in delayed and ineffective anti-viral immune responses. recently, it has been shown that intradermal immunization of plasmid encoding truncated nucleocapsid protein (porf7t) could reduce prrsv-induced immunomodulatory activities and enhances anti-prrsv immunity in vaccinated pigs. however, intradermal immunization may not be practical for farm setting. currently, there are severa ... | 2016 | 26724543 |
| intranasal inoculation of sows with highly pathogenic porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus at mid-gestation causes transplacental infection of fetuses. | transplacental infection plays a critical role in the reproductive failure induced by porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (prrsv), yet exposure of sows and gilts to classical prrsv generally leads to reproductive failure after 85 days of gestation. we report, for the first time, that the susceptibility of fetuses to highly pathogenic prrsv (hp-prrsv) is similar at 60 days and 90 days of gestation. this difference from classical prrsv may contribute to its high pathogenicity. a fi ... | 2015 | 26715184 |
| serological evidence of type 2 (north american genotype) porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus in nepal. | porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (prrsv) has spread throughout asia, causing significant losses to commercial farmers and smallholders. however, little is known about prrs in nepal, a south asian country with a gradually increasing pig industry. in 2011, a pilot project was initiated to identify the status of prrsv in pigs of the kathmandu valley of nepal. out of 98 serum samples, 31 (32 %; 95 % ci 23-42 %) were found positive by elisa. all positive samples belonged to the typ ... | 2016 | 26712360 |
| replication characteristics of eight virulent and two attenuated genotype 1 and 2 porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (prrsv) strains in nasal mucosa explants. | porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (prrsv) can spread in between pigs via contact and airborne route. it was shown before that the highly pathogenic prrsv strain lena was able to replicate 10-100 times more in the nasal mucosa compared to the low pathogenic prrsv strain lv. in this work, the replication characteristics of four type 1 (lv, 07v063, 08va, 13v091), three type 2 (vr2332, mn-184, vn) and two attenuated (mlv-dv, mlv-vr2332) prrsv strains were studied. after 72hpi, mean ... | 2016 | 26711043 |
| characterization of immune responses following homologous reinfection of pigs with european subtype 1 and 3 porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus strains that differ in virulence. | porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (prrsv) causes significant economic losses to the pork industry worldwide. vaccination results often in limited protection. understanding host immune responses elicited by different prrsv strains could help to develop more efficacious vaccines. in the current study we characterized immunological responses and viral kinetics in pigs after primo infection and homologous challenge of the highly virulent european subtype 3 strain lena, and the mode ... | 2016 | 26711030 |
| characterization of the interactome of the porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus nonstructural protein 2 reveals the hyper variable region as a binding platform for association with 14-3-3 proteins. | porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (prrsv) is a major threat to the swine industry worldwide and hence global food security, exacerbated by a newly emerged highly pathogenic (hp-prrsv) strain from china. prrsv nonstructural protein 2 (nsp2) is a multifunctional polypeptide with strain-dependent influences on pathogenicity. a number of discrete functional regions have been identified on the protein. quantitative label free proteomics was used to identify cellular binding partners ... | 2016 | 26709850 |
| infection of porcine bone marrow-derived macrophages by porcine respiratory and reproductive syndrome virus impairs phagosomal maturation. | porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (prrsv), a positive-sense, ssrna virus of the genus arterivirus, is a devastating disease of swine worldwide. key early targets of prrsv infection in pigs include professional phagocytes in the lung, such as alveolar and interstitial macrophages and dendritic cells, the dysfunction of which is believed to be responsible for much of the associated mortality. in order to study the effect of virus infection on phagocyte function, the development o ... | 2016 | 26702996 |
| effect of nonstructural protein 2 hypervariable regions in the replication of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus in marc-145 cells. | highly pathogenic (hp) porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (prrsv) causes prolonged high fever, red discoloration of the body, blue ears and a high mortality. previously, we found that the prrsv vaccine strain tjm contained a deletion of 120 amino acids (aa 628-747) in nonstructural protein 2 (nsp2). we aimed to explore the replication features of prrsv after adding the transiently expressed product of these 120 aa in vitro. | 2015 | 26694645 |
| spatial analysis and temporal trends of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome in denmark from 2007 to 2010 based on laboratory submission data. | porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (prrs) has been a cause for great concern to the danish pig industry since it was first diagnosed in 1992. the causative agent of prrs is an rna virus which is divided into different genotypes. the clinical signs, as well as its morbidity and mortality, is highly variable between herds and regions. two different genotypes of prrs virus (prrsv) are found in denmark: type 1 and type 2. approximately 40% of danish swine herds are seropositive for one or ... | 2015 | 26689831 |
| concurrent vaccination of pigs with type 1 and type 2 porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (prrsv) protects against type 1 prrsv but not against type 2 prrsv on dually challenged pigs. | the objective of the present study was to evaluate the effect of concurrent vaccination of pigs with both type 1 and type 2 porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (prrsv) vaccine against heterologous dual challenge of both genotypes and compare with single vaccination of pigs against heterologous single challenge of both genotypes. pigs were administered both type 1 and type 2 prrsv vaccine concurrently into separate anatomical sites at 28 days of age and inoculated intranasally wit ... | 2015 | 26679817 |
| immunoregulatory signal foxp3, cytokine gene expression and ifn-γ cell responsiveness upon porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (prrsv) natural infection. | the study aims at evaluating gene expression of pro-inflammatory (il-1β, il-8, tnf-α), pro-immune (ifn-γ), anti-inflammatory (il-10) cytokines and of the immunoregulatory signal foxp3 in association with prrsv-specific ifn-γ secreting cell (sc) responsiveness upon prrsv natural infection. forty prrsv-negative pigs were assigned to two groups: 20 pigs were vaccinated at 3 weeks of age (weaning) against prrsv (v-prrsv) with a modified live virus vaccine (mlv) and 20 pigs were kept non-vaccinated ( ... | 2015 | 26679802 |
| economic analysis of immunization strategies for prrs control [corrected]. | porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (prrsv) is a swine-specific pathogen that causes significant increases in production costs. when a breeding herd becomes infected, in an attempt to hasten control and elimination of prrsv, some veterinarians have adopted a strategy called load-close-expose which consists of interrupting replacement pig introductions into the herd for several weeks (herd closure) and exposing the whole herd to a replicating prrsv to boost herd immunity. either m ... | 2015 | 26673898 |
| autophagy postpones apoptotic cell death in prrsv infection through bad-beclin1 interaction. | autophagy and apoptosis play significant roles in prrsv infection and replication. however, the interaction between these 2 processes in prrsv replication is still far from been completely understood. in our studies, the exposure of marc-145 cells to prrsv confirmed the activation of autophagy and subsequent induction of apoptosis. the inhibition of autophagy by 3-methyladenine (3-ma) caused a significant increase in prrsv-induced apoptosis, showing a potential connection between both mechanisms ... | 2016 | 26670824 |