| [sensitivity and specificity of rapid diagnosis kit detecting separately influenza a and b viruses]. | sensitivity and specificity of the directigen flu a + b kit, a rapid test for influenza virus a and b, were evaluated. this test detects influenza a and b viruses separately by eia. reactivity of the kit was tested using a total of 23 isolates: 13 isolates of human influenza virus a (h1n1, h3n2) and 10 isolates of human influenza virus b. all of the isolates were tested positive and no difference in reactivity was found in antigenic variables and subtypes. the kit was only reactive to influenza ... | 2000 | 11193556 |
| influenza in canada--1999-2000 season. | | 2001 | 11195964 |
| influenza activity--united states, 2000-01 season. | this report summarizes influenza activity in the united states during november 26, 2000-january 13, 2001. influenza activity was low to moderate but increasing in the united states. since october 1, the most frequently isolated viruses were influenza a (h1n1) and were well matched antigenically with the 2000-01 influenza a (h1n1) vaccine strain. | 2001 | 11215881 |
| [what is current opinion of antiviral therapy for the flu in 2001?]. | introduction: the availability of new neuraminidase inhibitors which interact on the influenza a and b viruses could be the start of a new approach to flu treatment. until now, vaccination has been the principal medical treatment, except in the case of a pandemic caused by antigenic shifts. in this article the authors will answer the following questions: potentially, is there room for antiviral drugs and why? are these drugs efficient and according to which criteria? who are they for? and what i ... | 2001 | 11218299 |
| [comparative evaluation of the reactogenicity and immunogenicity of inactivated influenza vaccines in the elderly]. | a comparative study was carried out to assess reactogenicity and immunogenicity of inactivated influenza vaccines (begrivac, vaxigrip, grippol, influvac, and fluarix), licensed in russia. immunization of the elderly demonstrated low reactogenicity and high immunogenicity for all vaccines. concomitant chronic diseases had no influence on the vaccine immunogenicity levels, which testifies to the benefit of vaccination in this age group. in the group of vaccinated the highest seroconversion to all ... | 2000 | 11220963 |
| [the rapid detection kit based on neuraminidase activity of influenza virus]. | the zstatflu test(zymetx, usa) is a rapid detection kit for influenza types a and b virus. this test is based upon the reaction between viral neuraminidase from influenza viruses and chromogenic substrate. the positive specimen of influenza type a or b virus cleave the substrate and produce a blue colored product. the zstatflu was evaluated by a prototype viruses, isolated viruses and clinical specimens. at result, this kit was reactive for all human influenza type a and b virus. no cross reacti ... | 2000 | 11225310 |
| [myositis and rhabdomyolysis with influenza infection]. | myositis and rhabdomyolysis with influenza are rare, but sometimes serious complications. patients with myositis more commonly have influenza b infection than influenza a. on the other hand, rhabdomyolysis are more frequently recognized in patients with influenza a infection than those with influenza b. upper respiratory symptoms usually precede myositis, while rhabdomyolysis occurs simultaneously or shortly after the respiratory symptoms. creatine kinase levels are elevated in myositis mildly a ... | 2000 | 11225317 |
| [neuraminidase inhibitor]. | amantadine, effective to influenza a virus, is now widely used in japan. recently new anti-influenzal agents, neuramidase inhibitor has been developed. both zanamivir (inhaled type) and oseltamivir(oral use), are proved to be effective in treatment of influenza a and b. mechanism of action on influenza virus, dosage, side effects of the anti-influenza agents are described. clinicians expect to medicate to influenza with the agents as soon as possible. | 2000 | 11225320 |
| utility of zanamivir for chemoprophylaxis of concomitant influenza a and b in a complex continuing-care population. | | 2001 | 11227819 |
| [properties of influenza a and b, isolated from chick embryos and in mdck cell culture]. | mdck culture was used along with the traditional chicken embryonated eggs (cee) for improving the efficiency of isolation of epidemic influenza a and b viruses from clinical material. the number of influenza viruses isolated in both systems in epidemic seasons of 1997-1998 and 1998-1999 was as follows: 1 in mdck and 21 in cee for influenza a(h1n1), 56 and 7, respectively, for influenza a(h3n2), and 4 and 2 strains, respectively, for influenza b viruses. influenza a viruses were heterogeneous by ... | 2001 | 11233284 |
| [optimization of a method for purifying antibodies for immunofluorescent diagnosis of influenza]. | efficiency and diagnostic adequacy of immunoglobulin isolation from rabbit immune serum by reiterated salting out with ammonium sulfate and subsequent separation of deae sephadex a-50 was evaluated. electrophoresis and immunoelectrophoresis in agar gel demonstrated that the resultant immunoglobulin fraction is much more pure than after one salting out. it contains nothing more than antibodies to influenza virus taken for immunization, and after binding to the stain shows high fluorescent activit ... | 2001 | 11233289 |
| zanamivir: a rational approach to influenza b. | influenza b viruses have co-circulated with the hin1 and h3n2 subtypes of influenza a since 1977. influenza a viruses are found in various animals, whereas influenza b viruses are probably restricted to humans. the lack of an animal reservoir means that the virus has no potential for genetic reassortment across species. in addition, influenza b viruses are more serologically homogeneous than influenza a viruses. thus, the chance of influenza b causing a pandemic is much lower than that of influe ... | 2001 | 11234975 |
| recommended composition of influenza virus vaccines for use in the 2001-2002 season. | | 2001 | 11236648 |
| from the centers for disease control and prevention. influenza activity--united states, 2000-01 season. | | 2001 | 11236768 |
| randomized controlled trial of seroresponses to double dose and booster influenza vaccination in frail elderly subjects. | responses to influenza vaccination are poor in frail elderly subjects who suffer the greatest morbidity and mortality due to infection. therefore, a randomized clinical trial was performed to determine the effect of a double dose and booster vaccination on antibody responses after influenza vaccination. a total of 815 patients (median age 83 years, median disability score 8, median disease categories 2 and median number of medications 4) residing in 14 nursing homes in the netherlands were vacci ... | 2001 | 11241460 |
| influenza in the world. 1 october 1999-30 september 2000. | | 2001 | 11242684 |
| [development of a novel influenza vaccine derived from a continuous cell line]. | influenza viruses for production are presently produced in embryonated hen"s eggs. this conventional standard methodology is extremely cumbersome; it requires millions of eggs and an extensive purification to reduce the amount of contaminating egg proteins and to minimise the risk of allergies against egg albumin. the shortage of eggs in a pandemic situation, the selection of egg-adapted variants and the presence of adventitious viruses has emphasised the necessity for production of influenza va ... | 2001 | 11248852 |
| comparison of the anti-influenza virus activity of rwj-270201 with those of oseltamivir and zanamivir. | we have recently reported an influenza virus neuraminidase inhibitor, rwj-270201 (bcx-1812), a novel cyclopentane derivative discovered through structure-based drug design. in this paper, we compare the potency of three compounds, rwj-270201, oseltamivir, and zanamivir, against neuraminidase enzymes from various subtypes of influenza. rwj-270201 effectively inhibited all tested influenza a and influenza b neuraminidases in vitro, with 50% inhibitory concentrations of 0.09 to 1.4 nm for influenza ... | 2001 | 11257030 |
| synthesis, antiretroviral and antioxidant evaluation of a series of new benzo[b]furan derivatives. | the antiretroviral and anti-oxidant profile of a series of new c-2 and c-7 substituted benzo[b]furans was explored by employing well established antiviral and antioxidant protocols. the most potent antioxidant compound tested was analog 7, which bears an oh at c-7 and a benzoyl group at c-2. in the influenza a type h3n2 virus screens analog 8a was almost five-fold more active than its counterparts and equipotent to rimantadine and amantadine. in the influenza b screening all of the new compounds ... | 2001 | 11258046 |
| experience with oseltamivir in the control of a nursing home influenza b outbreak. | oseltamivir prophylaxis was very effective in protecting nursing home residents from ili and in halting this outbreak of influenza b. a portion of the total ili cases may have been due to influenza a, as this strain was isolated in one resident. the 10% attack rate in this facility, controlled with oseltamivir, compares favourably with another influenza b outbreak in a similar facility in the same region, over the same time frame (ili onset 27 december to 17 january). oseltamivir prophylaxis was ... | 2001 | 11260987 |
| respiratory virus surveillance fluwatch project update. | | 2001 | 11260988 |
| sialidase inhibitors related to zanamivir. further sar studies of 4-amino-4h-pyran-2-carboxylic acid-6-propylamides. | sar investigations of the 4- and 5-positions of a series of 4-amino-4h-pyran-2-carboxylic acid 6-carboxamides are reported. potent inhibitors of influenza a sialidase with marked selectivity over the influenza b enzyme were obtained when the basic 4-amino substituent was replaced by hydroxyl or even deleted. modifications at the 5-position exhibited a tight steric requirement, with trifluoroacetamide being optimal. | 2001 | 11266166 |
| oseltamivir: a review of its use in influenza. | oseltamivir is a prodrug of oseltamivir carboxylate (ro 64-0802, gs4071), a potent and selective inhibitor of the neuraminidase glycoprotein essential for replication of influenza a and b viruses. studies in volunteers with experimental human influenza a or b showed that administration of oral oseltamivir 20 to 200 mg twice daily for 5 days reduced both the quantity and duration of viral shedding compared with placebo. subsequent assessment of the drug at a dosage of 75 mg twice daily for 5 days ... | 2001 | 11270942 |
| synthesis and influenza virus sialidase inhibitory activity of analogues of 4-guanidino-neu5ac2en (zanamivir) modified in the glycerol side-chain. | analogues of 4-guanidino-neu5ac2en (zanamivir) have been prepared containing carbamate substituents at the 7-hydroxy position. (4s,5r,6r)-5-acetylamino-6-[1r-[(6-aminohexyl)carbamoyloxy]-2r,3-dihydroxypropyl]-4-guanidino-5,6-dihydro-4h-pyran-2carboxylic acid and (4s,5r,6r)-5-acetylamino-6-[1r-[heptylcarbamoyloxy]-2r,3-dihydroxypropyl]-4-guanidino-5,6-dihydro4h-pyran2-carboxylic acid were the two analogues possessing activity comparable to zanamivir, showing potent inhibition of influenza virus s ... | 1999 | 11278042 |
| epidemiological and virological influenza survey in dakar, senegal: 1996-1998. | an influenza survey was conducted in seven sentinel sites in dakar, senegal from june 1996 to december 1998. throat or nasal swab cultures were randomly collected from 804 patients suffering from influenza-like symptoms. influenza viruses were isolated at a similar proportion in adults and in children (p = 0.29). strains of influenza b viruses were isolated from sporadic cases in 1997, whereas type a virus was associated with an isolated peak. proportions of influenza virus isolation varied from ... | 2000 | 11289677 |
| cost-effectiveness analysis of inhaled zanamivir in the treatment of influenza a and b in high-risk patients. | to evaluate the cost effectiveness of zanamivir 10 mg twice daily for 5 days in the treatment of influenza in high-risk patients. | 2001 | 11303417 |
| pharmacokinetics and dosage recommendations for an oseltamivir oral suspension for the treatment of influenza in children. | oseltamivir (ro 64-0796) is an ester prodrug of the active metabolite ro 64-0802 (oseltamivir carboxylate), a potent and selective inhibitor of the neuraminidase enzyme of influenza virus. in this study we report the pharmacokinetics of oseltamivir in healthy children volunteers (study 1) and in children with influenza (study 2). study participants and methods: in study 1, an open-label, single dose study, serial plasma samples were obtained from a total of 18 healthy children (5 to 18 years) wh ... | 2001 | 11310719 |
| influenza a virus nep (ns2 protein) downregulates rna synthesis of model template rnas. | the influenza a virus nep (ns2) protein is an structural component of the viral particle. to investigate whether this protein has an effect on viral rna synthesis, we examined the expression of an influenza a virus-like chloramphenicol acetyltransferase (cat) rna in cells synthesizing the four influenza a virus core proteins (nucleoprotein, pb1, pb2, and pa) and nep from recombinant plasmids. influenza a virus nep inhibited drastically, and in a dose-dependent manner, the level of cat expression ... | 2001 | 11312364 |
| zanamivir and oseltamivir: two new options for the treatment and prevention of influenza. | influenza infection is responsible for thousands of hospitalizations and deaths in the united states each year. until recently, management options were limited to vaccination or use of the antiviral agents amantadine and rimantadine. two antiviral drugs, zanamivir and oseltamivir, have recently been approved by the us food and drug administration for the treatment of influenza a and influenza b. | 2001 | 11318072 |
| influenza vaccine in healthy preschool children. | studies of influenza vaccination in healthy children have not definitely answered the question of their efficacy. | 2001 | 11319482 |
| serum cytokine levels and antibody response to influenza vaccine in the elderly. | cytokines play critical roles in regulating the antibody response to vaccines. we sought to understand the role of endogenous cytokines in the determination of antibody production in the elderly, a group of subjects known to have a lower response rate to vaccination. we found that in a healthy elderly group, only 52% of whom responded to the influenza vaccine, endogenous levels of interleukin 6 (il-6), il-10 and gamma interferon (ifngamma) did not differ statistically significantly between respo ... | 2001 | 11322647 |
| from the centers for disease control and prevention. influenza activity--united states, 2000-01 season. | | 2001 | 11324643 |
| from the centers for disease control and prevention. influenza b virus outbreak in a cruise ship--northern europe, 2000. | | 2001 | 11324644 |
| evaluation of the hexaplex assay for detection of respiratory viruses in children. | the hexaplex assay (prodesse, inc., milwaukee, wis.) is a multiplex reverse transcriptase (rt)-pcr assay for the detection of parainfluenza virus types 1, 2, and 3, respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) types a and b, and influenza virus types a and b. we evaluated the hexaplex assay in comparison with conventional viral cell cultures and rapid enzyme immunoassays (eias) for rsv (directigen; becton dickinson inc., cockeysville, md.) and influenza a virus (abbott test pack; abbott laboratories, abbot ... | 2001 | 11325976 |
| antiviral activity of fattiviracin fv-8 against human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1). | a novel antiviral agent, fattiviracin fv-8, purified from the culture broth of streptomyces microflavus strain no. 2445, showed potent antiviral activities against human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1), herpes simplex virus type 1 (hsv-1), varicella-zoster virus (vzv), and influenza a and b viruses. the action mechanism of fattiviracin fv-8 against hiv-1 was examined. as a result, the agent was thought to act on hiv-1 particles directly without lysis of the particles, and it affords the in ... | 2001 | 11330690 |
| [is rapid and specific virological detection of influenza really necessary?]. | | 2001 | 11333566 |
| [analysis of etiology of influenza-like morbidity and monitoring influenza epidemic of 1998-1999 by laboratory diagnosis methods]. | the etiological structure of influenza-like was analyzed in the population in cities and towns and in russia as a whole in november 1998 to april 1999 by the findings of immunofluorescence and serological surveys of patients with acute respiratory viral infections (arvi). by the results of both tests, the proportion of the incidence of influenza a (h3n2) was largest, the decreasing order in their significance was as follows: adenoviruses, type 3 parainfluenza virus, rsv, influenza b virus, influ ... | 2001 | 11338361 |
| live attenuated vaccines against influenza; an historical review. | live attenuated vaccines administered directly to the respiratory tract offer the promise of providing more effective immunity against influenza than subunit or split inactivated vaccines. evidence has accumulated in recent years that immunological responses relevant to both the prevention of and recovery from influenza are best induced by natural infection. the ease with which the genes of influenza viruses reassort when two or more viruses infect a single cell has been exploited as a means of ... | 2001 | 11348696 |
| managing influenza: amantadine, rimantadine and beyond. | amantadine and rimantadine are effective in the treatment and prophylaxis of influenza a. neither drug, however, has achieved widespread acceptance because of the rapid development of viral resistance, their lack of activity against influenza b and, in the case of amantadine, adverse events. complete cross-resistance occurs with these compounds and is associated with a single nucleotide change in the m2 protein. resistant variants are transmissible and fully pathogenic. zanamivir is the first wi ... | 2001 | 11351773 |
| prevalence of parainfluenza and influenza viruses amongst children with upper respiratory tract infection. | the objective of this study was to determine the prevalence of parainfluenza and influenza causing upper respiratory tract infections and to evaluate shell vial culture assay and direct immunofluorescence assay. | 2000 | 11360062 |
| multicentered study of viral acute lower respiratory infections in children from four cities of argentina, 1993-1994. | this study describes the first multicentered study of acute lower respiratory infection viral etiology in young children from four different geographical areas of argentina. a total of 1,278 children under 5 years of age, hospitalized in primary care centers from buenos aires, córdoba, santa fé and mar del plata cities during a 2-year period were studied (1993-1994). nasopharyngeal aspirates were investigated for respiratory syncytial virus (rsv), adenovirus, parainfluenza, and influenza a and b ... | 2001 | 11360249 |
| response to influenza immunisation during treatment for cancer. | to assess the annual risk of influenza infection in children with cancer and the immunogenicity of a trivalent split virus influenza vaccine in these children. | 2001 | 11369567 |
| heterosubtypic immunity to influenza a virus in mice lacking iga, all ig, nkt cells, or gamma delta t cells. | the mechanisms of broad cross-protection to influenza viruses of different subtypes, termed heterosubtypic immunity, remain incompletely understood. we used knockout mouse strains to examine the potential for heterosubtypic immunity in mice lacking iga, all ig and b cells, nkt cells (cd1 knockout mice), or gamma(delta) t cells. mice were immunized with live influenza a virus and compared with controls immunized with unrelated influenza b virus. iga(-/-) mice survived full respiratory tract chall ... | 2001 | 11390496 |
| influenza b virus outbreak on a cruise ship--northern europe, 2000. | during june 23-july 5, 2000, an outbreak of respiratory illnesses occurred on the ms rotterdam (holland america line & windstar cruises) during a 12-day baltic cruise from the united kingdom to germany via russia. the ship carried 1311 passengers, primarily from the united states, and 506 crew members from many countries. although results of rapid viral testing for influenza a and b viruses were negative, immunofluorescence staining and viral culture results implicated influenza b virus infectio ... | 2001 | 11393483 |
| evaluation of an optical immunoassay for the rapid detection of influenza a and b viral antigens. | an optical immunoassay for the rapid detection of influenza types a and b viral antigens, flu oia (biostar, usa), was prospectively compared with antigen detection methods and cell culture on 400 respiratory specimens during an influenza outbreak that occurred in switzerland in 1998/1999. the flu oia had an overall sensitivity of 64.4% (95%ci, 56.3-71.7%) and a specificity of 94.9% (95%ci, 89.8-97.7%). using specimens from pediatric and adolescent patients, the sensitivity obtained (71.8%; 95%ci ... | 2001 | 11399021 |
| cost-effectiveness study on influenza prevention in hong kong. | recent studies confirm that influenza vaccination confers health benefits and reduces direct and indirect costs associated with the illness. however, these studies did not examine the situation in southern china, a hypothetical influenza epicentre for the emergence of pandemic influenza viruses. | 2001 | 11399347 |
| update: influenza activity--united states and worldwide, 2000-01 season, and composition of the 2001-02 influenza vaccine. | the 2000-01 influenza season was mild in the united states and was the first season since 1995-96 that was not predominated by a (h3n2) viruses. influenza a (h1n1) viruses predominated in the united states. in some regions, however, influenza b viruses were reported more frequently than influenza a viruses. worldwide, influenza a (h1n1) and b viruses also predominated. this report summarizes u.s.* and worldwide influenza activity during the 2000-01 influenza season and describes the composition ... | 2001 | 11414599 |
| respiratory virus surveillance. fluwatch project, 2000-2001. end of season update. | the 2000-2001 season was a relatively mild season worldwide. in canada, lower than usual activity was reported for all national indicators of influenza activity, including the rate of influenza-like illness (ili), the percentage of laboratory-confirmed cases of influenza and provincial/territorial influenza activity levels. however, there were a number of interesting characteristics of this year's influenza season. in contrast to the predominance of influenza a, and in particular the a/sydney/5/ ... | 2001 | 11416943 |
| r-mix cells are faster, at least as sensitive and marginally more costly than conventional cell lines for the detection of respiratory viruses. | to evaluate shell vials of r-mix, a combination of mink lung cells and human adenocarcinoma cells (strains mv1lu and a549, respectively, diagnostic hybrids, athens, oh) to detect respiratory viruses from prospective clinical respiratory specimens and frozen stocks. | 2001 | 11418357 |
| epidemiology of documented viral respiratory infections and acute otitis media in a cohort of children followed from two to twenty-four months of age. | viral upper respiratory infections (uris) are considered major risk factors for acute otitis media (aom) in young children. we studied the epidemiology and relative roles of different viruses in respiratory infections in a cohort of 329 finnish children followed from 2 months to 2 years of age. | 2001 | 11419498 |
| aromatic sialic acid analogues as potential inhibitors of influenza virus neuraminidase. | the influenza virus neuraminidase (na) is an enzyme essential for viral infection and offers a potential target for antiviral drug development. we aimed our research at the synthesis of non-carbohydrate molecules able to inhibit na as transition-state analogues. aromatic sialic acid analogues (compound 5 and compound 10) were synthesised in good yields starting from commercially available benzoic acids using a suitable synthetic strategy. | 2001 | 11421259 |
| prophylaxis and treatment of influenza virus infection. | influenza virus infections remain an important cause of morbidity and mortality. furthermore, a recurrence of pandemic influenza remains a real possibility. there are now effective ways to both prevent and treat influenza. prevention of infection is most effectively accomplished by vaccination. vaccination with the inactivated, intramuscular influenza vaccine has been clearly demonstrated to reduce serious morbidity and mortality associated with influenza infection, especially in groups of patie ... | 2001 | 11437694 |
| high prevalence of influenza specific antibody secreting cells in nasal mucosa. | secretory immunoglobulin a (siga) provides the first line of defence against pathogens initiating infection via the mucosal route, e.g. the influenza virus. the aim of this study was to examine the basal level of influenza-specific antibody-secreting cell (asc) in the local mucosa of the upper respiratory tract. nineteen patients scheduled for tonsillectomy were enrolled for the study, and they had not experienced influenza during the previous year. tonsils, blood, oral fluid and a nasal biopsy ... | 2001 | 11439173 |
| experimental influenza b viral myositis. | to investigate the pathogenesis of influenza myositis in animals, juvenile balb/c mice were inoculated with influenza b/lee virus intramuscularly into the right quadriceps muscle. chicken normal allantoic fluid (naf) or phosphate-buffered saline (pbs) was injected into the left quadriceps of control mice and in some virus-infected mice. serum creatinine phosphokinase (cpk) levels rose significantly on days 1 and 2 post-inoculation (pi) in only virus-inoculated mice. on days 2 and 3 pi, right qua ... | 2001 | 11440746 |
| influence of virus strain, challenge dose, and time of therapy initiation on the in vivo influenza inhibitory effects of rwj-270201. | the influenza virus neuraminidase inhibitor rwj-270201 (cyclopentane carboxylic acid, 3-[cis-1-(acetylamino)-2-ethylbutyl]-4[(aminoiminomethyl)amino]-2-hydroxy-[cis, 2s, 3r, 4r]) was significantly inhibitory to an infection in mice induced by influenza a/nws/33 (h1n1) virus when oral gavage (p.o.) treatment with 10 mg/kg per day was delayed at least 60 h after virus exposure. treatment was 5 mg/kg twice daily for 5 days. viral challenge doses of influenza a/shangdong/09/93 (h3n2) virus ranging f ... | 2001 | 11448729 |
| influenza b and c virus nep (ns2) proteins possess nuclear export activities. | nucleocytoplasmic transport of viral ribonucleoproteins (vrnps) is an essential aspect of the replication cycle for influenza a, b, and c viruses. these viruses replicate and transcribe their genomes in the nuclei of infected cells. during the late stages of infection, vrnps must be exported from the nucleus to the cytoplasm prior to transport to viral assembly sites on the cellular plasma membrane. previously, we demonstrated that the influenza a virus nuclear export protein (nep, formerly refe ... | 2001 | 11462009 |
| from the centers for disease control and prevention. update: influenza activity--united states and worldwide, 2000-01 season, and composition of the 2001-02 influenza vaccine. | | 2001 | 11463034 |
| the pathogenesis of influenza in humans. | the rapid evolution of influenza a and b viruses contributes to annual influenza epidemics in humans. in addition, pandemics of influenza are also caused by influenza a viruses, whereas influenza b does not have the potential to cause pandemics because there is no animal reservoir of the virus. study of the genetic differences between influenza a and influenza b viruses, which are restricted to humans, may be informative in understanding the factors that govern mammalian adaptation of influenza ... | 2001 | 11479929 |
| serum and mucosal immune responses to an inactivated influenza virus vaccine induced by epidermal powder immunization. | both circulating and mucosal antibodies are considered important for protection against infection by influenza virus in humans and animals. however, current inactivated vaccines administered by intramuscular injection using a syringe and needle elicit primarily circulating antibodies. in this study, we report that epidermal powder immunization (epi) via a unique powder delivery system elicits both serum and mucosal antibodies to an inactivated influenza virus vaccine. serum antibody responses to ... | 2001 | 11483740 |
| evaluation of the prodesse hexaplex multiplex pcr assay for direct detection of seven respiratory viruses in clinical specimens. | we evaluated the hexaplex assay (prodesse, waukesha, wi) for the detection of 7 respiratory viruses (influenza a and b, parainfluenza 1-3, and respiratory syncytial virus [rsv] a and b). the hexaplex assay was performed on 300 respiratory samples during the 1999-2000 respiratory virus season. results of this assay were compared with shell vial cell culture and/or direct fluorescent antibody stain. the overall sensitivity and specificity of the assay were 96.6% and 94.1%, respectively. the respec ... | 2001 | 11488068 |
| novel alpha- and beta-amino acid inhibitors of influenza virus neuraminidase. | in an effort to discover novel, noncarbohydrate inhibitors of influenza virus neuraminidase we hypothesized that compounds which contain positively charged amino groups in an appropriate position to interact with the asp 152 or tyr 406 side chains might be bound tightly by the enzyme. testing of 300 alpha- and beta-amino acids led to the discovery of two novel neuraminidase inhibitors, a phenylglycine and a pyrrolidine, which exhibited k(i) values in the 50 microm range versus influenza virus a/ ... | 2001 | 11502530 |
| diverged evolution of recent equine-2 influenza (h3n8) viruses in the western hemisphere. | we reported previously that equine-2 influenza a virus (h3n8) had evolved into two genetically and antigenically distinct "eurasian" and "american" lineages. phylogenetic analysis, using the ha1 gene of more recent american isolates, indicated a further divergence of these viruses into three evolution lineages: a south american lineage, a kentucky lineage, and a florida lineage. these multiple evolution pathways were not due to geographic barriers, as viruses from different lineages co-circulate ... | 2001 | 11504416 |
| serum and mucosal immunologic responses in children following the administration of a new inactivated intranasal anti-influenza vaccine. | children are at considerable risk for influenza infection and may constitute the main vector for transmitting the virus to adults in the community. at present, the use of available vaccines in children is limited mainly because of a fear of side effects from the injection. intranasal immunization was assessed as a painless, side effect-free method of facilitating the enrollment of children in vaccination programs. one intranasal dose of a trivalent inactive whole virus vaccine containing 20 micr ... | 2001 | 11505461 |
| concurrent naive and memory cd8(+) t cell responses to an influenza a virus. | memory thy-1(+)cd8(+) t cells specific for the influenza a virus nucleoprotein (np(366-374)) peptide were sorted after staining with the d(b)np(366) tetramer, labeled with cfse, and transferred into normal thy-1.2(+) recipients. the donor d(b)np(366)(+) t cells recovered 2 days later from the spleens of the thy-1.2(+) hosts showed the cd62l(low)cd44(high)cd69(low) phenotype, characteristic of the population analyzed before transfer, and were present at frequencies equivalent to those detected pr ... | 2001 | 11509619 |
| outbreak of meningococcal disease after an influenza b epidemic at a hellenic air force recruit training center. | in january 1996, during an outbreak of meningococcal disease at a hellenic air force recruit center in southern greece, we collected paired serum specimens from 55 randomly selected recruits and tested for antibodies against influenza virus types a and b. of 55 specimens, 15 (27%) were found to be positive for recent influenza b infection, confirming previous reports that respiratory tract infection due to influenza is probably a predisposing factor for meningococcal disease. | 2001 | 11512107 |
| antigenic variants with amino acid deletions clarify a neutralizing epitope specific for influenza b virus victoria group strains. | to study the neutralizing epitopes of influenza b virus victoria group strains, two monoclonal antibodies (mabs) were used to select antigenic variants of the virus. mabs 10b8 and 8e6 were found to react with b/victoria group strains in three tests, peroxidase-antiperoxidase staining, haemagglutination inhibition and neutralization tests; no reactivity with b/yamagata group strains was observed. analysis of the deduced amino acid sequences of 10b8-induced variants identified a single amino acid ... | 2001 | 11514726 |
| periodic lateralized epileptiform discharges in influenza b-associated encephalopathy. | an 18-year-old woman presented with coma, hemicomvulsions, and transient periodic lateralized epileptiform discharges (pleds). serological tests were positive for influenza b, and cerebrospinal fluid pcr for herpes simplex virus dna was negative. magnetic resonance imaging later showed abnormal signal intensity in the temporal lobe ipsilateral to the pleds. influenza-associated encephalopathy may cause hemiconvulsions and pleds, and can mimic herpes simplex encephalitis. | 2001 | 11518132 |
| respiratory virus infections in pediatric hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. | respiratory virus infections (rvi) have become an increasingly appreciated problem in the hematopoietic stem cell transplant (hsct) population. a retrospective analysis of 274 patients undergoing 281 hsct at st. jude children's research hospital from january 1994 through december 1997 was performed. medical and clinical laboratory records were reviewed beginning at the onset of conditioning through the year following each hsct, and the analysis was done for the first rvi only. thirty-two (11%) o ... | 2001 | 11528566 |
| a unique phosphatidylinositol bearing a novel branched-chain fatty acid from rhodococcus equi binds to influenza virus hemagglutinin and inhibits the infection of cells. | from the aquatic bacterium rhodococcus equi strain s(420), we isolated a substance that strongly binds to influenza viruses. structural analyses revealed that it is a unique type of phosphatidylinositol (ptdins) bearing a branched-chain fatty acid (14-methyloctadecanoic acid). in a tlc/virus-binding immunostaining assay, this ptdins bound to all subtypes of hemagglutinin (ha) of influenza a viruses tested, isolated from humans, ducks and swine, and also to human influenza b viruses. furthermore, ... | 2001 | 11530013 |
| serum amyloid p component inhibits influenza a virus infections: in vitro and in vivo studies. | serum amyloid p component (sap) binds in vitro ca(2+)-dependently to several ligands including oligosaccharides with terminal mannose and galactose. we have earlier reported that sap binds to human influenza a virus strains, inhibiting hemagglutinin (ha) activity and virus infectivity in vitro. these studies were extended to comprise five mouse-adapted influenza a strains, two swine influenza a strains, a mink influenza a virus, a ferret influenza a reassortant virus, a influenza b virus and a p ... | 2001 | 11530187 |
| natural immunity to haemophilus influenza b in infancy in indian children. | | 2001 | 11535305 |
| characterization of antibody responses to annual influenza vaccination over four years in a healthy elderly population. | the effects of yearly influenza immunization on the level of antibody responses were assessed in 92 healthy elderly subjects immunized over four contiguous years (1993-1996) with a trivalent influenza vaccine that included a/texas annually. anti-a/texas antibodies increased significantly and similarly post-vaccination each year, but returned to comparable baseline levels annually. percentages of subjects with anti-a/texas titers > or =40 post-vaccination were comparable over four years. importan ... | 2001 | 11535308 |
| safety and immunogenicity of varying dosages of trivalent inactivated influenza vaccine administered by needle-free jet injectors. | to evaluate the perceived pain, other adverse events, and immunogenicity of influenza virus vaccine administered by needle-free jet injector (ji) compared with that of vaccine administered by needle and syringe (n&s), we randomly assigned 304 healthy young adults to receive one of three dosages (0.5, 0.3, or 0.2 ml) of the 1998-1999 season vaccine administered by either of two ji devices or by n&s. in multivariate analysis, female gender and ji administration were associated with higher levels o ... | 2001 | 11535320 |
| the effect of zanamivir treatment on the early immune response to influenza vaccination. | zanamivir is licensed for influenza treatment, but may also play a role in prophylaxis either alone or in combination with vaccine in epidemic periods. we conducted a double blind placebo controlled trial to investigate the effect of zanamivir treatment on the humoral immune response to influenza vaccine. forty young healthy volunteers were vaccinated with licensed trivalent influenza vaccine and received 20 mg zanamivir (24 subjects) or placebo (16 subjects) daily for a period of 14 days. no si ... | 2001 | 11535325 |
| periorbital and orbital cellulitis after h. influenza b vaccination. | | 2001 | 11535431 |
| conjunctivitis following accidental exposure to influenza b virus/shangdong/07/97. | | 2001 | 11545563 |
| [influenza myopathy]. | | 2001 | 11555900 |
| [influenza in poland in 1999]. | a total of 2,344,773 cases of influenza were reported in poland in 1999, corresponding to 6066.1 cases per 100,000 population and was 2.8 times higher as compared with 1998. the highest influenza incidence rate (10,770.9 per 100,000) was reported in małopolskie voivodeship. children up to 14 years old accounted for 34.9% (818,629; incidence 10,616.2 per 100,000) of all reported influenza cases. a total of 3,925 persons required hospitalization, eight times more as compared with 1998. the number ... | 2001 | 11556088 |
| influenza virus vaccination and booster in b-cell chronic lymphocytic leukaemia patients. | background: influenza vaccination is recommended for patients with b-cell chronic lymphocytic leukaemia (cll). because response rates are often low, we decided to evaluate antibody response to single and booster vaccinations with influenza a and b virus vaccine in these patients. methods: twenty patients with b-cll received two subunit virus vaccine injections 21 days apart. antibody titres were determined before and 21 days after the single and booster vaccinations. the serological response was ... | 2001 | 11557327 |
| diagnosis of influenza in the community: relationship of clinical diagnosis to confirmed virological, serologic, or molecular detection of influenza. | successful treatment of influenza depends on an accurate diagnosis of the illness and prompt intervention. however, there is a lack of data comparing clinical diagnosis vs laboratory diagnostic techniques. | 2001 | 11570941 |
| influenza vaccination in children with chronic rheumatic diseases and long-term immunosuppressive therapy. | to study the immunogenicity, safety and efficacy of influenza vaccine in children with chronic rheumatic diseases (crd) receiving long-term immunosuppressive therapy. | 2001 | 11579723 |
| influenza a infection is an important cause of febrile seizures. | to compare the incidence of febrile seizures in children hospitalized for influenza a infection with parainfluenza and adenovirus infection and to examine the hypothesis that children hospitalized for influenza a (variant sydney/h3n2) during the 1998 season in hong kong had more frequent and refractory seizures when compared with other respiratory viruses, including the a/wuhan h3n2 variant that was present in the previous year. | 2001 | 11581471 |
| update: influenza activity--united states and worldwide, may-september 2001. | during october 2000-may 2001, influenza a (h1n1), a (h3n2), and b viruses were identified in the northern hemisphere. influenza a (h1n1) and b viruses circulated widely; influenza a (h3n2) viruses were reported infrequently and were not associated with widespread outbreaks in any country during october 2000-may 2001. since may 2001, influenza a (h1n1) and b viruses have predominated in asia and oceania; influenza a (h3n2) and b viruses have predominated in africa and south america. this report s ... | 2001 | 11594722 |
| genetic analysis of an influenza b virus isolated from a patient with encephalopathy in japan. | an influenza b virus, b/saga/s172/99 (sag99), was isolated from the nasopharynx of a patient with encephalopathy/encephalitis in japan in 1999. to clarify the molecular characteristics of this virus, detailed analysis of the gene segments coding for the hemagglutinin (ha), neuraminidase (na), nucleoprotein (np), matrix protein (m) and non-structural protein (ns) was undertaken. all five genes of sag99 showed high nucleotide and predicted amino acid similarities with those of recent non-encephalo ... | 2001 | 11596098 |
| annual report of the national influenza surveillance scheme, 2000. | surveillance of influenza in australia in 2000 was based on data from national and state-based sentinel general practice consultations for influenza-like illness, laboratory isolations of influenza virus and absenteeism rates from a national employer. the peak in influenza cases was in mid-september. influenza a was the dominant strain, with the highest proportion being influenza a (h3n2), but with a significant proportion of isolates of influenza a (h1n1) (16%) for the first time since 1995. th ... | 2001 | 11596710 |
| increased immunogenicity of the mf59-adjuvanted influenza vaccine compared to a conventional subunit vaccine in elderly subjects. | three-hundred and eight outpatient elderly subjects (> or = 65 years) were randomly assigned to receive the mf59-adjuvanted influenza vaccine (flu-ad; n = 204) or a conventional subunit influenza vaccine (agrippal s1; n = 104) in order to compare the safety and immunogenicity of the two vaccines. although mild pain at the injection site was reported more frequently by subjects immunised with the adjuvanted vaccine, both vaccines were shown to be safe and well tolerated. the adjuvanted vaccine wa ... | 2001 | 11599686 |
| [evaluation of immunochromatography method for rapid detection of influenza a and b viruses]. | we have evaluated a new rapid detection kit for influenza a and b viruses, known as the quickvue influenza test (quidel coporation, usa); which is based on immunochromatography using virus isolates and clinical specimens. twelve strains of influenza a and b were tested for evaluate the reactivity and detection limits of this test. the quickvue influenza test showed a positive result for all twelve strains of influenza virus and a negative result for fourteen different kinds of other respiratory ... | 2001 | 11605188 |
| [clinico-anatomic parallels of cardiac lesion in sporadic influenza]. | data on 40 patients (21 men, 19 women) who died in hospital of influenza in 1975-1990 are analysed. the age of the patients ranged from 47 to 92 years, 37 patients were over 60. 31 deceased had ischemic heart disease (ihd), of them 13 survived myocardial infarction; 11 patients had essential hypertension, 1--lymphoid leukemia, 1--pollenosis. influenza caused by virus of a type (h3n2) was diagnosed in 27 patients. influenza virus type b was detected in 13 patients. the disease ran a hypertoxic, s ... | 2001 | 11641939 |
| [2000/01 influenza season and the vaccine composition for the season 2001/'02]. | in the 2000/01 season, the size of the influenza epidemic in the netherlands was exceptionally small. since the start of the continuous morbidity registration of the netherlands institute of primary health care (nivel) in 1970, the peak incidence of influenza-like illnesses has never been so low. the aetiology of the epidemic was also unusual. most remarkable was the relatively extensive circulation of subtype h1n1 and the low activity of subtype h3n2. the epidemic started in week 1 of 2001 and ... | 2001 | 11675977 |
| influenza virus types and subtypes detection by single step single tube multiplex reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (rt-pcr) and agarose gel electrophoresis. | influenza virus type and subtype specific primers were selected for use in reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (rt-pcr). the selected primer sets were used in a single step rt-pcr of influenza virus rna in multiplex format for the detection of virus type and subtypes. three one step reaction conditions are optimized: (1) multiplex typing only, (2) multiplex subtyping of influenza a, and (3) multiplex typing and subtyping simultaneously. rna from strains of influenza virus type a of s ... | 2002 | 11684304 |
| antigenic and genetic analyses of influenza b viruses isolated in lusaka, zambia in 1999. | previous studies of the hemagglutinin (ha) genes of various influenza b virus isolates demonstrated the existence of two antigenically distinct virus lineages represented by b/victoria/2/87 and b/yamagata/16/88, respectively. here, we investigated the antigenic and genetic characteristics of influenza b viruses isolated from children living in lusaka, zambia between january and may 1999. antigenic analysis with chicken antiviral sera showed that all the zambian isolates had the ha protein belong ... | 2001 | 11699954 |
| comparison of the activities of zanamivir, oseltamivir, and rwj-270201 against clinical isolates of influenza virus and neuraminidase inhibitor-resistant variants. | rwj-270201 is a novel cyclopentane inhibitor of influenza a and b virus neuraminidases (nas). we compared the ability of rwj-270201 to inhibit na activity of clinical influenza isolates and viruses with defined resistance mutations with that of zanamivir and oseltamivir carboxylate. in na inhibition assays with influenza a viruses, the median 50% inhibitory concentration (ic(50)) of rwj-270201 (approximately 0.34 nm) was comparable to that of oseltamivir carboxylate (0.45 nm) but lower than that ... | 2001 | 11709315 |
| perspectives on the manufacture of combination vaccines. | evolving regulatory requirements in the united states and europe create major challenges for manufacturers tasked with production of vaccines that contain > or =9 separate antigens capable of protecting against infectious diseases, such as diphtheria, tetanus, pertussis, polio, hepatitis b, and haemophilus influenza b, in a single shot. this article describes 10 steps that can facilitate the process of licensing these complex vaccines. it also points out problems associated with the use of anima ... | 2001 | 11709769 |
| [safety of an influenza-split-vaccine in children]. | the aim of this study was to investigate the safety of the split-product influenza vaccine begrivac(r), containing the recommended virus strains for the influenza season 1998/99. | 2001 | 11713714 |
| amantadine blocks channel activity of the transmembrane segment of the nb protein from influenza b. | nb is short auxiliary protein with ca. 100 amino acids, encoded in the viral genome of influenza b. it is believed to be similar to m2 from influenza a and vpu from hiv-1 in that it demonstrates ion channel activity. channels formed by the protein can be blocked by amantadine. we have synthesized the putative transmembrane segment of nb (irg s20 iiiticvsl i30 vilivfgci a40 kifi (nb, lee)). reconstituted in a lipid bilayer, the peptide shows channel activity. the addition of amantadine leads to d ... | 2001 | 11718294 |
| the new nasal spray influenza vaccine. | | 2001 | 11734731 |
| efficacy of inactivated and cold-adapted vaccines against influenza a infection, 1985 to 1990: the pediatric experience. | influenza is a common and potentially serious infection in children. although there is interest in broadening the use of influenza vaccine in healthy children, there are few large, randomized, controlled trials that evaluate the safety and efficacy of inactivated vaccine in the pediatric population. | 2001 | 11734733 |
| prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled evaluation of the safety and immunogenicity of three lots of intranasal trivalent influenza vaccine among young children. | trivalent formulations of an experimental, cold-adapted, intranasal influenza (caiv) vaccine have been shown to be safe, immunogenic and efficacious in young children. | 2001 | 11734734 |
| safety, vaccine virus shedding and immunogenicity of trivalent, cold-adapted, live attenuated influenza vaccine administered to human immunodeficiency virus-infected and noninfected children. | to assess the safety of live, attenuated influenza vaccine (laiv) administered to relatively asymptomatic or mildly symptomatic hiv-infected children and non-hiv-infected children. | 2001 | 11740317 |
| antiviral drugs for prophylaxis and treatment of influenza. | | 2001 | 11740325 |