| old age and its behavioral manifestations: a study on two species of macaque. | observations from two studies on the behavior of stumptail and japanese macaques revealed that old females were generally less active and involved in fewer social interactions than young adult females. old females typically avoided or maintained sufficient distance from others to decrease the possibility of interaction, but were neither excluded from social interactions nor out-competed in rank-related situations. the data strongly suggest that the old females selectively withdrew from social in ... | 1984 | 6500409 |
| interbirth intervals in a captive group of japanese macaques. | interbirth intervals in a captive group of japanese macaques were found to be shortened and inconsistently affected by stillbirth and infant loss within 6 months of life. the reduction in the length of the interval between successive births was in all probability the result of shorter periods of lactation and larger amounts of body fat stored by the well-nourished females of the study group. | 1984 | 6500407 |
| the effect of cell kinetics and harvest time on sce and nor associations in macaca fuscata lymphocytes. | the relationship between cell kinetics and cell harvest time on sister chromatid exchange (sce) and nor (marker chromosome) association was investigated in cultured macaca fuscata lymphocytes. the average number of sce's in individuals ranged from 3.77 to 9.07 per cell. the highest sce rate was found in cultures harvested at 60 h. the data suggest a decrease in sce frequency between 60 h and subsequent cell harvest at 72, 84, and 96 h. nor association frequency was also affected by cell kinetics ... | 1983 | 6641284 |
| [carbohydrate histochemistry in the glands of the air-passages of japanese macaques]. | | 1982 | 6228156 |
| social grooming in macaca fuscata. | | 1982 | 7186270 |
| estimation of mutation rate from rare protein variants. | a method for estimating the mutation rate for protein loci from the number of rare alleles in the population is presented. it seems to have a number of advantages compared with kimura and ohta's method. applying this method to neel's data from american indians in south america and to nozawa's data from japanese macaques, the mutation rate for electrophoretically detectable alleles is estimated to be (2 approximately 3) x 10(-6) per locus per generation. this estimate may not include many severel ... | 1977 | 405863 |
| the development of sociosexual behaviours in japanese macaques macaca fuscata. | | 1974 | 4208111 |
| snowball construction by a feral troop of japanese macaques (macaca fuscata) living under seminatural conditions. | feral japanese macaques (macaca fuscata) living under seminatural conditions in oregon constructed several large snowballs in their two-acre corral. this behavior did not involve the basic reward systems connected with agonistic or feeding behavior which are most commonly associated with tool-using in nonhuman primates. | 1972 | 27520645 |
| seasonal sexual behavior: intrauterine contraceptive devices in a confined troop of japanese macaques. | | 1972 | 4681794 |
| [electroencephalography and heart rate in sleep of macaca fuscata]. | | 1971 | 4326642 |
| the sexual behavior of a confined troop of japanese macaques. | | 1971 | 5004241 |
| abo and lewis blood groups of macaca fuscata (japanese apes). | | 1966 | 4228972 |
| cumulative culture in nonhumans: overlooked findings from japanese monkeys? | cumulative culture, generally known as the increasing complexity or efficiency of cultural behaviors additively transmitted over successive generations, has been emphasized as a hallmark of human evolution. recently, reviews of candidates for cumulative culture in nonhuman species have claimed that only humans have cumulative culture. here, we aim to scrutinize this claim, using current criteria for cumulative culture to re-evaluate overlooked qualitative but longitudinal data from a nonhuman pr ... | 2017 | 29282581 |
| cumulative culture in nonhumans: overlooked findings from japanese monkeys? | cumulative culture, generally known as the increasing complexity or efficiency of cultural behaviors additively transmitted over successive generations, has been emphasized as a hallmark of human evolution. recently, reviews of candidates for cumulative culture in nonhuman species have claimed that only humans have cumulative culture. here, we aim to scrutinize this claim, using current criteria for cumulative culture to re-evaluate overlooked qualitative but longitudinal data from a nonhuman pr ... | 2017 | 29282581 |
| crucial information for efficient face searching by humans and japanese macaques. | humans can efficiently detect a face among non-face objects, but few studies of this ability have been conducted in animals. here, in japanese macaques and humans, we examined visual searching for a face and explored what factors contribute to efficient facial information processing. subjects were asked to search for an odd target among the different numbers of distracters. faces of the subjects' own species, the backs of the head of the subjects' own species, faces of the subjects' closely rela ... | 2018 | 29256143 |
| deer mates: a quantitative study of heterospecific sexual behaviors performed by japanese macaques toward sika deer. | this is the first quantitative study of heterospecific sexual behavior between a non-human primate and a non-primate species. we observed multiple occurrences of free-ranging adolescent female japanese macaques (macaca fuscata) performing mounts and sexual solicitations toward sika deer (cervus nippon) at minoo, central japan. our comparative description of monkey-deer versus monkey-monkey interactions supported the "heterospecific sexual behavior" hypothesis: the mounts and demonstrative solici ... | 2017 | 29230601 |
| causes of death and detection of antibodies against japanese encephalitis virus in misaki feral horses (equus caballus) in southern japan, 2015-17. | we performed postmortem examinations on seven misaki feral horses (equus caballus) and evaluated misaki feral horses, japanese wild boars (sus scrofa leucomystax), domestic pigs (sus scrofa), and wild japanese macaques (macaca fuscata fuscata) from 2015 to 2017 in cape toi, kushima, miyazaki prefecture, southern japan, for antibodies against japanese encephalitis virus (jev). strongylus vulgaris infection with severe arterial lesions and hemomelasma ilei was present in all necropsied horses. we ... | 2019 | 31112466 |
| floral traits of mammal-pollinated mucuna macrocarpa (fabaceae): implications for generalist-like pollination systems. | floral traits are adapted by plants to attract pollinators. some of those plants that have different pollinators in different regions adapt to each pollinator in each region to maximize their pollination success. mucuna macrocarpa (fabaceae) limits the pollinators using its floral structure and is pollinated by different mammals in different regions. here, we examine the relationships between floral traits of m. macrocarpa and the external morphology of mammalian pollinators in different regions ... | 2018 | 30250727 |
| molecular characterization of trichuris spp. from captive animals based on mitochondrial markers. | monoxenous parasites may easily infect animals in captivity, and nematodes belonging to the genus trichuris are commonly reported in zoological gardens worldwide. infections in captive animals should be accurately monitored and the characterization of pathogens is highly advisable, as a tool to infer possible routes of intra- and interspecific transmission pathways and to assess the related zoonotic potential. whipworms are usually identified on the basis of few morphological features of adults ... | 2020 | 31881362 |
| common marmosets (callithrix jacchus) evaluate third-party social interactions of human actors but japanese monkeys (macaca fuscata) do not. | reciprocity and cooperation are fundamental to human society and are observed in nonhuman primates. primates are not only sensitive to direct reciprocity and its violation but also indirect reciprocity. recent studies demonstrated that some primate species adjusted their behavior by observing others' interactions. capuchin, marmoset, and squirrel monkeys avoided taking food from human actors who behaved nonreciprocally; however, no such empirical evidence among old world monkeys is available. he ... | 2019 | 31021114 |
| common marmosets (callithrix jacchus) evaluate third-party social interactions of human actors but japanese monkeys (macaca fuscata) do not. | reciprocity and cooperation are fundamental to human society and are observed in nonhuman primates. primates are not only sensitive to direct reciprocity and its violation but also indirect reciprocity. recent studies demonstrated that some primate species adjusted their behavior by observing others' interactions. capuchin, marmoset, and squirrel monkeys avoided taking food from human actors who behaved nonreciprocally; however, no such empirical evidence among old world monkeys is available. he ... | 2019 | 31021114 |
| the japan monkey centre primates brain imaging repository for comparative neuroscience: an archive of digital records including records for endangered species. | advances in magnetic resonance imaging (mri) and computational analysis technology have enabled comparisons among various primate brains in a three-dimensional electronic format. results from comparative studies provide information about common features across primates and species-specific features of neuroanatomy. investigation of various species of non-human primates is important for understanding such features, but the majority of comparative mri studies have been based on experimental primat ... | 2018 | 30357587 |
| lesions of the female reproductive tract in japanese macaque ( macaca fuscata) from two captive colonies. | reproductive lesions have been described in various nonhuman primate species, including rhesus macaques ( macaca mulatta), cynomolgus macaques ( macaca fascicularis), baboons ( papio spp.), squirrel monkeys ( saimiri sciureus), and chimpanzees ( pan spp.); however, there are few publications describing reproductive disease and pathology in japanese macaques ( macaca fuscata). a retrospective evaluation of postmortem reports for two captive m. fuscata populations housed within zoos from 1982 thro ... | 2018 | 29517447 |
| grooming with a stone in sooty mangabeys (cercocebus atys). | "stone-grooming," or grooming with a stone, has been reported in macaca fuscata. this report provides a descriptive account of a similar behavior displayed by a female mangabey cercocebus atys. during a study of embracing behavior in sooty mangabeys, one adult female was observed to groom her infant with a stone. the grooming pattern involved short strokes and/or a circular motion over the area being groomed-the infant's eye region. stone-grooming appears to be a distinct type of grooming althou ... | 1988 | 31968873 |
| persistent infection of simian foamy virus derived from the japanese macaque leads to the high-level expression of microrna that resembles the mir-1 microrna precursor family. | micrornas (mirnas) are a group of small non-coding rnas that suppress the expression of target mrnas. the seed sequence of mirna plays a crucial role in recognizing the 3'-untranslated region of the target mrna. cells infected with a simian foamy virus (sfv) isolated from an african green monkey (chlorocebus aethiops) (sfvcae) showed high expression levels of viral mirnas encoded in the long terminal repeat of sfvcae. in the present study, we investigated the roles and expression of mirnas deriv ... | 2020 | 31969530 |
| application of dna fingerprinting probes to old world monkeys. | analysis of tandem-repetitive minisatellite dna in humans provides great discriminatory power in paternity identification and individualization of tissue samples. the molecular probes used to study these hyper-variable loci are here applied to dna isolated from related animals in four species of old world monkeys. probes 33.6 and 33.15 are shown to cross-hybridize with variable minisatellites in macaca fuscata, macaca silenus, erythrocebus patas, and colobus guereza. the dna fingerprint patterns ... | 1988 | 31968875 |
| anatomical study of the incisivus labii superioris and inferioris muscles in non-human primates. | the facial muscles have significant roles for vocalization, feeding, and facial expression in both human and non-human primates. of these, the anatomy of the incisivus labii superioris (ils) and incisivus labii inferioris (ili), which are considered as the accessory bundle of the orbicularis oris (oo) in humans, has rarely been documented in the literature. our current understanding of the function of the ils and ili is that they probably retract the upper and lower lips. also, there is no accou ... | 2020 | 32420698 |
| recombination between high-risk human papillomaviruses and non-human primate papillomaviruses: evidence of ancient host switching among alphapapillomaviruses. | we use all the currently known 405 papillomavirus (pv) sequences, 343 curated pv sequences from both humans and animals from the pave data base, to analyse the recombination dynamics of these viruses at the whole genome levels. after showing some evidence of human and non-human primate pv recombination, we report a comprehensive recombination analysis of all currently known 82 alphapapillomaviruses (alpha-pvs). we carried out an exploratory study and found novel recombination events between high ... | 2020 | 32385625 |
| characterization of a novel simian sapelovirus isolated from a cynomolgus monkey using plc/prf/5 cells. | we isolated a novel simian sapelovirus (ssv), cam13, from fecal specimen of a cynomolgus monkey by using plc/prf/5 cells. the ssv infection of the cells induced an extensive cytopathic effect. two types of virus particles with identical diameter (~32 nm) but different densities (1.348 g/cm3 and 1.295 g/cm3) were observed in the cell culture supernatants. the rna genome of cam13 possesses 8,155 nucleotides and a poly(a) tail, and it has a typical sapelovirus genome organization consisting of a 5' ... | 2019 | 31882888 |
| characterization of a novel simian sapelovirus isolated from a cynomolgus monkey using plc/prf/5 cells. | we isolated a novel simian sapelovirus (ssv), cam13, from fecal specimen of a cynomolgus monkey by using plc/prf/5 cells. the ssv infection of the cells induced an extensive cytopathic effect. two types of virus particles with identical diameter (~32 nm) but different densities (1.348 g/cm3 and 1.295 g/cm3) were observed in the cell culture supernatants. the rna genome of cam13 possesses 8,155 nucleotides and a poly(a) tail, and it has a typical sapelovirus genome organization consisting of a 5' ... | 2019 | 31882888 |
| comparison of cellular localisation of the ca2+ -binding proteins calbindin, calretinin and parvalbumin in the retina of four different macaca species. | ca2+ -binding proteins are differentially expressed in the nervous system; their functional role often remains unclear. this immunohistochemical study aimed at characterising and comparing the expression pattern of the ca2+ -binding proteins calbindin (calb), calretinin (calr) and parvalbumin (parv) in the retina of four species of macaque monkeys: macaca fascicularis (cynomolgus macaque), m. mulatta (rhesus macaque), m. thibetana (tibetan macaque) and m. fuscata (japanese macaque). calb was fou ... | 2018 | 30155916 |
| plasma cholesterol levels in free-ranging macaques compared with captive macaques and humans. | plasma total cholesterol in free-ranging japanese macaques (macaca fuscata) on koshima islet and in free-ranging long-tailed macaques (macaca fascicularis) at pangandaran in indonesia was found to occur at very low levels compared with captive macaques and humans. although total cholesterol levels in captive macaques were lower than humans, differences in hdl cholesterol levels were only small. in both sexes of wild and captive japanese macaques, total cholesterol levels decreased from birth thr ... | 2000 | 30545181 |
| do zoo visitors induce attentional bias effects in primates completing cognitive tasks? | while previous research has focused on the impact of visitors on zoo-housed animals' behavior, here, we evaluated the impact of visitors on the performance of four zoo-housed japanese macaques (macaca fuscata) in a cognitive task. the macaques completed a touchscreen-based match-to-sample task in glass-sided booths at the perimeter of their enclosure, adjacent to a visitor viewing area. the task was novel to all macaques at the start of this study but over the 6-month testing period the macaques ... | 2020 | 33156406 |
| a comparison of cell density and serotonergic innervation of the amygdala among four macaque species. | the genus macaca is an ideal model for investigating the biological basis of primate social behavior from an evolutionary perspective. a significant amount of behavioral diversity has been reported among the macaque species, but little is known about the neural substrates that support this variation. the present study compared neural cell density and serotonergic innervation of the amygdala among four macaque species using histological and immunohistochemical methods. the species examined includ ... | 2020 | 33022073 |
| translatability of scalp eeg recordings of duration-deviant mismatch negativity between macaques and humans: a pilot study. | mismatch negativity (mmn) is a negative deflection of the auditory event-related potential (erp) elicited by an abrupt change in a sound presented repeatedly. in patients with schizophrenia, mmn is consistently reduced, which makes it a promising biomarker. a non-human primate (nhp) model of mmn based on scalp electroencephalogram (eeg) recordings can provide a useful translational tool, given the high structural homology of the prefrontal and auditory cortices between nhps, such as macaques, an ... | 2020 | 33005162 |
| play behavior in immature moor macaques (macaca maura) and japanese macaques (macaca fuscata). | play is widespread across mammalian taxa, but species strongly vary in the ways they play. in less despotic primate species (i.e., with less steep dominance hierarchies, less severe conflicts, and more reconciliation), play has been described as being more frequent, cooperative, and freely expressed. to study the link between social play and dominance style, we compared play behavior in free-ranging infants, juveniles and subadults of more despotic japanese macaques (macaca fuscata, n = 24) and ... | 2020 | 32882065 |
| interspecific difference in seed dispersal characteristics between japanese macaques (macaca fuscata) and sympatric japanese martens (martes melampus). | we compared the characteristics of seeds within faeces between semi-terrestrial japanese macaques (macaca fuscata) and sympatric arboreal japanese martens (martes melampus) in shiga heights, central japan. we collected faecal samples of the two mammalian species for 1 year (n = 229 for macaques and n = 22 for martens). we then compared the proportion of seed occurrence, life-form composition, number of seeds and species richness within single faecal samples, and the seed intact ratio between the ... | 2020 | 32862180 |
| a comparison of axial trunk rotation during bipedal walking between humans and japanese macaques. | human walking involves out-of-phase axial rotations of the thorax and pelvis. it has long been believed that this rotational capability is a distinctive feature of the genus homo. however, thompson et al. (2015) showed that chimpanzees also counter-rotate their thorax relative to the pelvis during bipedal walking, which raised questions regarding the origins and development of this characteristic. in this study, we measured the axial rotation of the trunk during bipedal walking in humans and mac ... | 2020 | 32860450 |
| cortical control of subthalamic neuronal activity through the hyperdirect and indirect pathways in monkeys. | the subthalamic nucleus (stn) plays a key role in the control of voluntary movements and basal ganglia disorders, such as parkinson's disease and hemiballismus. the stn receives glutamatergic inputs directly from the cerebral cortex via the cortico-stn hyperdirect pathway and gabaergic inputs from the external segment of the globus pallidus (gpe) via the cortico-striato-gpe-stn indirect pathway. the stn then drives the internal segment of the globus pallidus, which is the output nucleus of the b ... | 2020 | 32847963 |
| molecular histology of spermatogenesis in the japanese macaque monkey (macaca fuscata). | non-human primates are our closest relatives and therefore offer valuable comparative models for human evolutionary studies and biomedical research. as such, japanese macaques (macaca fuscata) have contributed to the advancement of primatology in both field and laboratory settings. specifically, japanese macaques serve as an excellent model for investigating postnatal development and seasonal breeding in primates because of their relatively prolonged juvenile period and distinct seasonal breedin ... | 2020 | 32803510 |
| tonically active neurons in the monkey dorsal striatum signal outcome feedback during trial-and-error search behavior. | an animal's choice behavior is shaped by the outcome feedback from selected actions in a trial-and-error approach. tonically active neurons (tans), presumed cholinergic interneurons in the striatum, are thought to be involved in the learning and performance of reward-directed behaviors, but it remains unclear how tans are involved in shaping reward-directed choice behaviors based on the outcome feedback. to this end, we recorded activity of tans from the dorsal striatum of two macaque monkeys (m ... | 2020 | 32801050 |
| ranging patterns of japanese macaques in the coniferous forest of yakushima: home range shift and travel rate. | ranging is one of the most important behavioral adaptations for coping with seasonally fluctuating food and thermal conditions. we studied the ranging patterns, in particular home range shift and travel rate of japanese macaques (macaca fuscata) in the coniferous forest of yakushima by tracking a group for 17 months. we also supplemented our data with records collected every august over a 5-year annual census. the macaque group used the eastern part of their home range from may to september and ... | 2020 | 32794210 |
| mother to fetus transfer of hydroxylated polychlorinated biphenyl congeners (oh-pcbs) in the japanese macaque (macaca fuscata): extrapolation of exposure scenarios to humans. | prenatal hydroxylated polychlorinated biphenyls (oh-pcbs) exposure may disrupt fetal brain development during the critical period of thyroid hormone (th) action. however, there are limited studies on the oh-pcb transfer to the fetal brain, particularly in primates. in this study, we selected the japanese macaque (macaca fuscata) as a model animal for the fetal transfer of oh-pcbs in humans and revealed oh-pcb concentrations and their relationships in maternal and fetal blood, liver, and brain. l ... | 2020 | 32786554 |
| comparative gross anatomy of the forelimb arteries of the japanese monkey (macaca fuscata) and a comparative pattern of forelimb arterial distribution in primates. | macaca fuscata displays characteristic behaviours, such as stone handling, locomotor behaviour, gait position, and intermittent bipedalism. differences in characteristic behaviours among primate species/genera could be explained by anatomical details of the body. however, the anatomical details have not been well studied in macaca fuscata. arterial models could be one of the anatomical bases for the phylogenetic and functional differences among species, since the arterial supply could be associa ... | 2020 | 32724814 |
| comparative gross anatomy of the forelimb arteries of the japanese monkey (macaca fuscata) and a comparative pattern of forelimb arterial distribution in primates. | macaca fuscata displays characteristic behaviours, such as stone handling, locomotor behaviour, gait position, and intermittent bipedalism. differences in characteristic behaviours among primate species/genera could be explained by anatomical details of the body. however, the anatomical details have not been well studied in macaca fuscata. arterial models could be one of the anatomical bases for the phylogenetic and functional differences among species, since the arterial supply could be associa ... | 2020 | 32724814 |
| variation in adult male-juvenile affiliative behavior in japanese macaques (macaca fuscata). | adult males of some primate species are known to positively interact with juveniles. in cases where paternal certainty is high, these behaviors have been largely attributed to the paternal investment hypothesis. males have also been observed to interact with nonkin juveniles, which has often been explained in terms of mating effort. here, we examined variation in adult male-juvenile affiliation in semi-free ranging japanese macaques (macaca fuscata) at the oregon national primate research center ... | 2020 | 32721965 |
| vasopressin gene products are colocalised with corticotrophin-releasing factor within neurosecretory vesicles in the external zone of the median eminence of the japanese macaque monkey (macaca fuscata). | arginine vasopressin (avp), when released into portal capillaries with corticotrophin-releasing factor (crf) from terminals of parvocellular neurones of the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus (pvh), facilitates the secretion of adrenocorticotrophic hormone (acth) in stressed rodents. the avp gene encodes a propeptide precursor containing avp, avp-associated neurophysin ii (npii), and a glycopeptide copeptin, although it is currently unclear whether copeptin is always cleaved from the neurophys ... | 2020 | 32715549 |
| safety and efficacy of rice seed-based oral allergy vaccine for japanese cedar pollinosis in japanese monkeys. | japanese cedar (cryptomeria japonica) pollinosis (jcp) is one of the major seasonal ige-mediated type i allergies from february to april each year. not only human patients but also japanese monkeys (macaca fuscata) are afflicted with this pollinosis in japan, which exhibit similar clinical allergic symptoms such as allergenic rhinitis and conjunctivitis. therefore, monkeys naturally sensitized to jc pollen allergens are expected to serve as a suitable animal model for exploiting the allergy vacc ... | 2020 | 32650161 |
| safety and efficacy of rice seed-based oral allergy vaccine for japanese cedar pollinosis in japanese monkeys. | japanese cedar (cryptomeria japonica) pollinosis (jcp) is one of the major seasonal ige-mediated type i allergies from february to april each year. not only human patients but also japanese monkeys (macaca fuscata) are afflicted with this pollinosis in japan, which exhibit similar clinical allergic symptoms such as allergenic rhinitis and conjunctivitis. therefore, monkeys naturally sensitized to jc pollen allergens are expected to serve as a suitable animal model for exploiting the allergy vacc ... | 2020 | 32650161 |
| inter-individual variation in the diet within a group of japanese macaques and its relationship with social structure investigated by stable isotope and dna analyses. | we investigated individual variation in diet in relation to age-sex class and kin relationship in 28 of 40 members of a small group of wild japanese macaques (macaca fuscata). we used stable isotope ratios from hair as an index of individual dietary profiles, genetic relatedness as an index of kin relationship, and mitochondrial dna (mtdna) haplotype as a marker of being an immigrant or native member of the group. the range of carbon and nitrogen stable isotope ratios from hair of individual mac ... | 2020 | 32617910 |
| frequent horizontal and mother-to-child transmission may contribute to high prevalence of stlv-1 infection in japanese macaques. | simian t-cell leukemia virus type 1 (stlv-1) is disseminated among various non-human primate species and is closely related to human t-cell leukemia virus type 1 (htlv-1), the causative agent of adult t-cell leukemia and htlv-1-associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis. notably, the prevalence of stlv-1 infection in japanese macaques (jms) is estimated to be > 60%, much greater than that in other non-human primates; however, the mechanism and mode of stlv-1 transmission remain unknown. ... | 2020 | 32576215 |
| male-male social bonds predict tolerance but not coalition formation in wild japanese macaques. | social bonds have been construed as differentiated and enduring affiliative relationships. strong bonds will improve fitness through interchanging with coalition formation or tolerance over resources. social bonds have been found in a variety of taxa and predict the formation of coalitions even amongst males. however, in species exhibiting steeply linear dominance hierarchies, coalitions are hypothesized to be suppressed due to severe competition amongst males, and thus strong bonds may manifest ... | 2020 | 32572696 |
| is female-male mounting functional? an analysis of the temporal patterns of sexual behaviors in japanese macaques. | in certain populations of japanese macaques, adult females mount adult males in the context of heterosexual consortships (i.e., temporary but exclusive sexual associations between a male and a female). previous research suggested that, in this primate species, female-male mounting (fmm) may be a behavioral adaptation. this functional hypothesis holds that fmm is a (special) courtship behaviour, or a (super) sexual solicitation, that serves the function of focusing the male's attention, preventin ... | 2020 | 32502528 |
| isolation and antimicrobial susceptibilities of nontuberculous mycobacteria from wildlife in japan. | nontuberculous mycobacteria (ntm) are opportunistic pathogens of humans and animals and are transmitted among the environment, wildlife, livestock, and humans. the aim of this study was to investigate the rate of isolation and antimicrobial susceptibility of ntm in wildlife. in total, 178 samples of feces (n=131) and tissues (n=47) were collected from 11 wildlife species in gifu prefecture and mie prefecture, japan, between june 2016 and october 2018. we isolated ntm from 15.3% (20/131) of fecal ... | 2020 | 32402237 |
| maternal obesity and western-style diet impair fetal and juvenile offspring skeletal muscle insulin-stimulated glucose transport in nonhuman primates. | infants born to mothers with obesity have a greater risk for childhood obesity and metabolic diseases; however, the underlying biological mechanisms remain poorly understood. we used a japanese macaque model to investigate whether maternal obesity combined with a western-style diet (wsd) impairs offspring muscle insulin action. adult females were fed a control or wsd prior to and during pregnancy through lactation, and offspring subsequently weaned to a control or wsd. muscle glucose uptake and ... | 2020 | 32354857 |
| fermentation ability of gut microbiota of wild japanese macaques in the highland and lowland yakushima: in vitro fermentation assay and genetic analyses. | wild japanese macaques (macaca fuscata blyth) living in the highland and lowland areas of yakushima are known to have different diets, with highland individuals consuming more leaves. we aim to clarify whether and how these differences in diet are also reflected by gut microbial composition and fermentation ability. therefore, we conduct an in vitro fermentation assay using fresh feces from macaques as inoculum and dry leaf powder of eurya japonica thunb. as a substrate. fermentation activity wa ... | 2020 | 32328670 |
| extractive foraging on hard-shelled walnuts and variation of feeding techniques in wild japanese macaques (macaca fuscata). | extractive foraging is considered a key selective pressure for the evolution of primate cognitive abilities-the extractive foraging hypothesis. although tool-use and substrate-use are representatives of the foraging strategy, some primates engage in extractive foraging without external objects. manual processing skills of prickly foods have been described in some species, whereas there are few studies on other type of food defenses. here, i describe extractive foraging of hard-shelled walnuts by ... | 2020 | 32297360 |
| monkeys show theory of mind. | hayashi et al. (2020) provide evidence that japanese macaques show theory of mind abilities in an anticipatory-looking variant of the canonical false belief task. this study paves the way to investigate the neuronal basis of social cognition in non-human primates. | 2020 | 32234469 |
| fake twins? two cases of intensive allomaternal care by female japanese macaques before and after their own partum. | allomaternal care is widely observed among primate species. although diverse allomothering behavioral repertoire and types of caretakers have been reported, it remains unclear what social or physiological conditions may trigger such care in each individual. for a better understanding of mechanisms that give rise to allomaternal care in primates, more observational reports are needed with information on social or physiological conditions of caretakers. here i report two cases of intensive allomat ... | 2020 | 32180043 |
| concentrations of 137cs radiocaesium in the organs and tissues of low-dose-exposed wild japanese monkeys. | following the massive earthquake that struck eastern japan on march 11, 2011, a large amount of radioactive material was released into the environment from the damaged reactor of the fukushima daiichi nuclear power plant (fdnpp). after the fdnpp accident, radiocaesium was first detected in muscle samples from wild japanese monkeys exposed to radioactive materials, and haematologic effects, changes in head size, and delayed body weight gain were also reported, but little is known about the distri ... | 2020 | 32122403 |
| concentrations of 137cs radiocaesium in the organs and tissues of low-dose-exposed wild japanese monkeys. | following the massive earthquake that struck eastern japan on march 11, 2011, a large amount of radioactive material was released into the environment from the damaged reactor of the fukushima daiichi nuclear power plant (fdnpp). after the fdnpp accident, radiocaesium was first detected in muscle samples from wild japanese monkeys exposed to radioactive materials, and haematologic effects, changes in head size, and delayed body weight gain were also reported, but little is known about the distri ... | 2020 | 32122403 |
| development of an effective alternative model for in vivo hypnozoite-induced relapse infection: a japanese macaque (macaca fuscata) model experimentally infected with plasmodium cynomolgi. | in the present study, we demonstrate that the japanese macaque (macaca fuscata) can be used as an effective alternative in vivo model for investigating hypnozoite-induced relapsing infection caused by plasmodium cynomolgi b strain, and that this model is comparable to the rhesus macaque model. two female japanese macaques (jm-1 and jm-2; aged 5 years; weighing about 4.0 kg) were used for the experiment. to produce sporozoites in mosquitoes, blood infected with p. cynomolgi b strain was collected ... | 2020 | 32114084 |
| triadic grooming among adult females in a free-ranging group of japanese macaques. | this study aimed to quantitatively describe triadic grooming bouts in a free-ranging group of japanese macaques (macaca fuscata). two types of triadic grooming bouts occurred less frequently and for a shorter duration than dyadic grooming bouts: straight-line type (sl), where individual a grooms b, who then grooms c; and two-to-one type (to), where individuals x1 and x2 groom y. to-type grooming was recorded more often than sl-type grooming. as in the dyadic grooming bouts, two females who had d ... | 2020 | 32112168 |
| food cleaning by japanese macaques: innate, innovative or cultural? | japanese macaques (macaca fuscata) display a number of cultural behaviours including food washing, stone handling and certain grooming techniques. these are deemed cultural behaviours because it is presumed that they are socially learned and, importantly, that social learning is essential for their emergence. recently, however, research has revealed that culturally naïve primates can re-innovate presumed cultural behaviours. these behaviours are said to fall within that species' "zone of latent ... | 2020 | 32101867 |
| social grooming efficiency and techniques are influenced by manual impairment in free-ranging japanese macaques (macaca fuscata). | animals born with physical impairments may particularly require behavioural flexibility and innovation to survive and carry out social activities, such as grooming. studies on free-ranging japanese macaques on awaji island, japan, have shown that individuals with congenital limb malformations exhibited compensatory behaviours while grooming, such as increased mouth and elbow use for removing ectoparasites. the aim of this study is to explore disabled and nondisabled grooming techniques to determ ... | 2020 | 32084169 |
| seasonal variation in energy balance of wild japanese macaques (macaca fucata yakui) in a warm-temperate forest: a preliminary assessment in the coastal forest of yakushima. | food scarcity is a major challenge for primates living in temperate forests, where food availability varies markedly among seasons. in japanese macaques, which are exclusively distributed in temperate zones, the fat accumulation ability has been highlighted as an adaptation for survival during the lean season and for reproductive success. however, the knowledge of energetic strategies of japanese macaques has been mainly derived from data on cool-temperate forests, where fallback foods comprise ... | 2020 | 32048082 |
| intraspecific differences in seed dispersal caused by differences in social rank and mediated by food availability. | we use individual-based information on the behavior of wild female japanese macaques in two consecutive years with different food availability (nut-rich vs. nut-poor) to test effects of dominance rank and nut fruiting on seed dispersal parameters. we predicted that social rank would affect dispersal (1) quantity, (2) quality, (3) species richness, and (4) percentage of berries in the diet in the nut-poor year, while these differences would disappear in the nut-rich year. we found seeds of nine f ... | 2020 | 32001788 |
| sex and season predict wounds in zoo-housed japanese macaques (macaca fuscata): a multi-institutional study. | japanese macaque societies are characterized by frequent intragroup conflict both in free-ranging and zoo-housed conditions. in zoos, understanding the factors that contribute to wounding is of interest because this knowledge can aid in proactive husbandry and management planning that can minimize the negative impacts wounding can have on individual welfare. this study sought to determine whether the variables sex, season and age predicted wounding rates. data were collected for 24 months on 119 ... | 2020 | 31990090 |
| phylogenetic analyses reveal that simian foamy virus isolated from japanese yakushima macaques (macaca fuscata yakui) is distinct from most of japanese hondo macaques (macaca fuscata fuscata). | japanese macaque (macaca fuscata) is an indigenous old world monkey (owm) species that inhabits the japanese archipelago. there are two subspecies of japanese macaque: yakushima macaque (m. f. yakui) which inhabits yakushima island exclusively, and hondo macaque (m. f. fuscata) which inhabits the mainland of japan. yakushima macaque is considered to be branched off from a certain parental macaque group that had inhabited the mainland of japan. however, the process of sub-speciation of the yakush ... | 2020 | 31978513 |
| spatial position-associated mating strategies employed by male japanese macaques (macaca fuscata yakui) in yakushima. | in bisexual groups, dominant males occupy the central part of the group, which is advantageous because it is reproductively beneficial. however, high-ranking males do not necessarily monopolize reproductive success, which indicates that low-ranking males increase their reproductive success through alternative mating strategies. to reveal the effectiveness and cost of these strategies employed by group males, it is necessary to clarify the spatial configuration of males and their group, and show ... | 2020 | 31970533 |
| muscle spindle density of lateral rotators of the thigh in japanese macaques and a gibbon. | we examined the six small lateral rotators of the hip joint, which is one of the most flexible joints and allows kinematically complex motions of the hindlimb, to elucidate the functional differentiation among these muscles and to test the hypothesis that species-specific characteristics in hindlimb use during locomotion are reflected in the muscle spindle density and in other parameters of the deep small hip joint rotators. for these purposes, we estimated the number of muscle spindles of the s ... | 2019 | 31927538 |
| simian immunodeficiency virus infection and flow cytometric characterization of japanese macaque (macaca fuscata) hematopoietic cells. | we characterized japanese macaque (macaca fuscata) hematopoietic cells using flow cytometry and identified 28 cross-reactive anti-human antibody clones. furthermore, productive infection of peripheral t lymphocytes with simian immunodeficiency virus (siv) in vitro was confirmed by intracellular siv p27 staining. this study could facilitate using japanese macaques as models for human hematological and immunological disorders and infectious diseases. | 2020 | 31907946 |
| jaw elevator muscle coordination during rhythmic mastication in primates: are triplets units of motor control? | the activity of mammal jaw elevator muscles during chewing has often been described using the concept of the triplet motor pattern, in which triplet i (balancing side superficial masseter and medial pterygoid; working side posterior temporalis) is consistently activated before triplet ii (working side superficial masseter and medial pterygoid; balancing side posterior temporalis), and each triplet of muscles is recruited and modulated as a unit. here, new measures of unison, synchrony, and coord ... | 2020 | 31821998 |
| gut microbiota composition of japanese macaques associates with extent of human encroachment. | in recent decades, human-wildlife interaction and associated anthropogenic food provisioning has been increasing and becoming more severe due to fast population growth and urban development. noting the role of the gut microbiome in host physiology like nutrition and health, it is thus essential to understand how human-wildlife interactions and availability of anthropogenic food in habitats can affect an animal's gut microbiome. this study, therefore, set out to examine the gut microbiota of japa ... | 2019 | 31788810 |
| monoamine oxidase polymorphisms in rhesus and japanese macaques (macaca mulatta and m. fuscata). | monoamine oxidase a (mao-a) and monoamine oxidase b (mao-b) are enzymes that degrade several monoamines of the central nervous system and have long been implicated in the modulation of social behavior. macaque monkeys are a suitable model for investigating the role of functional monoamine oxidase polymorphisms in behavior modulation given the high amount of social diversity among the nearly two dozen species. the present study reports allele frequencies for two polymorphisms, maoa-lpr and mbin2, ... | 2020 | 31740418 |
| face-to-face opening phase in japanese macaques' social play enhances and sustains participants' engagement in subsequent play interaction. | a face-to-face "opening phase" in human interaction serves as a platform for the interactants to initiate and manage their interaction collaboratively. this study investigated whether, as is the case in humans, a face-to-face opening phase in animal interaction serves to manage a subsequent interaction and establish interactants' engagement. we compared the dyadic play fighting of japanese macaques (macaca fuscata) initiated with and without a face-to-face opening phase. our observations showed ... | 2020 | 31720883 |
| dynamic axis-tuned cells in the monkey lateral prefrontal cortex during a path-planning task. | the lateral prefrontal cortex (lpfc) plays a crucial role in the cognitive processes known as executive functions, which are necessary for the planning of goal-directed behavior in complex and constantly changing environments. to adapt to such environments, the lpfc must use its neuronal resources in a flexible manner. to investigate the mechanism by which lpfc neurons code directional information flexibly, the present study explored the tuning properties and time development of lpfc neurons in ... | 2020 | 31719167 |
| dynamic axis-tuned cells in the monkey lateral prefrontal cortex during a path-planning task. | the lateral prefrontal cortex (lpfc) plays a crucial role in the cognitive processes known as executive functions, which are necessary for the planning of goal-directed behavior in complex and constantly changing environments. to adapt to such environments, the lpfc must use its neuronal resources in a flexible manner. to investigate the mechanism by which lpfc neurons code directional information flexibly, the present study explored the tuning properties and time development of lpfc neurons in ... | 2020 | 31719167 |
| variation in chewing efficiency of yakushima japanese macaque (macaca fuscata yakui). | chewing efficiency plays an important role in the survival and distribution of primates. yet, little is known about the intra-specific variation of chewing efficiency. the purpose of this study is to report the pattern of seasonal and regional variation in chewing efficiency among yakushima japanese macaques (macaca fuscata yakui). | 2020 | 31675108 |
| maternal interleukin-6 is associated with macaque offspring amygdala development and behavior. | human and animal cross-sectional studies have shown that maternal levels of the inflammatory cytokine interleukin-6 (il-6) may compromise brain phenotypes assessed at single time points. however, how maternal il-6 associates with the trajectory of brain development remains unclear. we investigated whether maternal il-6 levels during pregnancy relate to offspring amygdala volume development and anxiety-like behavior in japanese macaques. magnetic resonance imaging (mri) was administered to 39 jap ... | 2020 | 31665252 |
| antiprotozoal and antihelminthic properties of plants ingested by wild japanese macaques (macaca fuscata yakui) in yakushima island. | primates forage on a variety of plant parts to balance their dietary intake to meet requirements of energy, nutrition and maintenance, however the reason(s) leading them to ingest some plants which have no nutritional value and/or contain bioactive or even toxic secondary metabolites is recently gaining closer attention. the growing literature suggests that primates consume plants for medicinal purposes (self-medication) as well, particularly when infected with parasites and pathogens (bacteria, ... | 2020 | 31589965 |
| salivary alpha-amylase enzyme is a non-invasive biomarker of acute stress in japanese macaques (macaca fuscata). | salivary alpha-amylase (saa) enzyme functions as a digestive enzyme in many species that consume starch in their diet. human studies have also revealed that saa enzyme activity levels are positively correlated with the release of the stress hormone norepinephrine, allowing saa to act as a biomarker for sympathetic nervous system activity. recent non-human primate studies have incorporated saa as a physiological stress marker. however, no published reports have investigated the time course of saa ... | 2019 | 31541328 |
| data on the activity of place cells in the hippocampal ca1 subfield of a monkey performing a shuttling task. | this data article provides spike-timestamps of place cells recorded in a male japanese monkey and the animal's sequential positions during the performance of a shuttling task on a rectangular track. all data were recorded in the right hippocampal ca1 subfield, while the monkey performed the task under a freely behaving condition. these were the source data on the monkey place cells in our related research article entitled "effects of self-locomotion on the activity of place cells in the hippocam ... | 2019 | 31538104 |
| changes in social behavior and fecal glucocorticoids in a japanese macaque (macaca fuscata) carrying her dead infant. | maternal care towards dead infants has been observed in many wild and captive mammals, but the consequences of this behavior for social interactions and the physiological status of the mother remain elusive. here, we report changes in rates of aggression and grooming time, and fecal glucocorticoid (fgc) levels in a free-ranging female japanese macaque (macaca fuscata) that carried her dead infant for 20 days. our observations revealed that when carrying the dead infant, the mother showed increas ... | 2020 | 31535228 |
| recency memory effects in macaques during sequential delayed match-to-sample task with visual noise. | visual object recognition requires both visual sensory information and memory, and its mechanisms are often studied using old-world monkeys. wittig et al. (2014, 2016) reported that rhesus monkeys and humans seem to adopt different strategies in a short-term visual memory task. the rhesus monkeys seemed to rely on recency of stimulus repetition, whereas humans relied on specific memorization. we conducted experiments using a sequential delayed match-to-sample task with random dot visual noise us ... | 2020 | 31445059 |
| recency memory effects in macaques during sequential delayed match-to-sample task with visual noise. | visual object recognition requires both visual sensory information and memory, and its mechanisms are often studied using old-world monkeys. wittig et al. (2014, 2016) reported that rhesus monkeys and humans seem to adopt different strategies in a short-term visual memory task. the rhesus monkeys seemed to rely on recency of stimulus repetition, whereas humans relied on specific memorization. we conducted experiments using a sequential delayed match-to-sample task with random dot visual noise us ... | 2020 | 31445059 |
| temperature profile of the nasal cavity in japanese macaques. | the nasal cavity conditions respiratory air. the distribution of temperature within the nasal cavity has been examined in humans using various direct measurements. macaques are a nonhuman primate species that are used as a model for understanding human physiology. they are widely distributed geographically in varied climate environments and they are expected to exhibit evolutionary anatomical and physiological adaptations in the air-conditioning. to provide basic data for developing an animal mo ... | 2019 | 31428951 |
| high but not low tolerance populations of japanese macaques solve a novel cooperative task. | currently, it has been revealed that high levels of tolerance facilitate the occurrence of cooperative behavior in animals. this predicts that japanese macaques (macaca fuscata) would fail to solve cooperative food-retrieval tasks because of their low level of social tolerance. however, japanese macaques exhibit regional differences in their levels of tolerance. in this study, we showed how inter-group difference in social tolerance could affect cooperation, by presenting a well-established coop ... | 2019 | 31428948 |
| hematological and blood chemistry values in captive japanese macaques (macaca fuscata fuscata). | biological information about captive japanese macaques, including hematology and blood chemistry, is still lacking despite the fact that ethological and ecological data have accumulated during decades of field research. | 2019 | 31418873 |
| phenotypic plasticity in the mandibular morphology of japanese macaques: captive-wild comparison. | despite the accumulating evidence suggesting the importance of phenotypic plasticity in diversification and adaptation, little is known about plastic variation in primate skulls. the present study evaluated the plastic variation of the mandible in japanese macaques by comparing wild and captive specimens. the results showed that captive individuals are square-jawed with relatively longer tooth rows than wild individuals. we also found that this shape change resembles the sexual dimorphism, indic ... | 2019 | 31417687 |
| insights into the molecular systematics of trichuris infecting captive primates based on mitochondrial dna analysis. | nematodes belonging to the trichuris genus are prevalent soil-transmitted helminths with a worldwide distribution in mammals, while humans are mainly affected in areas with insufficient sanitation such as in africa, asia and south america. traditionally, whipworms infecting primates are referred to trichuris trichiura, but recent molecular and morphological evidence suggests that more than one species may be able to infect humans and non-human primates. here, we analyzed the genetic diversity an ... | 2019 | 31395201 |
| on the sunny side of (new) life: effect of sunshine duration on age at first reproduction in japanese macaques (macaca fuscata). | to produce offspring early in life is energetically demanding and depends greatly on environmental conditions. in female primates, age at first reproduction (afr) has been associated with social parameters (e.g., population density and social rank), food availability and meteorological conditions (e.g., photoperiod, rainfall patterns, and temperature). regarding the latter, less attention has been given to the influence of sunshine. in nonhuman primates, including the northern-most distributed j ... | 2019 | 31243793 |
| t-cell/histiocyte-rich large b-cell lymphoma of the larynx in a juvenile japanese macaque (macaca fuscata). | an 11-month-old female japanese macaque (macaca fuscata), born in captivity in a research institute, suddenly died without clinical signs. necropsy examination revealed a nodular mass protruding from the left ventral aspect of the larynx, compressing the epiglottis anteriorly. histopathologically, the laryngeal mass was comprised of medium- to large-sized atypical cells. immunohistochemically, these were positive for cd20 and partially positive for cd79α. among the atypical cells were cd3+ t cel ... | 2019 | 31159945 |
| the social rank of zoo-housed japanese macaques is a predictor of visitor-directed aggression. | the effect that visitors have on the behavior and welfare of animals is a widely-studied topic in zoo animal welfare. typically, these studies focus on how the presence or activity levels of visitors affect animals. however, for many species, and particularly primates, social factors, such as social rank, can also have a large impact on behavior. here, we considered the influence of both the role of visitors (crowd size and activity levels) and rank on the occurrence of visitor-directed aggressi ... | 2019 | 31159468 |
| locomotor kinematics and emg activity during quadrupedal versus bipedal gait in the japanese macaque. | several qualitative features distinguish bipedal from quadrupedal locomotion in mammals. in this study we show quantitative differences between quadrupedal and bipedal gait in the japanese monkey in terms of gait patterns, trunk/hindlimb kinematics, and electromyographic (emg) activity, obtained from 3 macaques during treadmill walking. we predicted that as a consequence of an almost upright body axis, bipedal gait would show properties consistent with temporal and spatial optimization counterin ... | 2019 | 31116630 |
| [stress-relieving effect of hot spring baths in macaques]. | hot spring baths during winter are beneficial as they lower stress levels. a group of japanese macaques from jigokudani monkey park is unique for their regular hot spring baths in winter. to understand short-term and long-term impacts of this unique behavior, a multivariate approach should account for their social organization, life history, and the neuroendocrine mechanisms involved in the stress response. this article reviews the behavioral and physiological strategies of non-human primates fo ... | 2019 | 31088999 |
| the development and ecology of the japanese macaque gut microbiome from weaning to early adolescence in association with diet. | previously we have shown that the japanese macaque gut microbiome differs not by obesity per se, but rather in association with high-fat diet (hfd) feeding. this held true for both pregnant dams, as well as their 1-year-old offspring, even when weaned onto a control diet. here we aimed to examine the stability of the gut microbiome over time and in response to maternal and postweaning hfd feeding from 6 months of age, and at 1 and 3 years of age. in both cross-sectional and longitudinal specimen ... | 2019 | 31066111 |
| maternal western-style diet affects offspring islet composition and function in a non-human primate model of maternal over-nutrition. | in humans, offspring of women who are overweight or obese are more likely to develop metabolic disease later in life. studies in lower animal species reveal that a calorically-dense maternal diet is associated with alterations in islet cell mass and function. the long-term effects of maternal diet on the structure and function of offspring islets with characteristics similar to humans are unknown. we used a well-established non-human primate (nhp) model to determine the consequences of exposure ... | 2019 | 31036449 |
| refining the ecological brain: strong relation between the ventromedial prefrontal cortex and feeding ecology in five primate species. | to survive in complex and seasonal environments, primates are thought to rely upon cognitive capacities such as decision-making and episodic memory, which enable them to plan their daily foraging path. according to the ecological brain hypothesis, feeding ecology has driven the expansion of the brain to support the corresponding development of cognitive skills. recent works in cognitive neurosciences indicate that cognitive operations such as decision-making or subjective evaluation (which are c ... | 2019 | 31030897 |
| systematic review: impact of resveratrol exposure during pregnancy on maternal and fetal outcomes in animal models of human pregnancy complications-are we ready for the clinic? | resveratrol (rsv) has been reported to have potential beneficial effects in the complicated pregnancy. various pregnancy complications lead to a suboptimal in utero environment that impacts fetal growth during critical windows of development. detrimental structural changes to key organ systems in utero persist into adult life and predispose offspring to an increased risk of chronic non-communicable metabolic diseases such as cardiovascular disease, diabetes and obesity. the aim of this systemati ... | 2019 | 31029765 |