| community annotation: procedures, protocols, and supporting tools. | investigators at the baylor college of medicine human genome sequencing center (bcm-hgsc) and beebase organized a community-wide effort to manually annotate the honey bee (apis mellifera) genome. although various strategies for manual annotation have been used in the past, the value of dispersed community annotation has not yet been demonstrated. here we make a case for the merit of dispersed community annotation. we present annotation procedures, standard protocols, and tools used for sequence ... | 2006 | 17065605 |
| molecular and phylogenetic analyses reveal mammalian-like clockwork in the honey bee (apis mellifera) and shed new light on the molecular evolution of the circadian clock. | the circadian clock of the honey bee is implicated in ecologically relevant complex behaviors. these include time sensing, time-compensated sun-compass navigation, and social behaviors such as coordination of activity, dance language communication, and division of labor. the molecular underpinnings of the bee circadian clock are largely unknown. we show that clock gene structure and expression pattern in the honey bee are more similar to the mouse than to drosophila. the honey bee genome does no ... | 2006 | 17065608 |
| function and evolution of a gene family encoding odorant binding-like proteins in a social insect, the honey bee (apis mellifera). | the remarkable olfactory power of insect species is thought to be generated by a combinatorial action of two large protein families, g protein-coupled olfactory receptors (ors) and odorant binding proteins (obps). in olfactory sensilla, obps deliver hydrophobic airborne molecules to ors, but their expression in nonolfactory tissues suggests that they also may function as general carriers in other developmental and physiological processes. here we used bioinformatic and experimental approaches to ... | 2006 | 17065610 |
| the chemoreceptor superfamily in the honey bee, apis mellifera: expansion of the odorant, but not gustatory, receptor family. | the honey bee genome sequence reveals a remarkable expansion of the insect odorant receptor (or) family relative to the repertoires of the flies drosophila melanogaster and anopheles gambiae, which have 62 and 79 ors respectively. a total of 170 or genes were annotated in the bee, of which seven are pseudogenes. these constitute five bee-specific subfamilies in an insect or family tree, one of which has expanded to a total of 157 genes encoding proteins with 15%-99% amino acid identity. most of ... | 2006 | 17065611 |
| evolution of the yellow/major royal jelly protein family and the emergence of social behavior in honey bees. | the genomic architecture underlying the evolution of insect social behavior is largely a mystery. eusociality, defined by overlapping generations, parental brood care, and reproductive division of labor, has most commonly evolved in the hymenopteran insects, including the honey bee apis mellifera. in this species, the major royal jelly protein (mrjp) family is required for all major aspects of eusocial behavior. here, using data obtained from the a. mellifera genome sequencing project, we demons ... | 2006 | 17065613 |
| protobee: hierarchical classification and annotation of the honey bee proteome. | the recently sequenced genome of the honey bee (apis mellifera) has produced 10,157 predicted protein sequences, calling for a computational effort to extract biological insights from them. we have applied an unsupervised hierarchical protein-clustering method, which was previously used in the protonet system, to nearly 200,000 proteins consisting of the predicted honey bee proteins, the swiss-prot protein database, and the complete set of proteins of the mouse (mus musculus) and the fruit fly ( ... | 2006 | 17065614 |
| evolution of the complementary sex-determination gene of honey bees: balancing selection and trans-species polymorphisms. | the mechanism of sex determination varies substantively among evolutionary lineages. one important mode of genetic sex determination is haplodiploidy, which is used by approximately 20% of all animal species, including >200,000 species of the entire insect order hymenoptera. in the honey bee apis mellifera, a hymenopteran model organism, females are heterozygous at the csd (complementary sex determination) locus, whereas males are hemizygous (from unfertilized eggs). fertilized homozygotes devel ... | 2006 | 17065615 |
| the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor gene family of the honey bee, apis mellifera. | nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nachrs) mediate fast cholinergic synaptic transmission and play roles in many cognitive processes. they are under intense research as potential targets of drugs used to treat neurodegenerative diseases and neurological disorders such as alzheimer's disease and schizophrenia. invertebrate nachrs are targets of anthelmintics as well as a major group of insecticides, the neonicotinoids. the honey bee, apis mellifera, is one of the most beneficial insects worldwide ... | 2006 | 17065616 |
| [relationships of bee population fluctuation and distribution with natural environment in anhui province]. | in 2002 to approximately 2004, an investigation was made on the bee population dynamics and its relationships with the ecological environment in four ecological regions of anhui province. the results indicated that in the mountainous areas of south and west anhui, there were 46 and 37 species of nectariferous plants, and the distribution density of apis cerena cerena population was 2.01 and 1.95 colony x km(-2), respectively. in jianghuai area and huaibei plain, there were 17 and 12 species of n ... | 2006 | 17066704 |
| environmental influences on flight activity of usda-ars russian and italian stocks of honey bees (hymenoptera: apidae) during almond pollination. | differences in flight activity and in the percentages of pollen foragers between commercially managed honey bees, apis mellifera l. (hymenoptera: apidae), of two stocks (usda-ars russian, n = 41 colonies; and italian, n = 43 colonies) were evaluated in an almond, prunus dulcis (miller) d. a. webb, orchard in kern co., ca, during february and march 2002. flight activity was measured by taking 1-min counts of bees exiting colonies on each of 9 d. flight activity was best predicted with a model con ... | 2006 | 17066783 |
| melittin inhibits inflammatory target gene expression and mediator generation via interaction with ikappab kinase. | we previously found that bee venom (bv) and melittin (a major component of bv) has anti-inflammatory effect by reacting with the sulfhydryl group of p50 of nf-kappab. since the sulfhydryl group is present in ikappab kinase (ikkalpha and ikkbeta), anti-inflammatory effect of melittin via interaction with ikks was investigated. we first examined binding of melittin to ikks using surface plasmon resonance analyzer. melittin binds to ikkalpha (k(d) = 1.34 x 10(-9) m) and ikkbeta (k(d) = 1.01 x 10(-9 ... | 2007 | 17067557 |
| the pka-creb system encoded by the honeybee genome. | the camp-dependent kinase (pka) plays a crucial part in long-term memory formation in the honeybee (apis mellifera). one of the putative substrates of the pka activity is the camp response element binding protein (creb), a transcription factor in the bzip protein family. we searched the honeybee genome to characterize genes from the creb/crem and the pka families. we identified two genes that encode regulatory subunits and three genes encode catalytic subunits of pka. eight genes code for bzip p ... | 2006 | 17069631 |
| carbohydrate metabolism genes and pathways in insects: insights from the honey bee genome. | carbohydrate-metabolizing enzymes may have particularly interesting roles in the honey bee, apis mellifera, because this social insect has an extremely carbohydrate-rich diet, and nutrition plays important roles in caste determination and socially mediated behavioural plasticity. we annotated a total of 174 genes encoding carbohydrate-metabolizing enzymes and 28 genes encoding lipid-metabolizing enzymes, based on orthology to their counterparts in the fly, drosophila melanogaster, and the mosqui ... | 2006 | 17069632 |
| nuclear receptors of the honey bee: annotation and expression in the adult brain. | the drosophila genome encodes 18 canonical nuclear receptors. all of the drosophila nuclear receptors are here shown to be present in the genome of the honey bee (apis mellifera). given that the time since divergence of the drosophila and apis lineages is measured in hundreds of millions of years, the identification of matched orthologous nuclear receptors in the two genomes reveals the fundamental set of nuclear receptors required to 'make' an endopterygote insect. the single novelty is the pre ... | 2006 | 17069634 |
| comparative analysis of serine protease-related genes in the honey bee genome: possible involvement in embryonic development and innate immunity. | we have identified 44 serine protease (sp) and 13 serine protease homolog (sph) genes in the genome of apis mellifera. most of these genes encode putative secreted proteins, but four sps and three sphs may associate with the plasma membrane via a transmembrane region. clip domains represent the most abundant non-catalytic structural units in these sp-like proteins -12 sps and six sphs contain at least one clip domain. some of the family members contain other modules for protein-protein interacti ... | 2006 | 17069636 |
| a deficit of detoxification enzymes: pesticide sensitivity and environmental response in the honeybee. | the honeybee genome has substantially fewer protein coding genes ( approximately 11 000 genes) than drosophila melanogaster ( approximately 13 500) and anopheles gambiae ( approximately 14 000). some of the most marked differences occur in three superfamilies encoding xenobiotic detoxifying enzymes. specifically there are only about half as many glutathione-s-transferases (gsts), cytochrome p450 monooxygenases (p450s) and carboxyl/cholinesterases (cces) in the honeybee. this includes 10-fold or ... | 2006 | 17069637 |
| genes of the antioxidant system of the honey bee: annotation and phylogeny. | antioxidant enzymes perform a variety of vital functions including the reduction of life-shortening oxidative damage. we used the honey bee genome sequence to identify the major components of the honey bee antioxidant system. a comparative analysis of honey bee with drosophila melanogaster and anopheles gambiae shows that although the basic components of the antioxidant system are conserved, there are important species differences in the number of paralogs. these include the duplication of thior ... | 2006 | 17069640 |
| genome sequences of the honey bee pathogens paenibacillus larvae and ascosphaera apis. | genome sequences offer a broad view of host-pathogen interactions at the systems biology level. with the completion of the sequence of the honey bee, interest in the relevant pathogens is heightened. here we report the genome sequences of two of the major pathogens of honey bees, the bacterium paenibacillus larvae (causative agent for american foulbrood disease) and the fungus ascosphaera apis. (causative agent for chalkbrood disease). ongoing efforts to characterize the genomes of these species ... | 2006 | 17069642 |
| dual olfactory pathway in the honeybee, apis mellifera. | the antennal lobes (als) are the primary olfactory centers in the insect brain. in the al of the honeybee, olfactory glomeruli receive input via four antennal sensory tracts (t1-4). axons of projection neurons (pns) leave the al via several antenno-cerebral tracts (acts). to assign the input-output connectivity of all glomeruli, we investigated the spatial relationship of the antennal tracts and two prominent al output tracts (medial and lateral act) mainly formed by uniglomerular (u) pns using ... | 2006 | 17072827 |
| regulatory mechanism of food factors in bone metabolism and prevention of osteoporosis. | aging induces a decrease in bone mass, and osteoporosis with its accompanying decrease in bone mass is widely recognized as a major public health problem. bone loss with increasing age may be due to decreased bone formation and increased bone resorption. pharmacologic and nutritional factors may prevent bone loss with aging, although chemical compounds in food and plants which act on bone metabolism are poorly understood. we have found that isoflavones (including genistein and daidzein), which a ... | 2006 | 17077614 |
| effects of parasitization by varroa destructor on survivorship and physiological traits of apis mellifera in correlation with viral incidence and microbial challenge. | varroa mites (varroa destructor) are serious ectoparasites of honey bees (apis mellifera). this research addresses the impact of varroa mites on survivorship, viral incidence, and physiological traits of newly-emerged worker bees. rt-pcr confirmed our previous finding that varroa parasitization was linked to high levels of deformed wing virus (dwv). in non-treatment bees, varroa parasitization combined with increased viral levels altered survivorship curves from long-survival to shorter-survival ... | 2007 | 17078903 |
| response characteristics of visual altitude control system in bombus terrestris. | frequency response characteristics of bumblebees to vertical visual oscillations were measured and analyzed. we measured the vertical force of the bees at four oscillation frequencies (0.9, 1.8, 3.6 and 7.4 hz), and summarized their response characteristics in terms of amplitude and phase differences. the amplitude was almost constant throughout the examined frequency domain, whereas the phase gradually lagged with increasing frequency. in order to view the relationship between the input (visual ... | 2006 | 17079723 |
| insatdb: a microsatellite database of fully sequenced insect genomes. | insatdb presents an interactive interface to query information regarding microsatellite characteristics per se of five fully sequenced insect genomes (fruit-fly, honeybee, malarial mosquito, red-flour beetle and silkworm). insatdb allows users to obtain microsatellites annotated with size (in base pairs and repeat units); genomic location (exon, intron, up-stream or transposon); nature (perfect or imperfect); and sequence composition (repeat motif and gc%). one can access microsatellite cluster ... | 2007 | 17082205 |
| diagnosis of american foulbrood in honey bees: a synthesis and proposed analytical protocols. | worldwide, american foulbrood (afb) is the most devastating bacterial disease of the honey bee (apis mellifera). because the distinction between afb and powdery scale disease is no longer considered valid, the pathogenic agent has recently been reclassified as one species paenibacillus larvae, eliminating the subspecies designations paenibacillus larvae subsp. larvae and paenibacillus larvae subsp. pulvifaciens. the creamy or dark brown, glue-like larval remains of infected larvae continue to pr ... | 2006 | 17083701 |
| anti-inflammatory and anti-allergic properties of the essential oil and active compounds from cordia verbenacea. | the anti-inflammatory and anti-allergic effects of the essential oil of cordia verbenacea (boraginaceae) and some of its active compounds were evaluated. systemic treatment with the essential oil of cordia verbenacea (300-600mg/kg, p.o.) reduced carrageenan-induced rat paw oedema, myeloperoxidase activity and the mouse oedema elicited by carrageenan, bradykinin, substance p, histamine and platelet-activating factor. it also prevented carrageenan-evoked exudation and the neutrophil influx to the ... | 2007 | 17084568 |
| some labels that are recognized on landmarks by the honeybee (apis mellifera). | freely flying bees were trained in a situation that resembled the natural task of a bee arriving at a foraging site that was located by a landmark. the bees' task was to locate the reward in the arm of the y-choice apparatus, where a black pattern on a white background was displayed in one arm versus a white target in the other arm, at a range of 27 cm. the alternative patterns for the training included previously identified cues. they were: an oblique bar, three parallel oblique bars, an obliqu ... | 2006 | 17095006 |
| spliceosomal small nuclear rna genes in 11 insect genomes. | the removal of introns from the primary transcripts of protein-coding genes is accomplished by the spliceosome, a large macromolecular complex of which small nuclear rnas (snrnas) are crucial components. following the recent sequencing of the honeybee (apis mellifera) genome, we used various computational methods, ranging from sequence similarity search to rna secondary structure prediction, to search for putative snrna genes (including their promoters) and to examine their pattern of conservati ... | 2007 | 17095541 |
| ddbj working on evaluation and classification of bacterial genes in insdc. | dna data bank of japan (ddbj) (http://www.ddbj.nig.ac.jp) newly collected and released 12,927,184 entries or 13,787,688,598 bases in the period from july 2005 to june 2006. the released data contain honeybee expressed sequence tags (ests), re-examined and re-annotated complete genome data of escherichia coli k-12 w3110, medaka wgs and human mga. we also systematically evaluated and classified the genes in the complete bacterial genomes submitted to the international nucleotide sequence database ... | 2007 | 17108353 |
| orientation and dynamics of melittin in membranes of varying composition utilizing nbd fluorescence. | melittin is a cationic hemolytic peptide isolated from the european honey bee, apis mellifera. the organization of membrane-bound melittin has earlier been shown to be dependent on the physical state and composition of membranes. in this study, we covalently labeled the n-terminal (gly-1) and lys-7 of melittin with an environment-sensitive fluorescent probe, the nbd group, to monitor the influence of negatively charged lipids and cholesterol on the organization and dynamics of membrane-bound mel ... | 2007 | 17114219 |
| phylogenetic analysis of honey bee behavioral evolution. | dna sequences from three mitochondrial (rrnl, cox2, nad2) and one nuclear gene (itpr) from all 9 known honey bee species (apis), a 10th possible species, apis dorsata binghami, and three outgroup species (bombus terrestris, melipona bicolor and trigona fimbriata) were used to infer apis phylogenetic relationships using bayesian analysis. the dwarf honey bees were confirmed as basal, and the giant and cavity-nesting species to be monophyletic. all nodes were strongly supported except that groupin ... | 2007 | 17123837 |
| in vivo gene transfer into the honeybee using a nucleopolyhedrovirus vector. | the honeybee apis mellifera l. is a social insect and one of the most industrially important insects. we examined whether a baculovirus-mediated retrotransposon is applicable to in vivo transfer of exogenous genes to the honeybees. honeybee larvae and pupae were injected with two types of recombinant autographa californica nucleopolyhedrovirus (acnpv) vectors, one that includes the enhanced green fluorescent protein gene (egfp) as a reporter to be inserted into the honeybee genome, and another t ... | 2007 | 17125735 |
| a selfish function of a "social" gland? a postpharyngeal gland functions as a sex pheromone reservoir in males of the solitary wasp philanthus triangulum. | the postpharyngeal gland (ppg) has long been assumed to be restricted to ants, where it mainly functions in the maintenance of social integrity. recently, a ppg has been described in both sexes of a solitary digger wasp, the european beewolf, philanthus triangulum (hymenoptera, crabronidae). female beewolves use the contents of their ppg to embalm their honeybee prey to delay microbial growth. here we show that in male beewolves, the ppg serves as a reservoir of the pheromone used to scent-mark ... | 2006 | 17131184 |
| melittin: a membrane-active peptide with diverse functions. | melittin is the principal toxic component in the venom of the european honey bee apis mellifera and is a cationic, hemolytic peptide. it is a small linear peptide composed of 26 amino acid residues in which the amino-terminal region is predominantly hydrophobic whereas the carboxy-terminal region is hydrophilic due to the presence of a stretch of positively charged amino acids. this amphiphilic property of melittin has resulted in melittin being used as a suitable model peptide for monitoring li ... | 2007 | 17139559 |
| evolution of the ventral midline in insect embryos. | the ventral midline is a source of signals that pattern the nerve cord of insect embryos. in dipterans such as the fruitfly drosophila melanogaster (d. mel.) and the mosquito anopheles gambiae (a. gam.), the midline is narrow and spans just 1-2 cells. however, in the honeybee, apis mellifera (a. mel.), the ventral midline is broad and encompasses 5-6 cells. slit and other midline-patterning genes display a corresponding expansion in expression. evidence is presented that this difference is due t ... | 2006 | 17141163 |
| an amino acid outside the pore region influences apamin sensitivity in small conductance ca2+-activated k+ channels. | small conductance calcium-activated potassium channels (sk, k(ca)) are a family of voltage-independent k+ channels with a distinct physiology and pharmacology. the bee venom toxin apamin inhibits exclusively the three cloned sk channel subtypes (sk1, sk2, and sk3) with different affinity, highest for sk2, lowest for sk1, and intermediate for sk3 channels. the high selectivity of apamin made it a valuable tool to study the molecular makeup and function of native sk channels. three amino acids loc ... | 2007 | 17142458 |
| working-class royalty: bees beat the caste system. | the struggle among social classes or castes is well known in humans. here, we show that caste inequality similarly affects societies of ants, bees and wasps, where castes are morphologically distinct and workers have greatly reduced reproductive potential compared with queens. in social insects, an individual normally has no control over its own fate, whether queen or worker, as this is socially determined during rearing. here, for the first time, we quantify a strategy for overcoming social con ... | 2005 | 17148145 |
| heterogeneity in regional gc content and differential usage of codons and amino acids in gc-poor and gc-rich regions of the genome of apis mellifera. | the honeybee (apis mellifera) has a genome with a wide variation in gc content showing 2 clear modal gc values, in some ways reminiscent of an isochore-like structure. to gain insight into causes and consequences of this pattern, we used a comparative approach to study the genome-wide alignment of primarily coding sequence of a. mellifera with drosophila melanogaster and anopheles gambiae. the latter 2 species show a higher average gc content than a. mellifera and no indications of bimodality, s ... | 2007 | 17150976 |
| fine-scale genetic structure and fire-created habitat patchiness in the australian allodapine bee, exoneura nigrescens (hymenoptera: apidae). | fire promotes an abundance of nest sites for the stem nesting bee exoneura nigrescens, which remain viable for approximately 10 years. the finite duration of nesting substrate and localized fire events suggest that migration should minimize genetic structure among suitable habitat patches. exoneura nigrescens was sampled from 7 localities with a known fire history in southwestern victoria, australia. individual bees were genotyped at 8 microsatellite loci and genic and genotypic analyses applied ... | 2007 | 17158467 |
| [macrocheles sp. (acarina: macrochelidae) found on a bumble bee]. | a female arthropod was found on a bumble bee and was found to be an acaria belonging to the genus macrocheles sp (acarina: macrochelidae). this is the first time that the parasitic acaria, which is found in many parts of the world, has been reported on bumble bees in turkey. | 2006 | 17160856 |
| importance of pollinators in changing landscapes for world crops. | the extent of our reliance on animal pollination for world crop production for human food has not previously been evaluated and the previous estimates for countries or continents have seldom used primary data. in this review, we expand the previous estimates using novel primary data from 200 countries and found that fruit, vegetable or seed production from 87 of the leading global food crops is dependent upon animal pollination, while 28 crops do not rely upon animal pollination. however, global ... | 2007 | 17164193 |
| bee pollen sensitivity in airborne pollen allergic individuals. | physicians who practice alternative medicine often prescribe bee pollen as a food supplement and a treatment for various ailments. | 2006 | 17165283 |
| evaluation of a real-time two-step rt-pcr assay for quantitation of chronic bee paralysis virus (cbpv) genome in experimentally-infected bee tissues and in life stages of a symptomatic colony. | a two-step real-time rt-pcr assay, based on taqman technology using a fluorescent probe (fam-tamra) was developed to quantify chronic bee paralysis virus (cbpv) genome in bee samples. standard curves obtained from a cbpv control rna and from a plasmid containing a partial sequence of cbpv showed that this assay provided linear detection over a 7-log range (r(2)>0.99) with a limit of detection of 100 copies, and reliable inter-assay and intra-assay reproducibility. standardisation including rna p ... | 2007 | 17166598 |
| effect of honey bee venom on microglial cells nitric oxide and tumor necrosis factor-alpha production stimulated by lps. | abnormal activation of microglial cells has been implicated in various neurodegenerative diseases. results showed that venom (kbv) produced and purified in korea regulated lipopolysaccharides (lps)-induced nitric oxide (no) and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (tnf-alpha) in the murine microglia, bv-2 cell line. the production of proinflammatory cytokines, no, and tnf-alpha was examined by lps in bv-2 cell. the effect of kbv on the expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase (inos) and tnf-alpha wa ... | 2007 | 17166679 |
| expression of genes encoding antimicrobial and bradykinin-related peptides in skin of the stream brown frog rana sakuraii. | peptidomic analysis of an extract of the skin of the stream brown frog rana sakuraii matsui and matsui, 1990 led to the isolation of a c-terminally alpha-amidated peptide (vr-23; vigsilgalasglptliswiknr x nh2) with broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity that shows structural similarity to the bee venom peptide, melittin together with two peptides belonging to the temporin family (temporin-1ska; flpvilpvigkllngil x nh2 and temporin-1skb; flpvilpvigkllsgil x nh2), and peptides whose primary structu ... | 2007 | 17174009 |
| molecular cloning, characterization and expression of a masquerade-like serine proteinase homologue from black tiger shrimp penaeus monodon. | a full-length cdna of a masquerade-like serine proteinase homologue (pmmassph) of penaeus monodon was cloned and characterized by rapid amplification cdna end (race) method. the complete cdna sequence of 1958bp contains an open reading frame (orf) of 1572bp, encoding a 523 amino acid protein including a 19 amino acid signal peptide. the calculated molecular mass of the mature protein (504 amino acids) is 51.58kda with an estimated pi of 4.86. pmmassph has most of the structural characteristics o ... | 2007 | 17174571 |
| novel acetylcholinesterase target site for malaria mosquito control. | current anticholinesterase pesticides were developed during world war ii and are toxic to mammals because they target a catalytic serine residue of acetylcholinesterases (aches) in insects and in mammals. a sequence analysis of aches from 73 species and a three-dimensional model of a malaria-carrying mosquito (anopheles gambiae) ache (agache) reported here show that c286 and r339 of agache are conserved at the opening of the active site of aches in 17 invertebrate and four insect species, respec ... | 2006 | 17183688 |
| roles of capsaicin-sensitive primary afferents in differential rat models of inflammatory pain: a systematic comparative study in conscious rats. | to characterize the role of capsaicin-sensitive primary afferents in inflammatory pain, the effects of subcutaneous (s.c.) injection of 0.15% capsaicin on different chemical irritants-induced pathological nociception including persistent spontaneous nociception, primary thermal and mechanical hyperalgesia, and inflammatory response were systematically investigated in unanesthetized conscious rats. four different animal models of inflammatory pain: the bee venom (bv) test, the formalin test, the ... | 2007 | 17188267 |
| developmental toxicity evaluation of triclopyr butoxyethyl ester and triclopyr triethylamine salt in the cd rat. | triclopyr (3,5,6-trichloro-2-pyridyloxyacetic acid) is an herbicide used extensively in the control of woody plants and broadleaf weeds, and is often formulated as a triethylamine salt (t-tea) or butoxyethyl ester (t-bee). this study evaluated the developmental toxicity of t-tea or t-bee in time-mated cd rats gavaged on gestation days 6-15 with 0, 30, 100 or 300 mg/kg body weight(bw)/day. the doses of each compound were equimolar and equivalent to 22, 76, 216 mg/kg bw/day of triclopyr, based on ... | 2007 | 17194567 |
| activities of four frog skin-derived antimicrobial peptides (temporin-1dra, temporin-1va and the melittin-related peptides ar-23 and rv-23) against anaerobic bacteria. | the activities of two antimicrobial peptides belonging to the temporin family (temporin-1dra from rana draytonii and temporin-1va from rana virgatipes) and two peptides with structural similarity to the bee venom peptide melittin (ar-23 from rana tagoi and rv-23 from r. draytonii) were evaluated against a range of reference strains and clinical isolates of anaerobic bacteria. these peptides were selected because they show broad-spectrum growth inhibitory activity against reference strains of sev ... | 2007 | 17196372 |
| efficacy of strips coated with metarhizium anisopliae for control of varroa destructor (acari: varroidae) in honey bee colonies in texas and florida. | strips coated with conidia of metarhizium anisopliae (metschinkoff; deuteromycetes: hyphomycetes) to control the parasitic mite, varroa destructor (anderson and trueman) in colonies of honey bees, apis mellifera (hymenoptera: apidae) were compared against the miticide, tau-fluvalinate (apistan) in field trials in texas and florida (usa). apistan and the fungal treatments resulted in successful control of mite populations in both locations. at the end of the 42-day period of the experiment in tex ... | 2007 | 17203363 |
| development of a multiplex rt-pcr for the simultaneous detection of three viruses of the honeybee (apis mellifera l.): acute bee paralysis virus, black queen cell virus and sacbrood virus. | a single-step multiple-target (multiplex) reverse transcription-pcr (rt-pcr) was developed for the simultaneous detection and differentiation of three economically important viruses of the honeybee apis mellifera l.: acute bee paralysis virus (abpv), black queen cell virus (bqcv) and sacbrood virus (sbv). three compatible sets of primers, specific for each virus, were designed in conserved regions of the viral genomes for use in a one-step (single tube) rt-pcr assay. the individual rt-pcr assays ... | 2007 | 17207498 |
| the effect of egyptian honeybee propolis on the growth of aspergillus versicolor and sterigmatocystin biosynthesis in ras cheese. | propolis is a natural product collected by honeybee workers. the product was tested for its antifungal effect against aspergillus versicolor atcc 12996 as well as biosynthesis of sterigmatocystin during ripening of egyptian ras cheese. the use of different concentrations of aqueous propolis extract 250, 500 and 1000 part per million (ppm) on the cheese surface was investigated. mould growth and toxin production were completely inhibited at the highest concentration 1000 ppm, while the lower conc ... | 2007 | 17210093 |
| [effect of bee venom on adjuvant induced arthritis in rats]. | to investigate the anti-arthritic effect of bee venom in adjuvant induced arthritis (aia) in rats. | 2006 | 17213605 |
| [replacement enterocystoplasty in man (except hautmann): principles and technical considerations]. | orthotopic urinary reservoir using a bowel segment has become the most favoured form of diversion after radical cystectomy. ideal neobladder has to (i) store the urine with a low pressure bladder substitute, (ii) protect the upper urinary tract and (iii) provide a better quality of life enabling volitional voiding. a lot of techniques have bee described to construct a reservoir, however, all of them are based on the principle of intestinal loop detubulation. many intestinal segments have been us ... | 2006 | 17214236 |
| insect nicotinic acetylcholine receptor gene families: from genetic model organism to vector, pest and beneficial species. | nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nachrs) mediate fast synaptic transmission in the insect nervous system and are targets of a major group of insecticides, the neonicotinoids. analyses of genome sequences have shown that nachr gene families remain compact in diverse insect species, when compared to their mammalian counterparts. thus, drosophila melanogaster and anopheles gambiae each possess 10 nachr genes while apis mellifera has 11. although these are among the smallest nachr gene families kn ... | 2007 | 17216517 |
| experimental infection of apis mellifera honeybees with nosema ceranae (microsporidia). | in this report, an experimental infection of apis mellifera by nosema ceranae, a newly reported microsporidian in this host is described. nosema free honeybees were inoculated with 125,000 n. ceranae spores, isolated from heavily infected bees. the parasite species was identified by amplification and sequencing the ssurrna gene of the administered spores. three replicate cages of 20 honeybees each were prepared, along with one control cage (n=20) supplied with sugar syrup only. the infection rat ... | 2007 | 17217954 |
| behavioral genomics: a, bee, c, g, t. | honeybees, termites and ants occupy the 'pinnacle of social evolution' with societies of a complexity that rivals our own. the sequencing of the honeybee genome will provide a strong foundation for studying the genetic basis of complex social behavior. | 2007 | 17240327 |
| insect cryptochromes: gene duplication and loss define diverse ways to construct insect circadian clocks. | cryptochrome (cry) proteins are components of the central circadian clockwork of metazoans. phylogenetic analyses show at least 2 rounds of gene duplication at the base of the metazoan radiation, as well as several losses, gave rise to 2 cryptochrome (cry) gene families in insects, a drosophila-like cry1 gene family and a vertebrate-like cry2 family. previous studies have shown that insect cry1 is photosensitive, whereas photo-insensitive cry2 functions to potently inhibit clock-relevant clock:c ... | 2007 | 17244599 |
| hymenoptera stings. | the medically important groups of hymenoptera are the apoidea (bees), vespoidea (wasps, hornets, and yellow jackets), and formicidae (ants). these insects deliver their venom by stinging their victims. bees lose their barbed stinger after stinging and die. wasps, hornets, and yellow jackets can sting multiple times. most deaths related to hymenoptera stings are the result of immediate hypersensitivity reactions, causing anaphylaxis. massive envenomations can cause death in nonallergic individual ... | 2006 | 17265905 |
| kinetic models for peptide-induced leakage from vesicles and cells. | in this article analytical expressions for peptide-induced membrane leakage are presented. two different models for time-dependent leakage have been developed. in the first, the leakage is assumed to be coupled by pores formed by the peptides. in the second model the peptide is assumed to induce a stress/perturbation in the membrane, and in order to reduce the stress, rearrangements in the membrane are induced. the leakage is coupled to these rearrangements, and when equilibrium is achieved no m ... | 2007 | 17273853 |
| antifungal chemical compounds identified using a c. elegans pathogenicity assay. | there is an urgent need for the development of new antifungal agents. a facile in vivo model that evaluates libraries of chemical compounds could solve some of the main obstacles in current antifungal discovery. we show that candida albicans, as well as other candida species, are ingested by caenorhabditis elegans and establish a persistent lethal infection in the c. elegans intestinal track. importantly, key components of candida pathogenesis in mammals, such as filament formation, are also inv ... | 2007 | 17274686 |
| paenibacillus larvae and american foulbrood in honeybees. | american foulbrood, a globally spread bacterial disease of honeybee brood, is one of the most deleterious bee diseases. its etiological agent is the gram-positive, spore-forming bacterium paenibacillus larvae. this review will focus on recent achievements in the study of paenibacillus larvae brought about by molecular methods introduced into the field over the last fifteen years. one topic will be the classification of the etiological agent which changed several times since the first description ... | 2007 | 17290940 |
| ergosterol peroxides as phospholipase a(2) inhibitors from the fungus lactarius hatsudake. | four ergosterol derivatives (1-4) have been isolated for the first time from the fruiting bodies of a basidiomycete fungus, lactarius hatsudake, through activity-guided fractionation. their structures were determined, using spectroscopic analysis, as: (22e,24r)-ergosta-5,7,22-dien-3beta-ol (ergosterol, 1); 5alpha,8alpha-epidioxy-(22e,24r)-ergosta-6,22-dien-3beta-ol (ergosterol peroxide, 2); 5alpha,8alpha-epidioxy-(24s)-ergosta-6-en-3beta-ol (3); and (22e,24r)-ergosta-7,22-dien-3beta,5alpha,6beta ... | 2007 | 17292597 |
| honeybee navigation: distance estimation in the third dimension. | honeybees determine distance flown by gauging the extent to which the image of the environment moves in the eye as they fly towards their goal. here we investigate how this visual odometer operates when a bee flies along paths that include a vertical component. by training bees to fly to a feeder along tunnels of various three-dimensional configurations, we find that the odometric signal depends only upon the total distance travelled along the path and is independent of its three-dimensional con ... | 2007 | 17297144 |
| effect of human disturbance on bee communities in a forested ecosystem. | it is important for conservation biologists to understand how well species persist in human-dominated ecosystems because protected areas constitute a small fraction of the earth's surface and because anthropogenic habitats may offer more opportunities for conservation than has been previously thought. we investigated how an important functional group, pollinators (bees; hymenoptera: apiformes), are affected by human land use at the landscape and local scales in southern new jersey (u.s.a.). we e ... | 2007 | 17298527 |
| multiple rrna variants in a single spore of the microsporidian nosema bombi. | to understand the source of the multiple dna sequence variants of nosema bombi ribosomal rna (rrna) found in a single bumble bee host, we pcr amplified, cloned, and sequenced the partial rrna gene from 125 clones, which were derived from four out of 46 spores individually isolated from a single host by laser microdissection. at least two rrna variants, characterized by either (gttt)(2) or (gttt)(3) repeat units within the internal transcribed spacer (its) region, were found per spore in approxim ... | 2007 | 17300528 |
| in vitro assessment of bee venom effects on matrix metalloproteinase activity and interferon production. | controversial immunomodulatory properties of bee venom (bv) have provided an appropriate field for more investigation. the aim of present research was to verify the effects of honeybee venom on matrix metalloproteinase activity and interferon production as well as cell proliferation in monocyte and fibroblast cell lines.the monocyte and fibroblast cell lines (k562, ht-1080, wehi-164) were used in order to assess proliferative response, interferon-1 production and matrix metalloproteinase-2 (mmp- ... | 2005 | 17301417 |
| [isolation and identification of a newbacterial pathogen infecting larvae of honeybee (apismellifera ) perish]. | a bacteroidal disease of honeybee (apis mellifera ) larvae was found in some regions of zhejiang province, china , in early spring 2005. the diseased larvae lost its shine, became yellow and rotted when serious. this symptom was different to any bacteroidal disease of honeybee larval been reported. so, it is considered to be a new bacteroidal disease of honeybee larval. five pure cultures of bacteria were separated from ten collections of diseased honeybee larvae, named as l1, l2, l3, ia and l5. ... | 2006 | 17302168 |
| inhibitory effects of melittin on the production of lipopolysaccharide-induced matrix metalloproteinase 3 in human osteoarthritic chondrocytes. | in continuation of our previous study which explored the effect of bee venom (bv) on the global gene expression profiles in lipopolysaccharide (lps)-treated human chondrosarcoma cells, we investigated herein the effect of melittin, a major component of bv, on the productions of matrix metalloproteinases (mmps) 1, 3, and 13 in primary cultured human arthritic chondrocytes. increased generations of mmps 1, 3, and 13 were observed by mmps stimulating agents lps, tumor necrosis factor alpha (tnf-alp ... | 2007 | 17303203 |
| epitope peptides and immunotherapy. | allergic diseases affect atopic individuals, who synthesize specific immunoglobulins e (ige) to environmental allergens, usually proteins or glycoproteins. these allergens include grass and tree pollens, indoor allergens such as house dust mites and animal dander, and various foods. because allergen-specific ige antibodies are the main effector molecules in the immune response to allergens, many studies have focused on the identification of ige-binding epitopes (called b cell epitopes), specific ... | 2007 | 17305564 |
| examination of mercury concentration in the feathers of 18 species of birds in southwest iran. | this paper presents the levels of mercury (hg) in tail feathers from different species of birds, in southwest iran (khuzestan to persian gulf). between april and october 2005, we collected tail feathers from 77 birds belonging to 18 species, mostly raptor birds. the birds were collected for the museum natural history, faculty of natural resources and marine sciences of tarbiat modares university. hg concentrations were evaluated in relation to taxonomic affiliation and trophic level. feather hg ... | 2007 | 17307157 |
| antibacterial activity of snake, scorpion and bee venoms: a comparison with purified venom phospholipase a2 enzymes. | venoms of snakes, scorpions, bees and purified venom phospholipase a(2) (pla(2)) enzymes were examined to evaluate the antibacterial activity of purified venom enzymes as compared with that of the crude venoms. | 2007 | 17309613 |
| production of synthetically created phospholipase a(2) variants with industrial impact. | phospholipases a(2) (pla(2)) play an important role for the production of lysophospholipids. presently they are mainly obtained from porcine or bovine pancreas but these mammalian sources are not accepted in several fields of application. to make accessible a non-mammalian pla(2) to industrial application, synthetic genes encoding pla(2) from honey bee (apis mellifera) with modified n-termini were constructed and expressed in escherichia coli. while expression of the gene with an n-terminal lead ... | 2007 | 17318911 |
| genetic differentiation of the giant honey bee (apis dorsata) in thailand analyzed by mitochondrial genes and microsatellites. | genetic diversity and population differentiation of the giant honey bee (apis dorsata) in thailand were examined. six pcr-rflp mitotypes were generated from digestion of the coi-coii, cytb-trna(ser), atpase6-8, and lrrna genes with dra i and hin fi. low genetic diversity (h=0.074, pi=0.032%) and a lack of genetic population differentiation between a. dorsata originating from geographically different regions were observed from mtdna polymorphisms (p > 0.05). in contrast, microsatellite (a14, a24, ... | 2007 | 17342419 |
| diversity in bee (hymenoptera: apoidea) and social wasp (hymenoptera: vespidae, polistinae) community in "campos rupestres", bahia, brazil. | hymenoptera such as bees and social wasps are regular floral visitors in "campos rupestres" vegetation. a community of bees and social wasps was studied during floral visitation in an area of "campos rupestres", at chapada diamantina, ba, brazil, from september 2001 to april 2002. the community was described in relation to diversity, evenness, and dominance rank, considering the individuals abundance (h' = 2.14/ j' = 0.55) and biomass (h' = 2.34/ j' = 0.60). thirty nine bee (588 individuals/ 15. ... | 2006 | 17348126 |
| [relation between the size of the acid gland and the quantity of venom produced in africanized bee, apis mellifera l. (hymenoptera: apidae), in the region of dourados, ms, brazil]. | crosses between african and european honeybees in brazil resulted in a highly defensive hybrid bee. the acid gland is important in the expression of this characteristic, being responsible for venom production. morphological variations in this gland could influence the quantity of venom. glandular morphology was analyzed, along with the quantity of venom produced and the bees' genetic characteristics. the gland and the venom reservoir were removed from workers. the gland was placed on a histologi ... | 2006 | 17348132 |
| analysis of pma67, a predicted rolling-circle replicating, mobilizable, tetracycline-resistance plasmid from the honey bee pathogen, paenibacillus larvae. | this work characterizes a recently discovered natural tetracycline-resistance plasmid called pma67 from paenibacillus larvae--a gram-positive bacterial pathogen of honey bees. we provide evidence that pma67 replicates by the rolling-circle mechanism, and sequence comparisons place it in the pmv158 family of rolling-circle replicons. the plasmid contains predicted rep, cop, and rnaii genes for control of replication initiating at a predicted double-strand origin. the plasmid has an ssot single-st ... | 2007 | 17363055 |
| use of hecate-chorionic gonadotropin beta conjugate in therapy of lutenizing hormone receptor expressing gonadal somatic cell tumors. | improvement of cancer treatment is a major challenge of medical research. despite the immense efforts made in the improvement of diagnosis and treatment, cancer remains a major concern and cause of morbidity and mortality. most of the modern anti-neoplastic therapies have severe side effects, and tumor cells often develop drug resistance. there is promise in the new generation of treatments (gene therapy, immunotherapy, vaccines, etc.) that are under development, but the efficacies and side effe ... | 2007 | 17363137 |
| duration and spread of an entomopathogenic fungus, beauveria bassiana (deuteromycota: hyphomycetes), used to treat varroa mites (acari: varroidae) in honey bee (hymenoptera: apidae) hives. | a strain of the fungus beauveria bassiana (balsamo) vuillemin (deuteromycota: hyphomycetes) isolated from varroa mites, varroa destructor anderson & trueman (acari: varroidae), was used to treat honey bees, apis mellifera l. (hymenoptera: apidae), against varroa mites in southern france. fungal treatment caused a significant increase in the percentage of infected varroa mites compared with control treatments in two field experiments. in the first experiment, hives were treated with a formulation ... | 2007 | 17370802 |
| flies (diptera: muscidae: calliphoridae) are efficient pollinators of allium ampeloprasum l. (alliaceae) in field cages. | in conjunction with efforts to identify efficient insect pollinators for seed multiplication of cross-pollinated plant species stored and maintained by usda-ars western regional plant introduction station (wrpis), experiments were conducted to assess and compare the efficiency of the house fly, musca domestica l. (diptera: muscidae), and calliphora vicina robineau-desvoidy (diptera: calliphoridae), and different densities of each fly species, to pollinate leek, allium ampeloprasum l., plant inve ... | 2007 | 17370820 |
| identification of a b-cell epitope of hyaluronidase, a major bee venom allergen, from its crystal structure in complex with a specific fab. | the major allergens of honeybee venom, hyaluronidase (hyal) and phospholipase a2, can induce life-threatening ige-mediated allergic reactions in humans. although conventional immunotherapy is effective, up to 40% of patients develop allergic side effects including anaphylaxis and thus, there is a need for an improved immunotherapy. a murine monoclonal anti-hyal igg1 antibody (mab 21e11), that competed for hyal binding with iges from sera of bee venom allergic patients, was raised. the fragment o ... | 2007 | 17374540 |
| revisiting the organohalogens associated with 1979-samples of brazilian bees (eufriesea purpurata). | brazilian bees of the species eufriesea purpurata are known to tolerate very high concentrations of ddt. as reported in the literature, these bees have suffered no harm from as much as 2 mg/bee, which is in the per-cent range of the body weight. in 1979, individuals of e. purpurata were captured as they collected ddt from walls of remote, rural houses in brazil. reported herein are quantities and identities of ddt, ddt metabolites, and other organohalogen compounds in four samples of bees stored ... | 2007 | 17379276 |
| bacterial community structures in honeybee intestines and their response to two insecticidal proteins. | in this study, the effects of the bt-toxin cry1ab and a soybean trypsin inhibitor (sbti) on intestinal bacterial communities of adult honeybees (apis mellifera) were investigated. it was hypothesized that changes in intestinal bacterial communities of honeybees may represent a sensitive indicator for altered intestinal physiology. honeybees were fed in a laboratory set-up with maize pollen from the bt-transgenic cultivar mon810 or from the non-transgenic near isoline. purified cry1ab (0.0014% w/ ... | 2007 | 17381517 |
| antioxidative action of royal jelly in the yeast cell. | royal jelly is a bee product, secreted from the hypopharingeal and mandibular glands of worker bees. there are many reports on pharmacological activities of royal jelly in experimental animals, but there are few about its antioxidative properties connected to aging. the aim of the work was to investigate the antioxidative action of royal jelly in the cell of the yeast saccharomyces cerevisiae as a model organism. yeast was cultivated in yepd medium enriched with different concentrations of royal ... | 2007 | 17383134 |
| pathological findings in dogs after multiple africanized bee stings. | this retrospective study included 19 dogs that died by intoxication due to multiple africanized bee stings. bee accidents occurred in rural and urban areas of the rio grande do sul state, southern brazil. although bee stings were associated with edema and hyperemia in several regions of the body, head and neck were the most commonly and massively affected areas. stingers and bees were also observed in the digestive tract. dark-colored kidneys, dark-red urine, splenomegaly, and dark red lungs wer ... | 2007 | 17383705 |
| exceptionally high density of numts in the honeybee genome. | the available genome sequences of 4 insects (the fruit fly, the african malaria mosquito, the flour beetle, and the honeybee) are used to compare the amount of mitochondrial dna transferred to the nuclear genome (numts). the data from the beetle and the bee show frequent transfer of numts, whereas numts in the 2 other insects are rare. the density of numts in the honeybee (>1.0 bp transferred dna per 1 kb of the nuclear sequence) is the highest in any animal studied, about ten times higher than ... | 2007 | 17383971 |
| pathogenicity of fusarium semitectum against crop pests and its biosafety to non-target organisms. | microbial control is receiving more attention, since these alternative tactics, compared to chemical control methods, are energy saving, non polluting, ecologically sound and sustainable. a mycopathogen, fusarium semitectum berk. and rav. (arsef 7233) was isolated from diseased cadavers of aphid (aphis gossypii) and cultured in saboraud maltose agar supplemented with yeast extract medium (smay). being isolated first time from the chilli ecosystem its potential was evaluated. experiments were con ... | 2006 | 17385514 |
| development of improved molecular methods for the detection of deformed wing virus (dwv) in honeybees (apis mellifera l.) and mites ( varroa destructor oud.). | a simple and rapid method for the extraction of total nucleic acid from honeybee and mite, useful either as template for rt-pcr or in nucleic acids hybridization, was developed. sensitivity of the methods were evaluated up to 10(9) and 10(6) dilution of tnas extracted from a single honeybee, for reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction and molecular hybridization respectively. the two diagnostic methods developed could be useful for the study of the molecular biology and the pathology of ... | 2006 | 17385533 |
| degradation of incurred tylosin to desmycosin--implications for residue analysis of honey. | as a result of the application of tylosin to honey bee colonies for the control of american foulbrood disease, antibiotic residues may exist in honey destined for human consumption. it has been recognized that the parent compound, tylosin a, degrades in acidic media such as honey to yield the antimicrobially active degradation product, desmycosin. data is presented documenting levels of incurred tylosin and desmycosin in honey resulting from simulated therapeutic applications of a commercial for ... | 2007 | 17386728 |
| influence of carbon dioxide on nosema apis infection of honeybees (apis mellifera). | young workers of the honeybee apis mellifera carnica were individually inoculated with nosema apis spores subjected to carbon dioxide (co(2)) treatment. the spores were kept in a co(2) atmosphere for 30, 35 and 40 h. the course of the infection was evaluated on the basis of the survival rate of bee workers and the number of n. apis spores in their digestive tracts. co(2) treatment of n. apis spores resulted in faster proliferation of the parasite as well as higher mortality among workers infecte ... | 2007 | 17386934 |
| genetic diversity and mass resources promote colony size and forager densities of a social bee (bombus pascuorum) in agricultural landscapes. | although habitat fragmentation and agricultural intensification are known as threads to pollinator diversity, little is known about consequences for population size and genetic diversity. here, we combined detailed field observations, molecular approaches and gis-based quantification of landscape structure (measured by proportions of seminatural habitats and proportions of mass flowering crops) to get new insights into driving forces of population dynamics of the bumblebee species bombus pascuor ... | 2007 | 17391404 |
| sequence analysis of functional apisimin-2 cdna from royal jelly of chinese honeybee and its expression in escherichia coli. | apisimin is one of the functional peptides from royal jelly. the aim of this study was to analyze and in vitro express a new gene encoding acc-apisimin-2 from chinese honeybee (apis cerana cerana) in escherichia coli. ninety-six clones containing apisimin expressed sequence tag (est) were identified from 8568 effective ests of the cdna library of chinese honeybee worker heads. the coding region of the matured peptide from one clone containing acc-apisimin-2 gene was sub-cloned into the prokaryot ... | 2007 | 17392108 |
| generation of human monoclonal allergen-specific ige and igg antibodies from synthetic antibody libraries. | allergen-specific ige and igg antibodies play pivotal roles in the induction and progression of allergic hypersensitivity reactions. consequently, monoclonal human ige and igg4 antibodies with defined specificity for allergens should be useful in allergy research and diagnostic tests. we used combinatorial antibody libraries and subsequent recombinant production to make and assess ige, igg1, and igg4 allergen-specific antibodies. | 2007 | 17395713 |
| beneficial effects of caffeic acid phenethyl ester (cape) on the ischaemia-reperfusion injury in rat skin flaps. | reperfusion injury is a phenomenon that occurs when tissues are subjected to ischaemia for a variable period of time, after which they are reperfused. many factors have been implicated in the cause of reperfusion injury including free radicals and neutrophils. caffeic acid (3,4-dihydroxycinnamic acid) phenethyl ester (cape) is an active component of propolis from honeybee; it has anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory properties, and protective effects against ischaemia-reperfusion (i/r) injury. ... | 2007 | 17399667 |
| variation and heritability in immune gene expression by diseased honeybees. | social insects are frequent targets for pathogens and have consequently evolved diverse ways to minimize disease impacts, one of which is the innate immune response. here, a 4-generation mating scheme was carried out to assess heritability and variation in a honeybee (apis mellifera) immune trait, the production of the key antimicrobial peptide abaecin. larval offspring from controlled crosses (n = 576 offspring from 36 singly inseminated queens) as well as offspring of field colonies (896 indiv ... | 2007 | 17404328 |
| identification and characterization of insect-specific proteins by genome data analysis. | insects constitute the vast majority of known species with their importance including biodiversity, agricultural, and human health concerns. it is likely that the successful adaptation of the insecta clade depends on specific components in its proteome that give rise to specialized features. however, proteome determination is an intensive undertaking. here we present results from a computational method that uses genome analysis to characterize insect and eukaryote proteomes as an approximation c ... | 2007 | 17407609 |
| evidence for new beta1-3 galactosyltransferase activity involved in biosynthesis of unusual n-glycan harboring t-antigen in apis mellifera. | in a previous study (y. kimura et al., biosci. biotechnol. biochem., 70, 2583-2587, 2006), we found that new complex type n-glycans harboring thomsen-friedenreich antigen (galbeta1-3galnac) unit occur on royal jelly glycoproteins, suggesting the involvement of a new beta1-3galactosyltransferase in the synthesis of the unusual complex type n-glycans. so far, such beta1-3galactosyltransferase activity, which can transfer galactosyl residues with the beta1-3 linkage to beta1-4 galnac residues in n- ... | 2007 | 17420569 |
| widespread dispersal of the microsporidian nosema ceranae, an emergent pathogen of the western honey bee, apis mellifera. | the economically most important honey bee species, apis mellifera, was formerly considered to be parasitized by one microsporidian, nosema apis. recently, [higes, m., martín, r., meana, a., 2006. nosema ceranae, a new microsporidian parasite in honeybees in europe, j. invertebr. pathol. 92, 93-95] and [huang, w.-f., jiang, j.-h., chen, y.-w., wang, c.-h., 2007. a nosema ceranae isolate from the honeybee apis mellifera. apidologie 38, 30-37] used 16s (ssu) rrna gene sequences to demonstrate the p ... | 2007 | 17428493 |
| influence of alpha-tocopherol, propolis and piperine on therapeutic potential of tiferron against beryllium induced toxic manifestations. | the therapeutic potential of the chelator tiferron (sodium-4,5-dihydroxy-1,3-benzene disulphonate; 300 mg kg(-1), i.p.) and adjuvants, i.e. alpha-tocopherol (25 mg kg(-1), p.o.), propolis (a honey-bee hive product; 200 mg kg(-1), p.o.) and piperine (10 mg kg(-1), p.o.) were evaluated individually and in combination against beryllium induced biochemical alterations and oxidative stress consequences. female albino rats were exposed to beryllium nitrate (1 mg kg(-1), i.p.) daily for 28 days followe ... | 2008 | 17429802 |
| phylogenetic analysis of deformed wing virus genotypes from diverse geographic origins indicates recent global distribution of the virus. | honeybees originating from 10 different countries (austria, poland, germany, hungary, slovenia, nepal, sri lanka, the united arab emirates, canada, and new zealand) located on four continents were analyzed for the presence of deformed wing virus (dwv) nucleic acid by reverse transcription-pcr. two target regions within the dwv genome were selected for pcr amplification and subsequent sequencing, i.e., a region within the putative vp2 and vp4 structural-protein genes and a region within the rna h ... | 2007 | 17435003 |