| evaluation of the sirscan automated zone reader in a clinical microbiology laboratory. | we compared readings of kirby-bauer plates by the sirscan, an automated image analyzer that measures zone diameters, to those of experienced clinical microbiologists measuring zones with a hand-held caliper interfaced to a computer and with a ruler. to read plates of escherichia coli, morganella morganii, and pseudomonas aeruginosa containing 12 antibiotic disks the sirscan took 11 s; technologists took 28 s by caliper and 39 s by ruler. reading times of four different technologists ranged from ... | 2000 | 10747172 |
| new beta -lactamase inhibitory protein (blip-i) from streptomyces exfoliatus smf19 and its roles on the morphological differentiation. | a new beta-lactamase inhibitory protein (blip-i) from streptomyces exfoliatus smf19 was purified and characterized. the molecular mass of blip-i was estimated to be 17.5 kda by gel filtration fast protein liquid chromatography. the n-terminal sequence was nh(2)-asn-ser-gly-phe-ser-ala-glu-lys-tyr-glu-gln-ile-gln-phe-gly. blip-i inhibited bacto(r) penase (difco), and plasmid encoded tem-1 beta-lactamase, whereas it did not inhibit enterobacter cloacae beta-lactamases. the k(i) value of blip-i aga ... | 2000 | 10747883 |
| type i nitroreductases in soil enterobacteria reduce tnt (2,4,6,-trinitrotoluene) and rdx (hexahydro-1,3,5-trinitro-1,3,5-triazine). | many enteric bacteria express a type i oxygen-insensitive nitroreductase, which reduces nitro groups on many different nitroaromatic compounds under aerobic conditions. enzymatic reduction of nitramines was also documented in enteric bacteria under anaerobic conditions. this study indicates that nitramine reduction in enteric bacteria is carried out by the type i, or oxygen-insensitive nitroreductase, rather than a type ii enzyme. the enteric bacterium morganella morganii strain b2 with document ... | 2000 | 10749541 |
| exoproteinases of the type a in pathogenesis of insect bacterial diseases. | immune inhibitors produced in infected larvae of galleria mellonella by such entomopathogens as pseudomonas aeruginosa, serratia marcescens and heterorhabditis bacteriophora effectively blocked in vitro bactericidal activity of insect haemolymph against escherichia coli d31, both in galleria mellonella and pieris brassicae pupae previously vaccinated with enterobacter cloacae. even at a trace concentration, the extracellular proteinases, by proteolytic degradation, totally destroyed the activity ... | 1999 | 10754793 |
| neonatal neoplasms. | to describe neoplasms diagnosed in children </= 28 days of age along with their treatment, associated congenital anomalies, and the long-term consequences of the diagnoses and treatments. | 2000 | 10758320 |
| enterobacterial repetitive intergenic consensus polymerase chain reaction typing of isolates of enterobacter cloacae from an outbreak of infection in a neonatal intensive care unit. | enterobacter cloacae has become a common cause of nosocomial infections. this study was designed to investigate the pattern of spread of e cloacae during an outbreak in a neonatal intensive care unit. | 2000 | 10760220 |
| enterobacter cloacae graft infection/bacteremia in a hemodialysis patient. | | 2000 | 10760226 |
| an antibiotic policy to prevent emergence of resistant bacilli. | fear of infection in neonatal intensive care units (nicus) often leads to early use of empiric broad-spectrum antibiotics, a strategy that selects for resistant bacteria. we investigated whether the emergence of resistant strains could be halted by modifying the empiric antibiotic regimens to remove the selective pressure that favours resistant bacteria. | 2000 | 10768436 |
| comparative killing rates of fluoroquinolones and cell wall-active agents. | killing rates of fluoroquinolones, beta-lactams, and vancomycin were compared against enterobacteriaceae, staphylococcus aureus, pneumococci, streptococci, and enterococcus faecalis. the times required for fluoroquinolones to decrease viability by 3 log(10) were 1.5 h for enterobacteriaceae, 4 to 6 h for staphylococci, and >/=6 h for streptococci and enterococci. thus, the rate of killing by fluoroquinolones is organism group dependent; overall, they killed more rapidly than beta-lactams and van ... | 2000 | 10770784 |
| enterotoxigenic escherichia coli secretes active heat-labile enterotoxin via outer membrane vesicles. | escherichia coli and other gram-negative bacteria produce outer membrane vesicles during normal growth. vesicles may contribute to bacterial pathogenicity by serving as vehicles for toxins to encounter host cells. enterotoxigenic e. coli (etec) vesicles were isolated from culture supernatants and purified on velocity gradients, thereby removing any soluble proteins and contaminants from the crude preparation. vesicle protein profiles were similar but not identical to outer membranes and differed ... | 2000 | 10777535 |
| complete nucleotide sequence of tn10. | the complete nucleotide sequence of tn10 has been determined. the dinucleotide signature and percent g+c of the sequence had no discontinuities, indicating that tn10 constitutes a homogeneous unit. the new sequence contained three new open reading frames corresponding to a glutamate permease, repressors of heavy metal resistance operons, and a hypothetical protein in bacillus subtilis. the glutamate permease was fully functional when expressed, but tn10 did not protect escherichia coli from the ... | 2000 | 10781570 |
| [detection of extended spectrum beta-lactamases producing enterobacteriaceae in feces]. | a study was made of 366 feces for detection of extended spectrum beta-lactamases producing enterobacteriaceae from feces. the selective agar was used for modified drigalski agar (eiken chemical co., ltd) with 2 micrograms/ml cefotaxime (esbl screen agar). 92 strains of enterobacteriaceae, 41 escherichia coli, 15 citrobacter freundii, 13 enterobacter cloacae, 11 klebsiella pneumoniae, and other 12, were isolated from esbl screen agar. and, r-plasmid that were selected by 2 micrograms/ml cefotaxim ... | 2000 | 10783580 |
| purification to homogeneity and characterization of a novel pseudomonas putida chromate reductase. | cr(vi) (chromate) is a widespread environmental contaminant. bacterial chromate reductases can convert soluble and toxic chromate to the insoluble and less toxic cr(iii). bioremediation can therefore be effective in removing chromate from the environment, especially if the bacterial propensity for such removal is enhanced by genetic and biochemical engineering. to clone the chromate reductase-encoding gene, we purified to homogeneity (>600-fold purification) and characterized a novel soluble chr ... | 2000 | 10788340 |
| rapid identification and differentiation of bartonella species using a single-step pcr assay. | five species of bartonella have been reported to infect humans and cause a variety of diseases that can be difficult to diagnose. four species of bartonella have been reported to infect cats and dogs, and two of these species are considered to be zoonotic pathogens. diagnosis of bartonella infections is hampered by the slow, fastidious growth characteristics of bartonella species. we report on the development of a single-step pcr-based assay for the detection and differentiation of medically rel ... | 2000 | 10790087 |
| a pcr-colorimetric microwell plate hybridization assay for detection of mycobacterium tuberculosis and m. avium from culture samples and ziehl-neelsen-positive smears. | differentiation between mycobacterium tuberculosis and m. avium is essential for the treatment of mycobacterial infections. we have developed an easy and rapid detection assay for the diagnosis of mycobacterial diseases. this is a pcr-hybridization assay based on selective amplification of a 16s rrna gene sequence using pan-mycobacterium primers followed by hybridization of the amplification products to biotinylated m. tuberculosis and m. avium-specific probes. a total of 55 mycobacterial isolat ... | 2000 | 10790097 |
| complications of intrauterine intervention for treatment of fetal obstructive uropathy. | the intrauterine surgical placement of vesicoamniotic shunts in the treatment of fetal obstructive uropathy associated with prune-belly syndrome to avoid such complications as renal damage and oligohydramnios remains controversial. we present a case of an infant born with prune-belly syndrome at 33 weeks and 5 days of estimated gestational age to a mother of two by vaginal delivery after a pregnancy complicated by fetal obstructive uropathy with attempted intrauterine intervention. after sonogra ... | 2000 | 10792105 |
| treatment of sanitary-important bacteria by bacteriocin substance v24 in cattle dung water. | quantification of sanitary-important bacteria (e.g. enterobacteriaceae), as well as indicators of environmental contamination, was assessed in samples of cattle dung from 25 cattle farms in 15 north-eastern slovakia districts. the inhibitory effect of crude bacteriocin extract cbe v24 from enterococcus faecalis v24 against listeria monocytogenes ohio and yersinia enterocolitica ye85 was examined in cattle dung water with the aim of finding a new way of eliminating the health risk of the animal s ... | 2000 | 10792671 |
| comparative aspects of the diffusion of norfloxacin, cefepime and spermine through the f porin channel of enterobacter cloacae. | in enterobacteriaceae, the permeability of the outer membrane to hydrophilic antibiotics is associated with the presence of pore-forming proteins. we tested the diffusion of the fluoroquinolone norfloxacin in four enterobacter cloacae strains: a clinical isolate and three derivatives variously producing or lacking the d and f porins. we analysed the entry of norfloxacin into e. cloacae cells in the presence of either the polyamine spermine or the recently developed cefepime, which are known to p ... | 2000 | 10794735 |
| in vitro antimicrobial activity of gatifloxacin against 873 clinical isolates from respiratory tract, urinary tract and surgical infections during 1997-1998 in japan. | the in vitro activity of gatifloxacin was determined for 873 isolates from various infections during 1997-1998 in japan. gatifloxacin was active against streptococci, escherichia coli, klebsiella pneumoniae, moraxella catarrhalis, haemophilus influenzae and neisseria gonorrhoeae, with mic(90)s of </=0.39 mg/l. the activity was two- to 32-fold greater than that of ciprofloxacin and levofloxacin against gram-positive bacteria, and comparable to that against gram-negative bacteria. gatifloxacin was ... | 2000 | 10797094 |
| field investigations of bacterial contaminants and their effects on extended porcine semen. | field investigations (n=23) were made over a 3-yr period at north american boar studs and farms in which the primary complaint was sperm agglutination in association with decreased sperm longevity of extended semen, and increased regular returns to estrus and/or vaginal discharges across parity. microscopic examination of extended semen from these units revealed depressed gross motility (usually <30%), sperm agglutination, and sperm cell death occurring within 2 d of semen collection and process ... | 2000 | 10798493 |
| [prevalence of bacterial contamination of standard platelet units: prospective study]. | platelet concentrates contaminated with bacteria are a main source of transfusion-associated sepsis. several studies have reported a very wide incidence (0-10%) of contamination. the aim of this study is to assess the prevalence of bacterial contamination of standard platelet units at the regional blood transfusion center in casablanca. | 2000 | 10812660 |
| carbapenemases of chryseobacterium (flavobacterium) meningosepticum: distribution of blab and characterization of a novel metallo-beta-lactamase gene, blab3, in the type strain, nctc 10016. | genes encoding carbapenemases in 15 reference strains of chryseobacterium (flavobacterium) meningosepticum from the united kingdom national collection of type cultures and in one recent clinical isolate were investigated. all the strains hydrolyzed imipenem, but their levels of resistance to carbapenems varied, with imipenem and meropenem mics ranging from 2 to >32 microg/ml. the blab gene, which encodes a molecular-class b carbapenemase, was detected in only six reference strains and in clinica ... | 2000 | 10817691 |
| biochemical-genetic characterization and regulation of expression of an acc-1-like chromosome-borne cephalosporinase from hafnia alvei. | a naturally occurring ampc beta-lactamase (cephalosporinase) gene was cloned from the hafnia alvei 1 clinical isolate and expressed in escherichia coli. the deduced ampc beta-lactamase (acc-2) had a pi of 8 and a relative molecular mass of 37 kda and showed 50 and 47% amino acid identity with the chromosome-encoded ampcs from serratia marcescens and providentia stuartii, respectively. it had 94% amino acid identity with the recently described plasmid-borne cephalosporinase acc-1 from klebsiella ... | 2000 | 10817695 |
| a between-species comparison of antimicrobial resistance in enterobacteria in fecal flora. | enterobacteria in fecal flora are often reported to be highly resistant. escherichia coli is the main species; resistance data on other species are rare. to assess the effect of the host's environment, antimicrobial resistance was determined in fecal species of the family enterobacteriaceae from three populations: healthy people (hp)(n = 125) with no exposure to antimicrobials for 3 months preceding sampling, university hospital patients (up) (n = 159) from wards where the antibiotic use was 112 ... | 2000 | 10817696 |
| activities of taurolidine in vitro and in experimental enterococcal endocarditis. | in vitro, the antimicrobial agent taurolidine inhibited virtually all of the bacteria tested, including vancomycin-resistant enterococci, oxacillin-resistant staphylococci, and stenotrophomonas maltophilia, at concentrations between 250 and 2,000 microg/ml. taurolidine was not effective in experimental endocarditis. while it appears unlikely that this antimicrobial would be useful for systemic therapy, its bactericidal activity and the resistance rates found (<10(-9)) are favorable indicators fo ... | 2000 | 10817739 |
| outbreak of enterobacter cloacae related to understaffing, overcrowding, and poor hygiene practices. | | 2000 | 10823560 |
| in vitro activity of gemifloxacin against a broad range of recent clinical isolates from the usa. | the antibacterial potencies of gemifloxacin (sb-265805) and 13 comparator compounds were determined by broth microdilution against a panel of 645 gram-positive and 995 gram-negative organisms collected from various usa sites. time-kill studies were performed and postantibiotic effect (pae) was determined for several organisms using trovafloxacin and ciprofloxacin as comparator compounds. based on mic(90)s, gemifloxacin was the most potent compound tested against gram-positive isolates: streptoco ... | 2000 | 10824027 |
| use of randomly amplified polymorphic dna as a means of developing genus- and strain-specific streptomyces dna probes. | we have analyzed 20 randomly amplified polymorphic dna (rapd) primers against 36 streptomyces strains, including 17 taxonomically undefined strains, 25 nonstreptomycete actinomycetes, and 12 outgroups consisting of gram-positive and -negative species. most of the primers were useful in identifying unique dna polymorphisms of all strains tested. we have used rapd techniques to develop a genus-specific probe, one not necessarily targeting the ribosomal gene, for streptomyces, and a strain-specific ... | 2000 | 10831438 |
| use of pcr with universal primers and restriction endonuclease digestions for detection and identification of common bacterial pathogens in cerebrospinal fluid. | we have designed a universal pcr capable of amplifying a portion of the 16s rrna gene of eubacteria, including staphylococcus aureus, staphylococcus epidermidis, streptococcus pyogenes, streptococcus agalactiae, streptococcus pneumoniae, enterococcus faecium, enterococcus faecalis, mycobacterium tuberculosis, legionella pneumophila, escherichia coli, klebsiella pneumoniae, serratia marcescens, enterobacter cloacae, pseudomonas aeruginosa, acinetobacter baumannii, proteus mirabilis, haemophilus i ... | 2000 | 10834956 |
| rpob gene analysis as a novel strategy for identification of spirochetes from the genera borrelia, treponema, and leptospira. | spirochetes are emerging pathogens for which culture and identification are partly unresolved. in fact, 16s rrna-based sequencing is by far the most widely used pcr methodology that is able to detect such uncultivable pathogens. however, this assay actually has some limitations linked to potential problems of contamination, which hampers diagnosis. to circumvent this, we have devised a simple pcr strategy involving targeting of the gene encoding the rna polymerase beta subunit (rpob), a highly c ... | 2000 | 10834976 |
| enterobacter cloacae sepsis outbreak in a newborn unit caused by contaminated total parenteral nutrition solution. | the study aimed to investigate an outbreak caused by enterobacter cloacae in a neonate intensive care unit. | 2000 | 10840347 |
| comparative x-ray analysis of the un-liganded fosfomycin-target mura. | mura, an essential enzyme for the synthesis of the bacterial cell wall, follows an induced-fit mechanism. upon substrate binding, the active site forms in the interdomain cleft, involving movements of the two domains of the protein and a reorientation of the loop pro112-pro121. we compare two structures of un-liganded mura from enterobacter cloacae: a new orthorhombic form, solved to 1.80 a resolution, and a monoclinic form, redetermined to 1.55 a resolution. in the monoclinic form, the loop pro ... | 2000 | 10842342 |
| investigations into the sterility of manually assembled extracorporeal circuits with vented reservoirs. | this study was designed to investigate the ability of an extracorporeal circuit (ecc) with a vented hard shell reservoir to remain sterile for a period of 72 h under dry conditions. the study was conducted in three phases. in phase one: two previously published methods for detecting contamination of the ecc were compared. a group of positive controls was collected by contaminating identical circuits with a known level of enterobacter cloacae (attc: 13047) before initiating a regimen of "sample-d ... | 1999 | 10847954 |
| identification and characterization of two chemotactic transducers for inorganic phosphate in pseudomonas aeruginosa. | two chemotactic transducers for inorganic phosphate (p(i)), designated ctph and ctpl, have been identified in pseudomonas aeruginosa. the corresponding genes (ctph and ctpl) were inactivated by inserting kanamycin and tetracycline resistance gene cassettes into the wild-type genes in the p. aeruginosa pao1 genome. computer-assisted capillary assays showed that the ctph single mutant failed to exhibit p(i) taxis when the concentration of p(i) in the capillary was higher than 5 mm. conversely, the ... | 2000 | 10852870 |
| the synthesis and evaluation of 2-substituted-7-(alkylidene)cephalosporin sulfones as beta-lactamase inhibitors. | a series of 2-substituted-7-(alkylidene)cephalosporin sulfones were prepared and evaluated as beta-lactamase inhibitors. compound 11c showed excellent activity as an inhibitor of the class c beta-lactamase derived from enterobacter cloacae, strain p99. | 2000 | 10853645 |
| an acc deaminase minus mutant of enterobacter cloacae uw4 no longer promotes root elongation. | the acc deaminase gene (acds) from enterobacter cloacae uw4 was replaced by homologous recombination with the acds gene with a tetracycline resistance gene inserted within the coding region. upon characterization of this acds minus mutant, it was determined that both acc deaminase activity and the ability to promote the elongation of canola roots under gnotobiotic conditions were greatly diminished. this result is consistent with a previously postulated model that suggests that a major mechanism ... | 2000 | 10856374 |
| effect of new quaternary bisammonium compounds on the growth and cell surface hydrophobicity of enterobacter cloacae. | the effect of new quaternary bisammonium salts (qbas) of series a: 1, 10-[bis(alkyldimethyl-diammonium)]-4,7-dioxo-3,8-dioxoundecandi bromides and series b: alpha-omega[bis(dodecyldimethyl-diammonium)]-3,x-dioxo-4,y- dioxoalcandibromides on the growth and surface hydrophobicity of e. cloacae strain was studied. the compounds of series a possess changing side substituent and the inhibition of growth displayed evident dependence of effect on length of alkyl with optimum at c9-c11 (cut off effect). ... | 2000 | 10857043 |
| rapid discriminatory detection of genes coding for shv beta-lactamases by ligase chain reaction. | ligase chain reaction (lcr) is a recently developed technique that employs a thermostable ligase and allows for the discrimination of dna sequences differing in only a single base pair. the method has been adapted and applied to differentiation of bla(shv) genes. we have developed an lcr typing method to characterize point mutations in genes for shv-derived extended-spectrum beta-lactamases with four different sets of biotinylated lcr primers. to evaluate the applicability of the current techniq ... | 2000 | 10858344 |
| a novel ctx-m beta-lactamase (ctx-m-8) in cefotaxime-resistant enterobacteriaceae isolated in brazil. | to estimate the diversity of extended-spectrum beta-lactamases in brazil, 18 strains from different species of the family enterobacteriaceae exhibiting a positive double-disk synergy test were collected by a clinical laboratory from several hospitals in rio de janeiro, brazil, in 1996 and 1997. four strains (proteus mirabilis, enterobacter cloacae, enterobacter aerogenes, and citrobacter amalonaticus) hybridized with a 550-bp ctx-m probe. the p. mirabilis strain produced a ctx-m-2 enzyme. the e. ... | 2000 | 10858358 |
| meropenem versus imipenem/cilastatin in the treatment of sepsis in chinese patients. | meropenem and imipenem are beta-lactam antibiotics of the carbapenem group. carbapenems have bactericidal activity against a broad spectrum of bacteria, including most gram-positive cocci, gram-negative bacilli and anaerobes. experience in using meropenem in chinese patients has not been previously reported. | 2000 | 10862445 |
| a promoter region binding protein and dna gyrase regulate anaerobic transcription of nifla in enterobacter cloacae. | our work provides evidence that a sequence characteristic of fnr binding sites, when interacted with by a trans-acting factor, activates anaerobic transcription of the nifla operon in enterobacter cloacae. dna gyrase activity has been found to be important for the anaerobic transcription of the nifla promoter. our results suggest that anaerobic regulation of the nifla operon is mediated through the control of the promoter region-binding trans-acting factor at the transcriptional level, while dna ... | 2000 | 10869067 |
| microbiological investigation on black crusts from open-air stone monuments of bologna (italy). | samples of black crusts taken from open-air stone monuments in bologna dating back to between the twelfth and the nineteenth century were considered. the microbiological test procedures isolated from a high number of chemoorganotrophic bacteria, each of the samples although it was expected to find chemo-lithotrophic (specially sulfur-oxidizing and nitrifying) bacteria on account of the great amounts of sulphur, carbon, nitrogen dioxides and ammonia in the air. sporogenous and asporogenous specie ... | 2000 | 10872690 |
| evaluation of the use of bactec anaerobic blood cultures in the detection of bacteraemia and fungaemia in children. | in an attempt to reduce costs, the role of bactec anaerobic blood culture in the detection of bacteraemia and fungaemia in children was evaluated. results from 3167 sets of aerobic and anaerobic blood cultures from children admitted to the university hospital, kuala lumpur during a one year period, were analysed. four hundred and eight (12.9%) sets of blood cultures were positive, of which 348 sets (11.0%) from 201 patients were clinically significant. of the 348 significant positive sets, organ ... | 1996 | 10879222 |
| outbreak investigation of nosocomial enterobacter cloacae bacteraemia in a neonatal intensive care unit. | over a period of 7 months, 23 patients hospitalized in a neonatal intensive care unit (nicu) developed nosocomial enterobacter cloacae bacteraemia. contaminated saline for preparing heparin solution was initially identified as the common source of e. cloacae bacteraemia. although environmental sanitation was enforced, the outbreak continued. e. cloacae has always been isolated from various cultures of the environmental specimens, from the hands of personnel and from the faeces of patients. all o ... | 2000 | 10879601 |
| microbiological contamination of enteral feeding solutions used in costa rican hospitals. | enteral feeding is the most common and preferred modality for providing nutritional support to hospital patients with a functional gastrointestinal tract that can not satisfy their nutritional requirements. nevertheless, enteral feeding may be an important cause of bacterial infection. the aim of this study was to evaluate the microbial contamination level of enteral feedings distributed in costa rican hospitals. a total of 124 samples of enteral feeding, coming from five different hospitals fro ... | 1999 | 10883302 |
| kombucha fermentation and its antimicrobial activity. | kombucha was prepared in a tea broth (0.5% w/v) supplemented with sucrose (10% w/v) by using a commercially available starter culture. the ph decreased steadily from 5 to 2.5 during the fermentation while the weight of the "tea fungus" and the od of the tea broth increased through 4 days of the fermentation and remained fairly constant thereafter. the counts of acetic acid-producing bacteria and yeasts in the broth increased up to 4 days of fermentation and decreased afterward. the antimicrobial ... | 2000 | 10888589 |
| assessment of the microbiological quality and wash treatments of lettuce served in university restaurants. | one hundred and forty-four samples of lettuce from 16 university restaurants were analyzed. the mesophilic aerobic counts of all samples ranged from 3.01 to 7.81 log10 cfu g(-1). results of total coliforms ranged from < 0.47 to > 3.38 log10 most probable number (mpn) g(-1). of the lettuce samples, 25.7% harbored escherichia coli, 22.9% staphylococcus aureus and 84% group d streptococci. similarly, 10.4% of the samples harbored aeromonas hydrophila, 2.8% pseudomonas aeruginosa, and coliforms such ... | 2000 | 10898470 |
| amino acid substitutions in a variant of imp-1 metallo-beta-lactamase. | in the course of surveying for the carbapenem-hydrolyzing metallo-beta-lactamase gene bla(imp) in pathogenic bacteria by the pcr method, we detected a gene encoding a variant metallo-beta-lactamase, designated imp-3, which differed from imp-1 by having low hydrolyzing activity for penicillins and carbapenems. pcr product direct sequencing of a 2.2-kb segment revealed that the gene bla(imp-3) was located on a cassette inserted within a class i integron in the pms390 plasmid. the 741-bp nucleotide ... | 2000 | 10898670 |
| mutations in 23s rrna and ribosomal protein l4 account for resistance in pneumococcal strains selected in vitro by macrolide passage. | the mechanisms responsible for macrolide resistance in streptococcus pneumoniae mutants, selected from susceptible strains by serial passage in azithromycin, were investigated. these mutants were resistant to 14- and 15-membered macrolides, but resistance could not be explained by any clinically relevant resistance determinant [mef(a), erm(a), erm(b), erm(c), erm(tr), msr(a), mph(a), mph(b), mph(c), ere(a), ere(b)]. an investigation into the sequences of 23s rrnas in the mutant and parental stra ... | 2000 | 10898684 |
| saccharomicins, novel heptadecaglycoside antibiotics produced by saccharothrix espanaensis: antibacterial and mechanistic activities. | saccharomicins a and b, two new heptadecaglycoside antibiotics, were isolated from the fermentation broth of the rare actinomycete saccharothrix espanaensis. they represent a novel class of bactericidal antibiotics that are active both in vitro and in vivo against bacteria and yeast (mics: staphylococcus aureus, <0.12 to 0. 5; vancomycin-resistant enterococci, 0.25 to 16; gram-negative bacteria, 0.25 to >128; and yeast, >128 microg/ml), including multiply resistant strains. saccharomicins protec ... | 2000 | 10898690 |
| a carboxy-terminal 16-amino-acid region of sigma(38) of escherichia coli is important for transcription under high-salt conditions and sigma activities in vivo. | sigma(38) (or sigma(s), the rpos gene product) is a sigma subunit of rna polymerase in escherichia coli and directs transcription from a number of stationary-phase promoters as well as osmotically inducible promoters. in this study, we analyzed the function of the carboxy-terminal 16-amino-acid region of sigma(38) (residues 315 to 330), which is well conserved among the rpos gene products of enteric bacterial species. truncation of this region was shown to result in the loss of sigma activity in ... | 2000 | 10913098 |
| enterobacter cloacae outbreak in the nicu related to disinfected thermometers. | in the first week ot december 1997, an increasing incidence of neonates colonized with multi-drug resistant enterobacter cloacae (mr-e. cloacae) was observed in the neonatal intensive care unit of our 950-bed university hospital. initially, re-enforcement of infection control practices including hand disinfection and cohort isolation seemed to be sufficient to control the outbreak. nevertheless, an increasing number of newly admitted patients was paralleled by another rise in the incidence of co ... | 2000 | 10917779 |
| characteristics of neonatal bacterial meningitis in a teaching hospital in taiwan from 1984-1997. | during the period from 1984 to 1997, 85 bacterial meningitis neonates with positive cerebrospinal fluid cultures were treated. the ages of these patients ranged from 1 to 28 days. the male to female ratio was 1.7 to 1. the most common causative agent was group b beta-hemolytic streptococci (gbs, 31.8%), followed by escherichia coli (20%), proteus mirabilis (7.1%), enterobacter cloacae (5.9%), other streptococci excluding streptococcus pneumoniae (5.9%), chryseobacterium meningosepticum (5.9%), e ... | 2000 | 10917879 |
| efficacy and safety of cefepime in the treatment of serious bacterial infections in hospitalized adult patients. | proper and timely choice of the antibiotic therapy for the management of infection in hospitalized patients is an immense challenge to the clinician. a newly developed extended-spectrum fourth-generation cephalosporin cefepime, has been shown to have good activity against both gram-positive and gram-negative organisms. in order to further establish the efficacy and safety of cefepime in the treatment of adult hospitalized patients in taiwan, we reviewed the medical records of all patients who re ... | 2000 | 10917881 |
| rapid detection of campylobacter jejuni in stool specimens by an enzyme immunoassay and surveillance for campylobacter upsaliensis in the greater salt lake city area. | the alexon-trend, inc. (ramsey, minn.), prospect campylobacter microplate assay was compared with culture on a campy-cva plate (remel, lenexa, kans.) and blood-free campylobacter agar with cefoperazone (20 microg/ml), amphotericin b (10 microg/ml), and teicoplanin (4 microg/ml) (cat medium; oxoid limited, hampshire, england) with 631 patient stool samples. the cat medium was used to isolate campylobacter upsaliensis. the enzyme immunoassay (eia) had a sensitivity and a specificity of 89 and 99%, ... | 2000 | 10921981 |
| induction of oxidative stress in leukocytes by an enterobacter cloacae toxin able to form oligomers and binding to proteins. | a leukotoxic and hemolytic toxin was purified from cultures of enterobacter cloacae. stimulation of oxidative stress was observed and the production of reactive oxidant species was measured in leukocytes treated with toxin by means of nitroblue tetrazolium and chemiluminescence assays. molecular weight of toxin was estimated by chromatography and sds-page. two protean peaks with toxic activity were found in sephadex g-100 (p1, 42.0 kda; and p2, 13.3 kda). the relative amounts between the peaks ( ... | 2000 | 10924332 |
| a heterogeneous outbreak of enterobacter cloacae and serratia marcescens infections in a surgical intensive care unit. | to investigate an outbreak of invasive disease due to enterobacter cloacae and serratia marcescens in a surgical intensive care unit (icu). | 2000 | 10926397 |
| [application of gas chromatography in the identification of enterobacter cloacae, enterobacter aerogenes, and enterobacter agglomerans]. | enterobacter cloacae, enterobacter aerogenes and enterobacter agglomerans were identified using gas chromatography as a substitution of the traditional techniques. their acid methyl esters profiles were determined using a gas chromatograph hewlett packard 5890a and a rsl-150 heliflex capillary column. a total of 120 samples were analyzed from reference strains (atcc 13047, 13048, 27155) and environmental isolations, eleven fatty acids were included in the profiles from which cis-9, 10-methyleneo ... | 1999 | 10932747 |
| comparison of the mics of cefepime for extended-spectrum beta-lactamase-producing and non-extended-spectrum beta-lactamase-producing strains of enterobacter cloacae. | | 2000 | 10933668 |
| antigen 43 from escherichia coli induces inter- and intraspecies cell aggregation and changes in colony morphology of pseudomonas fluorescens. | antigen 43 (ag43) is a surface-displayed autotransporter protein of escherichia coli. by virtue of its self-association characteristics, this protein is able to mediate autoaggregation and flocculation of e. coli cells in static cultures. additionally, surface display of ag43 is associated with a distinct frizzy colony morphology in e. coli. here we show that ag43 can be expressed in a functional form on the surface of the environmentally important pseudomonas fluorescens strain sbw25 with ensui ... | 2000 | 10940019 |
| occurrence and seasonal variation of airborne gram negative bacteria in a sewage treatment plant. | a study was carried out to determine the microbial density and the seasonal variation of airborne gram negative bacteria in a sewage treatment plant. sampling was made at 16 sites and the settle plate technique was used. of the 201 samples examined, 43.2% revealed fecal coliforms (mean value = 14 cfu/p/h), 53% pseudomonas spp. (mean value = 11 cfu/p/h), 46.5% shigella spp. (mean value = 13 cfu/p/h), 3% legionella spp. (mean value = 2 cfu/p/h) and 2% salmonella (mean value = < 1 cfu/p/h). 72% of ... | 2000 | 10946412 |
| enhancement of neonatal innate defense: effects of adding an n-terminal recombinant fragment of bactericidal/permeability-increasing protein on growth and tumor necrosis factor-inducing activity of gram-negative bacteria tested in neonatal cord blood ex vivo. | innate defense against microbial infection requires the action of neutrophils, which have cytoplasmic granules replete with antibiotic proteins and peptides. bactericidal/permeability-increasing protein (bpi) is found in the primary granules of adult neutrophils, has a high affinity for lipopolysaccharides (or "endotoxins"), and exerts selective cytotoxic, antiendotoxic, and opsonic activity against gram-negative bacteria. we have previously reported that neutrophils derived from newborn cord bl ... | 2000 | 10948134 |
| ibc-1, a novel integron-associated class a beta-lactamase with extended-spectrum properties produced by an enterobacter cloacae clinical strain. | a transferable beta-lactamase produced by a multidrug-resistant clinical isolate of enterobacter cloacae was studied. the bla gene was carried by a large (>80-kb) transmissible plasmid. nucleotide sequence analysis of cloned fragments revealed that it was part of a gene cassette carried by a class 1 integron along with other resistance genes, including aac(6')-ib. the encoded beta-lactamase, designated ibc-1, was a novel class a enzyme that hydrolyzed ceftazidime and cefotaxime and was inhibited ... | 2000 | 10952563 |
| characterization of the extended-spectrum beta-lactamase reference strain, klebsiella pneumoniae k6 (atcc 700603), which produces the novel enzyme shv-18. | klebsiella pneumoniae k6 (atcc 700603), a clinical isolate, is resistant to ceftazidime and other oxyimino-beta-lactams. a consistent reduction in the mics of oxyimino-beta-lactams by at least 3 twofold dilutions in the presence of clavulanic acid confirmed the utility of k. pneumoniae k6 as a quality control strain for extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (esbl) detection. isoelectric-focusing analysis of crude lysates of k6 demonstrated a single beta-lactamase with a pi of 7.8 and a substrate prof ... | 2000 | 10952583 |
| concentration-dependent selection of small phenotypic differences in tem beta-lactamase-mediated antibiotic resistance. | in this paper, the first robust experimental evidence of in vitro and in vivo concentration-dependent selection of low-level antibiotic-resistant genetic variants is described. the work is based on the study of an asymmetric competition assay with pairs of isogenic escherichia coli strains, differing only (apart from a neutral chromosomal marker) in a single amino acid replacement in a plasmid-mediated tem-1 beta-lactamase enzyme, which results in the new tem-12 beta-lactamase. the mixture was c ... | 2000 | 10952599 |
| molecular characterization of fox-4, a new ampc-type plasmid-mediated beta-lactamase from an escherichia coli strain isolated in spain. | a clinical strain of escherichia coli (ec gce) displayed resistance to cefoxitin, cefotetan, cefotaxime, and ceftazidime. susceptibility was not restored by the addition of clavulanic acid. two beta-lactamases with apparent pis of 5.4 and 6.4 were identified; the beta-lactamase with a pi of 6.4 was transferred by conjugation and associated with a 40-kb plasmid. analysis of the nucleotide sequence showed a new ampc beta-lactamase gene that is closely related to those encoding the fox-3, fox-2, an ... | 2000 | 10952615 |
| development of a fluorogenic 5' nuclease pcr assay for detection of the ail gene of pathogenic yersinia enterocolitica. | in this report we describe the development and evaluation of a fluorogenic pcr assay for the detection of pathogenic yersinia enterocolitica. the assay targets the chromosomally encoded attachment and invasion gene, ail. three primer-probe sets (tm1, tm2, and tm3) amplifying different, yet overlapping, regions of ail were examined for their specificity and sensitivity. all three primer-probe sets were able to detect between 0.25 and 0.5 pg of purified y. enterocolitica dna. tm1 identified all 26 ... | 2000 | 10966386 |
| intracellular accumulation of polyphosphate by the yeast candida humicola g-1 in response to acid ph. | cells of a newly isolated environmental strain of candida humicola accumulated 10-fold more polyphosphate (polyp), during active growth, when grown in complete glucose-mineral salts medium at ph 5.5 than when grown at ph 7.5. neither phosphate starvation, nutrient limitation, nor anaerobiosis was required to induce polyp formation. an increase in intracellular polyp was accompanied by a 4.5-fold increase in phosphate uptake from the medium and sixfold-higher levels of cellular polyphosphate kina ... | 2000 | 10966430 |
| [prevalence of microbiota in the digestive tract of wild females of lutzomyia longipalpis lutz & neiva, 1912) (diptera: psychodidae)]. | we dissected the digestive tract of 245 females in pools of 35 flies forming 7 groups. these flies were lutzomyia longipalpis originating from lapinha cave, lagoa santa, minas gerais. out of the 8 species of bacteria isolated there was a predominancy of gram negative bacterias (gnb) in the group of non-fermenters of sugar belonging to the following species: acinetobacter lwoffii, stenotrophomonas maltophilia, pseudomonas putida and flavimonas orizihabitans. the group of gnb fermenters were: ente ... | 2000 | 10967602 |
| development of a rapid pcr assay specific for staphylococcus saprophyticus and application to direct detection from urine samples. | staphylococcus saprophyticus is one of the most frequently encountered microorganisms associated with acute urinary tract infections (utis) in young, sexually active female outpatients. conventional identification methods based on biochemical characteristics can efficiently identify s. saprophyticus, but the rapidities of these methods need to be improved. rapid and direct identification of this bacterium from urine samples would be useful to improve time required for the diagnosis of s. saproph ... | 2000 | 10970371 |
| automated 5' nuclease pcr assay for identification of salmonella enterica. | a simple and ready-to-go test based on a 5' nuclease (taqman) pcr technique was developed for identification of presumptive salmonella enterica isolates. the results were compared with those of conventional methods. the taqman assay was evaluated for its ability to accurately detect 210 s. enterica isolates, including 100 problematic "rough" isolates. an internal positive control was designed to use the same salmonella primers for amplification of a spiked nonrelevant template (116 bp) in the sa ... | 2000 | 10970396 |
| bacteria in the leaf ecosystem with emphasis on pseudomonas syringae-a pathogen, ice nucleus, and epiphyte. | the extremely large number of leaves produced by terrestrial and aquatic plants provide habitats for colonization by a diversity of microorganisms. this review focuses on the bacterial component of leaf microbial communities, with emphasis on pseudomonas syringae-a species that participates in leaf ecosystems as a pathogen, ice nucleus, and epiphyte. among the diversity of bacteria that colonize leaves, none has received wider attention than p. syringae, as it gained notoriety for being the firs ... | 2000 | 10974129 |
| [bacteremia caused by enterobacter cloacae: emergence of antibiotic resistance after antibiotic prophylaxis]. | | 2000 | 10976375 |
| microbial evaluation of spanish potato omelette and cooked meat samples in university restaurants. | the focus of this study was to evaluate the microbial quality of spanish potato omelette and cooked meat samples including pork loin, chicken croquettes, long pork sausage, chicken breast, and meatballs from university restaurants. microbiological analyses of spanish potato omelette and cooked meat samples resulted in aerobic plate counts from <1.00 to 2.90 and from <1.00 to 6.04 log10 cfu g(-1), respectively. total coliforms ranged from <3 to 43 most probable number (mpn) g(-1) and from <3 to > ... | 2000 | 10983805 |
| use of oleic acid to reduce the population of the bacterial flora of poultry skin. | the effect of oleic acid on native bacterial flora of poultry skin was examined. skin from commercial broiler carcasses was washed once or twice in solutions of 0, 2, 4, 6, 8, or 10% (wt/vol) oleic acid and rinsed in peptone water. aerobic bacteria, enterobacteriaceae, campylobacter, and enterococci in the rinsates were enumerated. significantly fewer aerobic bacteria, enterobacteriaceae, campylobacter, and enterococci were recovered from rinsates of skin washed in oleic acid than from control s ... | 2000 | 10983807 |
| distribution and antimicrobial activity of fosfomycin in the interstitial fluid of human soft tissues. | fosfomycin is a broad-spectrum antibiotic which is established as therapy for uncomplicated lower urinary tract infections. in addition, preliminary data indicate that fosfomycin has a potential role in the treatment of soft tissue infections. however, the use of fosfomycin has not been established for this condition, and it is unclear whether the level of fosfomycin penetration into human soft tissues is high enough to eradicate relevant pathogens. to better characterize the antibiotic potentia ... | 2000 | 10991852 |
| animal and human multidrug-resistant, cephalosporin-resistant salmonella isolates expressing a plasmid-mediated cmy-2 ampc beta-lactamase. | salmonella spp. are important food-borne pathogens that are demonstrating increasing antimicrobial resistance rates in isolates obtained from food animals and humans. in this study, 10 multidrug-resistant, cephalosporin-resistant salmonella isolates from bovine, porcine, and human sources from a single geographic region were identified. all isolates demonstrated resistance to cephamycins and extended-spectrum cephalosporins as well as tetracycline, chloramphenicol, streptomycin, and sulfisoxazol ... | 2000 | 10991860 |
| [blood cultures: use of presumptive antiobiograms]. | mortality associated to bacteremia varies between 20 and 40% depending upon several factors, such as focus of infection, microorganism, host conditions, etc. it has also been documented that mortality may double when the patient does not receive antibiotic treatment to which the microorganism is susceptible. the objective of our work has been to determine the correlation between disk diffusion antibiogram according to nccls guidelines, from isolated colonies, and the one performed directly from ... | 2000 | 11008707 |
| evaluation of the microscan rapid neg id3 panel for identification of enterobacteriaceae and some common gram-negative nonfermenters. | the microscan rapid neg id3 panel (dade behring, inc., west sacramento, calif.) is designed for the identification of gram-negative bacilli. we evaluated its ability to accurately identify enterobacteriaceae that are routinely encountered in a clinical laboratory and glucose nonfermenting gram-negative bacilli. using 511 stock cultures that were maintained at -70 degrees c and passaged three times before use, we inoculated panels according to the manufacturer's instructions and processed them in ... | 2000 | 11015366 |
| rapid differentiation of fermentative from nonfermentative gram-negative bacilli in positive blood cultures by an impedance method. | rapid differentiation of fermentative gram-negative bacilli (fermenters) from nonfermentative gram-negative bacilli (nonfermenters) in positive blood cultures may help physicians to narrow the choice of appropriate antibiotics for empiric treatment. an impedance method for direct differentiation of fermenters from nonfermenters was investigated. the bacterial suspensions (or positive culture broths containing gram-negative bacteria) were inoculated into the module wells of a bactometer (biomérie ... | 2000 | 11015369 |
| 16s ribosomal dna sequence analysis of a large collection of environmental and clinical unidentifiable bacterial isolates. | some bacteria are difficult to identify with phenotypic identification schemes commonly used outside reference laboratories. 16s ribosomal dna (rdna)-based identification of bacteria potentially offers a useful alternative when phenotypic characterization methods fail. however, as yet, the usefulness of 16s rdna sequence analysis in the identification of conventionally unidentifiable isolates has not been evaluated with a large collection of isolates. in this study, we evaluated the utility of 1 ... | 2000 | 11015374 |
| vancomycin-resistant enterococci. | after they were first identified in the mid-1980s, vancomycin-resistant enterococci (vre) spread rapidly and became a major problem in many institutions both in europe and the united states. since vre have intrinsic resistance to most of the commonly used antibiotics and the ability to acquire resistance to most of the current available antibiotics, either by mutation or by receipt of foreign genetic material, they have a selective advantage over other microorganisms in the intestinal flora and ... | 2000 | 11023964 |
| determination of the pka value of c115 in mura (udp-n-acetylglucosamine enolpyruvyltransferase) from enterobacter cloacae. | the enzyme udp-n-acetylglucosamine (udp-nag) enolpyruvyltransferase (mura) catalyzes the formation of enolpyruvyl-udp-nag, a precursor in peptidoglycan biosynthesis. the residue at position 115 in mura has been proposed to act as a general acid in the enzymatic reaction. this is also the primary site of action of the antibiotic fosfomycin. in this paper, the pk(a) of cys-115 has been determined to be 8.3, by titration of enterobacter cloacae mura with the alkylating agent iodoacetamide as a func ... | 2000 | 11027147 |
| an escherichia coli reference collection group b2- and uropathogen-associated polymorphism in the rpos-muts region of the e. coli chromosome. | chromosomal dnas of enterohemorrhagic, uropathogenic, and laboratory attenuated escherichia coli strains differ in the rpos-muts region. many uropathogens lack a deletion and an insertion characteristic of enterohemorrhagic strains. at the same chromosomal position, they harbor a 2.1-kb insertion of unknown origin with a base composition suggestive of horizontal gene transfer. unlike virulence determinants associated with urinary tract infection and/or neonatal meningitis (pap or prs, sfa, kps, ... | 2000 | 11029456 |
| sme-type carbapenem-hydrolyzing class a beta-lactamases from geographically diverse serratia marcescens strains. | three sets of carbapenem-resistant serratia marcescens isolates have been identified in the united states: 1 isolate in minnesota in 1985 (before approval of carbapenems for clinical use), 5 isolates in los angeles (university of california at los angeles [ucla]) in 1992, and 19 isolates in boston from 1994 to 1999. all isolates tested produced two beta-lactamases, an ampc-type enzyme with pi values of 8.6 to 9.0 and one with a pi value of approximately 9.5. the enzyme with the higher pi in each ... | 2000 | 11036019 |
| a novel class a extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (bes-1) in serratia marcescens isolated in brazil. | serratia marcescens rio-5, one of 18 extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (esbl)-producing strains isolated in several hospitals in rio de janeiro (brazil) in 1996 and 1997, exhibited a high level of resistance to aztreonam (mic, 512 microgram/ml) and a distinctly higher level of resistance to cefotaxime (mic, 64 microgram/ml) than to ceftazidime (mic, 8 microgram/ml). the strain produced a plasmid-encoded esbl with a pi of 7.5 whose bla gene was not related to those of other plasmid-mediated ambler ... | 2000 | 11036023 |
| cloning and characterization of smedef, a novel multidrug efflux pump from stenotrophomonas maltophilia. | stenotrophomonas maltophilia is a nosocomial bacterial pathogen intrinsically resistant to several antibiotics. the mechanisms involved in this intrinsic multiresistance phenotype are poorly understood. a library of chromosomal dna from a spontaneous multidrug-resistant s. maltophilia d457r mutant (a. alonso and j. l. martinez, antimicrob. agents chemother. 41:1140-1142, 1997) was screened for complementation of erythromycin susceptibility on an antibiotic-hypersusceptible escherichia coli delta ... | 2000 | 11036026 |
| biological cost of ampc production for salmonella enterica serotype typhimurium. | chromosomally mediated ampc-type beta-lactamases are frequently found among enterobacteriaceae. hyperproduction of ampc beta-lactamase results in high-level resistance to beta-lactam antibiotics. one striking feature of salmonella is the absence of the structural ampc gene, encoding ampc beta-lactamase, in contrast with other members in the enterobacteriaceae family, such as escherichia, citrobacter, or enterobacter. the horizontal acquisition of ampc genes is one of the causes of the increased ... | 2000 | 11036037 |
| aci-1 from acidaminococcus fermentans: characterization of the first beta-lactamase in anaerobic cocci. | acidaminococcus fermentans belongs to the group of strictly anaerobic gram-negative cocci. all previously described acidaminococcus strains are susceptible to beta-lactam antibiotics. an a. fermentans strain (ryc-mr95) resistant to penicillin and expanded-spectrum cephalosporin (amoxicillin and cefotaxime mics, 64 microgram/ml) was isolated from a human perianal abscess. a fragment encoding a beta-lactamase from genomic dna was cloned in escherichia coli k-12 strain hb101, and the recombinant st ... | 2000 | 11036038 |
| nucleotide sequence of the chromosomal ampc gene of enterobacter aerogenes. | the ampc beta-lactamase gene and a small portion of the regulatory ampr sequence of enterobacter aerogenes 97b were cloned and sequenced. the beta-lactamase had an isoelectric point of 8 and conferred cephalosporin and cephamycin resistance on the host. the sequence of the cloned gene is most closely related to those of the ampc genes of e. cloacae and c. freundii. | 2000 | 11036041 |
| a 1998 survey of extended-spectrum beta-lactamases in enterobacteriaceae in france. the french study group. | in a 3-month period in 1998, 79 consecutive isolates of enterobacteriaceae producing an extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (esbl) were collected. esbls were predominantly tem derivatives (74 of 79): tem-24-like (40 isolates), tem-3-like (29 isolates), tem-21 (3 isolates), and tem-4 and tem-52 (1 isolate each). four isolates produced shv derivatives shv-4 (three isolates) and shv-5 (one isolate), and one strain produced a ctx-m-3 enzyme. the high proportion of tem-24-like-producing enterobacter aer ... | 2000 | 11036046 |
| heterogeneity of ampc cephalosporinases of hafnia alvei clinical isolates expressing inducible or constitutive ceftazidime resistance phenotypes. | ten unrelated hafnia alvei clinical isolates were grouped according to either their low-level and inducible cephalosporinase production or their high-level and constitutive cephalosporinase production phenotype. their ampc sequences shared 85 to 100% amino acid identity. the immediate genetic environment of ampc genes was conserved in h. alvei isolates but was different from that found in other ampc-possessing enterobacterial species. | 2000 | 11036059 |
| oral yeasts and coliforms in hiv-infected individuals in hong kong. | the objective was to determine the oral carriage patterns of yeasts and coliforms and their relationships, if any, with age, risk group, cdc classification, cd4+ count and medications in a predominantly chinese, hiv-infected cohort in hong kong. a prospective longitudinal study was carried out over a 12-month period, of 32 predominantly chinese male hiv-infected cohort in a hospital setting in hong kong. oral carriage rates were determined by the concentrated rinse culture method and correlated ... | 2000 | 11036401 |
| detection and distribution of insertion sequence 1 (is1)-containing bacteria in the freshwater environment(1). | the distribution of insertion sequence 1 (is1)-containing bacteria was investigated in windermere (cumbria, uk), a freshwater body impacted by treated sewage discharge and run-off from the surrounding catchment. culturable is1-containing bacteria were recovered from the water column at three depths in windermere north basin (wnb) and south basin (wsb), and from sediment at both sites (at the sediment surface in wsb and to a depth of 12-13 cm in wnb). polymerase chain reaction amplification of is ... | 2000 | 11053739 |
| transformation of 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene by purified xenobiotic reductase b from pseudomonas fluorescens i-c. | the enzymatic transformation of 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene (tnt) by purified xenb, an nadph-dependent flavoprotein oxidoreductase from pseudomonas fluorescens i-c, was evaluated by using natural abundance and [u-(14)c]tnt preparations. xenb catalyzed the reduction of tnt either by hydride addition to the aromatic ring or by nitro group reduction, with the accumulation of various tautomers of the protonated dihydride-meisenheimer complex of tnt, 2-hydroxylamino-4,6-dinitrotoluene, and 4-hydroxylamino- ... | 2000 | 11055918 |
| a novel selenite- and tellurite-inducible gene in escherichia coli. | selenium is both an essential and a toxic trace element, and the range of concentrations between the two is extremely narrow. although tellurium is not essential and is only rarely found in the environment, it is considered to be extremely toxic. several hypotheses have been proposed to account for the toxic effects of selenite and tellurite. however, these potential mechanisms have yet to be fully substantiated. through screening of an escherichia coli luxab transcriptional gene fusion library, ... | 2000 | 11055951 |
| outbreak of nosocomial infections due to extended-spectrum beta-lactamase-producing strains of enteric group 137, a new member of the family enterobacteriaceae closely related to citrobacter farmeri and citrobacter amalonaticus. | a member of the enterobacteriaceae initially identified as kluyvera cryocrescens by the microscan gram-negative combo 13 panel caused an outbreak of nosocomial infections in four patients (pneumonia, n = 2; urinary tract infection, n = 1; wound infection, n = 1) and urinary tract colonization in one patient. when the strains were tested by the enteric reference laboratory of the centers for disease control and prevention, biochemical results were most compatible with yersinia intermedia, kluyver ... | 2000 | 11060050 |
| identification of ciprofloxacin-resistant campylobacter jejuni by use of a fluorogenic pcr assay. | fluoroquinolones are one class of antimicrobial agents commonly used to treat severe campylobacter jejuni infection. c. jejuni strains resistant to high levels of the fluoroquinolone ciprofloxacin (mic >/=16 microg/ml) have been predominantly characterized with a c-->t transition in codon 86 of gyra. the gyra gene encodes one subunit of dna gyrase, which is a primary target for fluoroquinolone antibiotics. this study establishes a rapid pcr-based taqman method for identifying ciprofloxacin-resis ... | 2000 | 11060054 |
| detection and identification of mycobacteria by amplification of the internal transcribed spacer regions with genus- and species-specific pcr primers. | we evaluated the usefulness of pcr assays that target the internal transcribed spacer (its) region for identifying mycobacteria at the species level. the conservative and species-specific its sequences of 33 species of mycobacteria were analyzed in a multialignment analysis. one pair of panmycobacterial primers and seven pairs of mycobacterial species-specific primers were designed. all pcrs were performed under the same conditions. the specificities of the primers were tested with type strains ... | 2000 | 11060072 |
| antibacterial spectrum of a novel des-fluoro(6) quinolone, bms-284756. | the in vitro spectrum of a novel des-fluoro(6) quinolone, bms-284756, was compared with those of five fluoroquinolones (trovafloxacin, moxifloxacin, levofloxacin, ofloxacin, and ciprofloxacin). bms-284756 was among the most active and often was the most active quinolone against staphylococci (including methicillin-resistant strains), streptococci, pneumococci (including ciprofloxacin-nonsusceptible and penicillin-resistant strains), and enterococcus faecalis. bms-284756 inhibited approximately 6 ... | 2000 | 11083639 |