| microbiology of the middle meatus: a comparison between normal adults and children. | middle meatal samples were obtained from 52 carefully selected healthy adults. in 75 per cent of the test subjects bacterial organisms were cultured. however, growth was often poor and the predominant species suggest a commensal flora: coagulase-negative staphylococci were retrieved from 35 per cent, corynebacterium sp. from 23 per cent and staphyloccus aureus from eight per cent of the adults. these data are very different from those previously obtained among children where--even in the absence ... | 2000 | 10829105 |
| [in vitro activity of faropenem against beta-lactamase producing clinical isolates]. | each 20 strains of beta-lactamase producing methicillin susceptible staphylococcus aureus, escherichia coli, klebsiella pneumoniae, haemophilus influenzae, moraxella (branhamella) catarrhalis, and bacteroides fragilis group were used as the test strains. drug susceptibility of these strains to faropenem (frpm), cefdinir, cefditoren, cefcapene, cefteram, cefaclor, and ampicillin was determined by an agar dilution method according to the nccls guideline m100-s9. beta-lactamase activity of the test ... | 2000 | 10834149 |
| development of antigen detection assay for diagnosis of tuberculosis using sputum samples. | the rising incidence of tuberculosis worldwide means an increasing burden on diagnostic facilities, so tests simpler than ziehl-neelsen staining are needed. such tests should be objective, reproducible, and have at least as good a detection limit as 10(4) bacteria/ml. a capture enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa) was developed for detection of lipoarabinomannan (lam) in human sputum samples. as a capture antibody, we used a murine monoclonal antibody against lam, with rabbit antiserum agai ... | 2000 | 10834989 |
| comparison of a 5 day regimen of cefdinir with a 10 day regimen of cefprozil for treatment of acute exacerbations of chronic bronchitis. | patients with acute exacerbations of chronic bronchitis were treated with cefdinir 300 mg bd for 5 days or cefprozil 500 mg bd for 10 days in a prospective, randomized, double-blind, multicentre study. of the 548 patients enrolled, 281 (51%) were evaluable. the clinical cure rates at the test-of-cure visit were 80% (114/142) and 72% (100/139) for the evaluable patients treated with cefdinir and cefprozil, respectively. respiratory tract pathogens were isolated from 409 (75%) of 548 admission spu ... | 2000 | 10837440 |
| a comparison of the safety and efficacy of moxifloxacin (bay 12-8039) and cefuroxime axetil in the treatment of acute bacterial sinusitis in adults. the sinusitis study group. | the aim of this multicentre, randomized study was to compare the efficacy and safety of moxifloxacin (bay 12-8039), a new 8-methoxy fluoroquinolone, with that of cefuroxime axetil for the treatment of acute bacterial sinusitis in adults. diagnosis was made on a range of clinical signs and symptoms combined with radiology and microbiology. a 400 mg dose of moxifloxacin was administered once daily for 7 days to 242 patients and 250 mg twice daily of cefuroxime axetil was administered to 251 patien ... | 2000 | 10845431 |
| microbiology of healthy and diseased adenoids. | to determine the qualitative and quantitative microbiology of core adenoid tissue obtained from four groups of 15 children each, with recurrent otitis media (rom), recurrent adenotonsillitis (rat), obstructive adenoid hypertrophy (oah), and occlusion or speech abnormalities (controls). | 2000 | 10852520 |
| gemifloxacin. | gemifloxacin is a fluoroquinolone antibacterial agent which has an enhanced affinity for topoisomerase i.v.. it has potent activity against most gram-positive bacteria, particularly streptococcus pneumoniae. gemifloxacin is over 30-fold more active than ciprofloxacin and 4- to 8-fold more active than moxifloxacin against this pathogen. gemifloxacin has excellent activity against haemophilus influenzae and moraxella catarrhalis, and is unaffected by beta-lactamase production. it is generally 2-fo ... | 2000 | 10852645 |
| [national multicenter study of the in vitro activity of moxifloxacin against respiratory tract pathogens. spanish study group on moxifloxacin]. | the activity of moxifloxacin, a novel 8-methoxyquinolone, was evaluated against 1,218 respiratory pathogens isolated in nine spanish hospitals and was compared with ciprofloxacin, sparfloxacin, amoxicillin, amoxicillin-clavulanic acid, cefuroxime, erythromycin and clarithromycin. moxifloxacin exhibited an excellent in vitro activity against most tested isolates with mic90 values of 0.25 mg/l for streptococcus pneumoniae and viridans group streptococci; 0.12 mg/l for streptococcus pyogenes; 0.25 ... | 2000 | 10855023 |
| selection of recombinant antibodies specific for pathogenic streptococcus suis by subtractive phage display. | a semisynthetic antibody phage display library was used to select recombinant antibodies directed against surface components of a pathogenic strain of streptococcus suis serotype 2 and against extracellular factor (ef), a protein known to be exclusively associated with pathogenic s. suis serotype 2 strains. three distinct monoclonal phage antibodies directed against conformational epitopes of surface protein components of s. suis were selected. in addition, three different monoclonal phage antib ... | 2000 | 10858208 |
| inhibitory and bactericidal effects of hydrogen peroxide production by streptococcus pneumoniae on other inhabitants of the upper respiratory tract. | an inverse correlation between colonization of the human nasopharynx by streptococcus pneumoniae and haemophilus influenzae, both common upper respiratory pathogens, has been reported. studies were undertaken to determine if either of these organisms produces substances which inhibit growth of the other. culture supernatants from s. pneumoniae inhibited growth of h. influenzae, whereas culture supernatants from h. influenzae had no effect on the growth of s. pneumoniae. moreover, coculture of s. ... | 2000 | 10858213 |
| expression of cytokine genes during pneumococcal and nontypeable haemophilus influenzae acute otitis media in the rat. | acute otitis media (aom) elicits potent inflammatory responses from the cells of the middle ear mucosa as well as from infiltrating leukocytes. to explore host responses during experimental aom induced by streptococcus pneumoniae type 3 and nontypeable haemophilus influenzae (nthi), otomicroscopy findings and expression of cytokine genes in the middle ear were monitored up to 1 month postinoculation. the mucosa and infiltrating cells responded rapidly to the bacterial challenge. otomicroscopical ... | 2000 | 10858218 |
| binding and activation of human plasminogen by mycobacterium tuberculosis. | the first evidence of the interaction of mycobacterium tuberculosis with the plasminogen system is herein reported. by facscan analysis and affinity blotting, lysine-dependent binding of plasminogen to m. tuberculosis was demonstrated. the binding molecules were 30-, 60-, and 66-kda proteins present in cell wall and soluble protein extracts. the activation of plasminogen, which occurred only in presence of fibrin and was not inhibited by the host serpin, alpha(2)-antiplasmin, was also demonstrat ... | 2000 | 10858253 |
| clinical efficacy of intravenous followed by oral azithromycin monotherapy in hospitalized patients with community-acquired pneumonia. the azithromycin intravenous clinical trials group. | the purpose of this study was to evaluate intravenous (i.v.) azithromycin followed by oral azithromycin as a monotherapeutic regimen for community-acquired pneumonia (cap). two trials of i.v. azithromycin used as initial monotherapy in hospitalized cap patients are summarized. clinical efficacy is reported from an open-label randomized trial of azithromycin compared to cefuroxime with or without erythromycin. bacteriologic and clinical efficacy results are also presented from a noncomparative tr ... | 2000 | 10858333 |
| antipneumococcal activity of abt-773 compared to those of 10 other agents. | mics, time-kills, and postantibiotic effects (paes) of abt-773 (a new ketolide) and 10 other agents were determined against 226 pneumococci. against 78 ermb- and 44 mefe-containing strains, abt-773 mics at which 50% of the isolates tested were inhibited (mic(50)s) and mic(90)s were 0.016 to 0.03 and 0.125 microgram/ml, respectively. clindamycin was active only against macrolide-resistant strains containing mefe (mic(50), 0.06 microgram/ml; mic(90), 0.125 microgram/ml). activities of pristinamyci ... | 2000 | 10858350 |
| antimicrobial activity and in vitro susceptibility test development for cefditoren against haemophilus influenzae, moraxella catarrhalis, and streptococcus species. | cefditoren, a third generation orally administered aminothiazolyl cephalosporin, has demonstrated bactericidal activity against many gram positive and negative bacterial pathogens and stability against clinically important beta-lactamases. cefditoren was compared to cefaclor, cefixime, and penicillins against 1 435 recently isolated strains of streptococci (312 streptococcus pneumoniae, 165 viridans group streptococci, 142 beta-haemolytic streptococci), haemophilus influenzae (521 strains), and ... | 2000 | 10863104 |
| antimicrobial activity of advanced-spectrum fluoroquinolones tested against more than 2000 contemporary bacterial isolates of species causing community-acquired respiratory tract infections in the united states (1999). | in vitro activity of four newer fluoroquinolones (clinafloxacin, gemifloxacin, moxifloxacin, sitafloxacin) and an equal number control drugs in the same class (ciprofloxacin, grepafloxacin, levofloxacin, trovafloxacin) was determined by reference dilution tests against 2156 recent united states clinical isolates of streptococcus pneumoniae, haemophilus influenzae, and moraxella catarrhalis. all the fluoroquinolones demonstrated excellent in vitro activity against these pathogens. streptococcus p ... | 2000 | 10863108 |
| moraxella catarrhalis: a review of an important human mucosal pathogen. | moraxella catarrhalis has again been recognized as a significant pathogen. the past decade has witnessed an increased amount of research and understanding of the pathogenesis of the organism. this review will summarize the research pertaining to the epidemiology and components of pathogenesis in m. catarrhalis. | 2000 | 10865200 |
| progress toward the development of a vaccine to prevent moraxella (branhamella) catarrhalis infections. | moraxella catarrhalis is a major cause of otitis media and respiratory disease. vaccine development is at the antigen identification stage. this review examines the more promising antigens, including the 200k protein, the hemagglutinins, the lactoferrin-binding proteins, the uspa proteins, the copb protein, the transferrin-binding proteins, the cd protein, the e protein and lipooligosaccharide conjugates. clinical testing of some of these antigens should begin soon. | 2000 | 10865201 |
| interrelationship between the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of cefaclor advanced formulation in patients with acute exacerbation of chronic bronchitis. | cefaclor advanced formulation (cefaclor af) is an extended-release form of the oral cephalosporin cefaclor. when cefaclor af 750 mg twice-daily and cefaclor immediate release 500 mg three-times-a-day are compared there is a skew to the right of the pharmacokinetic profile and higher levels are achieved. based on this pharmacokinetic finding, we examined the relationship between the bacterial susceptibility to cefaclor (mic), the achieved cefaclor af serum and sputum concentrations, and in vivo e ... | 2000 | 10877516 |
| a pharmacodynamic model to support a 12-hour dosing interval for amoxicillin/sulbactam, a novel oral combination, in the treatment of community-acquired lower respiratory tract infections. | we evaluated, by time-kill studies, the pharmacodynamics of amoxicillin/sulbactam (amx/sul, 875 mg/125 mg), a novel oral combination, against the major respiratory pathogens in 12 volunteers receiving a single dose. the sera corresponding to 50% of a 12-h dosing interval displayed either bactericidal or inhibitory activity against both a penicillin-susceptible and a penicillin-intermediate streptococcus pneumoniae strain (penicillin mic of 0.03 and 0.25 microg/ml, respectively), as well as again ... | 2000 | 10877517 |
| recurrent infections and chronic colonization by an escherichia coli clone in the respiratory tract of a patient with severe cystic bronchiectasis. | a 39-year-old woman with cystic bronchiectasis had repeated pulmonary infections from 1996 to 1999, and 6 of a total of 28 isolates of escherichia coli from sputum specimens were studied. their identical antibiotype and randomly amplified polymorphic dna patterns indicated a single clone of e. coli, which persistently colonized the respiratory tract, causing recurrent infections. | 2000 | 10878083 |
| [national multicenter study of the in vitro activity of moxifloxacin against respiratory tract pathogens] | the activity of moxifloxacin, a novel 8-methoxyquinolone, was evaluated against 1,218 respiratory pathogens isolated in nine spanish hospitals and was compared with ciprofloxacin, sparfloxacin, amoxicillin, amoxicillin-clavulanic acid, cefuroxime, erythromycin and clarithromycin. moxifloxacin exhibited an excellent in vitro activity against most tested isolates with mic90 values of 0.25 mg/l for streptococcus pneumoniae and viridans group streptococci; 0.12 mg/l for streptococcus pyogenes; 0.25 ... | 2000 | 10878536 |
| hydroxamic acid derivatives as potent peptide deformylase inhibitors and antibacterial agents. | low-molecular-weight beta-sulfonyl- and beta-sulfinylhydroxamic acid derivatives have been synthesized and found to be potent inhibitors of escherichia coli peptide deformylase (pdf). most of the compounds synthesized and tested displayed antibacterial activities that cover several pathogens found in respiratory tract infections, including chlamydia pneumoniae, mycoplasma pneumoniae, haemophilus influenzae, and moraxella catarrhalis. the potential of these compounds as antibacterial agents is di ... | 2000 | 10882358 |
| assessment of different antibacterial effect measures used in in vitro models of infection and subsequent use in pharmacodynamic correlations for moxifloxacin. | a dilutional culture in vitro pharmacodynamic model of infection was used to assess the best measure of antibacterial effect for moxifloxacin at simulated human doses of 400 mg 24 hourly for 48 h. this was then related to two pharmacodynamic parameters, the drug area under curve: mic ratio (auc/mic) and the length of time that the drug concentration remained above the mic of the bacterium (t > mic). twenty-one bacterial strains (streptococcus pneumoniae n = 6; haemophilus influenzae n = 6; morax ... | 2000 | 10882692 |
| epidemiology of resistance to antimicrobial drugs in the major respiratory pathogens circulating in europe. | there is an overwhelming consensus on the fact that streptococcus pneumoniae, haemophilus influenzae and moraxella catarrhalis represent the prevailing bacterial pathogens of community-acquired lower respiratory tract infections. their specific incidence as causative agents of the more common syndromes is known to vary even profoundly depending on geographic location, and the same holds true for the rates of resistance to antimicrobial drugs. europe does not escape the threat posed by the presen ... | 1999 | 10885819 |
| antigenic and sequence diversity in gonococcal transferrin-binding protein a. | neisseria gonorrhoeae is a gram-negative pathogen that is capable of satisfying its iron requirement with human iron-binding proteins such as transferrin and lactoferrin. transferrin-iron utilization involves specific binding of human transferrin at the cell surface to what is believed to be a complex of two iron-regulated, transferrin-binding proteins, tbpa and tbpb. the genes encoding these proteins have been cloned and sequenced from a number of pathogenic, gram-negative bacteria. in the curr ... | 2000 | 10899879 |
| in vitro study of the post-antibiotic effect and the bactericidal activity of cefditoren and ten other oral antimicrobial agents against upper and lower respiratory tract pathogens. | the in vitro post-antibiotic effect (pae) and batericidal activity of cefditoren was compared to that of cefixime, cefuroxime, loracarbef, cefaclor, amoxicillin, amoxicillin/clavulanate, clarithromycin, azithromycin, erythromycin, and ciprofloxacin against atcc culture strains and clinical respiratory isolates. a pae > 1 h was observed for cefditoren and generally for the macrolides against streptococcus pneumoniae, beta-lactamase-negative moraxella catarrhalis, and streptococcus pyogenes, where ... | 2000 | 10904192 |
| benchmarking the in vitro activity of moxifloxacin against recent isolates of streptococcus pneumoniae, moraxella catarrhalis, and haemophilus influenzae. a european multi-centre study. | to benchmark the activity of moxifloxacin, a european study comprising 900 streptococcus pneumoniae, 1051 haemophilus influenzae, and 226 moraxella catarrhalis referred from 30 institutions during 1998 is described. for s. pneumoniae, moxifloxacin and trovafloxacin mic(90) and modal mics values were 0.12 microg/ml and independent of susceptibility to other drug classes, geography, or site of infection. mic(90)/modal mics were, respectively, 0.25/0.12 microg/ml for grepafloxacin, 0.25/0.25 microg ... | 2000 | 10904194 |
| the role of bacterial infections in asthma. | in summary, bacterial organisms are clinically relevant contributors to asthma exacerbations, and have received much less attention than viruses in this process. streptococcus pneumoniae, hemophilus influenzae, and moraxella catarrhalis have been linked to asthma exacerbations, particularly when sinusitis is present. treatment therefore should be directed toward these organisms if a bacterial cause is suspected. the atypical bacteria--specifically, c. pneumoniae and m. pneumoniae--deserve specia ... | 2000 | 10907590 |
| middle ear secretory capacity after acute otitis media caused by streptococcus pneumoniae, moraxella catarrhalis, non-typeable or type b haemophilus influenzae. a comparative analysis based on goblet cell density. | to investigate whether the type of bacteria is correlated with an increase in goblet cell density during and after acute otitis media, we inoculated the middle ear of 25 rats with either streptococcus pneumoniae, moraxella catarrhalis, non-typeable or type b haemophilus influenzae. mucosal goblet cell density was determined by a whole-mount method on days 4, 8, 16, 60 and 180 post-inoculation. the goblet cell density was increased on all days of sacrifice, employing either bacteria, except m. ca ... | 2000 | 10908976 |
| rapid automated antimicrobial susceptibility testing of streptococcus pneumoniae by use of the biomerieux vitek 2. | the vitek 2 is a new automated instrument for rapid organism identification and susceptibility testing. it has the capability of performing rapid susceptibility testing of streptococcus pneumoniae with specially configured cards that contain enriched growth medium and antimicrobial agents relevant for this organism. the present study compared the results of testing of a group of 53 challenge strains of pneumococci with known resistance properties and a collection of clinical isolates examined in ... | 2000 | 10921932 |
| detection of complement-mediated antibody-dependent bactericidal activity in a fluorescence-based serum bactericidal assay for group b neisseria meningitidis. | serum bactericidal assays (sbas) for group b meningococci are considered the methods of choice for the evaluation of functional antimeningococcal antibodies. many investigators regard sbas as time- and labor-intensive. variations in sba protocols among different laboratories make interpretation of results difficult. here we describe a fluorescence-based serum bactericidal assay (fsba) and compare the results obtained with the fsba to the results obtained with a more conventional sba. the results ... | 2000 | 10921943 |
| [susceptibilities of bacteria isolated from patients with lower respiratory infectious diseases to antibiotics (1998)]. | the bacteria isolated from the patients with lower respiratory tract infections were collected by institutions located throughout japan, since 1981. ikemoto et al. have been investigating susceptibilities of these isolates to various antibacterial agents and antibiotics, and analyzed some characteristics of the patients and isolates from them each year. results obtained from these investigations are discussed. in these 18 institutions around the entire japan, 532 strains of presumably etiologica ... | 2000 | 10923284 |
| in vitro activity of quinupristin/dalfopristin against gram-positive bacteria haemophilus influenzae and branhamella catarrhalis in taiwan. | over the past decade, resistance of gram-positive cocci to common antibiotics has steadily increased. new antibacterial agents that are active against multidrug-resistant pathogens are urgently needed for the treatment of these pathogens. we conducted an in vitro study on the activity of quinupristin/dalfopristin and other antibiotics against common clinical isolates of the gram-positive cocci, haemophilus influenzae and branhamella catarrhalis. | 2000 | 10925532 |
| antimicrobial resistance of streptococcus pneumoniae, haemophilius influenzae and moraxella catarrhalis isolated in hawaii. | | 2000 | 10926447 |
| mm1, a temperate bacteriophage of the type 23f spanish/usa multiresistant epidemic clone of streptococcus pneumoniae: structural analysis of the site-specific integration system. | we have characterized a temperate phage (mm1) from a clinical isolate of the multiply antibiotic-resistant spanish/american 23f streptococcus pneumoniae clone (spain(23f)-1 strain). the 40-kb double-stranded genome of mm1 has been isolated as a dna-protein complex. the use of mm1 dna as a probe revealed that the phage genome is integrated in the host chromosome. the host and phage attachment sites, attb and attp, respectively, have been determined. nucleotide sequencing of the attachment sites i ... | 2000 | 10933687 |
| the aspiration-irrigation maneuver. | to compare cultures obtained from the aspiration-irrigation maneuver (aim) with other reports and compare diagnostic and therapeutic value after aim versus the proetz maneuver and needle aspiration-irrigation. | 2000 | 10942125 |
| allelic diversity of the two transferrin binding protein b gene isotypes among a collection of neisseria meningitidis strains representative of serogroup b disease: implication for the composition of a recombinant tbpb-based vaccine. | the distribution of the two isotypes of tbpb in a collection of 108 serogroup b meningococcal strains belonging to the four major clonal groups associated with epidemic and hyperendemic disease (the et-37 complex, the et-5 complex, lineage iii, and cluster a4) was determined. isotype i strains (with a 1.8-kb tbpb gene) was less represented than isotype ii strains (19.4 versus 80.6%). isotype i was restricted to the et-37 complex strains, while isotype ii was found in all four clonal complexes. t ... | 2000 | 10948108 |
| enhancement of clearance of bacteria from murine lungs by immunization with detoxified lipooligosaccharide from moraxella catarrhalis conjugated to proteins. | moraxella catarrhalis strain 25238 detoxified lipooligosaccharide (dlos)-protein conjugates induced a significant rise of bactericidal anti-los antibodies in animals. this study reports the effect of active or passive immunization with the conjugates or their antiserum on pulmonary clearance of m. catarrhalis in an aerosol challenge mouse model. mice were injected subcutaneously with dlos-tetanus toxoid (dlos-tt), dlos-high-molecular-weight proteins (dlos-hmp) from nontypeable haemophilus influe ... | 2000 | 10948114 |
| lipooligosaccharide p(k) (galalpha1-4galbeta1-4glc) epitope of moraxella catarrhalis is a factor in resistance to bactericidal activity mediated by normal human serum. | moraxella catarrhalis is a respiratory pathogen responsible for acute bacterial otitis media in children and exacerbation of chronic bronchitis in adults. m. catarrhalis strains are frequently resistant to the bactericidal activity of normal human serum. in order to determine if the lipooligosaccharide (los) of m. catarrhalis has a role in serum resistance, the udp-glucose-4-epimerase (gale) gene was identified, cloned, and sequenced and a deletion/insertion mutation was introduced into m. catar ... | 2000 | 10948153 |
| identification of the conjugative mef gene in clinical acinetobacter junii and neisseria gonorrhoeae isolates. | the mef gene, originally described for gram-positive organisms and coding for an efflux pump, has been identified in clinical isolates of acinetobacter junii and neisseria gonorrhoeae. these strains could transfer the mef gene at frequencies ranging from 10(-6) to 10(-9) into one or more of the following recipients: gram-negative moraxella catarrhalis, neisseria perflava/sicca and neisseria mucosa and gram-positive enterococcus faecalis. three streptococcus pneumoniae strains could transfer the ... | 2000 | 10952602 |
| analysis of ciprofloxacin activity against streptococcus pneumoniae after 10 years of use in the united states. | as the most commonly used fluoroquinolone in the united states since 1987, ciprofloxacin has exerted the greatest selective pressure on s. pneumoniae and provides a valuable marker to evaluate the actual and potential emergence of fluoroquinolone resistance in this species. analysis of susceptibility results obtained with 5,640 strains collected from throughout the united states showed that only 16 (0.3%) of the isolates demonstrated mics of > or =4 microg/ml. the prevalence of this phenotype wa ... | 2000 | 10952606 |
| a comparison of a five-day regimen of cefdinir with a seven-day regimen of loracarbef for the treatment of acute exacerbations of chronic bronchitis. | to compare the efficacy and safety of five-day cefdinir treatment with seven-day loracarbef treatment in patients with acute exacerbations of chronic bronchitis, 586 patients were enrolled in a multicentre, randomised, double-blind trial. patients received either five days of treatment with cefdinir (n = 291) at 300 mg twice daily or seven days of treatment with loracarbef (n = 295) at 400 mg twice daily. microbiological assessments were done on sputum specimens obtained at admission and at the ... | 2000 | 10954955 |
| [activities of antimicrobial agents against 5,180 clinical isolates obtained from 26 medical institutions during 1998 in japan. levofloxacin--surveillance group]. | the surveillance study was conducted to determine the antimicrobial activity of fluoroquinolones (ofloxacin, levofloxacin, ciprofloxacin, tosufloxacin) and other 20 antimicrobial agents against 5,180 clinical isolates obtained from 26 medical institutions during 1998 in japan. the resistance to fluoroquinolones was remarkable in enterococci, methicillin-resistant staphylococci and pseudomonas aeruginosa from uti. however, many of the common pathogens such as streptococcus pneumoniae including pe ... | 2000 | 10955236 |
| obstructive airway disease caused by moraxella catarrhalis after renal transplantation. | we report a case of severe acute obstructive airway disease 2 months after renal transplantation in a 16-year-old patient with biedl-bardet syndrome who was transplanted for end-stage renal failure secondary to cystic kidney disease. symptoms of severe obstructive airway disease developed 2 months after transplantation under immunosuppression with prednisone, azathioprine, and tacrolimus. the patient did not develop signs of infection; progressive shortness of breath remained the only symptom fo ... | 2000 | 10955911 |
| comparative in vitro activity of older and newer fluoroquinolones against respiratory tract pathogens. | the aim of this study was to evaluate the antibacterial activity of older (ciprofloxacin and ofloxacin) and newer (moxifloxacin, grepafloxacin, sparfloxacin and levofloxacin) fluoroquinolones. minimal inhibitory concentrations (mics) were determined, according to the nccls guidelines, against the following respiratory tract pathogens: penicillin-susceptible and -resistant streptococcus pneumoniae, beta-lactamase-positive and beta-lactamase-negative haemophilus influenzae and beta-lactamase-posit ... | 2000 | 10965095 |
| in vitro comparative dynamics of modified-release clarithromycin and of azithromycin. | antibacterial kinetics of modified-release clarithromycin (cla) and azithromycin (azi) against respiratory tract pathogens were compared in relation to their pharmacokinetic profile. the study was carried out in three strains of streptococcus pneumoniae, group a beta-hemolytic streptococcus pyogenes, moraxella catarrhalis and haemophilus influenzae, respectively, exposed to concentration gradients of cla and azi simulating human serum pharmacokinetics after administration of 500 mg p.o. in a sin ... | 2000 | 10965100 |
| development of a rapid pcr assay specific for staphylococcus saprophyticus and application to direct detection from urine samples. | staphylococcus saprophyticus is one of the most frequently encountered microorganisms associated with acute urinary tract infections (utis) in young, sexually active female outpatients. conventional identification methods based on biochemical characteristics can efficiently identify s. saprophyticus, but the rapidities of these methods need to be improved. rapid and direct identification of this bacterium from urine samples would be useful to improve time required for the diagnosis of s. saproph ... | 2000 | 10970371 |
| emerging resistance problems among respiratory tract pathogens. | the number-1 indication for antibiotic prescriptions in the united states is a respiratory tract infection. the changing spectrum of pathogens and emerging bacterial resistance are changing the way these infections are managed. the epidemiology of community-acquired pneumonia has changed significantly in the past 20 years, with increased diversity of pathogens and mortality. emerging resistance in respiratory tract pathogens, particularly to beta-lactams, is an increasing concern. of the importa ... | 2000 | 10977480 |
| in vitro activity of newer fluoroquinolones for respiratory tract infections and emerging patterns of antimicrobial resistance: data from the sentry antimicrobial surveillance program. | in 1997, an international surveillance program, sentry antimicrobial surveillance program, was initiated with the aim of tracking the emergence of antimicrobial resistance worldwide. results from reference antimicrobial susceptibility testing of bacterial pathogens (from bloodstream, inpatient and outpatient lower respiratory tract, urinary tract, and skin and soft-tissue infections) were included in an extensive database used to define antimicrobial resistance patterns throughout the world. on ... | 2000 | 10984323 |
| impact of antimicrobial therapy on nasopharyngeal carriage of streptococcus pneumoniae, haemophilus influenzae, and branhamella catarrhalis in children with respiratory tract infections. | we conducted a multicenter prospective study to document changes in nasopharyngeal carriage of streptococcus pneumoniae, haemophilus influenzae, and branhamella catarrhalis during antibiotic therapy. a cohort of 629 children with respiratory tract infections underwent nasopharyngeal sampling before and after antibiotic treatment. susceptibility testing, serotyping, arbitrarily primed polymerase chain reaction, and pulsed-field gel electrophoresis were used to compare pretreatment and posttreatme ... | 2000 | 10987708 |
| benchmarking the in vitro activities of moxifloxacin and comparator agents against recent respiratory isolates from 377 medical centers throughout the united states. | to benchmark the activity of moxifloxacin (a newer fluoroquinolone), a u.s. study comprising 16,141 contemporary isolates of streptococcus pneumoniae (5,640), haemophilus influenzae (6,583), and moraxella catarrhalis (3,648) referred from 377 institutions during 1998 is described. for s. pneumoniae the modal mic and mic at which 90% of the isolates were inhibited (mic(90)) for moxifloxacin were 0.12 and 0.25 microg/ml, respectively, independent of susceptibility to other drug classes, geography, ... | 2000 | 10991838 |
| epidemiological survey of amoxicillin-clavulanate resistance and corresponding molecular mechanisms in escherichia coli isolates in france: new genetic features of bla(tem) genes. | amoxicillin-clavulanate resistance (mic >16 microg/ml) and the corresponding molecular mechanisms were prospectively studied in escherichia coli over a 3-year period (1996 to 1998) in 14 french hospitals. the overall frequency of resistant e. coli isolates remained stable at about 5% over this period. the highest frequency of resistant isolates (10 to 15%) was observed, independently of the year, among e. coli isolated from lower respiratory tract samples, and the isolation rate of resistant str ... | 2000 | 10991849 |
| in vitro selection of resistance to clinafloxacin, ciprofloxacin, and trovafloxacin in streptococcus pneumoniae. | ability of daily sequential subcultures in subinhibitory concentrations of clinafloxacin, ciprofloxacin, and trovafloxacin to select resistant mutants was studied in 10 pneumococci (ciprofloxacin mics, 1 to 4 microg/ml, and clinafloxacin and trovafloxacin mics, 0.06 to 0.125 microg/ml [n = 9]; ciprofloxacin, clinafloxacin, and trovafloxacin mics, 32, 0.5, and 2 microg/ml, respectively [n = 1]). subculturing was done 50 times, or until mics increased fourfold or more. mutants for which mics were ... | 2000 | 10991854 |
| in vitro activities of the ketolides telithromycin (hmr 3647) and hmr 3004 compared to those of clarithromycin against slowly growing mycobacteria at phs 6.8 and 7.4. | the in vitro activities of hmr 3647 (telithromycin) and hmr 3004, two novel semisynthetic ketolides, were investigated and compared with that of the reference macrolide drug, clarithromycin, against 34 strains of slowly growing mycobacteria at phs 6.8 and 7.4, as determined radiometrically. the mics at ph 7.4 were about 1 to 2 dilutions lower than those observed at ph 6.8. in terms of the highest to the lowest activity, the three antibiotics could be classified as follows: clarithromycin > hmr 3 ... | 2000 | 10991870 |
| association between airway bacterial load and markers of airway inflammation in patients with stable chronic bronchitis. | viable bacteria are often isolated from airway secretions in clinically stable patients with chronic bronchitis. we hypothesized that the number of organisms and bacterial species might be important modulators of airway inflammation. | 2000 | 10996579 |
| the evolving threat of antibiotic resistance in europe: new data from the alexander project. | the alexander project was established in 1992 to examine the antimicrobial susceptibility of community-acquired lower respiratory tract bacterial pathogens to a range of compounds. since then it has expanded both geographically and in the number of antimicrobial agents tested. within europe, the most recent data have confirmed that the prevalence of penicillin resistance among isolates of streptococcus pneumoniae is high in france and spain, with both intermediate (mic 0.12-1 mg/l) and resistant ... | 2000 | 10997593 |
| comparative in vitro potency of gemifloxacin against european respiratory tract pathogens isolated in the alexander project. | european isolates collected in 1998 for the alexander project were tested for their susceptibility to ciprofloxacin, ofloxacin and a novel fluoroquinolone, gemifloxacin, which has a spectrum of activity including common and atypical respiratory pathogens. mic90s of gemifloxacin for streptococcus pneumoniae, haemophilus influenzae and moraxella catarrhalis were 0.03, 0.06 and 0.015 mg/l, respectively. on the basis of mic90s, gemifloxacin was the most potent antimicrobial tested against s. pneumon ... | 2000 | 10997594 |
| synthesis and antibacterial activities of novel c(3)-aminopyrimidinyl substituted cephalosporins including against respiratory tract pathogens. | the variety of cephalosporins 1 and 2 which possessed c(3)-aminopyrimidinyl substituents were prepared and evaluated for their antibacterial activities. they exhibited excellent in vitro activities especially against respiratory tract pathogens such as penicillin resistant streptococcus pneumonia. moraxella catarrhalis and haemophilus influenza. | 2000 | 10999485 |
| identifying vaccine antigens and assessing delivery systems for the prevention of bacterial infections. | bacterial infections in the respiratory tract and middle ear continue to be a major cause of morbidity and mortality despite the availability of antibiotic therapies. to assist development of vaccines for preventing these infections, animal models have been established in rodents. these models have been used effectively to evaluate different vaccination strategies. our studies have found that for respiratory tract infections caused by streptococcus pneumoniae, nontypeable haemophilus influenzae ... | 2000 | 11000464 |
| recurrent and persistent otitis media. | recurrent acute otitis media occurs during the first several years of life in approximately 20 to 30% of the pediatric population. a clinical challenge closely related to recurrent otitis media is persistent otitis media, manifested by persistence during antimicrobial therapy of symptoms and signs of middle ear infection (treatment failure) and/or relapse of acute otitis media within 1 month of completion of antibiotic therapy. recurrent and persistent otitis media infections are early childhood ... | 2000 | 11001126 |
| judicious use of antibiotics for common pediatric respiratory infections. | background: antibiotic resistance among common respiratory infection-producing bacteria such as streptococcus pneumoniae, haemophilus influenzae and moraxella catarrhalis has become a major global public health problem. the use of antibiotics, whether or not medically justified for a particular illness, contributes to the development of resistant bacteria. to help to contain the proliferation of drug-resistant bacteria, members of the cdc and the american academy of pediatrics (aap) recently pub ... | 2000 | 11001130 |
| molecular surveillance of european quinolone-resistant clinical isolates of pseudomonas aeruginosa and acinetobacter spp. using automated ribotyping. | nosocomial isolates of pseudomonas aeruginosa and acinetobacter spp. exhibit high rates of resistance to antibiotics and are often multidrug resistant. in a previous study (d. milatovic, a. fluit, s. brisse, j. verhoef, and f. j. schmitz, antimicrob. agents chemother. 44:1102-1107, 2000), isolates of these species that were resistant to sitafloxacin, a new advanced-generation fluoroquinolone with a high potency and a broad spectrum of antimicrobial activity, were found in high proportion in 23 e ... | 2000 | 11015376 |
| isolation of moraxella canis from an ulcerated metastatic lymph node. | moraxella canis was isolated in large numbers from an ulcerated supraclavicular lymph node of a terminal patient, who died a few days later. although the patient presented with septic symptoms and with a heavy growth of gram-negative diplococci in the lymph node, blood cultures remained negative. m. canis is an upper-airway commensal from dogs and cats and is considered nonpathogenic for humans, although this is the third reported human isolate of this species. | 2000 | 11015424 |
| limiting the spread of resistant pneumococci: biological and epidemiologic evidence for the effectiveness of alternative interventions. | streptococcus pneumoniae infections are a leading cause of respiratory illness in young children, the elderly, and persons with chronic medical conditions. the emergence of multidrug-resistant pneumococci has compromised the effectiveness of antibiotic therapy for pneumococcal infections. as antibiotic-resistant strains increase in prevalence, there is a need for interventions that minimize the spread of resistant pneumococci. in this review we provide a framework for understanding the spread of ... | 2000 | 11023959 |
| the osmolyte xylitol reduces the salt concentration of airway surface liquid and may enhance bacterial killing. | the thin layer of airway surface liquid (asl) contains antimicrobial substances that kill the small numbers of bacteria that are constantly being deposited in the lungs. an increase in asl salt concentration inhibits the activity of airway antimicrobial factors and may partially explain the pathogenesis of cystic fibrosis (cf). we tested the hypothesis that an osmolyte with a low transepithelial permeability may lower the asl salt concentration, thereby enhancing innate immunity. we found that t ... | 2000 | 11027360 |
| the haemophilus influenzae hia adhesin is an autotransporter protein that remains uncleaved at the c terminus and fully cell associated. | nontypeable haemophilus influenzae is a gram-negative commensal organism that is commonly associated with localized respiratory tract disease. the pathogenesis of disease begins with colonization of the nasopharynx, a process that likely depends on bacterial adherence to respiratory epithelial cells. hia is the major adhesin expressed by a subset of nontypeable h. influenzae strains and promotes efficient adherence to a variety of human epithelial cell lines. based on previous work, hia is trans ... | 2000 | 11029419 |
| clinical presentation, processes and outcomes of care for patients with pneumococcal pneumonia. | to describe the presentation, resolution of symptoms, processes of care, and outcomes of pneumococcal pneumonia, and to compare features of the bacteremic and nonbacteremic forms of this illness. | 2000 | 11029678 |
| antigenic structure of outer membrane protein e of moraxella catarrhalis and construction and characterization of mutants. | outer membrane protein e (omp e) is a 50-kda protein of moraxella catarrhalis which possesses several characteristics indicating that the protein will be an effective vaccine antigen. to study the antigenic structure of omp e, eight monoclonal antibodies were developed and characterized. three of the antibodies recognized epitopes which are present on the bacterial surface. fusion peptides corresponding to overlapping regions of omp e were constructed, and immunoblot assays were performed to loc ... | 2000 | 11035732 |
| activities of clinafloxacin, gatifloxacin, gemifloxacin, and trovafloxacin against recent clinical isolates of levofloxacin-resistant streptococcus pneumoniae. | the activities of two investigational fluoroquinolones and three fluoroquinolones that are currently marketed were determined for 182 clinical isolates of streptococcus pneumoniae. the collection included 57 pneumococcal isolates resistant to levofloxacin (mic >/= 8 microg/ml) recovered from patients in north america and europe. all isolates were tested with clinafloxacin, gatifloxacin, gemifloxacin, levofloxacin, and trovafloxacin by the national committee for clinical laboratory standards brot ... | 2000 | 11036007 |
| in vitro activity of the new ketolide telithromycin compared with those of macrolides against streptococcus pyogenes: influences of resistance mechanisms and methodological factors. | one hundred and seven clinical isolates of streptococcus pyogenes, 80 susceptible to macrolides and 27 resistant to erythromycin a (mic >0.5 microgram/ml), were examined. the erythromycin a-lincomycin double-disk test assigned 7 resistant strains to the m-phenotype, 8 to the inducible macrolide, lincosamide, and streptogramin b resistance (imls(b)) phenotype, and 12 to the constitutive mls(b) resistance (cmls(b)) phenotype. mics of erythromycin a, clarithromycin, azithromycin, roxithromycin, and ... | 2000 | 11036012 |
| aci-1 from acidaminococcus fermentans: characterization of the first beta-lactamase in anaerobic cocci. | acidaminococcus fermentans belongs to the group of strictly anaerobic gram-negative cocci. all previously described acidaminococcus strains are susceptible to beta-lactam antibiotics. an a. fermentans strain (ryc-mr95) resistant to penicillin and expanded-spectrum cephalosporin (amoxicillin and cefotaxime mics, 64 microgram/ml) was isolated from a human perianal abscess. a fragment encoding a beta-lactamase from genomic dna was cloned in escherichia coli k-12 strain hb101, and the recombinant st ... | 2000 | 11036038 |
| antibiotic medication and bacterial resistance to antibiotics: a survey of children in a vietnamese community. | to investigate antibiotic use and antibiotic susceptibility of respiratory tract pathogens in children aged 1-5 years in bavi, vietnam. | 2000 | 11044266 |
| antimicrobial susceptibility patterns of respiratory pathogens--a global perspective. | antimicrobial resistance among respiratory tract pathogens poses a major challenge for the ongoing use of antimicrobial agents for treating infected patients. global antimicrobial susceptibility data has documented the existence of widespread resistance issues. streptococcus pneumoniae, haemophilus influenzae, and moraxella catarrhalis constitute the principal community-acquired respiratory tract bacterial pathogens. for h. influenzae, resistance to ampicillin varies from less than 5% in some eu ... | 2000 | 11052420 |
| evidence of bacterial infection in acute exacerbations of chronic bronchitis. | the frequency with which bacterial infection causes exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (copd) may depend on the dominant pathology present; patients with chronic bronchitis are more susceptible to bacterial bronchial infections than those at the emphysema or asthma ends of the spectrum. however, impairment in respiratory function may be very important in governing the outcome of an exacerbation. placebo-controlled trials have provided conflicting evidence of the efficacy of a ... | 2000 | 11052421 |
| antibiotic therapy in acute exacerbations of chronic bronchitis. | chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (copd) comprises a spectrum of conditions including chronic bronchitis, emphysema, asthma, and bronchiectasis. it has a prevalence in the united states of 5.1% to 5.4% in the middle-aged to elderly population, with a lower rate in nonsmoking individuals. moreover, copd is complicated by frequent and recurring acute exacerbations of chronic bronchitis (aecb). overall, copd represents the fourth leading cause of mortality in the united states and is the second ... | 2000 | 11052424 |
| treatment of acute otitis media with an antiadhesive oligosaccharide: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. | antiadhesive compounds are promising candidates for prevention or treatment of infections. we have investigated the efficacy of such an agent, 3'-sialyllacto-n-neotetraose (ne-1530), given intranasally for prophylaxis of acute otitis media and for effect on nasopharyngeal carriage of bacteria. | 2000 | 11052582 |
| in vitro activity of moxifloxacin(bay 12-8039) against respiratory tract pathogens from six latin-american countries. | the in vitro antibacterial activity of moxifloxacin (bay 12-8039) was evaluated against 636 isolates of respiratory tract pathogens. the isolates were collected from july 1997 to august 1998 in the frame of a multinational latin american study. e-test strips calibrated to read moxifloxacin mic ranges from 0.002 to 32 microg/ml were used in susceptibility testing. weekly quality control tests in each laboratory ensured reproducibility. laboratories from argentina, brazil, chile, colombia, mexico ... | 2000 | 11053902 |
| genetic diversity and clonal patterns among antibiotic-susceptible and -resistant streptococcus pneumoniae colonizing children: day care centers as autonomous epidemiological units. | characterization by antibiotype of the 1,096 streptococcus pneumoniae recovered from 2,111 nasopharyngeal samples of children attending 16 day care centers (dccs) in lisbon, portugal, and molecular typing of 413 drug-resistant pneumococci (drpn) and 89 fully drug-susceptible pneumococci (dspn) has allowed several conclusions. (i) there was an increase in the frequency of drpn colonizing children in dccs from 40% in 1996 to 45% in 1997 to 50% in 1998. (ii) drug resistance spread by cross-transmis ... | 2000 | 11060081 |
| gatifloxacin: a new fluoroquinolone. | gatifloxacin is a new 8-methoxy-fluoroquinoline antimicrobial agent. it has enhanced activity against gram-positive and atypical agents, while retaining broad-spectrum antigram-negative activity. for example, the mic(90) values for respiratory tract pathogens are < or = 0.5 microg/ml for organisms such as streptococcus pneumoniae (regardless of penicillin susceptibility), haemophilus influenzae (beta-lactamase positive or negative), moraxella catarrhalis (beta-lactamase positive or negative), le ... | 2000 | 11060784 |
| prevalence of antimicrobial resistance among respiratory tract isolates in latin america: results from sentry antimicrobial surveillance program (1997-98). | one thousand seventy-three bacterial isolates were collected from patients with community acquired respiratory tract infections (carti) in 11 latin american centers (7 countries) during 1997 and 1998. they were tested against numerous antimicrobial agents by the reference broth microdilution method as part of the ongoing multinational sentry antimicrobial surveillance program. among streptococcus pneumoniae (553 isolates), approximately 61% were susceptible to penicillin. there was a great varia ... | 2000 | 11063556 |
| a review of antimicrobial resistance in canada. | antimicrobial resistance is a global concern. over the past 10 years, considerable efforts and resources have been expended to detect, monitor, and understand at the basic level the many different facets of emerging and increasing resistance. this review summarizes our current understanding of bacterial antimicrobial resistance issues in canada with particular emphasis given to the enterobacteriaceae, pseudomonas aeruginosa, staphylococcus aureus, enterococcus, neisseria meningitidis, haemophilu ... | 2000 | 11068672 |
| [antibacterial activities of piperacillin in several fresh clinical isolates]. | we investigated activity of piperacillin (pipc) in comparison with 8 antibacterial reference drugs against several fresh clinical strains isolated from patients with infectious diseases in the respiratory tract and after surgical interventions in 1999. the following results were obtained: 1. pipc had its mic90 of 0.12-6 micrograms/ml in gram-positive bacteria (methicillin susceptible staphylococcus aureus, staphylococcus epidermidis, streptococcus pyogenes, streptococcus agalactiae, streptococcu ... | 2000 | 11070819 |
| acute otitis media: bacteriology and bacterial resistance in 205 pediatric patients. | acute otitis media (aom) is one of the most frequent diagnoses in children below the age of 2 years. treatment is usually based on information included in the literature concerning bacteriology. the purpose of this work was to define the most frequent germs in the etiology of aom within our community, in order to optimize therapeutics for this pathology. cultures in middle ear secretions obtained through tympanocentesis were performed to this end, ensuring careful sample taking and processing. t ... | 2000 | 11074112 |
| structure and sequence analysis of yersinia yada and moraxella uspas reveal a novel class of adhesins. | the non-fimbrial adhesins, yada of enteropathogenic yersinia species, and uspa1 and uspa2 of moraxella catarrhalis, are established pathogenicity factors. in electron micrographs, both surface proteins appear as distinct 'lollipop'-shaped structures forming a novel type of surface projection on the outer membranes. these structures, amino acid sequence analysis of these molecules and yada gene manipulation suggest a tripartite organization: an n-terminal oval head domain is followed by a putativ ... | 2000 | 11080146 |
| bacteriology in disease: failure of a micro-ecological balance? | both aerobic (mainly alpha-haemolytic streptococci) and anaerobic micro-organisms (like prevotella and peptostreptococcus species) are able to interfere with the growth of potential pathogens such as group a beta-haemolytic streptococci, streptococcus pneumoniae, haemophilus influenzae and moraxella catarrhalis. the present paper reviews the application of this concept of interference with respect to the development of common acute ear-, nose- and throat infections. | 2000 | 11082778 |
| in vitro and in vivo activities of lb 10827, a new oral cephalosporin, against respiratory pathogens. | the in vitro antibacterial activities of lb 10827, a new oral cephalosporin, against common respiratory tract pathogens were compared with those of six beta-lactams (cefdinir, cefuroxime, cefprozil, penicillin g, amoxicillin-clavulanate, and ampicillin), two quinolones (trovafloxacin and ciprofloxacin), and one macrolide (clarithromycin). the mic of lb 10827 at which 90% of the penicillin-resistant strains of streptococcus pneumoniae tested were inhibited was 0.5 microg/ml, and the drug was 4- t ... | 2000 | 11083626 |
| antibacterial spectrum of a novel des-fluoro(6) quinolone, bms-284756. | the in vitro spectrum of a novel des-fluoro(6) quinolone, bms-284756, was compared with those of five fluoroquinolones (trovafloxacin, moxifloxacin, levofloxacin, ofloxacin, and ciprofloxacin). bms-284756 was among the most active and often was the most active quinolone against staphylococci (including methicillin-resistant strains), streptococci, pneumococci (including ciprofloxacin-nonsusceptible and penicillin-resistant strains), and enterococcus faecalis. bms-284756 inhibited approximately 6 ... | 2000 | 11083639 |
| quinupristin-dalfopristin resistance among gram-positive bacteria in taiwan. | to understand quinupristin-dalfopristin resistance among clinical isolates of gram-positive bacteria in taiwan, where this agent is not yet available for clinical use, we evaluated 1,287 nonduplicate isolates recovered from january 1996 to december 1999 for in vitro susceptibility to quinupristin-dalfopristin and other newer antimicrobial agents. all methicillin-susceptible staphylococcus aureus (mssa) isolates were susceptible to quinupristin-dalfopristin. high rates of nonsusceptibility to qui ... | 2000 | 11083643 |
| identification of discrete domains within gonococcal transferrin-binding protein a that are necessary for ligand binding and iron uptake functions. | the availability of free iron in vivo is strictly limited, in part by the iron-binding protein transferrin. the pathogenic neisseria spp. can sequester iron from this protein, dependent upon two iron-repressible, transferrin-binding proteins (tbpa and tbpb). tbpa is a tonb-dependent, integral, outer membrane protein that may form a beta-barrel exposing multiple surface loops, some of which are likely to contain ligand-binding motifs. in this study we propose a topological model of gonococcal tbp ... | 2000 | 11083823 |
| antigenicity, expression, and molecular characterization of surface-located pullulanase of streptococcus pneumoniae. | a putative pullulanase-encoding gene from streptococcus pneumoniae was identified by screening a genomic expression library with human convalescent-phase serum. the 3,864-bp gene encoded a 143-kda protein. surface location and pullulanase activity of the protein, designated spua, was demonstrated. spua was present in all investigated pneumococcal isolates of different serotypes. the spua 5' end was highly conserved among clinical isolates except for a 75-bp region. the properties of spua reporte ... | 2000 | 11083842 |
| comparative in vitro activities of moxifloxacin (bay 12-8039) and other antimicrobial agents against respiratory tract pathogens in brazil. | clinical isolates of respiratory tract pathogens were susceptibility tested against six different antimicrobial agents. the in vitro activity of moxifloxacin was compared with that of levofloxacin, cefaclor, amoxicillin-clavulanate acid, azithromycin and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole against 111 isolates, including streptococcus pneumoniae, haemophilus influenzae, moraxella catarrhalis and other species isolated from respiratory tract infections. all isolates were susceptible to moxifloxacin, ex ... | 1999 | 11084671 |
| [pharmacodynamic basis for the use of amoxicillin-clavulanic acid in respiratory infections due to streptococcus pneumoniae: in vitro studies in an experimental model]. | amoxicillin-clavulanic acid is a first choice treatment for respiratory tract infections caused by streptococcus pneumoniae, haemophilus influenzae and moraxella catarrhalis. in a previous study we observed its high efficacy against penicillin-susceptible and intermediate-resistant strains of s. pneumoniae. we aimed to study the efficacy of this antibiotic against three strains of s. pneumoniae (susceptible, intermediate and resistant to penicillin) in a mouse model of pneumonia, and to determin ... | 2000 | 11086282 |
| epidemiological survey of bacterial resistance in upper respiratory tract infections in italy. | the vast majority of infections in the upper airways are caused by four bacterial species;, in italy as elsewhere, antibiotics resistant strains are emerging. enzymatic resistance to beta-lactams in haemophilus influenzae is becoming more important and affects 15% of isolates. on the other hand less than 0.3% of h. influenzae strains are fluoroquinolone-resistant. the number of beta-lactamase-producing moraxella catarrhalis strains in italy has been thought to be lower than in other countries, b ... | 2000 | 11091045 |
| results of the 1997 sentry antimicrobial surveillance program in three brazilian medical centers. | the sentry antimicrobial surveillance program began in january, 1997, and is designed to monitor nosocomial and selected community acquired infections via a worldwide surveillance network of sentinel hospitals distributed equally by geographic location and size. three sites in brazil - rio de janeiro, florianópolis, and são paulo - participated in the sentry antimicrobial surveillance program stet. rank order of occurrence and antimicrobial susceptibility of pathogenic species causing bloodstrea ... | 1999 | 11098193 |
| bacteriologic and clinical efficacy of one day vs. three day intramuscular ceftriaxone for treatment of nonresponsive acute otitis media in children. | one dose of intramuscular ceftriaxone has been recently licensed in the united states for the treatment of acute otitis media. however, data regarding the bacteriologic and clinical efficacy of this regimen in the treatment of nonresponsive acute otitis media are incomplete. | 2000 | 11099083 |
| identification and detection of stenotrophomonas maltophilia by rrna-directed pcr. | stenotrophomonas maltophilia has recently emerged as an important nosocomial pathogen in immunocompromised patients, in transplant recipients, and in persons with cystic fibrosis (cf). while this organism is nonpathogenic in healthy individuals, it is increasingly associated with morbidity and mortality in susceptible populations. recent studies have indicated that for approximately 10% of cf patients with moderate lung disease, s. maltophilia can be cultured from respiratory tract secretions. i ... | 2000 | 11101555 |
| evaluation of the antimicrobial activity of sparfloxacin, relative to other oral antibiotics against 1,125 bacterial isolates from 10 medical centers in brazil. | a multicenter study was carried out in order to compare the in vitro activity of sparfloxacin to ciprofloxacin, amoxicillin/clavulanic acid, cephalexin, cefuroxine and azithromycin, against 1,125 microorganisms recently isolated from clinical specimens, most of them representative of respiratory tract infections. sparfloxacin demonstrated potent action and was more active than the beta-lactam agents and azithromycin against most of the bacterial strains tested. sparfloxacin was more potent (96% ... | 1998 | 11101907 |
| a single intramuscular dose of ceftriaxone changes nasopharyngeal bacterial flora in children with acute otitis media. | the increasing prevalence of drug-resistant bacteria is attributed to the extensive use of antibiotics, which causes selective pressure on the nasopharyngeal bacterial flora. shortened courses of antibiotics have been proposed to decrease the development of resistant strains. we determined the effect of a single intramuscular dose of ceftriaxone (50 mg/kg) on the nasopharyngeal bacterial flora in 167 children (median age 13 mo) with acute otitis media. nasopharyngeal samples for bacterial cultur ... | 2000 | 11106042 |
| airway inflammation and etiology of acute exacerbations of chronic bronchitis. | the etiologic role of bacterial pathogens isolated from sputum culture in 40 to 50% of acute exacerbations of chronic bronchitis (aecb) is controversial. if bacterial pathogens cause these aecb, they should be associated with greater neutrophilic airway inflammation than pathogen-negative exacerbations. | 2000 | 11115440 |