| intercellular and intracellular signalling systems that globally control the expression of virulence genes in plant pathogenic bacteria. | plant pathogenic bacteria utilize complex signalling systems to control the expression of virulence genes at the cellular level and within populations. quorum sensing (qs), an important intercellular communication mechanism, is mediated by different types of small molecules, including n-acyl homoserine lactones (ahls), fatty acids and small proteins. ahl-mediated signalling systems dependent on the luxi and luxr family proteins play critical roles in the virulence of a wide range of gram-negativ ... | 2013 | 23186372 |
| asnb, regulated by diffusible signal factor and global regulator clp, is involved in aspartate metabolism, resistance to oxidative stress and virulence in xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzicola. | xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzicola (xoc) causes bacterial leaf streak in rice, which is a destructive disease worldwide. xoc virulence factors are regulated by diffusible signal factor (dsf) and the global regulator clp. in this study, we have demonstrated that asnb (xoc_3054), encoding an asparagine synthetase, is a novel virulence-related gene regulated by both dsf and clp in xoc. a sequence analysis revealed that asnb is highly conserved in xanthomonas. an asnb mutation in xoc dramatically impa ... | 2013 | 23157387 |
| genetic transformation of cotton with a harpin-encoding gene hpaxoo confers an enhanced defense response against verticillium dahliae kleb. | the soil-borne fungal pathogen verticillium dahliae kleb causes verticillium wilt in a wide range of crops including cotton (gossypium hirsutum). to date, most upland cotton varieties are susceptible to v. dahliae and the breeding for cotton varieties with the resistance to verticillium wilt has not been successful. hpa1xoo is a harpin protein from xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae which induces the hypersensitive cell death in plants. when hpa1xoo was transformed into the susceptible cotton line z3 ... | 2013 | 23143497 |
| molecular strategies to improve rice disease resistance. | rice diseases such as blast (magnaporthe oryzae), sheath blight (rhizoctonia solani) and bacterial blight (xanthomonas oryzae pv oryzae) are a major obstacle to achieving optimal yields. to complement conventional breeding method, molecular and transgenic method represents an increasingly important approach for genetic improvement of disease resistance and reduction of pesticide usage. during the past two decades, a wide variety of genes and mechanisms involved in rice defense response have been ... | 2013 | 23135860 |
| inoculation and virulence assay for bacterial blight and bacterial leaf streak of rice. | xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae (xoo) and xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzicola (xoc) cause bacterial blight and bacterial leaf streak in rice, respectively. despite being very closely related, the pathogens colonize different tissues and cause distinct diseases. the diseases are economically important and also serve as model systems for studying plant-bacterial interactions. here we describe protocols for xoo and xoc inoculation and disease scoring methods that are appropriate to their different modes ... | 2013 | 23135857 |
| involvement of osjaz8 in jasmonate-induced resistance to bacterial blight in rice. | the plant hormone jasmonic acid (ja) has a crucial role in both host immunity and development in plants. here, we report the importance of ja signaling in the defense system of rice. exogenous application of ja conferred resistance to bacterial blight caused by xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae (xoo) in rice. expression of osjaz8, a rice jasmonate zim-domain protein, was highly up-regulated by ja. osjaz8 interacted with a putative oscoi1, which is a component of the scf(coi1) e3 ubiquitin ligase com ... | 2012 | 23104764 |
| the inter-kingdom solo oryr regulator of xanthomonas oryzae is important for motility. | the luxr-type transcriptional regulator oryr of the rice pathogen xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae (xoo) is a member of a subgroup of regulators found in plant-associated bacteria that are known to respond to plant signals. oryr has been shown previously to positively regulate the neighbouring pip gene and to be important for rice virulence. the role of this inter-kingdom signalling regulator was investigated through a genome-wide transcriptome analysis. oryr was found to positively regulate 220 ge ... | 2013 | 23083431 |
| transcription activator-like (tal) effectors targeting ossweet genes enhance virulence on diverse rice (oryza sativa) varieties when expressed individually in a tal effector-deficient strain of xanthomonas oryzae. | genomes of the rice (oryza sativa) xylem and mesophyll pathogens xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae (xoo) and pv. oryzicola (xoc) encode numerous secreted transcription factors called transcription activator-like (tal) effectors. in a few studied rice varieties, some of these contribute to virulence by activating corresponding host susceptibility genes. some activate disease resistance genes. the roles of x. oryzae tal effectors in diverse rice backgrounds, however, are poorly understood. xoo tal eff ... | 2012 | 23078195 |
| gibberellin 20-oxidase gene osga20ox3 regulates plant stature and disease development in rice. | gibberellin (ga) 20-oxidase (ga20ox) catalyses consecutive steps of oxidation in the late part of the ga biosynthetic pathway. a t-dna insertion mutant (17s-14) in rice, with an elongated phenotype, was isolated. analysis of the flanking sequences of the t-dna insertion site revealed that an incomplete t-dna integration resulted in enhanced constitutively expression of downstream osga20ox3 in the mutant. the accumulation of bioactive ga(1) and ga(4) were increased in the mutant in comparison wit ... | 2013 | 22992000 |
| development of a variable number of tandem repeats typing scheme for the bacterial rice pathogen xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzicola. | xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzicola is an important bacterial pathogen responsible for outbreaks of bacterial leaf streak (bls) on rice, mostly occurring in asia and parts of africa. to better monitor epidemics and assess population structures, efficient tools that allow the precise identification and diagnosis of pathogenic populations are needed. in this study, we explored variable numbers of tandem repeats (vntr) as a fast, reliable, and cost-effective molecular typing tool. screening of three x ... | 2012 | 22957820 |
| epv, encoding a hypothetical protein, is regulated by dsf-mediating quorum sensing as well as global regulator clp and is required for optimal virulence in xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzicola. | xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzicola causes bacterial leaf streak in rice, a destructive disease worldwide. in this study, six putative hypothetical secreted proteins, which were absent in x. oryzae pv. oryzae, were detected from x. oryzae pv. oryzicola strain bls256. disruption-based mutagenesis study revealed that one of them, xoc_15235, named as extracellular polysaccharide and virulence-related gene (epv), was required for the optimal virulence in host rice but not for the induction of a hyperse ... | 2012 | 22881870 |
| improved annotation of a plant pathogen genome xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae pxo99a. | many bacterial genomes have been sequenced and stored in public databases now, of which reference sequence (refseq) is the most widely used one. however, the annotation in refseq is still unsatisfactory. the present analysis is focused on the re-annotation of an important plant pathogen genome xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae pxo99a (xoo pxo99a), which is the causal agent of bacterial blight on rice. based on the parameters of 28 nucleotide frequencies and support vector machine algorithm, 41 origi ... | 2013 | 22849520 |
| a proteomic study of xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae in rice xylem sap. | xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae (xoo) is the second most important rice pathogen, causing a disease called bacterial leaf blight. xoo colonizes and infects the vascular tissue resulting in tissue necrosis and wilting causing significant yield losses worldwide. in this study xoo infected vascular fluid (xylem sap) was recovered and analyzed for secreted xoo proteins. three independent experiments resulted in the identification of 324 different proteins, 64 proteins were found in all three samples w ... | 2012 | 22835776 |
| addition of transcription activator-like effector binding sites to a pathogen strain-specific rice bacterial blight resistance gene makes it effective against additional strains and against bacterial leaf streak. | xanthomonas transcription activator-like (tal) effectors promote disease in plants by binding to and activating host susceptibility genes. plants counter with tal effector-activated executor resistance genes, which cause host cell death and block disease progression. we asked whether the functional specificity of an executor gene could be broadened by adding different tal effector binding elements (ebes) to it. we added six ebes to the rice xa27 gene, which confers resistance to strains of the b ... | 2012 | 22747776 |
| a novel two-component system pdek/pder regulates c-di-gmp turnover and virulence of xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae. | two-component systems (tcs) consisting of histidine kinases (hk) and response regulators (rr) play essential roles in bacteria to sense environmental signals and regulate cell functions. one type of rr is involved in metabolism of cyclic diguanylate (c-di-gmp), a ubiquitous bacterial second messenger. although genomic studies predicted a large number of them existing in different bacteria, only a few have been studied. in this work, we characterized a novel tcs consisting of pdek(pxo_01018)/pder ... | 2012 | 22712508 |
| identification and expression analysis of components involved in rice xa21-mediated disease resistance signalling. | rice xa21 gene encodes a receptor-like kinase that confers broad-spectrum resistance against xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae (xoo). recently, a number of genes involved in the xa21-mediated disease resistance pathway have been identified. based on our previous data and the literature, we chose 16 candidate proteins and made corresponding antibodies. using western blotting, we systematically investigated the expression profile of the proteins in xa21-mediated disease resistance response. we found n ... | 2012 | 22672582 |
| structure-based virtual screening of novel inhibitors of the uridyltransferase activity of xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae glmu. | n-acetylglucosamine-1-phosphate uridyltransferase (glmu) catalyzes the formation of udp-glcnac, a fundamental precursor in cell wall biosynthesis. glmu represents an attractive target for new antibacterial agents. in this study, a theoretical three-dimensional (3d) structure of glmu from xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae (xo-glmu) was generated, and the ligand-receptor interaction was investigated by molecular docking. then a structure-based virtual screening was performed, three hit compounds were ... | 2012 | 22521370 |
| the rice hydroperoxide lyase oshpl3 functions in defense responses by modulating the oxylipin pathway. | as important signal molecules, jasmonates (jas) and green leaf volatiles (glvs) play diverse roles in plant defense responses against insect pests and pathogens. however, how plants employ their specific defense responses by modulating the levels of ja and glvs remains unclear. here, we describe identification of a role for the rice hpl3 gene, which encodes a hydroperoxide lyase (hpl), oshpl3/cyp74b2, in mediating plant-specific defense responses. the loss-of-function mutant hpl3-1 produced dise ... | 2012 | 22519706 |
| atypical regulation of virulence-associated functions by a diffusible signal factor in xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae. | in xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae, the bacterial blight pathogen of rice, a secreted fatty acid signaling molecule known as diffusible signal factor (dsf) is required for virulence and growth on low-iron medium. to identify other virulence-associated traits that are regulated by dsf in this pathogen, we have performed microarray analysis of transcriptional changes between the wild type and dsf-deficient mutants of x. oryzae pv. oryzae. expression of genes that encode secreted hydrolytic enzymes, ... | 2012 | 22352717 |
| markers for selection of the rice xa21 disease resistance gene. | six molecular markers were mapped to a 7.4-cm region of rice chromosome 11 containing the xa21 gene, which confers resistance to the pathogen xanthomonas oryzae pv oryzae. three markers, rg103, 248 and 818, co-segregated with xa21 in a population of 1141 plants. multiple copies of all marker loci were present within the region that was introgressed from oryza longistaminata into o. sativa. the marker loci were cloned and primers were designed that defined sequence-tagged sites. physical mapping ... | 1996 | 24162490 |
| rapd and rflp mapping of the bacterial blight resistance gene xa-13 in rice. | bacterial blight (bb) caused by xanthomonas oryzae pv oryzae (xoo) is one of the most serious diseases of rice. the recessive gene xa-13 confers resistance to philippine race 6 of xoo. to tag xa-13 with molecular markers, rapd analysis was conducted with the combined use of near-isogenic lines and bulked segregant analysis. from the survey of 260 arbitrary 10-nucleotide primers, one primer (opac05) was detected to amplify specifically a 0.9-kb band from the dna of susceptible plants. the distanc ... | 1996 | 24162200 |
| transfer of bacterial blight and blast resistance from the tetraploid wild rice oryza minuta to cultivated rice, oryza sativa. | oryza minuta j. s. presl ex c. b. presl is a tetraploid wild rice with resistance to several insects and diseases, including blast (caused by pyricularia grisea) and bacterial blight (caused by xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae). to transfer resistance from the wild species into the genome of cultivated rice (oryza sativa l.), backcross progeny (bc1, bc2, and bc3) were produced from interspecific hybrids of o. sativa cv 'ir31917-45-3-2' (2n=24, aa genome) and o. minuta acc. 101141 (2n=48, bbcc genom ... | 1992 | 24203194 |
| genetic analysis of bacterial blight resistance in seventy-four cultivars of rice, oryza sativa l. | the genetics of resistance to bacterial blight, xanthomonas oryzae (uyeda and ishiyama) dowson, for 74 cultivars of rice, oryza sativa l., was studied. the px061 isolate of bacterial blight from the philippines was used for inoculation of parental and hybrid populations. single dominant genes at the xa 4 locus convey resistance in 38 cultivars. of these, 18 are resistant at all stages of plant growth and thus have the xa 4 (a)allele for resistance. however, 20 are susceptible up to maximum tille ... | 1978 | 24311342 |
| the global strategy employed by xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae to conquer low-oxygen tension. | xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae (xoo) is a notorious rice pathogen that causes bacterial leaf blight (blb), a destructive rice disease. low-oxygen tension in the xylem vessels of rice stresses xoo during infection. in this study, differentially expressed proteins under normoxic and hypoxic conditions were identified using high-performance liquid chromatography (hplc) coupled with lc-ms/ms to investigate the global effects of low oxygen environment on xoo pxo99(a). a statistically validated list of ... | 2017 | 28412528 |
| effector mimics and integrated decoys, the never-ending arms race between rice and xanthomonas oryzae. | plants are constantly challenged by a wide range of pathogens and have therefore evolved an array of mechanisms to defend against them. in response to these defense systems, pathogens have evolved strategies to avoid recognition and suppress plant defenses (brown and tellier, 2011). three recent reports dealing with the resistance of rice to xanthomonas oryzae have added a new twist to our understanding of this fascinating co-evolutionary arms race (ji et al., 2016; read et al., 2016; triplett e ... | 2017 | 28400786 |
| comparative genomics identifies a novel conserved protein, hpat, in proteobacterial type iii secretion systems that do not possess the putative translocon protein hrpf. | xanthomonas translucens is the causal agent of bacterial leaf streak, the most common bacterial disease of wheat and barley. to cause disease, most xanthomonads depend on a highly conserved type iii secretion system, which translocates type iii effectors into host plant cells. mutagenesis of the conserved type iii secretion gene hrct confirmed that the x. translucens type iii secretion system is required to cause disease on the host plant barley and to trigger a non-host hypersensitive response ... | 2017 | 28694803 |
| a transcription activator-like effector tal7 of xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzicola activates rice gene os09g29100 to suppress rice immunity. | xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzicola (xoc) and x. oryzae pv. oryzae (xoo) cause bacterial leaf streak (bls) and bacterial leaf blight (blb) in rice, respectively. unlike xoo, endogenous avirulence-resistance (avr-r) gene interactions have not been identified in the xoc-rice pathosystem; however, both pathogens possess transcription activator-like effectors (tales) that are known to modulate r or s genes in rice. the transfer of individual tal genes from xoc rs105 (hypervirulent) into xoc ynb0-17 (hy ... | 2017 | 28698641 |
| investigating the phylogenetic range of gibberellin biosynthesis in bacteria. | certain plant-associated microbes can produce gibberellin (ga) phytohormones, as first described for the rice fungal pathogen gibberella fujikuroi and, more recently, for bacteria, including several rhizobia and the rice bacterial pathogen xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzicola. the relevant enzymes are encoded by a biosynthetic operon that exhibits both a greater phylogenetic range and scattered distribution among plant-associated bacteria. here, the phylogenetic distribution of this operon was inves ... | 2017 | 28425831 |
| overexpression of oshsp18.0-ci enhances resistance to bacterial leaf streak in rice. | the small heat shock proteins represent a large family of proteins that respond to a wide range of abiotic and biotic stresses. oshsp18.0-ci confers tolerance to salt and cadmium and interacts with viral rna-dependent rna polymerase (rdrp). however, the direct function of oshsp18.0-ci in resistance against biotic stresses remains unclear in rice. | 2017 | 28417425 |
| rpon2- and flia-regulated flitx is indispensible for flagellar motility and virulence in xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae. | bacterial blight of rice caused by xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae (xoo) is one of the most important crop diseases in the world. more insights into the mechanistic regulation of bacterial pathogenesis will help us identify novel molecular targets for developing effective disease control strategies. a large flagellar gene cluster is regulated under a three-tiered hierarchy by σ(54) factor rpon2 and its activator fleq, and σ(28) factor flia. a hypothetical protein gene flitx is located upstream of ... | 2017 | 28793882 |
| resistance to powdery mildew8.1 boosts pattern-triggered immunity against multiple pathogens in arabidopsis and rice. | the arabidopsis gene resistance to powdery mildew8.1 (rpw8.1) confers resistance to virulent fungal and oomycete pathogens that cause powdery mildew and downy mildew, respectively. however, the underlying mechanism remains unclear. here, we show that ectopic expression of rpw8.1 boosts pattern-triggered immunity (pti) resulting in enhanced resistance against different pathogens in both arabidopsis and rice. in arabidopsis, transcriptome analysis revealed that ectopic expression of rpw8.1-yfp con ... | 2017 | 28640974 |
| spl33, encoding an eef1a-like protein, negatively regulates cell death and defense responses in rice. | lesion-mimic mutants are useful to dissect programmed cell death and defense-related pathways in plants. here we identified a new rice lesion-mimic mutant, spotted leaf 33 (spl33) and cloned the causal gene by a map-based cloning strategy. spl33 encodes a eukaryotic translation elongation factor 1 alpha (eef1a)-like protein consisting of a non-functional zinc finger domain and three functional ef-tu domains. spl33 exhibited programmed cell death-mediated cell death and early leaf senescence, as ... | 2017 | 28199670 |
| synthesis and biological evaluation of pyridinium-functionalized carbazole derivatives as promising antibacterial agents. | various pyridinium-functionalized carbazole derivatives were constructed by coupling the key fragments of carbazole skeleton and pyridinium nucleus in a single molecular architecture. antibacterial bioassays revealed that some of the title compounds displayed impressive bioactivities against plant pathogens such as xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae, ralstonia solanacearum, and xanthomonas axonopodis pv. citri with minimal ec50 values of up to 0.4, 0.3, and 0.3mg/l, respectively. these bioactivities ... | 2017 | 28843708 |
| phenotyping of vigs-mediated gene silencing in rice using a vector derived from a dna virus. | target genes in rice can be optimally silenced if inserted in antisense or hairpin orientation in the rtbv-derived vigs vector and plants grown at 28 °c and 80% humidity after inoculation. virus induced gene silencing (vigs) is a method used to transiently silence genes in dicot as well as monocot plants. for the important monocot species rice, the rice tungro bacilliform virus (rtbv)-derived vigs system (rtbv-vigs), which uses agroinoculation to initiate silencing, has not been standardized for ... | 2017 | 28540496 |
| virus-bacteria rice co-infection in africa: field estimation, reciprocal effects, molecular mechanisms, and evolutionary implications. | simultaneous infection of a single plant by various pathogen species is increasingly recognized as an important modulator of host resistance and a driver of pathogen evolution. because plants in agro-ecosystems are the target of a multitude of pathogenic microbes, co-infection could be frequent, and consequently important to consider. this is particularly true for rapidly intensifying crops, such as rice in africa. this study investigated potential interactions between pathogens causing two of t ... | 2017 | 28507553 |
| loss of chloroplast localized protein phosphatase 2cs in arabidopsis thaliana leads to enhancement of the plant immunity and resistance to xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris infection. | protein phosphatases (pps) counteract kinases in reversible phosphorylation events during numerous signal transduction pathways in eukaryotes. pp2cs, one of the four major classes of serine/threonine specific pps family is greatly expanded in plants. thus pp2c is thought to have a specific role in a signal transduction pathway. some rice pp2cs classified to subgroup k were responsive to the infection by the compatible xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae, the causal agent of bacterial blight. in a. tha ... | 2017 | 28815858 |
| mapk kinase 10.2 promotes disease resistance and drought tolerance by activating different mapks in rice. | mitogen-activated protein kinase (mapk) cascades, with each cascade consisting of a mapk kinase kinase (mapkkk), a mapk kinase (mapkk), and a mapk, have important roles in different biological processes. however, the signal transduction in rice mapk cascades remains to be elucidated. we show that the structural non-canonical mapkk, mpkk10.2, enhances rice resistance to xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzicola (xoc), which causes bacterial streak disease, and increases rice tolerance to drought stress by ... | 2017 | 28857351 |
| functional marker assisted improvement of stable cytoplasmic male sterile lines of rice for bacterial blight resistance. | bacterial blight (bb), caused by xanthomonas oryzae pv.oryzae is one among the major diseases in rice, which in severe condition cause losses up to 60% in total yield. marker assisted pyramiding of three broad spectrum bb resistance genes (xa5, xa13, and xa21) in prominent rice varieties is the most economical and effective strategy for the management of the bb disease. we report here the pyramiding of three genes (xa5, xa13, and xa21) in maintainer lines (co 2b, co 23b, and co 24b) of three pro ... | 2017 | 28706525 |
| novel insights into tat pathway in xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae stress adaption and virulence: identification and characterization of tat-dependent translocation proteins. | xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae, an economically important bacterium, causes a serious disease in rice production worldwide called bacterial leaf blight. how x. oryzae pv. oryzae infects rice and causes symptoms remains incompletely understood. our earlier works demonstrated that the twin-arginine translocation (tat) pathway plays an vital role in x. oryzae pv. oryzae fitness and virulence but the underlying mechanism is unknown. in this study, we used strain pxo99(a) as a working model, and ident ... | 2017 | 28699375 |
| thyme oil reduces biofilm formation and impairs virulence of xanthomonas oryzae. | xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae (xoo), a common bacterial plant pathogen regulates its virulence and biofilm formation attribute via a chemical method of communication. disabling this mechanism offers a promising alternative to reduce the virulence and pathogencity of the microorganism. in this study, the effect of thyme (thy) oil on quorum sensing mediated synthesis of various virulence factors and biofilm formation was analyzed. treatment of xoo with 500 ppm thy oil displayed a significant dimin ... | 2017 | 28659894 |
| evolution of transcription activator-like effectors in xanthomonas oryzae. | transcription activator-like effectors (tales) are secreted by plant-pathogenic xanthomonas bacteria into plant cells where they act as transcriptional activators and, hence, are major drivers in reprogramming the plant for the benefit of the pathogen. tales possess a highly repetitive dna-binding domain of typically 34 amino acid (aa) tandem repeats, where aa 12 and 13, termed repeat variable di-residue (rvd), determine target specificity. different xanthomonas strains possess different reperto ... | 2017 | 28637323 |
| overexpression of rice auxilin-like protein, xb21, induces necrotic lesions, up-regulates endocytosis-related genes, and confers enhanced resistance to xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae. | the rice immune receptor xa21 confers resistance to the bacterial pathogen, xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae (xoo). to elucidate the mechanism of xa21-mediated immunity, we previously performed a yeast two-hybrid screening for xa21 interactors and identified xa21 binding protein 21 (xb21). | 2017 | 28577284 |
| a microbially derived tyrosine-sulfated peptide mimics a plant peptide hormone. | the biotrophic pathogen xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae (xoo) produces a sulfated peptide named raxx, which shares similarity to peptides in the psy (plant peptide containing sulfated tyrosine) family. we hypothesize that raxx mimics the growth-stimulating activity of psy peptides. root length was measured in arabidopsis and rice treated with synthetic raxx peptides. we also used comparative genomic analyses and reactive oxygen species burst assays to evaluate the activity of raxx and psy peptides ... | 2017 | 28556915 |
| silencing of the rice gene lrr1 compromises rice xa21 transcript accumulation and xa21-mediated immunity. | the rice immune receptor xa21 confers resistance to xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae (xoo), the causal agent of bacterial leaf blight. we previously demonstrated that an auxilin-like protein, xa21 binding protein 21 (xb21), positively regulates resistance to xoo. | 2017 | 28534133 |