| hepatitis a virus protein 2b suppresses beta interferon (ifn) gene transcription by interfering with ifn regulatory factor 3 activation. | hepatitis a virus (hav) antagonizes the innate immune response by inhibition of retinoic acid-inducible gene i-mediated and melanoma differentiation-associated gene 5-mediated beta interferon (ifn-beta) gene expression. this study showed that this is due to an interaction of hav with mitochondrial antiviral signalling protein (mavs)-dependent signalling, in which the viral non-structural protein 2b and the protein intermediate 3abc recently suggested in this context seem to be involved, cooperat ... | 2008 | 18559929 |
| hepatitis a vaccines. | the global disease burden associated with hepatitis a virus (hav) is expected to increase in the coming years due to a shift in the epidemiological pattern of the disease. a decrease in the prevalence of natural immunity is leading to an increased number of adolescents and adults susceptible to a disease that is associated with greater morbidity, mortality and treatment costs in older-age groups. current hav vaccines have been shown to be safe, highly immunogenic and confer long-lasting protecti ... | 2008 | 18564009 |
| methods for recovery of hepatitis a virus (hav) and other viruses from processed foods and detection of hav by nested rt-pcr and taqman rt-pcr. | enteric viruses are important agents of foodborne disease. unfortunately, robust, quantitative methods for sampling and analysis of enteric and other viruses in processed or complex foods are not well-established. as a result, epidemiologically determined etiologies or pathogen sources in foodborne outbreaks are rarely confirmed by virological analysis. in this study, an acid-adsorption elution concentration (aec) method previously used to monitor virus occurrence and investigate enteric virus o ... | 2008 | 18579246 |
| vectorial entry and release of hepatitis a virus in polarized human hepatocytes. | hepatitis a virus (hav) is an enterically transmitted virus that replicates predominantly in hepatocytes within the liver before excretion via bile through feces. hepatocytes are polarized epithelial cells, and it has been assumed that the virus load in bile results from direct export of hav via the apical domain of polarized hepatocytes. we have developed a subclone of hepatocyte-derived hepg2 cells (clone n6) that maintains functional characteristics of polarized hepatocytes but displays morph ... | 2008 | 18579610 |
| hepatitis a virus subgenotypes dissemination during a community outbreak in a surrounding region of rio de janeiro. | from december 1999 to december 2001, many cases of hepatitis a were notified in the county of belford roxo involving individuals aged 0 to 79 years. serum samples were collected to evaluate the prevalence of anti-hepatitis a virus (hav) antibodies, to detect hav-rna and to correlate with possible risk factors of hav infection. serum samples were screened by commercial igm and total anti-hav antibody elisa and hav-rna was isolated and subsequently amplified by reverse transcription-polymerase cha ... | 2008 | 18592098 |
| analysis of the full-length genome of hepatitis a virus isolated in south america: heterogeneity and evolutionary constraints. | hepatitis a virus (hav) is a hepatotropic member of the family picornaviridae. currently, the entire nucleotide sequence is available for only 26 hav isolates. the complete genome sequence of genotype ia hav from strains isolated in south america, where genotype ia is the most prevalent genotype, remains unknown. in this study, the complete nucleotide sequence was determined for a genotype ia hav isolate recovered from a uruguayan patient (hav5). phylogenetic analysis performed using hav5 and al ... | 2008 | 18594941 |
| a cost-effectiveness analysis of universal childhood hepatitis a vaccination in china. | the socioeconomic improvement has impacted hepatitis a virus (hav) infection with a shift from high to intermediate endemicity in many parts of china. the first china-developed inactivated hepatitis a vaccine, with significantly low price, was licensed in 2002, prompting us to evaluate whether universal childhood vaccination is advisable now in china. we considered vaccination scheduled at ages 12 and 18 months for all healthy children, and assumed that a single cohort was enrolled in 2005. a ma ... | 2008 | 18597903 |
| [current status and vaccine indication for hepatitis a virus infection in korea]. | one of the major cause of recent acute viral hepatitis in korean adults is hepatitis a virus (hav) infection. most of hepatitis a cases are young adults in their twenties or thirties, and the severity of the disease is related to the age of patients. the seroprevalence of hav among the adolescents and young adults in their teens and twenties is about 10%, which suggests that a growing number of young adults are susceptible to hav infection. development of more adult cases with severe presentatio ... | 2008 | 18604134 |
| recent advances with a virosomal hepatitis a vaccine. | epaxal, a virosomal vaccine against hepatitis a virus (hav) infection, has been in use for nearly 15 years, especially among at-risk adults. recent studies have shown that it is also a potent vaccine for children. | 2008 | 18613769 |
| evaluation of genomic regions of hepatitis a virus for phylogenetic analysis: suitability of the 2c region for genotyping. | the use of different genomic fragments of hepatitis a virus (hav) has been described for classification of strains available globally. however, the limitations of these fragments have been reported in several studies. the present study was conducted to evaluate the genomic fragments of hav, spanning from the 5'ncr to 3'ncr to employ them in molecular diagnosis and genotyping. the different phylogenetic methods confirmed the use of the 5'ncr and the vp4 region in diagnosis due to their conserved ... | 2008 | 18619492 |
| autoimmune hepatitis induced by the prolonged hepatitis a virus infection. | hepatitis a virus (hav) is the most common cause of acute viral hepatitis in the world. rarely, acute infection may persist for a long time. autoimmune hepatitis (aih) may provide anti-hav igm positivity detection for a prolonged time. on the other hand, hav as an infectious agent may also trigger aih. here we presented a case which seemed like a simple acute viral hepatitis a infection at the beginning but turned out to be an aih according to the international autoimmune hepatitis group's syste ... | 2008 | 18626439 |
| dry-heat treatment process for enhancing viral safety of an antihemophilic factor viii concentrate prepared from human plasma. | viral safety is a prerequisite for manufacturing clinical antihemophilic factor viii concentrates from human plasma. with particular regard to the hepatitis a virus (hav), a terminal dry-heat treatment (100 degrees for 30 min) process, following lyophilization, was developed to improve the virus safety of a solvent/detergent-treated antihemophilic factor viii concentrate. the loss of factor viii activity during dry-heat treatment was of about 5%. no substantial changes were observed in the physi ... | 2008 | 18633304 |
| synthesis and antiviral evaluation of some new pyrazole and fused pyrazolopyrimidine derivatives. | some novel substituted pyrazole and pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidine derivatives 2, 4, 8, and 9 were synthesized. also, some acyclic s-nucleosides of pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidine derivatives 10-13 were prepared via reaction of pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidine-4(3h)-thione derivative 9 with some acyclic sugars. moreover, the n-nucleoside derivative 14 was prepared via reaction of compound 8 with glucosamine hydrochloride. the antiviral evaluation of some selected new products showed that they have promising antiv ... | 2008 | 18635363 |
| optimization and scale-up of solvent extraction in purification of hepatitis a virus (vaqta). | solvent extraction is a very powerful purification step in the preparation of vaqta, a highly purified, inactivated hepatitis a vaccine. extraction of an aqueous product-containing protein solution with chloroform through vigorous shaking causes irreversible denaturation of contaminant proteins at the interface. however, the hepatitis a virus (hav) remains viable and soluble in the aqueous phase. because three phases (air, aqueous, and organic) are involved, and the mixing is carried out in indi ... | 1997 | 18636612 |
| expression and immunogenicity of recombinant polypeptide vp1 of human hepatitis a virus in stably transformed fruitfly (drosophila melanogaster) schneider 2 cells. | we describe the secretory expression and immunogenicity of the recombinant hav (hepatitis a virus) structural polypeptide vp1 from stably transformed drosophila melanogaster s2 (schneider 2) cells. southern-blot analysis indicated that transformed s2 cells contained multiple copies of the hav vp1 gene in the genome. recombinant vp1 was secreted into a culture medium with a molecular mass of 42-49 kda. a maximum production level of 6.24 mg of recombinant vp1/litre was obtained in a t-flask cultur ... | 2009 | 18652573 |
| multilevel analysis of hepatitis a infection in children and adolescents: a household survey in the northeast and central-west regions of brazil. | the objectives were to estimate the prevalence of hepatitis a among children and adolescents from the northeast and midwest regions and the federal district of brazil and to identify individual-, household- and area-levels factors associated with hepatitis a infection. | 2008 | 18653514 |
| improvement of virus safety of an antihemophilc factor ix by virus filtration process. | viral safety is an important prerequisite for clinical preparations of plasma-derived pharmaceuticals. one potential way to increase the safety of therapeutic biological products is the use of a virus-retentive filter. in order to increase the viral safety of human antihemophilic factor ix, particularly in regard to non-enveloped viruses, virus removal process using a polyvinylidene fluoride membrane filter (viresolve nfp) has been optimized. the most critical factor affecting the filtration eff ... | 2008 | 18667862 |
| viral hepatitis in a multi-ethnic neighborhood in the netherlands: results of a community-based study in a low prevalence country. | the prevalence of viral hepatitis varies worldwide. although the prevalence of hepatitis a virus (hav) and hepatitis b virus (hbv) infection is generally low in western countries, pockets of higher prevalence may exist in areas with large immigrant populations. the aim of this study was to obtain further information on the prevalence of viral hepatitis in a multi-ethnic area in the netherlands. | 2009 | 18678518 |
| identification of a conserved rna replication element (cre) within the 3dpol-coding sequence of hepatoviruses. | internally located, cis-acting rna replication elements (cre) have been identified within the genomes of viruses representing each of the major picornavirus genera (enterovirus, rhinovirus, aphthovirus, and cardiovirus) except hepatovirus. previous efforts to identify a stem-loop structure with cre function in hepatitis a virus (hav), the type species of this genus, by phylogenetic analyses or thermodynamic predictions have not succeeded. however, a region of markedly suppressed synonymous codon ... | 2008 | 18684812 |
| [the analysis to the serological epidemiology of hepatitis virus of fangshan district in beijing]. | | 2008 | 18686871 |
| the european sero-epidemiology network 2 (esen2): standardization of assay results for hepatitis a virus (hav) to enable comparisons of seroprevalence data across 15 countries. | the european sero-epidemiology network 2 (esen2) aimed to compare serological results of vaccine-preventable diseases across europe. to ensure direct inter-country comparability of hepatitis a virus antibody (anti-hav) measurements, a standardization panel of 150 sera was developed by a designated reference laboratory and tested by participating national laboratories using assays of choice; each country's results were subsequently regressed against those of the reference laboratory. quantitative ... | 2009 | 18694528 |
| prevalence of hepatitis b, tetanus, hepatitis a, human immunodeficiency virus and feasibility of vaccine delivery among injecting drug users in bangkok, thailand, 2003-2005. | to estimate the prevalence of hepatitis b virus (hbv), tetanus, hepatitis a virus (hav) and human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) in injecting drug users (idus), risk factors associated with infection and the feasibility of hbv vaccine delivery in hbv seronegatives. | 2008 | 18705685 |
| recovery and sequence analysis of hepatitis a virus from springwater implicated in an outbreak of acute viral hepatitis. | an outbreak of acute hepatitis a virus in north carolina was linked to drinking water from a contaminated shallow spring by phylogenetic analysis of hepatitis a virus (hav) genomic sequences. detection of hav and fecal indicators in the water provided useful and timely information to assist with public health prevention and control measures. | 2008 | 18708522 |
| impaired immunity to recall antigens and neoantigens in severely immunocompromised children and adolescents during the first year of effective highly active antiretroviral therapy. | we studied whether severely immunocompromised, human immunodeficiency virus (hiv)-infected children who were beginning highly active antiretroviral therapy (haart) or changing haart regimens could spontaneously respond to a recall antigen (tetanus toxoid [tt] vaccine) or respond to a recall antigen and neoantigen (hepatitis a virus [hav] vaccine) after 3 vaccinations. | 2008 | 18752430 |
| detection of hepatitis a virus from oyster by nested pcr using efficient extraction and concentration method. | the molecular methods using polymerase chain reaction have been proposed as useful tools for the identification of viral pathogens in food and water. however, the pcr-based methods are highly dependent on the methods of virus concentration and nucleic acid purification due to the low sensitivity of pcr in the presence of pcr inhibitors. we developed tptt [tris elution buffer-peg-trizol-poly(dt) magnetic bead] protocol in order to detect hepatitis a virus (hav) inoculated in oyster digestive glan ... | 2008 | 18758735 |
| a food-borne outbreak of hepatitis a virus (hav) infection in a secondary school in upper normandy, france, in november 2006. | in november 2006, six symptomatic cases of hepatitis a in pupils of a secondary school in upper normandy, france, were reported to the district health service. this paper describes the outbreak investigation undertaken with the aim to identify the vehicle and source of infection, implement control measures and estimate the size of the outbreak. a primary case at the secondary school was defined as a pupil or a member of the staff with igm anti-hav detected in the serum and with onset of symptoms ... | 2008 | 18761959 |
| fatal outcome of hepatitis a virus (hav) infection in a traveler with incomplete hav vaccination and evidence of rift valley fever virus infection. | hepatitis a virus (hav) infection is rarely fatal except in patients with chronic liver disease. in the case reported here, an elderly women died of hav infection 12 years after incomplete hav vaccination. the possible role of a concordant rift valley fever virus infection acquired in kenya is discussed. | 2008 | 18768649 |
| acute hepatitis a in a pregnant woman at delivery. | we report a case of acute hepatitis a in a 30-year-old pregnant woman with hepatitis onset occurring at time of delivery. both neonate and her mother were isolated from other patients. the hepatitis a virus (hav) genotype was ia. total anti-hav antibodies and hav rna were not detected from the newborn in a serum collected the first day of life; neither clinical symptoms nor increased alt levels were observed during the six first days of life. the mother quickly and fully recovered. hepatitis a h ... | 2009 | 18774327 |
| [acute acalculous cholecystitis associated with acute hepatitis a virus infection]. | although acute cholecystitis in the context of acute hepatitis a virus (hav) infection is extremely rare, previous cases have been reported. however, this manifestation of hav infection is little known. in the present article, we briefly review previously documented cases and present a new case. we report the case of a 39-year-old woman with fever, abdominal pain and moderately elevated transaminase levels who developed jaundice and peritoneal irritation. diagnosis of acute cholecystitis was giv ... | 2008 | 18783688 |
| improved cell mediated immune responses after successful re-vaccination of non-responders to the hepatitis b virus surface antigen (hbsag) vaccine using the combined hepatitis a and b vaccine. | we successfully re-vaccinated hepatitis b virus (hbv) vaccine non-responders using a double dose of the combined hepatitis a virus (hav) and hbv vaccine. the hope was to improve priming of hepatitis b surface antigen (hbsag)-specific cell mediated immune response (cmi) by an increased antigen dose and a theoretical adjuvant-effect from the local presence of a hav-specific cmi. a few non-responders had a detectable hbsag-specific cmi before re-vaccination. an in vitro detectable hbsag-specific cm ... | 2008 | 18804140 |
| [molecular-epidemiologic characteristic of hepatitis a outbreak among workers of food stores network]. | investigation of hepatitis a (ha) outbreak developed in 2005 among workers of food stores networkwas performed using conventional epidemiologic diagnostics as well as methods of molecular epidemiology. in 14 of 15 ill persons, using polymerase chain reaction, hav rna was detected by pcr in serum obtained on 2 - 25 day of illness (mean - 9.3 days). in 10 cases it was possible to determine nucleotide sequence of vp1/vp2 region of hav genome and perform phylogenetic analysis of obtained isolates. i ... | 2008 | 18819407 |
| bioaccumulation, retention, and depuration of enteric viruses by crassostrea virginica and crassostrea ariakensis oysters. | crassostrea ariakensis oysters are under review for introduction into the chesapeake bay. however, the human health implications of the introduction have not been fully addressed. this study evaluated rates of bioaccumulation, retention, and depuration of viruses by crassostrea virginica and c. ariakensis when the two oyster species were maintained in separate tanks containing synthetic seawater of various salinities (8, 12, or 20 ppt). oyster bioaccumulation tanks were seeded with 10(3) pfu/ml ... | 2008 | 18820067 |
| has the time come to control hepatitis a globally? matching prevention to the changing epidemiology. | for the first time a global meeting on hepatitis a virus (hav) infection as vaccine preventable disease was organized at the end of 2007. more than 200 experts from 46 countries gathered to investigate the changing global hav epidemiology reflecting the increasing numbers of persons at risk for severe clinical disease and mortality from hav infection. the benefits of childhood and adult hepatitis a (hepa) vaccination strategies and the data needed by individual countries and international health ... | 2008 | 18837827 |
| changing epidemiology of hepatitis a in brazil: reassessing immunization policy. | recent studies have shown that the prevalence of antibody to hepatitis a virus (hav) is decreasing in several latin american countries. brazil is a very large and heterogeneous country, showing striking regional differences. with regard to sanitary facilities, 81.7% of the districts in the south-eastern region have sewage systems, compared with only 5.8% in the northern region. results of sero-epidemiological studies and reported hepatitis a outbreaks indicate a change in the epidemiological pat ... | 2008 | 18837829 |
| decline in the risk of hepatitis a virus infection in china, a country with booming economy and changing lifestyles. | the objective of the study was to identify the protective factors for the rapid decline in the risk of hepatitis a virus (hav) infection in china between 1990 and 2006. results of serological follow-up and data on annual hepatitis a incidence were analysed and correlated with economic growth and hav vaccine output during the same period. in conclusion, both hav vaccination and changing lifestyles associated with the booming economy contributed to the rapid risk decline. changing lifestyles playe ... | 2008 | 18837831 |
| modern epidemiology of hepatitis a in the north-western region of the russian federation. | the epidemiological features of hepatitis a virus (hav) infection were studied in eleven territories located in the north-western region of the russian federation. the dynamics of hav infection in russia and in the region were evaluated during a 17-year period. the age-specific incidence was calculated and 229 305 patients with acute hav were identified. the analysed database included ha mixed with other viral hepatitis infections: it included information about 8 809 hav patients. special attent ... | 2008 | 18837832 |
| hepatitis a seroprevalence in children and adults in kiev city, ukraine. | ukraine is a zone of moderate hepatitis a endemicity. the changing epidemiology of the disease because of improved hygiene has shifted the burden of hepatitis a to older age groups where the disease is more severe. outbreaks have also become more common as more of the population has become susceptible to hepatitis a virus (hav). to help guide decisions regarding use of hepatitis a vaccine in ukraine, we examined the presence of antibody to hav (anti-hav) in 1001 persons aged 1 to 85 years, visit ... | 2008 | 18837833 |
| hepatitis a acute liver failure: follow-up of paediatric patients in southern brazil. | we retrospectively analysed 33 children and adolescents who had been hospitalized in a liver transplant unit within the previous 10 years for acute liver failure (alf). the patients' age varied between 2 months and 15 years of age (median 6.2 +/- 5.3), and 21 (63%) were male. thirteen patients (39%) were immunoglobulin-m anti-hepatitis a virus (hav) sero-positive. eleven cases (33%) had an undetermined aetiology. the 13 children with hav alf were between 17 months and 15.6 years of age (median 5 ... | 2008 | 18837838 |
| differences in hepatitis a seroprevalence among geographical regions in turkey: a need for regional vaccination recommendations. | hepatitis a is a worldwide vaccine-preventable infection. recommendation of vaccination depends on the endemicity of the disease. the world health organization recommends universal hepatitis a vaccination in intermediate areas; however, there is no need of mass vaccination in high and low endemicity regions. therefore, most of the countries are using a vaccination policy according to the endemicity characteristic representing the whole of the country. the endemicity of this infection varies due ... | 2008 | 18837839 |
| sewage workers: risk of acquiring enteric virus infections including hepatitis a. | to determine if sewage workers have an increased risk of acquiring viral infections, 66 workers at a small wastewater plant in north-eastern italy and 72 control subjects recruited from blood donors were enrolled in a seroprevalence study to determine whether sewage workers are at increased risk of acquiring viral infections. in order to evaluate various risk factors, a questionnaire was filled out by each worker whereas seropositivity to hepatitis a virus, coxsackievirus b2 - b3 - b4 - b5, and ... | 2008 | 18843887 |
| epaxal: a virosomal vaccine to prevent hepatitis a infection. | over the last few decades, different types of inactivated hepatitis a virus (hav) vaccines have been developed: several aluminum-adjuvanted vaccines and an aluminum-free, virosome-formulated vaccine. both types of vaccines are whole-virus preparations that are produced by growth of hav strains in human diploid cell cultures and are subsequently inactivated with formaldehyde. this review summarizes all published papers on a virosome-formulated vaccine, epaxal, based on formalin inactivated hav (s ... | 2008 | 18844588 |
| immunological efficacy of a three-dose schedule of hepatitis a vaccine in hiv-infected adults: hepavac study. | the immunogenicity of vaccines, including vaccine against hepatitis a virus (hav), is impaired in patients with hiv infection, requiring revised immunization regimens. | 2008 | 18845961 |
| foodborne outbreak of hepatitis a, november 2007-january 2008, austria. | an outbreak of hepatitis a affecting 21 residents of an austrian city occurred from the end of november 2007 until mid-january 2008. a case series investigation suggested the consumption of food purchased from supermarket x as the common link. a food handler employed in the delicatessen department of that supermarket had been serologically diagnosed with hepatitis a on 28th november 2007. during the infectious period of approximately 3 weeks, he worked on 11 days. interviews with the other clust ... | 2009 | 18850121 |
| initial thrombocytopenia as a simple, valuable predictor for clinical manifestation in acute hepatitis a. | although acute hepatitis a (ah-a) is usually self-limited, the clinical manifestations can vary from mild to severe liver dysfunction. however, little is known about the simple, valuable predictors for clinical manifestation in ah-a. the objective of this study was to identify the simple clinical predictors for severe liver dysfunction and its clinical course. | 2008 | 18938776 |
| [is there a shift in the epidemiology of hepatitis a in mexican children?]. | twenty years ago, prevalence of hepatitis a in mexican children was 90%. | 2008 | 18956550 |
| [co-circulation of two genotypes of hepatitis a virus from sporadic cases in northeastern area of seoul, korea]. | in previous studies, most hepatitis a virus (hav) isolates had been genotype ia in korea. recently, a small number of different genotypes were reported with an upsurge of acute hepatitis by hav. we investigated the distribution of hav genotypes. | 2008 | 18971618 |
| comparative recovery of foodborne viruses from fresh produce. | a large percentage of foodborne outbreaks are caused by viruses, and outbreaks associated with fresh produce have increased over the past decade within the united states. virus recovery from food is of the utmost importance in determining the cause of viral outbreaks. while there are many experimental studies investigating viruses on fruits and vegetables, there is a lack of standard techniques concerning the initial inoculation and recovery of viruses. this study investigates the efficiency of ... | 2008 | 18991544 |
| hepatitis a, b, and c infection in a community of sub-saharan immigrants living in verona (italy). | in italy, about 5% of the population is represented by immigrants. the epidemiology of hepatitis a virus (hav), hepatitis b virus (hbv), and hepatitis c virus (hcv) infection in africa is very different from europe; the present study aimed to assess the seroprevalence of viral hepatitis infections in sub-saharan african immigrants living in verona. | 2008 | 19006505 |
| prevalence of hepatitis a and b markers and vaccine indication in cirrhotic patients evaluated for liver transplantation in spain. | vaccination against hepatitis a virus (hav) and hepatitis b virus (hbv) is generally recommended for patients with chronic liver disease and those evaluated for liver transplantation in the absence of immunity. hav and hbv infections after liver transplantation are frequent and associated with a worse prognosis. the data suggest that the number of patients with chronic liver disease without naturally acquired immunity against hav and hbv is substantial, and that new vaccination strategies are ne ... | 2008 | 19010155 |
| acute viral infections in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus: description of 23 cases and review of the literature. | few studies have evaluated the impact of viral infections on the daily management of patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (sle). we analyzed the etiology and clinical features of acute viral infections arising in patients with sle and their influence on the diagnosis, prognosis, and treatment of sle. cases occurring within the last 5 years were selected from the databases of 3 large teaching hospitals. acute viral infections were confirmed by the identification of specific antiviral igm an ... | 2008 | 19011502 |
| [studies on simultaneous detection of four foodborneviruses by multiplex reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction]. | to establish a method for simultaneous detection of norovirus (nv), rotavirus (rv), astrovirus (av) and hepatitis a virus (hav) by multiplex reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (rt-pcr). | 2008 | 19040044 |
| phylogenetic analysis of hepatitis a virus in sera from patients with hepatitis a of various severities. | we analysed the association of the 5' nontranslated region (5'ntr), nonstructural proteins 2b and 2c of the hepatitis a virus (hav) genome, whose mutations have previously been shown to be important for enhanced replication in cell culture systems, in order to align all our data and examine whether genomic differences in hav are responsible for the range of clinical severities. | 2009 | 19040539 |
| cost-effectiveness analysis of behavioral interventions to improve vaccination compliance in homeless adults. | to estimate the cost-effectiveness of three behavioral interventions provided to enhance hepatitis a virus (hav) and hepatitis b virus (hbv) joint vaccination (hav/hbv) compliance among homeless persons living in los angeles county. | 2009 | 19041351 |
| [clinical features of acute hepatitis a in recent two years]. | the purpose of this study was to characterize the clinical features of acute hepatitis a in seoul and gyeonggi province during the recent 2 years. | 2008 | 19077476 |
| [immunity against hepatitis a virus in patients with chronic hepatitis c]. | because of high fatality rate associated with acute infection by hepatitis a virus (hav) in chronic hepatitis c patients, it is of interest to know the prevalence of immunization against hav in these patients. | 2008 | 19080825 |
| effects of a nurse-managed program on hepatitis a and b vaccine completion among homeless adults. | hepatitis b virus (hbv) infection constitutes a major health problem for homeless persons. ability to complete an hbv vaccination series is complicated by the need to prioritize competing needs, such as addiction issues, safe places to sleep, and food, over health concerns. | 2009 | 19092551 |
| a simple and rapid hepatitis a virus (hav) titration assay based on antibiotic resistance of infected cells: evaluation of the hav neutralization potency of human immune globulin preparations. | hepatitis a virus (hav), the causative agent of acute hepatitis in humans, is an atypical picornaviridae that grows poorly in cell culture. hav titrations are laborious and time-consuming because the virus in general does not cause cytopathic effect and is detected by immunochemical or molecular probes. simple hav titration assays could be developed using currently available viral construct containing selectable markers. | 2008 | 19094229 |
| [development of an extraction and concentration method for the detection of hepatitis a virus in different samples]. | to develop an extraction and concentration method for the detection of hepatitis a virus (hav) in shellfish, water, serum and saliva samples by nested rt-pcr. | 2008 | 19105352 |
| an epidemiological study of enteric viruses in sewage with molecular characterization by rt-pcr and sequence analysis. | the aim of this study was to assess the presence and seasonal frequency of various enteric viruses in wastewater treatment. the detection of astrovirus, norovirus, enterovirus, hepatitis a virus (hav) and rotavirus was carried out by molecular analyses in concentrated water samples collected over 18 months at the entrance and exit of an activated sludge sewage treatment plant. the reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (rt-pcr) results were confirmed by sequencing, and comparative phylo ... | 2008 | 19108555 |
| use of a robotic rna purification protocol based on the nuclisens easymag for real-time rt-pcr detection of hepatitis a virus in bottled water. | hepatitis a virus (hav) infection is the leading cause of acute viral hepatitis throughout the world. an important part of viral control is rapid detection of hav in drinking water contaminated with feces. one critical step in hav detection methods is sample preparation. the objective of this study was to test the efficacy of different approaches to extracting rna from hav-inoculated bottled water. the optimal method is based on viral concentration by filtration on membrane filters and elution o ... | 2009 | 19114058 |
| seroepidemiology of hepatitis a virus in kuwait. | to find the current seroepidemiology of hepatitis a virus (hav) in kuwait. | 2009 | 19115474 |
| hav in isfahan province: a population-based study. | hepatitis a infection is caused by the hepatitis a virus (hav). improved sanitary conditions have resulted in a significant decline in the incidence of hepatitis a. there is inadequate data about the epidemiology of this infection in iran. therefore, this study was carried out to evaluate the anti-hav seroprevalence in isfahan province in iran in 2006. | 2008 | 19115608 |
| inactivation of hepatitis a virus by heat and high hydrostatic pressure: variation among laboratory strains. | hepatitis a virus (hav) transmission via contaminated blood products has been reported. cell-adapted hav strains are generally used to confirm virus inactivation in manufacturing blood products, but the strains may differ in their sensitivity to inactivation treatment. to select an appropriate cell-adapted hav strain for virus validation, we compared the inactivation efficiency among four strains under two different physical inactivation treatments: heat and high hydrostatic pressure. | 2009 | 19121193 |
| functional recombinant human anti-hav antibody expressed in milk of transgenic mice. | hepatitis a virus (hav) is a wide spread pathogenic agent and is the common cause of acute hepatitis a worldwide. passive immunization of hav plays an extremely important role in post-exposure prophylaxis with clinical applications often requiring large amounts of antibody. as an alternative to the in vitro production of recombinant proteins, expression of monoclonal antibodies (mabs) in the milk of transgenic animals is currently used being associated with low production costs and high activity ... | 2009 | 19130282 |
| childhood hepatitis a virus infection complicated by pseudotumor cerebri. | a 4-year-old male child with hepatitis a virus (hav) infection is presented. his disease course was complicated by the development of pseudotumor cerebri (pc), as evidenced by symptoms and signs of increased intracranial pressure in the presence of normal cerebrospinal fluid examination and cranial magnetic resonance scan. the neurological examination was normal with the exception of the right-sided sixth cranial nerve paresis. his neurological course was uncomplicated with spontaneous recovery ... | 2009 | 19139677 |
| new target tissue for food-borne virus detection in oysters. | to evaluate the different tissues of naturally contaminated oyster for food-borne virus detection. methods and | 2008 | 19146529 |
| molecular characterization of hepatitis a virus isolates from goiânia, gioás, brazil. | hepatitis a virus (hav) infection is a public health problem worldwide and the virus has been classified into six genotypes. in brazil, the only genotype that has been found is genotype i, predominately from subgenotype ia. here, the hav genotypes were analyzed of 18 isolates circulating between 1996-2001 in goiânia, state of goiás, brazil. viral rna was extracted from 18 serum samples and amplified (rt-pcr/nested-pcr), followed by the genomic sequencing of the vp1/2a junction region of the hav ... | 2008 | 19148425 |
| 3 for life: a model pilot program to prevent hepatitis b virus infection and liver cancer in asian and pacific islander americans. | 3 for life aims to increase hepatitis b virus (hbv) awareness and reduce the high prevalence of undiagnosed chronic hbv infection and susceptibility among asian/pacific islander (api) adults. | 2009 | 19149422 |
| seroprevalence of hepatitis a virus antibodies among a sample of egyptian children. | we determined the seroprevalence of hepatitis a virus antibodies (hav ab) among 296 egyptian children aged 2.5-18 years of different social classes to ascertain whether to give hav vaccine early in life or to leave children to acquire natural immunity. overall 61.4% were seropositive for hav ab. there was a significant increase in the seroprevalence of hav ab with higher age and lower social class; in children aged < 6 years, 72.7% of high and 19.0% of low social class were seronegative for hav ... | 2008 | 19161074 |
| clinical and molecular characteristics of hepatitis a virus infections during the years 1992-2003 in ogaki, a centrally located city of japan. | the emergence of imported hepatitis a virus (hav) strains from other regions is a feature of acute hepatitis a in developed countries as well as the decrease in number of cases. | 2009 | 19167923 |
| high prevalence of hepatitis a virus antibody among bangladeshi children and young adults warrants pre-immunization screening of antibody in hav vaccination strategy. | serum samples from 465 subjects aged between 1 and 25 years were tested for antibody against hepatitis a virus (hav) [anti-hav igg and igm] to determine the seroprevalence of hav antibody and do a cost-benefit analysis for decision making about vaccination against hav among the general population of bangladesh. a high prevalence of anti-hav (74.8%) was observed in the study population; the whole study population was found positive for anti-hav by the age of 25 years. on performing the cost-benef ... | 2009 | 19172060 |
| simian hepatitis a virus derived from a captive rhesus monkey in india is similar to the strain isolated from wild african green monkeys in kenya. | summary: a simian hepatitis a virus (hav) was identified retrospectively in a faecal sample from a rhesus monkey in india, inoculated in 1995 with a faecal suspension from a suspected patient of non-a to e hepatitis. the monkey was in captivity for 2 years in one of the experimental primate facilities in western india before being moved to the national institute of virology, pune for experimentation. phylogenetic analysis based on a partial sequence of the 5' noncoding region placed this virus i ... | 2009 | 19175880 |
| influence of ph, salt, and temperature on pressure inactivation of hepatitis a virus. | the effects of ph (3-7), nacl (0-6%), and temperature on pressure inactivation of hepatitis a virus (hav) were determined. the hav samples were treated at 400 mpa for 1 min at 5, 20, and 50 degrees c. decreasing solution ph enhanced pressure inactivation of hav. this enhanced inactivation effect was most evident at 20 degrees c. a baroprotective effect was observed for nacl concentrations from 1 to 6%. for example, a treatment of 400 megapascals (mpa) for 1 min at 50 degrees c reduced the hav ti ... | 2009 | 19187994 |
| seroprevalence of hepatitis a virus infection in persons with hiv infection in taiwan: implications for hepatitis a vaccination. | to retrospectively determine the prevalence of anti-hepatitis a virus (hav) antibody in hiv-positive persons with different routes of hiv exposure and to describe its characteristics in order to guide vaccination policy. | 2009 | 19208490 |
| the expression, purification, and immunogenicity of a new chimeric virus-like particle. | virus-like particles (vlps) are highly immunogenic. in this study, gene fragments encoding hepatitis a virus (hav) vp1 (aa 24-171), a hepatitis e virus (hev) orf2 gene fragment encoding aa 431-615, and gene fragments encoding a nine-peptide linker were spliced together. the spliced gene fragments were then inserted into the expression vector pbv220, resulting in the recombinant plasmid pbv-ea342, which expressed a 342-amino acid fusion protein. the fusion protein was expressed in escherichia col ... | 2009 | 19210228 |
| should brazilian patients with chronic hepatitis c virus infection be vaccinated against hepatitis a virus? | hepatitis a virus (hav) superinfection is associated with a high risk of liver failure and death in patients with hepatitis c virus (hcv) infection. the aim of this study was to investigate the presence of serological and molecular hav markers in a population of hcv-infected patients in order to determine a cost-effective strategy to vaccinate against hav. | 2009 | 19215334 |
| serological evidence of infections and type 2 diabetes: the multiethnic study of atherosclerosis. | prospective studies have identified chronic inflammation as a risk factor for type 2 diabetes. however, it is not known whether infection by specific pathogens or having a greater 'pathogen burden' is associated with diabetes. the aim of this study was to examine the cross-sectional relation of seropositivity to five pathogens (chlamydia pneumoniae, cytomegalovirus, helicobacter pylori, hepatitis a virus, herpes simplex virus) and prevalent diabetes. | 2009 | 19236617 |
| chlorine inactivation of coliphage ms2 on strawberries by industrial-scale water washing units. | fruits and vegetables (produce) intended for minimal processing are often rinsed or washed in water. chlorine and other sanitizers are used during washing to inactivate produce spoilage microbes, but such procedures may also inactivate pathogens epidemiologically linked to produce, such as hepatitis a virus (hav). however, no information exists on the efficacy of chlorinated wash water to inactivate hav and other viruses on produce in actual practice, because of obvious safety concerns. in contr ... | 2009 | 19240350 |
| epidemiological transition of hepatitis a in india: issues for vaccination in developing countries. | with improvement in economic and living conditions of the communities, the age of acquiring hepatitis a virus (hav) infection is shifting from early childhood to adolescence and young adulthood. such epidemiological shift leads to an increased incidence of symptomatic hav infection, including heightened risk of liver failure. data from india indicate that the population is no longer homogeneous for its hav exposure profile. occasional outbreaks of hav and higher proportions of symptomatic cases ... | 2008 | 19246792 |
| detection of hepatitis a virus rna from children patients with acute and fulminant hepatitis of unknown etiology in vietnam: genomic characterization of vietnamese hav strain. | although it is thought that vietnam is a high endemic region of hepatitis a virus (hav) infection, there is no report on genomic characterization of hav spread in vietnam. the purpose of the present paper was therefore to identify various virus infections from 33 children with acute or fulminant hepatitis of unknown etiology admitted to children's hospital no.1 in ho chi minh city, vietnam. | 2008 | 19261107 |
| clinical features and predictors of outcome in acute hepatitis a and hepatitis e virus hepatitis on cirrhosis. | acute hepatitis a and e are recognized triggers of hepatic decompensation in patients with cirrhosis, particularly from the indian subcontinent. however, the resulting acute-on-chronic liver failure (aclf) has not been well characterized and no large studies are available. our study aimed to evaluate the clinical profile and predictors of 3-month mortality in patients with this distinctive form of liver failure. | 2009 | 19267864 |
| dengue fever with hepatitis e and hepatitis a infection. | infection with dengue viruses produces a spectrum of clinical illness ranging from a nonspecific viral syndrome to severe and fatal haemorrhagic disease. important risk factors include the strain and serotype of the infecting virus, as well as the age, immune status, and genetic predisposition of the patient. the teaching point in this case study was dengue fever which occurred concomitantly with hepatitis a and hepatitis e virus infection. | 2009 | 19288948 |
| the effect of universal toddlers-only hepatitis a virus vaccination program on seropositivity rate in unvaccinated toddlers: evidence for reduced virus circulation in the community. | in july 1999, a national toddler-only hepatitis a virus (hav) vaccination program was introduced in israel. passive and active surveillance showed a large reduction in disease rate, but an objective measurement was needed. we hypothesized that toddler's vaccination in a population living in an endemic area would reduce virus circulation, resulting in reduced hav seropositivity rates in unvaccinated toddlers. | 2009 | 19295466 |
| evaluation of murine norovirus as a surrogate for human norovirus and hepatitis a virus in heat inactivation studies. | to determine the suitability of murine norovirus (mnv) as a surrogate for human norovirus (hunov) in heat inactivation studies. | 2009 | 19298511 |
| hepatitis a seroprevalence in tuscany, italy. | information regarding the current seroprevalence of hepatitis a virus (hav) is useful for the control of hav infections. the objective of our study was to evaluate the prevalence of anti-hav antibodies among children (1-5 years old) and young adults (15-20 years old) in tuscany, in central italy. a total of 565 sera were collected in three years 1992, 1998 and 2004, equally distributed between the two age groups. the overal proportion of those that tested positive for anti-hav antibodies was 8.3 ... | 2009 | 19317984 |
| a shot in the rear, not a shot in the dark: application of a mass clinic framework in a public health emergency. | an outbreak of foodborne hepatitis a infection compelled two regional health departments in eastern tennessee to implement an emergency mass clinic for providing hepatitis immune serum globulin (isg) to several thousand potentially exposed people. for the mass clinic framework, we utilized the smallpox post-event clinic plans of the centers for disease control and prevention (cdc), although the plans had only been exercised for smallpox. following cdc's guidelines for staffing and organizing the ... | 2009 | 19320362 |
| use of dried serum spots for serological and molecular detection of hepatitis a virus. | we assessed the feasibility of using dried serum spots (dss) for the serological and molecular diagnosis of hepatitis a virus (hav) infection. sixty-eight sera spotted onto filter papers (whatman international ltd., united kingdom) were used for detection of total anti-hav antibodies, and 64 sera were used for detection of immunoglobulin m antibody to hav. dss were stored at 4 degrees c, room temperature, and 37 degrees c for 1, 2, and 4 weeks. sensitivity and specificity of the serological assa ... | 2009 | 19321728 |
| post-exposure prophylaxis for hepatitis a: immune globulin, vaccine or both? | | 2008 | 19350959 |
| hepatitis a and hepatitis b vaccination responses in persons with chronic hepatitis c infections: a review of the evidence and current recommendations. | in persons with chronic hepatitis c virus (hcv) infections, superinfection by hepatitis a virus (hav) or hepatitis b virus (hbv) can cause serious complications, including fulminating hepatitis or increased severity of hepatitis. therefore, it is important to adequately protect persons with chronic hcv infections by immunization. suboptimal response to vaccines has been reported in patients with chronic liver disease. the present article reviews hav and hbv vaccine responses reported in the lite ... | 2008 | 19352452 |
| hepatitis a seroprevalence and demographics in turkish children in ankara. | hepatitis a virus (hav) is the most common cause of hepatitis in childhood and an important public health problem. the objective of the present study was to determine the seroprevalence of hepatitis a and patient demographics in children between 1 and 15 years old who were admitted to a pediatric outpatient clinic in ankara, turkey. | 2009 | 19371270 |
| the feline calicivirus as a sample process control for the detection of food and waterborne rna viruses. | many food and waterborne outbreaks of infectious disease are caused by viruses. while numerous methods exist and are being developed to test food and water for the presence of enteric viruses, there is no standard control for the comparison of different methods. potential control viruses should be well characterized, share the physical characteristics of the enterically infecting viruses and not normally be associated with foods. here, the feline calicivirus (fcv) is proposed as a sample process ... | 2009 | 19394102 |
| inactivation of enteric viruses in minimally processed berries and herbs. | several hepatitis a virus (hav) and human norovirus (hunov) outbreaks due to consumption of contaminated berries and vegetables have recently been reported. model experiments were performed to determine the effectiveness of freeze-drying, freeze-drying combined with heating, and steam blanching for inactivation of enteric viruses that might be present on the surface of berries and herbs. inactivation of hav and inactivation of feline calicivirus, a surrogate for hunov, were assessed by viral cul ... | 2009 | 19395576 |
| [prevalence of antibodies against hepatitis a and b in hiv-1-infected children and adolescents]. | patients coinfected with hiv and hepatitis b virus (hbv) have a higher risk of developing chronic hbv infection and a higher risk of hepatotoxicity. hepatitis a virus (hav) in hiv-infected patients may require antiretroviral treatment interruption, producing prolonged viremia. in this study, we assess the prevalence of protective antibodies in these patients. | 2009 | 19403205 |
| unilateral palatal and abducens palsy in childhood hepatitis a virus infection. | isolated cranial nerve paresis in childhood hepatitis a virus infection is rare. the authors report an instance of concomitant right-hand side palatal and abducens palsy, developing in the course of an otherwise uncomplicated hepatitis a virus infection in a 5-year-old girl. the neurological complications were transient, and she recovered completely with supportive therapy. | 2009 | 19406760 |
| synthesis of new acridines and hydrazones derived from cyclic beta-diketone for cytotoxic and antiviral evaluation. | cyclic beta-diketone namely, dimedone was utilized to prepare different chemical entities whether cyclic such as acridines, thiadiazole and triazole or acyclic systems as hydrazide, hydrazones, thiosemicarbazide and semicarbazide. the structures of the novel compounds were determined using elemental analyses and various spectroscopic methods. most acyclic derivatives especially semicarbazide 19, hydrazide 9 and thiosemicarbazide 16 showed a higher in vitro cytotoxic activity against hepatoma cel ... | 2009 | 19423201 |
| hepatitis vaccination and prophylaxis. | the three most commonly identified causes of viral hepatitis in the united states are hepatitis a virus (hav), hepatitis b virus (hbv), and hepatitis c virus (hcv). hundreds of millions of people worldwide are infected by these viruses; many experience illness as a result. this article discusses current recommendations for vaccination and other forms of prophylaxis aimed at minimizing the clinical effects of these viruses. | 2009 | 19442921 |
| sero-epidemiology of hepatitis a virus infection among healthcare workers in korean hospitals. | hepatitis a virus (hav) has been increasingly reported in korea as has an outbreak in korean healthcare workers (hcws). this 2008 study evaluated the sero-epidemiology of hav infections among 3696 hcws in four korean hospitals. hcws were tested for immunoglobulin g anti-hav antibodies using commercially available kits. data including demographic characteristics, occupation, workplace and serological status for other hepatitis viruses were collected. statistical analyses were conducted to identif ... | 2009 | 19446368 |
| virus inactivation during the freeze-drying processes as used for the manufacture of plasma-derived medicinal products. | freeze-drying is a technology widely used during the production of plasma-derived medicinal products. several studies have shown that freeze-drying can also result in virus inactivation and particularly of hepatitis a virus (hav). to date, however, the variables critical for virus inactivation during freeze-drying have not been investigated systematically. | 2009 | 19453977 |
| [features of antigen-antibody interaction during use of linear synthetic peptides and multipeptide antigen modeling antigenic determinants of hepatitis a virus]. | to study features of antigen-antibody interaction during use of linear synthetic peptides and multipeptide antigen modelling antigenic determinants of hepatitis a virus (hav) and to evaluate perspectives for use of heterogeneous tetrameric multipeptide antigens for detection of hav serological markers. | 2009 | 19459474 |
| high prevalence of autoantibodies in hepatitis a infection: the impact on laboratory profiles. | in the absence of igm antibodies against hepatitis a virus (hav), hav infections can be regarded as autoimmune hepatitis when they show positive autoantibodies by indirect immunofluorescence and lack other viral markers. the aim of this study was to evaluate the prevalence, titres and impact of autoantibodies in korean patients with hav infection. | 2009 | 19465407 |