| african swine fever virus p10 protein exhibits nuclear import capacity and accumulates in the nucleus during viral infection. | african swine fever virus (asfv), a large enveloped dna-containing virus, infects domestic and wild pigs, and multiplies in soft ticks, causing an economically relevant hemorrhagic disease. evaluation of the nuclear import ability of asfv p10 protein was the major purpose of the present work. two approaches were used to determine if p10 protein is imported into the nucleus by an active process: a yeast-based nuclear import assay and the determination of the subcellular localization of p10 protei ... | 2008 | 18243588 |
| african swine fever virus dna in soft ticks, senegal. | african swine fever is a highly contagious disease of pigs in africa. although its persistence in senegal may be caused by asymptomatic carriers involved in the domestic transmission cycle, we demonstrated that the soft tick ornithodoros sonrai can be naturally infected with the causative agent. | 2007 | 18258050 |
| domains involved in calcineurin phosphatase inhibition and nuclear localisation in the african swine fever virus a238l protein. | the african swine fever virus a238l protein inhibits calcineurin phosphatase activity and activation of nf-kappab and p300 co-activator. an 82 amino acid domain containing residues 157 to 238 at the c-terminus of a238l was expressed in e. coli and purified. this purified a238l fragment acted as a potent inhibitor of calcineurin phosphatase in vitro with an ic50 of approximately 70 nm. two putative nuclear localisation signals were identified between residues 80 to 86 (nls-1) and between residues ... | 2008 | 18261759 |
| development of a reliable assay protocol for identification of diseases (rapid)-bioactive amplification with probing (bap) for detection of newcastle disease virus. | due to appearance of new genotypes of newcastle disease virus (ndv) with no cross-protection and with vaccine strains, some outbreaks have been reported in taiwan that caused significant damage to the poultry industry. a reliable assay protocol, (rapid)-bioactive amplification with probing (bap), for detection of ndv that uses a nested pcr and magnetic bead-based probe to increase sensitivity and specificity, was developed. primers and probes were designed based on the conserved region of the f ... | 2008 | 18261864 |
| in vitro inhibition of classical swine fever virus replication by sirnas targeting npro and ns5b genes. | classical swine fever (csf) is a highly contagious disease of pigs, which causes important economic losses worldwide. in the present study, the specific effect of rna interference on the replication of csf virus (csfv) was explored. three species of small interfering rna (sirna), targeting different regions of csfv npro and ns5b genes, were prepared by in vitro transcription. after transfection of pk-15 cells with each of the sirnas followed by infection with csfv, the viral proliferation within ... | 2008 | 18262291 |
| 12-nt insertion in 3' untranslated region leads to attenuation of classic swine fever virus and protects host against lethal challenge. | we report here the discovery of an attenuation mechanism of classic swine fever virus (csfv) induced by introduction of a continuous 12-nt (cuuuuuucuuuu) insertion in viral 3' utr. the 12-nt insertion sequence was first found in one attenuated vaccine strain hclv (hog cholera lapinized virus) which did not exist in other csfv strains. to address the function of the 12-nt insertion in viral replication and attenuation, we constructed and analyzed two chimeras stemmed from a highly virulent strain ... | 2008 | 18279903 |
| promotion of immunity of mice to pasteurella multocida and hog cholera vaccine by pig interleukin-6 gene and cpg motifs. | a novel oligodeoxynuleotides containing 11 cpg motifs was synthesized and inserted into the vr1020 plasmid containing pig interleukin-6 (il-6) gene (vpil6) to construct recombinant plasmid, vpil6c. the chitosan nanoparticles (cnp) were prepared by ionic cross linkage to entrap the vpil6c (vpil6c-cnp), vpil6 (vpil6-cnp) and cpg (cpg-cnp). 42-day old female mice were divided into four groups and intramuscularly injected respectively with 6 pmol vpil6c-cnp, vpil6-cnp, cpg-cnp and vr1020-cnp along w ... | 2009 | 18279956 |
| the expression of classical swine fever virus structural protein e2 gene in tobacco chloroplasts for applying chloroplasts as bioreactors. | it has been reported that genes encoding antigens of bacterial and viral pathogens can be expressed in plants and are shown to induce protection antibodies. the structural protein e2 of classical swine fever virus (csfv), which has been shown to carry critical epitopes, has been expressed in different systems. here, we report the expression of cfsv e2 gene in tobacco chloroplasts. mice immunized with leaf extracts elicited specific antibodies. this indicated that the expressed e2 proteins had a ... | 2008 | 18280983 |
| local spread of classical swine fever upon virus introduction into the netherlands: mapping of areas at high risk. | in the recent past, the introduction of classical swine fever virus (csfv) followed by between-herd spread has given rise to a number of large epidemics in the netherlands and belgium. both these countries are pork-exporting countries. particularly important in these epidemics has been the occurrence of substantial "neighborhood transmission" from herd to herd in the presence of base-line control measures prescribed by eu legislation. here we propose a calculation procedure to map out "high-risk ... | 2008 | 18298803 |
| [construction of recombinant fowlpox virus expressing e0 gene of classical swine fever virus shimen strain and the animal immunity experiment]. | the csfv e0 gene was amplified from the plasmid pmd18-t-e0 by pcr and cloned into the fpv-p11 and fpv-psy. the identified recombinant dna was transfected into chicken embryo fibroblasts (cef) to package fowlpox virus. e0 gene was confirmed to be integrated into the genome of recombinant fowlpox virus by pcr, and western blot was employed for detection of e0 expression in the chicken embryo fibroblasts infected with recombinant fowlpox virus . the results of elisa showed that systemic immune resp ... | 2008 | 18320824 |
| classical swine fever virus strain "c" protects the offspring by oral immunisation of pregnant sows. | the aim of this study was to evaluate if oral immunisation of wild sows protects the fetuses from transplacental infection. two experiments were carried out with gilts vaccinated orally with c-strain virus approximately 5 weeks after insemination. they were challenged at mid-gestation with highly virulent classical swine fever virus (csfv) or moderately virulent field virus. the results revealed that oral vaccination has no negative impact on the pregnancy, and all vaccinated sows developed neut ... | 2008 | 18321665 |
| a179l, a viral bcl-2 homologue, targets the core bcl-2 apoptotic machinery and its upstream bh3 activators with selective binding restrictions for bid and noxa. | several large dna viruses encode bcl-2 protein homologues involved in the regulation of the cellular apoptosis cascade. this regulation often involves the interaction of these viral proteins with diverse cellular bcl-2 family members. we have identified the specific interactions of a179l, an african swine fever virus (asfv) bcl-2 homologue, with the active forms of the porcine bh3-only bid protein (truncated bid p13 and p15). transient expression of asfv a179l gene in vero cells prevented apopto ... | 2008 | 18329683 |
| eif2-dependent and eif2-independent modes of initiation on the csfv ires: a common role of domain ii. | specific interactions of the classical swine fever virus internal ribosomal entry site (ires) with 40s ribosomal subunits and eukaryotic translation initiation factor (eif)3 enable 43s preinitiation complexes containing eif3 and eif2-gtp-met-trna(imet) to bind directly to the initiation codon, yielding 48s initiation complexes. we report that eif5b or eif5b/eif3 also promote met-trna(imet) binding to ires-40s complexes, forming 48s complexes that can assemble elongation-competent ribosomes. alth ... | 2008 | 18337746 |
| simulating the spread of classical swine fever virus between a hypothetical wild-boar population and domestic pig herds in denmark. | denmark has no free-range wild-boar population. however, danish wildlife organizations have suggested that wild boar should be reintroduced into the wild to broaden national biodiversity. danish pig farmers fear that this would lead to a higher risk of introduction of classical swine fever virus (csfv), which could have enormous consequences in terms of loss of pork exports. we conducted a risk assessment to address the additional risk of introducing and spreading csfv due to the reintroduction ... | 2008 | 18339438 |
| quantitative assessment of the likelihood of the introduction of classical swine fever virus into the danish swine population. | classical swine fever virus (csfv) is a major infectious-disease agent of livestock and causes production losses through increased morbidity and mortality, particularly of young pigs. we identified the pathways for introduction of csfv into denmark and assessed the annual probability of introduction (based on a us department of agriculture model). we developed pathways based on material from scientific articles, reports from veterinary agencies and custom officers, and consultations with experts ... | 2008 | 18342380 |
| effect of ns3 and ns5b proteins on classical swine fever virus internal ribosome entry site-mediated translation and its host cellular translation. | a full-length ns3 (ns3f) and a truncated ns3 protein (ns3h) with an rna helicase domain possess rna helicase activity. using an in vitro system with a monocistronic reporter rna or dna, containing the csfv 5'-utr, we observed that both ns3f and ns3h enhanced internal ribosome entry site (ires)-mediated and cellular translation in a dose-dependent manner, but ns3 protease (ns3p) that lacks a helicase domain did not. ns3f was stronger than ns3h in promoting both translations. these results showed ... | 2008 | 18343841 |
| role of hepatic macrophages during the viral haemorrhagic fever induced by african swine fever virus. | to ascertain the role played by the various liver monocyte-macrophage populations in the course of a viral hemorrhagic fever, fifteen pigs were inoculated intramuscularly with the highly virulent isolate of african swine fever virus (asfv) españa-70 and slaughtered at 1-7 days post-inoculation (dpi). samples of liver were fixed in different solutions and routinely processed for morphological, immunohistochemical and ultrastructural studies. viral antigen (vp73) was detected from 3 dpi onward, ma ... | 2008 | 18366006 |
| cytokine mrna expression and pathological findings in pigs inoculated with african swine fever virus (e-70) deleted on a238l. | african swine fever virus (asfv) induces a variety of immune responses and clinical forms in domestic pigs. as it is the only member of the asfarviridae family, asfv encodes many novel genes not encoded by other virus families. among these genes, a238l may regulate the synthesis of pro-inflammatory cytokines, controlled mainly by nfkappab and nfat pathways. in this study, we inoculated two groups of pigs, one with the asfv highly virulent e-70 isolate, deleted on a238l gene, and the other group ... | 2008 | 18384883 |
| complete genome sequence of attenuated low-temperature thiverval strain of classical swine fever virus. | the thiverval vaccine strain of classical swine fever virus (csfv) was derived from virulent alfort strain through the serial passages in cells at 29-30 degrees c. in this study, we determined the complete genome sequence of this strain and found that its genome contains one open reading frame (orf) that encodes a polyprotein with 3,898 amino acids. the 5'-utr of thiverval is 373 nt long with only one mutation at position 220. in contrast, the length of 3'-utr is highly heterogeneous ranging fro ... | 2008 | 18401695 |
| the gtp binding sites interacted with rna-dependent rna polymerase of classical swine fever virus in de novo initiation. | the ns5b protein of classical swine fever virus (csfv) is an important enzyme bearing a unique rna-dependent rna polymerase (rdrp) activity. the rdrp plays a crucial role in the viral replication cycle and in forming a replicase complex. however, the initiating synthesis mechanism of the csfv rna polymerase is unclearly described at present. our aim is to reveal the rdrp-gtp docking sites and the effective modules of gtp initially bound to the polymerase in starting initiation of replication acc ... | 2008 | 18430987 |
| identification of a conserved linear b-cell epitope at the n-terminus of the e2 glycoprotein of classical swine fever virus by phage-displayed random peptide library. | the e2 protein of classical swine fever virus (csfv) is an important envelope glycoprotein, which is responsible for inducing protective immune response in swine. four antigenic domains, a-d, have been mapped on the e2 protein. the present study describes the identification of a linear b-cell epitope at the n-terminus of the e2 protein by screening a phage-displayed random 12-peptide library with the neutralizing monoclonal antibody (mab) hq06 directed against the e2 protein. hq06 was found to b ... | 2008 | 18485511 |
| general preadaptation of viral infectors to their hosts. | we tested the hypothesis of optimal adaptation of viral infectors to eukaryotic hosts, using (1) correlation in codon and amino acid usage between organisms, and (2) canonical correlation between groups of hosts and infectors. the codon correlations between parasites and hosts vary, being low between swine and african swine fever virus (asf; r = 0.18), and highest between potato and potato virus x (r = 0.60). the correlations might indicate different stages of evolution toward optimal adaptation ... | 2008 | 18493153 |
| diagnostic specificity of a real-time rt-pcr in cattle for foot-and-mouth disease and swine for foot-and-mouth disease and classical swine fever based on non-invasive specimen collection. | foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) and classical swine fever virus (csfv) are highly contagious and can cause great economic losses when introduced into disease-free regions. accurate estimates of diagnostic specificity (sp) are important when considering the implementation of surveillance for these agents. the purpose of this study was to estimate diagnostic sp of a real-time reverse-transcriptase pcr assay developed for detection of fmdv in cattle and domestic swine and csfv in domestic swine ... | 2008 | 18499360 |
| development of a magnetic bead microarray for simultaneous and simple detection of four pestiviruses. | this study reports a novel method for the rapid detection and identification of the four recognized species in the pestivirus genus of the flaviviridae family, i.e. classical swine fever virus (csfv), border disease virus (bdv), bovine viral diarrhoea virus type 1 (bvdv1) and type 2 (bvdv2). the analysis of pestivirus pcr products was performed on microarrays by means of magnetic bead detection. the process utilizes an oligonucleotide array, onto which 5' biotinylated pcr products were hybridize ... | 2009 | 18514335 |
| retrospective analysis of the oral immunisation of wild boar populations against classical swine fever virus (csfv) in region eifel of rhineland-palatinate. | in the present study the effect of control measures implemented during the classical swine fever (csf) epidemic in wild boar in the eifel region of the german federal state of rhineland-palatinate from 1999 to 2005 was assessed. during the first 3 years after official confirmation of virus detection these measures comprised intensive hunting, especially of young animals and hygiene measures. subsequently oral immunisation (o.i.) using a modified live virus vaccine was introduced as an additional ... | 2008 | 18534790 |
| the envelope of intracellular african swine fever virus is composed of a single lipid bilayer. | african swine fever virus (asfv) is a member of a family of large nucleocytoplasmic dna viruses that include poxviruses, iridoviruses, and phycodnaviruses. previous ultrastructural studies of asfv using chemical fixation and cryosectioning for electron microscopy (em) have produced uncertainty over whether the inner viral envelope is composed of a single or double lipid bilayer. in this study we prepared asfv-infected cells for em using chemical fixation, cryosectioning, and high-pressure freezi ... | 2008 | 18550658 |
| two outbreaks of classical swine fever in wild boar in france. | in 2002 and 2003, two successive outbreaks of classical swine fever were declared in wild boar in northern france. the first was in moselle, near the town of thionville and the border with luxembourg, and the second was in the northern vosges area, near the german border. the outbreaks were investigated by serological and virological diagnosis of dead or shot animals. hunting restrictions were applied to limit the spread of the outbreaks. the virus was detected eight times between april and july ... | 2008 | 18567928 |
| [persistent infection with the classical swine fever virus in vaccinated animals: a risk factor?]. | | 2008 | 18578143 |
| simultaneous detection of classical swine fever virus and north american genotype porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus using a duplex real-time rt-pcr. | classical swine fever and porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome are both notifiable diseases of the world organization for animal health (oie). the two diseases exhibit indistinguishable clinical symptoms and sometimes co-exist in swine herds. in this study, a duplex real-time rt-pcr for simultaneous detection of classical swine fever virus (csfv) and north american (na) genotype porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (prrsv) based on two differently labeled taqman probes wa ... | 2008 | 18582953 |
| altered order of substrate binding by dna polymerase x from african swine fever virus. | a sequential ordered substrate binding established previously for several dna polymerases is generally extended to all dna polymerases, and the characterization of novel polymerases is often based on the assumption that the enzymes should productively bind dna substrate first, followed by template-directed dntp binding. the comprehensive kinetic study of dna polymerase x (pol x) from african swine fever virus reported here is the first analysis of the substrate binding order performed for a low- ... | 2008 | 18598057 |
| rapid detection and differentiation of wild-type and three attenuated lapinized vaccine strains of classical swine fever virus by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction. | a simple one-step reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (rt-pcr) method was developed based on t-rich insertions in the viral genome for simultaneous detection and differentiation of wild type and vaccine strains of classical swine fever virus (csfv). the csfv-specific primers were designed to contain the sequences of the t-rich insertion sites that exist uniquely in the 3' nontranslated regions (3' ntr) of the genome of lapinized csfv vaccine strains. by using a one-step rt-pcr or a n ... | 2008 | 18599849 |
| survival of classical swine fever virus at various temperatures in faeces and urine derived from experimentally infected pigs. | indirect transmission of classical swine fever virus (csfv) can occur through contact with mechanical vectors, like clothing and footwear or transport vehicles, contaminated with the secretions or excretions of infected pigs. a prerequisite for indirect transmission is survival of the virus on the mechanical vector. consequently, to obtain more insight into these transmission routes, it is important to know how long the virus remains viable outside the host. in this study we examined the surviva ... | 2008 | 18602226 |
| characterization of antibody responses against a neutralizing epitope on the glycoprotein e2 of classical swine fever virus. | the sequence tavspttlr is a conserved and linear neutralizing epitope on the glycoprotein e2 of classical swine fever virus. in this study, tavspttlr-directed antibodies, induced either by virions or by an epitope-focused immunogen, were characterized. the results revealed that despite the same epitope specificity, the antibodies induced by different immunogens varied significantly both in the neutralizing test and in binding inhibition assays. this suggests that the protective immunity induced ... | 2008 | 18607674 |
| electron microscope observations of african swine fever virus in tissue culture cells. | african swine fever virus, hinde isolate, grown in a stable pig kidney cell line and primary pig kidney cells, was examined for successive stages in the development of the virus particle. the mature particle has a hexagonal outer membrane structure (diameter 175-215 micron) surrounding an electron lucent region and a dense nucleoid (diameter 72-89 micron). the increase in particle production in the cell cytoplasm is consistent with both the rise in infectivity as measured in pig kidney cell cult ... | 1966 | 18611474 |
| the npro product of classical swine fever virus interacts with ikappabalpha, the nf-kappab inhibitor. | classical swine fever virus (csfv) belongs to the genus pestivirus and is the causative agent of classical swine fever, a haemorrhagic disease of pigs. the virus replicates in host cells without activating interferon (ifn) production and has been reported to be an antagonist of double-stranded rna-induced apoptosis. the n-terminal protease (n(pro)) of csfv is responsible for this evasion of the host innate immune response. in order to identify cellular proteins that interact with the n(pro) prod ... | 2008 | 18632959 |
| dynamics of virus excretion via different routes in pigs experimentally infected with classical swine fever virus strains of high, moderate or low virulence. | classical swine fever virus (csfv) is transmitted via secretions and excretions of infected pigs. the efficiency and speed of the transmission depends on a multitude of parameters, like quantities of virus excreted by infected pigs. this study provides quantitative data on excretion of csfv over time from pigs infected with a highly, moderately or low virulent strain. for each strain, five individually housed pigs were infected. virus excretion was quantified in oropharyngeal fluid, saliva, nasa ... | 2009 | 18635323 |
| cytopathogenicity of classical swine fever virus correlates with attenuation in the natural host. | for the important livestock pathogens classical swine fever virus (csfv) and bovine viral diarrhea virus (bvdv), cytopathogenic (cp) and non-cp viruses are distinguished according to the induction of apoptosis in infected tissue culture cells. however, it is currently unknown whether cp csfv differs from non-cp csfv with regard to virulence in the acutely infected host. in this study, we generated helper virus-independent csfv alfort-jiv, which encompasses sequences encoding domain jiv-90 of cel ... | 2008 | 18653456 |
| antibodies to selected viral disease agents in wild boars from the czech republic. | blood samples were collected from wild boar (sus scrofa) shot during the hunting season from 1999 to 2005 in the czech republic. sera were tested by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for the presence of antibodies against classical swine fever virus (csfv), swine vesicular disease virus (svdv), aujeszky's disease virus (adv), and bovine viral diarrhea virus (bvdv). indirect fluorescence antibody test was used for detection of antibodies against porcine circovirus type 2 (pcv-2) and transmissible ... | 2008 | 18689671 |
| baculovirus surface display of e2 envelope glycoprotein of classical swine fever virus and immunogenicity of the displayed proteins in a mouse model. | classical swine fever virus (csfv) causes significant losses in pig industry in many countries. the e2 glycoprotein of csfv is the main target for inducing neutralizing antibodies and protective immunity in the natural host. in this study, one recombinant baculoviruses bacsc-e2 expressing histidine-tagged e2 with the ctd and tm derived from baculovirus envelope protein gp64 was constructed and evaluated its vaccine efficacy in mice model. after infection, e2 was expressed and anchored on the pla ... | 2008 | 18708107 |
| baculovirus surface display of e(rns) envelope glycoprotein of classical swine fever virus. | classical swine fever virus (csfv) causes significant losses in the pig industry in many countries. e(rns) is an envelope glycoprotein of csfv which is known to induce virus-neutralizing antibodies and protective immunity in the natural host. in this study, one recombinant baculoviruses bacsc-e(rns) expressing histidine-tagged e(rns) with the transmembrane domain (tm) and cytoplasmic domain (ctd) derived from baculovirus envelope protein gp64 was constructed and its immunizing efficacy was evalu ... | 2008 | 18727937 |
| enhancement of peripheral blood cd8+ t cells and classical swine fever antibodies by dietary beta-1,3/1,6-glucan supplementation in weaned piglets. | the experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of dietary supplementation with 0, 50, 100 and 200 mg/kg of beta-1,3/1,6-glucan extracted from saccharomyces cerevisiae on cellular immune responses and classical swine fever virus (csfv) antibody production of weaned piglets. thirty-two (landrace x large white; 26 days old; 7.05+/-0.25 kg body weight) castrated male piglets were randomly allocated to four treatments, eight pigs per treatment. all piglets were vaccinated with live-attenuated ch ... | 2008 | 18761656 |
| comparative studies on the pathogenicity and tissue distribution of three virulence variants of classical swine fever virus, two field isolates and one vaccine strain, with special regard to immunohistochemical investigations. | the aim of this study was to compare the tissue distribution and pathogenicity of three virulence variants of classical swine fever virus (csfv) and to investigate the applicability of various conventional diagnostic procedures. | 2008 | 18775072 |
| african swine fever virus protein p30 interaction with heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein k (hnrnp-k) during infection. | heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein k (hnrnp-k) was identified as interacting cellular protein with the abundant immediate early protein p30 from african swine fever virus (asfv) in a macrophage cdna library screening. the interacting regions of hnrnp-k with p30 were established within residues 35-197, which represent kh1 and kh2 domains responsible for rna binding. colocalization of hnrnp-k and p30 was observed mainly in the nucleus, but not in the cytoplasm of infected cells and infection ... | 2008 | 18775702 |
| the low-virulent african swine fever virus (asfv/nh/p68) induces enhanced expression and production of relevant regulatory cytokines (ifnalpha, tnfalpha and il12p40) on porcine macrophages in comparison to the highly virulent asfv/l60. | the impact of infection by the low-virulent asfv/nh/p68 (nhv) and the highly virulent asfv/l60 (l60) isolates on porcine macrophages was assessed through the quantification of ifnalpha, tnfalpha, il12p40, tgfbeta and asfv genes by real-time pcr at 2, 4 and 6 h post-infection. increased ifnalpha, tnfalpha and il12p40 expression was found in infection with nhv, in which expression of tgfbeta was lower than in infection with l60. principal component analysis showed a positive interaction of cytokin ... | 2008 | 18787755 |
| patterns of cellular gene expression in swine macrophages infected with highly virulent classical swine fever virus strain brescia. | experimental exposure of swine to highly virulent classical swine fever virus (csfv) strain brescia causes an invariably fatal disease of all infected animals by 8-14 days post-infection. host mechanisms involved in this severe outcome of infection have not been clearly established. to understand these mechanisms, we analyzed the response of primary cultured swine macrophages, a csfv primary target cell, to infection with brescia strain. steady state levels of mrna accumulation were assessed for ... | 2008 | 18796318 |
| further studies on propagation of hog cholera virus in vitro including electron micrographs. | | 1948 | 18887805 |
| attenuation of hog-cholera virus by serial passage in rabbits. | | 1947 | 18897174 |
| inactivation of classical swine fever virus in porcine casing preserved in salt. | pig intestines used for the production of natural sausage casings may carry classical swine fever (csf) virus. feeding pigs with human food waste that contains pig casings may then spread the virus to csf-free animals. casings derived from a pig experimentally infected with csf by dosing with 10(6) tissue culture infectious doses (tcid50) of the highly virulent csf virus strain "koslov", were treated with phosphate supplemented or citrate supplemented nacl, instead of with nacl alone, which is t ... | 2008 | 18947894 |
| mismatched base-pair simulations for asfv pol x/dna complexes help interpret frequent g*g misincorporation. | dna polymerase x (pol x) from the african swine fever virus is a 174-amino-acid repair polymerase that likely participates in a viral base excision repair mechanism, characterized by low fidelity. surprisingly, pol x's insertion rate of the g*g mispair is comparable to that of the four watson-crick base pairs. this behavior is in contrast with another x-family polymerase, dna polymerase beta (pol beta), which inserts g*g mismatches poorly, and has higher dna repair fidelity. using molecular dyna ... | 2008 | 18955064 |
| analysis of synonymous codon usage in classical swine fever virus. | using the complete genome sequences of 35 classical swine fever viruses (csfv) representing all three genotypes and all three kinds of virulence, we analyzed synonymous codon usage and the relative dinucleotide abundance in csfv. the general correlation between base composition and codon usage bias suggests that mutational pressure rather than natural selection is the main factor that determines the codon usage bias in csfv. furthermore, we observed that the relative abundance of dinucleotides i ... | 2009 | 18958611 |
| pathogenicity of endophytic entomopathogenic fungi to ornithodoros erraticus and ornithodoros moubata (acari: argasidae). | the argasid ticks o. erraticus and o. moubata are of great medical and veterinary importance because they are vectors of the african swine fever virus and several species of human relapsing fever borreliae. biocontrol of these ticks using entomopathogenic fungi has not been previously reported. we examined the pathogenicity to different developmental stages of these two argasids of six strains of the fungal species beauveria bassiana (strains bb1764 and bb2157), lecanicillium lecanii (strains ll ... | 2008 | 18976863 |
| comparison of viraemia- and clinical-based estimates of within- and between-pen transmission of classical swine fever virus from three transmission experiments. | analyses of recent classical swine fever (csf) epidemics in the european union have shown that silent circulation of csf virus (csfv) occurs before the first outbreak is detected and this may lead to a large epidemic. however, severity of csf disease signs may be linked with efficacy of disease transmission, the most severely affected animals having a higher infectivity than the less affected ones. the purpose of this study was to combine disease transmission quantification methods with csf clin ... | 2009 | 18986777 |
| classical swine fever virus can remain virulent after specific elimination of the interferon regulatory factor 3-degrading function of npro. | pestiviruses prevent alpha/beta interferon (ifn-alpha/beta) production by promoting proteasomal degradation of interferon regulatory factor 3 (irf3) by means of the viral n(pro) nonstructural protein. n(pro) is also an autoprotease, and its amino-terminal coding sequence is involved in translation initiation. we previously showed with classical swine fever virus (csfv) that deletion of the entire n(pro) gene resulted in attenuation in pigs. in order to elaborate on the role of the n(pro)-mediate ... | 2009 | 18987150 |
| african swine fever virus blocks the host cell antiviral inflammatory response through a direct inhibition of pkc-theta-mediated p300 transactivation. | during a viral infection, reprogramming of the host cell gene expression pattern is required to establish an adequate antiviral response. the transcriptional coactivators p300 and creb binding protein (cbp) play a central role in this regulation by promoting the assembly of transcription enhancer complexes to specific promoters of immune and proinflammatory genes. here we show that the protein a238l encoded by african swine fever virus counteracts the host cell inflammatory response through the ... | 2009 | 19004945 |
| enhanced discrimination of african swine fever virus isolates through nucleotide sequencing of the p54, p72, and pb602l (cvr) genes. | complete sequencing of p54-gene from 67 european, american, and west and east african swine fever virus (asfv) isolates revealed that west african and european asfv isolates classified within the predominant genotype i according to partial sequencing of p72 were discriminated into four major sub-types on the basis of their p54 sequences. this highlighted the value of p54 gene sequencing as an additional, intermediate-resolution, molecular epidemiological tool for typing of asfv viruses. we furth ... | 2009 | 19009341 |
| expression, cellular localization and antibody responses of the african swine fever virus genes b602l and k205r. | previously, we identified serological immunodeterminants of african swine fever virus (asfv), including pk205r and pb602l, without homologues in the database. pk205r is expressed as a 33-kd protein from 4 h post-infection onward, initially diffusely distributed throughout cells, and subsequently in viral factories. pk205r was not found in purified virus. both pk205r and pb602l are recognised by hyperimmune antisera from domestic pigs and bushpigs at late time points after infection, suggesting t ... | 2008 | 19011730 |
| quantification of classical swine fever virus in aerosols originating from pigs infected with strains of high, moderate or low virulence. | during epidemics of classical swine fever (csf), the route of virus introduction into a farm is often unclear. one of the suggested routes is via the air. under experimental conditions, airborne transmission over a short distance seems possible, but analysis of outbreak data is still inconclusive. for a better understanding of the role of airborne transmission, quantitative information is needed on concentrations of virus emitted by infected pigs. this was studied in four groups of 10 pigs in wh ... | 2009 | 19013029 |
| dendritic cells--at the front-line of pathogen attack. | efficient immune defence function is dependent on the role played by dendritic cells (dcs), particularly the interaction between conventional dc (cdc) and plasmacytoid dc (pdc), together with other monocytic cells. this functionality of immune defences is open to manipulation by viral pathogens infecting dc, a situation further complicated by the diversity of mechanisms employed by different viruses and the subset of dc involved. the present review uses two virus examples--classical swine fever ... | 2009 | 19036457 |
| development and evaluation of a rapid immunomagnetic bead assay for the detection of classical swine fever virus antigen. | classical swine fever (csf) is a highly contagious and severe viral disease of swine resulting in substantial production losses in different farming systems in many regions of the world. the accurate and rapid detection of csf outbreaks is reliant on sensitive and specific laboratory testing and is a key component of disease control. specific detection of csf virus can be achieved by virus isolation in tissue culture, antigen capture or the detection of viral rna using molecular techniques. in o ... | 2009 | 19043796 |
| antiviral activity of lauryl gallate against animal viruses. | antiviral compounds are needed in the control of many animal and human diseases. | 2008 | 19043925 |
| african swine fever virus isolate, georgia, 2007. | african swine fever (asf) is widespread in africa but is rarely introduced to other continents. in june 2007, asf was confirmed in the caucasus region of georgia, and it has since spread to neighboring countries. dna fragments amplified from the genome of the isolates from domestic pigs in georgia in 2007 were sequenced and compared with other asf virus (asfv) isolates to establish the genotype of the virus. sequences were obtained from 4 genome regions, including part of the gene b646l that enc ... | 2008 | 19046509 |
| development of a live attenuated antigenic marker classical swine fever vaccine. | until recently strategies for controlling classical swine fever virus (csfv) involve either prophylactic vaccination or non-vaccination with elimination of infected herds depending on the epidemiological situation of the affected geographical area. marker vaccines allowing distinction between naturally infected from vaccinated swine could complement "stamping out" measures. here we developed a double antigenic marker live attenuated csfv strain flagt4v obtained by combining two genetic determina ... | 2009 | 19046591 |
| [preparation and characteristics of monoclonal antibodies to protein e2 (gp55) of classical hog cholera virus]. | twenty-eight hybridomas producing monoclonal antibodies (mabs) to proteins of classical swine virus (csfv) were obtained by fusion of as2/0 murine myeloma cells with splenocytes of balb/c mice. the recombinant e2 glycoprotein of csfv and the gradient-purified csfv strain shimen were used as an antigen for immunization. twenty-four hybridomas produced mabs of class igg and four hybridomas did mabs of class igm. all mabs were specific for e2 protein of csfv. competitive enzyme immunoassay showed t ... | 2008 | 19069792 |
| n-glycosylation pattern of e2 glycoprotein from classical swine fever virus. | the extracellular domain of e2 glycoprotein outer surface of the classical swine fever virus was expressed in epithelial kidney pig cells. the n-glycosylation determined by combination of normal phase-hplc, weak anion exchange-hplc, exoglycosidase digestions and mass spectrometry revealed a complex mixture of neutral and monosialylated multiantennary n-glycans with variable number of alpha1-3-gal-gal antennae terminals. the most abundant neutral n-glycan has a composition of hex(7)hexnac(4)dhex( ... | 2009 | 19093875 |
| thermal stress treatment does not affect the stability and protective capacity of goat milk derived e2-marker vaccine formulation against csfv. | classical swine fever virus produces a huge mortality in infected herds during recurrent outbreaks, predominantly in tropical and subtropical areas. in this scenario, it is common that cold-chain related issues affect the efficacy of virus attenuated-derived vaccines, which are frequently used in eradication programs. in the present work, the stability and protective capacity of a recombinant vaccine preparation, based on goat milk derived e2 glycoprotein extracellular domain, were both analyzed ... | 2009 | 19100629 |
| rapid pre-clinical detection of classical swine fever by reverse transcription loop-mediated isothermal amplification. | the usefulness of reverse transcription loop-mediated isothermal amplification (rt-lamp) for rapid pre-clinical detection of classical swine fever virus (csfv) infection was evaluated. the rt-lamp reaction could be finished in 60 min under isothermal condition at 65 degrees c by employing a set of four primers targeting the 5' untranslated region of csfv. the rt-lamp assay of csfv showed higher sensitivities than that of rt-pcr, with a detection limit of 5 copies per reaction. no cross-reactivit ... | 2009 | 19103283 |
| inhibition of a large double-stranded dna virus by mxa protein. | increasing evidence points to the importance of the interferon (ifn) response in determining the host range and virulence of african swine fever virus (asfv). infection with attenuated strains of asfv leads to the upregulation of genes controlled by ifn pathways, including myxovirus resistance (mx) genes that are potent effectors of the antiviral state. mx gene products are known to inhibit the replication of many negative-sense single-stranded rna viruses, as well as double-stranded rna viruses ... | 2009 | 19109387 |
| seroprevalence and risk factors for the presence of ruminant pestiviruses in the dutch swine population. | swine can be infected with classical swine fever virus (csfv), as well as ruminant pestiviruses: bovine viral diarrhoea virus (bvdv), and border disease virus (bdv). cross-reactions between pestiviruses occur, both regarding protective immunity and in diagnostic tests. the presence of bvdv and bdv in a swine population may thus affect the transmission of csfv, but also the diagnosis of a csfv infection. in this study, the seroprevalence against bvdv and bdv in two categories of swine, sows and f ... | 2009 | 19128896 |
| simultaneous detection of porcine circovirus type 2, classical swine fever virus, porcine parvovirus and porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus in pigs by multiplex polymerase chain reaction. | a multiplex polymerase chain reaction (pcr) was designed for the simultaneous detection of four viruses involved in reproductive and respiratory failure in pigs: porcine circovirus type 2 (pcv-2), porcine parvovirus (ppv), classical swine fever virus (csfv) and porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (prrsv). each of the four pairs of oligonucleotide primers exclusively amplified the targeted fragment of the specific viruses. the sensitivity of the multiplex pcr using purified plasmi ... | 2010 | 19131259 |
| effects of a modified live csfv vaccine on the development of pmws in pigs infected experimentally with pcv-2. | the objective of this study was to determine the effect of vaccination against classical swine fever virus (csfv) on the development of postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome (pmws) in conventional pigs infected experimentally with porcine circovirus type 2 (pcv-2). the pigs infected with pcv-2 and immunised with modified live csfv developed mild to moderate pmws, whereas none of the pigs infected with pcv-2 alone or immunised with modified live csfv alone developed pmws. lesions histologica ... | 2009 | 19136684 |
| deciphering dorin m glycosylation by mass spectrometry. | the soft tick, ornithodoros moubata, is a vector of several bacterial and viral pathogens including borrelia duttoni, a causative agent of relapsing fever and african swine fever virus. previously, a sialic acid-specific lectin dorin m was isolated from its hemolymph. here, we report on the complete characterization of the primary sequence of dorin m. using liquid chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry, we identified three different glycopeptides in the tryptic digest of dorin m. the peptid ... | 2008 | 19136723 |
| [immune responses induced by the suicidal dna vaccines co-expressing the gp5 protein of prrsv and the e2 protein of csfv in mice]. | six recombinant plasmids co-expressing the wild-type gp5 gene or the codon-optimized gp5 gene (containing pan-dr epitope) of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (prrsv) and the e2 gene of classical swine fever virus (csfv) or the e2 fused with the ul49 of pseudorabies virus (prv) were constructed based on the suicidal dna vaccine psfv1cs-e2 described previously. expression of gp5 and e2 was confirmed by indirect immunofluorescence assay. the immunogenicity of six plasmids was eva ... | 2008 | 19149182 |
| [generation and immunogenicity of a recombinant adenovirus expressing the e2 protein of classical swine fever virus in rabbits]. | classical swine fever (csf), which is caused by classical swine fever virus (csfv), causes significant losses in pig industry in many countries in asia and europe. the e2 glycoprotein of csfv is the main target for neutralizing antibodies. in this study, a recombinant replication-defective human adenovirus expressing the csfv e2 gene (radv-e2) was generated and evaluated for the immunogenicity in rabbits. the results showed that the rabbits immunized with radv-e2 developed high-level csfv-specif ... | 2008 | 19149185 |
| assessment of the cell-mediated immunity induced by alphavirus replicon-vectored dna vaccines against classical swine fever in a mouse model. | we have previously shown that an alphavirus replicon-vectored dna vaccine (psfv1cs-e2) encoding the e2 glycoprotein of classical swine fever virus (csfv) completely protected the immunized pigs from lethal challenge. these animals developed only low or moderate level viral-specific antibody titers before challenge, implying that cell-mediated immunity (cmi) probably played an important role in the protective immunity against csfv conferred by the dna vaccine. in this study, the cmi induced by ps ... | 2009 | 19150136 |
| phylogeny, classification and evolutionary insights into pestiviruses. | the genus pestivirus comprises four established species: bovine viral diarrhoea viruses 1 (bvdv-1) and 2 (bvdv-2), border disease virus (bdv), and classical swine fever virus (csfv); and a tentative species, pestivirus of giraffe. additional pestiviruses have been identified and suggested for recognition as novel subgroups/species. to achieve a reliable phylogeny as the basis for classification of pestiviruses, a molecular dataset of 56 pestiviruses and 2089 characters, comprising the 5'utr, com ... | 2009 | 19167739 |
| characterization of classical swine fever virus (csfv) nonstructural protein 3 (ns3) helicase activity and its modulation by csfv rna-dependent rna polymerase. | classical swine fever virus (csfv) nonstructural protein 3 (ns3) is believed to possess three enzyme activities that are likely to be essential for virus replication: a serine protease located in the n-terminus and ntpase as well as helicase activities located in the c-terminus. in this report, we expressed ns3 helicase domain (ns3h) in e. coli and characterized its helicase activity. the ns3h helicase activity was dependent on the presence of ntp and divalent cations, with a preference for atp ... | 2009 | 19185595 |
| alteration of the n-linked glycosylation condition in e1 glycoprotein of classical swine fever virus strain brescia alters virulence in swine. | e1, along with e(rns) and e2 is one of the three envelope glycoproteins of classical swine fever virus (csfv). previously we showed that glycosylation status of virulent csfv strain brescia e2 or e(rns) affects virus virulence. here, the three putative glycosylation sites of e1 were serially removed by means of site directed mutagenesis of a csfv brescia infectious clone (bicv) and their effect on virulence assessed in swine. removal of all three putative glycosylation sites in e1, at csfv posit ... | 2009 | 19203774 |
| african swine fever virus. | african swine fever virus (asfv) is a large, intracytoplasmically-replicating dna arbovirus and the sole member of the family asfarviridae. it is the etiologic agent of a highly lethal hemorrhagic disease of domestic swine and therefore extensively studied to elucidate the structures, genes, and mechanisms affecting viral replication in the host, virus-host interactions, and viral virulence. increasingly apparent is the complexity with which asfv replicates and interacts with the host cell durin ... | 2009 | 19216435 |
| [establishment and identification of classical swine fever virus (csfv) capsid targeted nuclease expression system]. | one pair of primers was designed based on the sequence encoding capsid protein c of classical swine fever virus (csfv). the c gene fragment was amplified by rt-pcr and pcr products were inserted into eukaryotic expression vector pcdna-sn containing staphylococcal nuclease (sn) gene resulting in recombinant plasmid pcdna-c-sn. 48h after transfection of the recombinant into porcine kidney (pk)-15 cells using liposome, the expression of fusion protein was identified through rt-pcr, western blot and ... | 2008 | 19226954 |
| [expression profiles of apoptotic genes of pig peripheral blood leukocytes caused by classical swine fever virus infection]. | classical swine fever (csf) is a contagious swine disease charactered by hemorrhagic fever and leukopenia,usually leading to substantial economic losses. to obtain a insight of leucopenia caused by csfv infection, dna microarray analyses of peripheral blood leucocytes (pbl) of the infected pigs was performed. three health pigs were inoculated with a lethal dose of csfv shimen strain and their pbls were isolated when the onset of typical clinical signs and then subjected to total rna extraction f ... | 2008 | 19226955 |
| a stochastic model to quantify the risk of introduction of classical swine fever virus through import of domestic and wild boars. | classical swine fever (csf) is a disease of pigs that imposes major hardship on the industry of infected regions. the recent history of csf epidemics suggests that animal movements remain the main source of csf virus (csfv) infection for susceptible populations in europe. this study presents an assessment of the risk of introducing csfv into spain through the importation of live susceptible animals. results suggest that, if prevailing conditions persist, introduction of csfv into spain is likely ... | 2009 | 19243649 |
| [the netherlands is ready to fight classical swine fever through vaccination]. | | 2009 | 19256216 |
| genomic expression profiling of peripheral blood leukocytes of pigs infected with highly virulent classical swine fever virus strain shimen. | classical swine fever (csf), caused by a virus of the same name (csfv), is a highly contagious swine pyrexic disease featuring extensive haemorrhagic lesions and leukopenia, but little is known about the molecular mechanisms of its pathogenesis. to gain insight into the interaction between the virus and host cells, microarray analyses were performed to detect alterations in genomic expression of pig peripheral blood leukocytes (pbls) following csfv infection. three healthy pigs were inoculated w ... | 2009 | 19264604 |
| proof of concept for the reduction of classical swine fever infection in pigs by a novel viral polymerase inhibitor. | 5-[(4-bromophenyl)methyl]-2-phenyl-5h-imidazo[4,5-c]pyridine (bpip) is a representative of a class of imidazopyridines with potent in vitro antiviral activity against pestiviruses including classical swine fever virus (csfv). this study analysed whether the lead compound, bpip, was able to reduce virus replication in infected piglets. the compound, administered in feed, was readily bioavailable and was well tolerated. eight specific-pathogen-free pigs received a daily dose of 75 mg kg(-1) (mixed ... | 2009 | 19264669 |
| mutation of cysteine 171 of pestivirus e rns rnase prevents homodimer formation and leads to attenuation of classical swine fever virus. | pestiviruses represent important pathogens of farm animals that have evolved unique strategies and functions to stay within their host populations. e(rns), a structural glycoprotein of pestiviruses, exhibits rnase activity and represents a virulence factor of the viruses. e(rns) forms disulfide linked homodimers that are found in virions and virus-infected cells. mutation or deletion of cysteine 171, the residue engaged in intermolecular disulfide bond formation, results in loss of dimerization ... | 2009 | 19264773 |
| real-time pcr to detect and analyze virulent ppv loads in artificially challenged sows and their fetuses. | to establish a real-time polymerase chain reaction with sybr green for detection and quantification of porcine parvovirus (ppv) in porcine tissues, two primers specific for the non-structural protein 1 gene were designed. the detection limit of this assay was 3-23 gene copies/reaction, equivalent to 0.001 tcid(50)/ml. the assay was linear over a 10(6) dilution range of template concentrations. other porcine pathogens involved in reproductive disorders (porcine circovirus 2, porcine reproductive ... | 2009 | 19345523 |
| proteomic alteration of pk-15 cells after infection by classical swine fever virus. | viral infections usually result in alterations in the host cell proteome which determine the fate of the infected cells and the progress of pathogenesis. to uncover cellular protein responses in classical swine fever virus-infected pk-15 cells, a proteomic analysis was conducted using 2d page followed by maldi-tof-ms/ms identification. altered expression of 35 protein spots in infected cells at 48 h p.i. were identified in 2d gels, with 21 of these being characterized by maldi-tof-ms/ms, includi ... | 2008 | 19367723 |
| [biodegradable microcapsules containing dna for the new dna vaccine design]. | a general method for the preparation of biodegradable microcapsules capable of antigen inclusion is suggested. multilayer microcapsules were obtained by the method of level-by-level sorption of various polyelectrolytes (alginate, poly-l-lysine, kappa-carrageenan, and chitosan and dextran derivatives). high inclusion efficiency was found for protein and plasmid dna (no less than 90%). a series of microcapsules with included ptkshi plasmid that incorporated a genome site encoding the e(2) polypept ... | 2009 | 19377529 |
| epitope mapping using phage-display random fragment libraries. | phage-display has become a method of choice for epitope mapping and has been successfully used in numerous published studies. although the inaugural studies were all done with random peptide libraries (see chapter "epitope mapping using phage display peptide libraries"), gene- or genome-targeted random fragment libraries have proven to be a more effective epitope mapping approach for some antibodies. in this chapter, we describe the mapping of linear and conformational epitopes of the major afri ... | 2009 | 19377955 |
| characterization of porcine mmp-2 and its association with immune traits. | matrix metalloproteinase-2 (mmp-2) plays important roles in inflammation and immunity besides its basic role in degrading and remodelling extracellular matrix (ecm). the expression of mmp-2 is up-regulated in many human as well as animal models of inflammatory and immune diseases. in this study, we cloned the 5'-upstream sequence, 3'-downstream sequence as well as other missed genomic sequences of porcine mmp-2, the genomic structure and the promotor sequence were analyzed and found to share hig ... | 2009 | 19393189 |
| feral swine contact with domestic swine: a serologic survey and assessment of potential for disease transmission. | feral swine (sus scrofa) are present in 38 of the 50 united states, and their populations continue to expand. domestic swine are widely regarded as vulnerable to diseases harbored by feral swine. our objectives were to determine antibody prevalence for selected pathogens in texas feral swine populations and identify contact events between feral and domestic swine. overall prevalence of antibodies against brucellosis and pseudorabies virus was 11% and 30%, respectively. antibodies to porcine repr ... | 2009 | 19395751 |
| baculovirus surface display of ns3 nonstructural protein of classical swine fever virus. | classical swine fever virus (csfv) causes significant losses in the pig industry in many countries. ns3 proteins of csfv, which include serine protease and rna helicase/nucleotide triphosphatase (ntpase) activities, are multifunctional proteins involved in polyprotein processing and viral replication. previous reports showed that ns3 protein can induce apoptosis in host cells that present cytopathic effects (cpe). baculovirus/insect cell systems are used widely for recombinant protein production ... | 2009 | 19406162 |
| development of a primer-probe energy transfer real-time pcr assay for improved detection of classical swine fever virus. | classical swine fever (csf) is a contagious and devastating disease, causing serious losses in the pig industry worldwide. vaccination of pigs with the conventional c-strain vaccine has been practised in different regions of the world in order to prevent the disease. in the control programmes of csf, rapid detection and identification of the causing agent, classical swine fever virus (csfv) is a crucial step. this study describes a novel real-time pcr assay based on primer-probe energy transfer ... | 2009 | 19406164 |
| prime-boost immunization using alphavirus replicon and adenovirus vectored vaccines induces enhanced immune responses against classical swine fever virus in mice. | this study was designed to evaluate the prime-boost vaccination regimens as a novel immunization strategy for dna vaccine against classical swine fever virus (csfv). balb/c mice were primed with the alphavirus replicon-vectored dna vaccine psfv1cs-e2-ul49 encoding the e2 protein of csfv fused with the ul49 gene encoding the transduction protein vp22 of pseudorabies virus, followed by either homologous boosting with psfv1cs-e2-ul49 or heterologous boosting with the recombinant adenovirus radv-e2 ... | 2009 | 19411115 |
| development of a reverse transcription multiplex real-time pcr for the detection and genotyping of classical swine fever virus. | a reverse transcription multiplex real-time pcr (rt-mrt-pcr) was developed for rapid detection and genotyping of classical swine fever virus (csfv). the universal primers and specific taqman probes for each of the three genotypes, genotypes 1, 2, and 3, were designed within the 3'-utr of the csfv. non-csfv swine virus and clinical samples from specific pathogen-free (spf) pigs were both demonstrated to be csfv-negative by rt-mrt-pcr. the diagnostic sensitivity of rt-mrt-pcr was determined to be ... | 2009 | 19414034 |
| modulation of the structure, catalytic activity, and fidelity of african swine fever virus dna polymerase x by a reversible disulfide switch. | african swine fever virus polymerase x (pol x) is the smallest dna polymerase known (174 amino acids), and its tertiary structure resembles the c-terminal half of prototypical x-family pol beta, which includes a catalytic dntp-binding site (palm domain) and a finger domain. this structural similarity and the presence of viral genes coding for other base excision repair proteins suggest that pol x functions in a manner similar to pol beta, but inconsistencies concerning pol x catalysis have been ... | 2009 | 19419958 |
| differentiation of c-strain "riems" or cp7_e2alf vaccinated animals from animals infected by classical swine fever virus field strains using real-time rt-pcr. | classical swine fever (csf) is one of the most important diseases of pigs. although prophylactic vaccination is banned within the european union, emergency vaccination, allowing differentiation of vaccinated from infected animals, is an option for disease control. up to now, these strategies are based on antibody detection. in this context, conventional modified live vaccines are not suitable. a promising perspective could be genetic differentiation of vaccinated from infected animals where fiel ... | 2009 | 19428579 |
| antigenic differentiation of classical swine fever viruses in china by monoclonal antibodies. | the phylogenetic diversity of classical swine fever virus (csfv) in china has been extensively studied previously, with the report of the classification of chinese csfvs into four subgroups within two of the established genotypes, but the antigenic differences amongst chinese csf viruses still remain unknown. to address this issue, 21 csfv field strains isolated in china between 1996 and 2006 were grown in cell culture and characterized in comparison with two chinese reference strains: a virulen ... | 2009 | 19428750 |
| mucosal or systemic administration of re2 glycoprotein antigen loaded plga microspheres. | we have evaluated the ability of recombinant e2 antigen, as a surfactant free formulation of poly (d,l-lactide-co-glycolide) (plga) microspheres, to elicit a systemic immune response after administration by mucosal routes (oral and nasal) in comparison to intramuscular route. the sequence encoding a truncated e2 glycoprotein of the classical swine fever virus (csfv) was expressed in insect cells following infection with recombinant baculovirus, as a his-tagged recombinant antigen. the recombinan ... | 2009 | 19429284 |
| candidate vaccine focused on a classical swine fever virus epitope induced antibodies with neutralizing activity. | classical swine fever is a highly contagious viral disease for which many researchers are endeavoring to develop safe and efficient vaccines. an amino acid sequence, tavspttlr, residing in glycoprotein e2, was identified as a highly conserved neutralizing epitope. this epitope was demonstrated to have the capacity of inducing neutralizing antibodies, and the sequences flanking it may contribute to the production of functional humoral immune responses. one interesting question is whether such a s ... | 2009 | 19435417 |