| detection of integrated herpesvirus genomes by fluorescence in situ hybridization (fish). | fluorescence in situ hybridization (fish) is widely used to visualize nucleotide sequences in interphase cells or on metaphase chromosomes using specific probes that are complementary to the respective targets. besides its broad application in cytogenetics and cancer research, fish facilitates the localization of virus genomes in infected cells. some herpesviruses, including human herpesvirus 6 (hhv-6) and marek's disease virus (mdv), have been shown to integrate their genetic material into host ... | 2013 | 23996255 |
| expression kinetics of chicken β2-microglobulin and class i mhc in vitro and in vivo during marek's disease viral infections. | marek's disease virus (mdv) is a highly cell-associated herpesvirus that causes a disease in chickens characterized by tumor formation and immunosuppression. the changes of major histocompatibility complex (mhc) expression in different mdv-infected cells are not completely understood. in this study, we investigated the expression of the class i mhc and β2-microglobulin (β2m) genes in response to mdv infection at different time points by real-time pcr. in both in vitro and in vivo, the expression ... | 2013 | 23918553 |
| prevalence of marek's disease virus in different chicken populations in iraq and indicative virulence based on sequence variation in the ecori-q (meq) gene. | a cross-sectional survey was conducted in six provinces in southern iraq to determine the point prevalence of marek's disease virus (mdv) in different chicken populations followed by sequencing the meq gene for phylogenetic analysis and virulence-associated polymorphisms. a total of 109 samples from unvaccinated flocks were analyzed comprising 52 dust and 30 spleen samples from commercial broiler farms and 27 spleens from local layer chickens purchased in the town markets. the overall prevalence ... | 2013 | 23901776 |
| molecular characterization and phylogenetic analysis of marek's disease virus from clinical cases of marek's disease in egypt. | in spite of the intensive vaccination policy against the marek's disease virus (mdv) in egypt, the egyptian poultry flocks are still suffering from several tumor and paralysis cases. to investigate if mdv is the possible cause, feather follicle and tumor samples were collected during 2011 from 30 vaccinated chicken flocks experiencing nervous signs, emaciation, and tumor lesions. the samples were screened by pcr amplification of the meq full-length gene. only five of 30 flocks were positive for ... | 2013 | 23901775 |
| development, application, and results of routine monitoring of marek's disease virus in broiler house dust using real-time quantitative pcr. | results are presented from four studies between 2002 and 2011 into the feasibility of routinely monitoring marek's disease virus serotype 1 (mdv-1) in broiler house dust using real-time quantitative pcr (qpcr) measurement. study 1 on two farms showed that detection of mdv-1 occurred earlier on average in dust samples tested using qpcr than standard pcr and in spleen samples from five birds per shed assayed for mdv-1 by qpcr or standard pcr. dna quality following extraction from dust had no effec ... | 2013 | 23901774 |
| comparison of loop-mediated isothermal amplification and pcr for the detection and differentiation of marek's disease virus serotypes 1, 2, and 3. | the previously conducted study on loop-mediated isothermal amplification (lamp) has shown its usefulness for the detection of marek's disease virus (mdv) virulent field strains. the current study improves the previously designed lamp method with an additional pair of loop primers, which accelerates the reaction, and describes two other lamp procedures for the specific detection of fc126 strain of turkey herpesvirus and nonpathogenic sb-1 strain. the developed lamp procedures were also confirmed ... | 2013 | 23901773 |
| a deletion in the glycoprotein l (gl) gene of u.s. marek's disease virus (mdv) field strains is insufficient to confer increased pathogenicity to the bacterial artificial chromosome (bac)-based strain, rb-1b. | marek's disease (md) is a highly transmissible, herpesvirus-associated malignancy of chickens and turkeys caused by marek's disease virus (mdv). md is currently controlled through the use of nonsterilizing vaccines composed of antigenically related, apathogenic herpesviruses mardivirus 2 (mdv-2), meleagrid herpesvirus 1 (herpesvirus of turkeys, hvt), or attenuated mdv-1 strain cvi988 (rispens). since the mid-1960s, field strains of mdv have increased in virulence, due, in part, to the widespread ... | 2013 | 23901769 |
| importance of differential expression of marek's disease virus gene pp38 for the pathogenesis of marek's disease. | the role of pp38 in the pathogenesis of marek's disease (md) has not been fully elucidated. previously, we reported the presence of two splice variants (spl a and spl b) for pp38. we also reported that the wild-type pp38 (wt), as well as the mutated pp38 (mut), altered the oxidative phosphorylation pathway in infected cells. to determine whether the different forms of pp38 are important for the pathogenesis of md, we generated rb-1b-based bacterial artificial chromosome (bac) clones expressing p ... | 2013 | 23901768 |
| application of a new bivalent marek's disease vaccine does not interfere with infectious bronchitis or newcastle disease vaccinations and proves efficacious. | a possible interference after marek's disease (md) vaccination using an experimental bivalent vaccine, consisting of a redesigned cvi-988/rispens-type mdv-1 strain and herpesvirus of turkeys, with vaccination against infectious bronchitis (ib) virus (ibv) or newcastle disease (nd) virus (ndv) was examined. day-old specific-pathogen-free chicks were concomitantly vaccinated with the bivalent md vaccine (either intramuscularly or subcutaneously) and with commercially available vaccines against nd ... | 2013 | 23901767 |
| properties of a meq-deleted rmd5 marek's disease vaccine: protection against virulent mdv challenge and induction of lymphoid organ atrophy are simultaneously attenuated by serial passage in vitro. | we have previously shown that deletion of the meq gene from the genome of cosmid-cloned rmd5 strain of marek's disease virus (mdv-1) resulted in loss of transformation and oncogenic capacity of the virus. the rmd5deltameq (meq null) virus has been shown to be an excellent vaccine in maternal antibody positive (mab+) chickens challenged with a very virulent plus (vv+) strain of mdv, 648a. the only drawback was that it retained its ability to induce bursa and thymus atrophy (bta) like that of the ... | 2013 | 23901766 |
| the influence of host genetics on marek's disease virus evolution. | since the first report of a polyneuritis in chickens by joseph marek in 1907, the clinical nature of the disease has changed. over the last five decades, the pathogenicity of the marek's disease virus (mdv) has continued to evolve from the relatively mild strains observed in the 1960s to the more severe strains labeled very virulent plus currently observed in today's outbreaks. to understand the influence of host genetics, specifically the major histocompatibility complex (mhc), on virus evoluti ... | 2013 | 23901764 |
| cloning of a very virulent plus, 686 strain of marek's disease virus as a bacterial artificial chromosome. | bacterial artificial chromosome (bac) vectors were first developed to facilitate propagation and manipulation of large dna fragments. this technology was later used to clone full-length genomes of large dna viruses to study viral gene function. marek's disease virus (mdv) is a highly oncogenic herpesvirus that causes rapid induction of t-cell lymphomas in chickens. based on the virus's ability to cause disease in vaccinated chickens, mdv strains are classified into pathotypes, with the most viru ... | 2013 | 23901763 |
| deletion of marek's disease virus large subunit of ribonucleotide reductase impairs virus growth in vitro and in vivo. | marek's disease virus (mdv), a highly cell-associated lymphotropic alphaherpesvirus, is the causative agent of a neoplastic disease in domestic chickens called marek's disease (md). in the unique long (ul) region of the mdv genome, open reading frames ul39 and ul40 encode the large and small subunits of the ribonucleotide reductase (rr) enzyme, named rr1 and rr2, respectively. mdv rr is distinguishable from that present in chicken and duck cells by monoclonal antibody t81. using recombinant dna ... | 2013 | 23901762 |
| viral kinetics, shedding profile, and transmission of serotype 1 marek's disease vaccine rispens/cvi988 in maternal antibody-free chickens. | probably the most effective current vaccine against marek's disease is the live rispens (cvi988) attenuated serotype 1 marek's disease virus (mdv). it is unknown whether the currently available rispens vaccines transmit effectively between chickens. to investigate the kinetics and shedding of three commercially available strains of this virus and the extent of lateral transmission, we measured the shedding rate in dander and the viral load in peripheral blood lymphocytes (pbls) and feather tips ... | 2013 | 23901761 |
| efficacy and safety of cell-associated vaccines against marek's disease virus grown in qt35 cells or jbj-1 cells. | the marek's disease virus (mdv) vaccine strain cvi 988 usually is grown in primary chicken embryo fibroblasts (cefs). we found that the strains could be grown also in the qt35 and jbj-1 cell lines to titers in the same range as in the cefs. both cell lines are fibroblast-like cell lines, which can be grown in flat-bottomed tissue-culture flasks, roller bottles, and on microcarriers. for growth in qt35 cells it was necessary to adapt the virus to the cell line; for growth in jbj-1 cells this was ... | 2013 | 23901760 |
| relationship between levels of very virulent mdv in poultry dust and in feather tips from vaccinated chickens. | to assess the effect of various vaccine strains on replication and shedding of virulent marek's disease virus from experimentally infected chickens, quantitative pcr (q-pcr) methods were developed to accurately quantify viral dna in infected chickens and in the environment in which they were housed. four groups of 10 chickens, kept in poultry isolators, were vaccinated at 1 day old with one of four vaccines covering each of the three vaccine serotypes, then challenged with very virulent mdv stra ... | 2013 | 23901759 |
| insertion of reticuloendotheliosis virus long terminal repeat into the genome of cvi988 strain of marek's disease virus results in enhanced growth and protection. | marek's disease (md) is a lymphoproliferative disease of chickens caused by serotype 1 md virus (mdv). vaccination of commercial poultry has drastically reduced losses from md, and the poultry industry cannot be sustained without the use of vaccines. retrovirus insertion into herpesvirus genomes is an efficient process that alters the biological properties of herpesviruses. rm1, a virus derived from the virulent jm strain of mdv, by insertion of the reticuloendotheliosis (rev) long terminal repe ... | 2013 | 23901756 |
| inhibition of toll-like receptor 2-mediated nf-kappab activation in vero cells with herpesvirus of turkeys. | in a previous study, vaccination with a live bivalent vaccine consisting of herpesvirus of turkeys (hvt) and sb-1 was found to be associated with distinct cytokine expression patterns and the modulation of cytokine responses in the spleen. this vaccine could play a role in mediating protection against infection with the rb1b strain of marek's disease virus. in the present study, vectors for chicken toll-like receptor 1 (chtlr1) and 2 (chtlr2) expression were constructed and transfected into vero ... | 2013 | 23901754 |
| identification and characterization of the genomic termini and cleavage/packaging signals of gallid herpesvirus type 2. | herpesvirus replication within host cells results in concatemeric genomic dna, which is cleaved into unit-length genomes and packaged into the capsid by a complex of proteins. the sites of cleavage have been identified for many herpesviruses, and conserved signaling sequences involved in cleavage and packaging have been characterized. the cleavage/packaging motifs pac-1, pac-2, and dr1 and two distinct groups of telomeric repeat sequences (static trs and variable trs) have been identified. by se ... | 2013 | 23901753 |
| genome-wide association study for marek's disease mortality in layer chickens. | a genome-wide association study (gwas) using bayesian variable selection was performed to determine genomic regions associated with mortality due to marek's disease virus (mdv) infection in layers. mortality (%) under experimental disease challenge (500 plaque-forming units of a very virulent plus mdv strain) was recorded for progeny groups (average 15.5 birds; range 3 to 30) of 253 genotyped sires from four generations of a brown-egg layer line. an additional generation of 43 sires with progeny ... | 2013 | 23901752 |
| identification of a neurovirulence factor from marek's disease virus. | in addition to tumors, marek's disease (md) virus (mdv) can induce a variety of syndromes linked to the central nervous system. in fact, early descriptions of md suggested that it was a condition affecting mainly the nervous system. cytokines and other immune-related genes have been suggested to play a crucial role in mdv-mediated neuropathology, but the mechanisms behind the viral-induced neurologic dysfunction are still poorly understood. in the present study we have used reverse genetic strat ... | 2013 | 23901751 |
| dna methylation down-regulates egfr expression in chickens. | the epidermal growth factor receptor (egfr), a growth-factor-receptor tyrosine kinase, is up-regulated in numerous tumors, which provides a good target for cancer therapy. although it has been documented that oncoviruses are responsible for the activation of egfr in tumors, the impact of marek's disease virus (mdv) infection on egfr has not yet been studied. we performed quantitative reverse transcriptase (rt)-pcr to check egfr expression and found that it was significantly down-regulated after ... | 2013 | 23901748 |
| latency and tumorigenesis in marek's disease. | despite the remarkable progress in our understanding of marek's disease (md) and the causative marek's disease virus (mdv) biology, a number of major features of this complex viral disease remain unknown. significant information on critical aspects of virus latency in lymphoid cells, and the virus-host interaction in mdv-induced lymphoma, remains to be identified. moreover, the nature of the unique milieu of the feather follicle epithelial cell that allows cytolytic infection to continue, despit ... | 2013 | 23901747 |
| proteomics applied to avian herpesviruses. | proteomics is the application of rapidly evolving high-throughput technologies that enable analysis of proteins on a large scale. recent advances in instrumentation have allowed detection, identification, and quantification of proteins with unparalleled precision and reproducibility, and this, in combination with novel bioinformatics tools, has helped to move proteomics from the simple cataloging of expressed proteins toward discovery of operating mechanisms in the biological systems. proteomics ... | 2013 | 23901746 |
| marek's disease virus morphogenesis. | marek's disease virus (mdv) is a highly contagious virus that induces t-lymphoma in chicken. this viral infection still circulates in poultry flocks despite the use of vaccines. with the emergence of new virulent strains in the field over time, mdv remains a serious threat to the poultry industry. more than 40 yr after mdv identification as a herpesvirus, the visualization and purification of fully enveloped infectious particles remain a challenge for biologists. the various strategies used to d ... | 2013 | 23901745 |
| current state of marek's disease virus microrna research. | microrna (mirna) is a major family of small rnas that posttranscriptionally regulate gene expression. small rna profiling studies have revealed that some viruses, particularly large dna viruses, such as marek's disease virus (mdv), encode their own set of mirnas. there are currently 406 viral mirnas in mirbase, of which 392 are encoded by herpesviruses. to date, 26 mdv-1 mirnas, 36 mdv-2 mirnas, and 28 herpesvirus of turkeys mirnas have been identified. interestingly, herpesvirus mirnas appear t ... | 2013 | 23901744 |
| pathotyping of australian isolates of marek's disease virus in commercial broiler chickens vaccinated with herpesvirus of turkeys (hvt) or bivalent (hvt/sb1) vaccine and association with viral load in the spleen and feather dander. | to pathotype australian isolates of marek's disease virus (mdv) in commercial broiler chickens using standard methods and to evaluate early markers of pathotype. | 2013 | 23889101 |
| microsatellite instability in chicken lymphoma induced by gallid herpesvirus 2. | microsatellite instability (msi) has been found in a range of human tumors, and little is known of the links between msi and herpesvirus. in order to investigate the relationship between msi and gallid herpesvirus 2 (gahv-2)-induced lymphoma, fifteen marek's disease (md) lymphomas were analyzed through using 46 microsatellite markers, which were amplified by pcr from dna specimens of lymphoma and normal muscular tissues from the same chicken. pcr products were evaluated by denaturing polyacrylam ... | 2013 | 23844155 |
| molecular characteristics and evolutionary analysis of field marek's disease virus prevalent in vaccinated chicken flocks in recent years in china. | marek's disease is a highly contagious, oncogenic, and immunosuppressive avian viral disease. surveillance of newly registered marek's disease virus (mdv) isolates is meaningful for revealing the potential factors involved in increased virulence. presently, we have focused on the molecular characteristics of all available mdvs from china, including 17 new henan isolates. based on meq, ge, and gi genes, we found that most chinese isolates contain conserved amino acid point mutations in meq, such ... | 2013 | 23813248 |
| a dna vaccine expressing env and gag offers partial protection against reticuloendotheliosis virus in the prairie chicken (tympanicus cupido). | recurring infection of reticuloendotheliosis virus (rev), an avian oncogenic gammaretrovirus, has been a major obstacle in attempts to breed and release the endangered attwater's prairie chicken (tympanicus cupido attwateri). the aim of this study was to develop a dna vaccine that protects the birds against rev infection. a plasmid was constructed expressing fusion proteins of rev envelope (env) and vp22 of gallid herpesvirus 2 or rev gag and vp22. birds vaccinated with these recombinant plasmid ... | 2013 | 23805542 |
| integrated analyses of genome-wide dna occupancy and expression profiling identify key genes and pathways involved in cellular transformation by a marek's disease virus oncoprotein, meq. | marek's disease (md) is an economically significant disease in chickens that is caused by the highly oncogenic marek's disease virus (mdv). a major unanswered question is the mechanism of mdv-induced tumor formation. meq, a bzip transcription factor discovered in the 1990s, is critically involved in viral oncogenicity, but only a few of its host target genes have been described, impeding our understanding of mdv-induced tumorigenesis. using chromatin immunoprecipitation-sequencing (chip-seq) and ... | 2013 | 23740999 |
| expression pattern of genes of rlr-mediated antiviral pathway in different-breed chicken response to marek's disease virus infection. | it has been known that the chicken's resistance to disease was affected by chicken's genetic background. and rlr-mediated antiviral pathway plays an important role in detection of viral rna. however, little is known about the interaction of genetic background with rlr-mediated antiviral pathway in chicken against mdv infection. in this study, we adopted economic line-aa broilers and native erlang mountainous chickens for being infected with mdv. upon infection with mdv, the expression of mda-5 w ... | 2013 | 23710447 |
| visualization of marek's disease virus in vitro using enhanced green fluorescent protein fused with us10. | marek's disease virus (mdv) is an highly cell-associated avian alphaherpesvirus. although viral replication is supported in chicken embryo fibroblasts (cef) or duck embryo fibroblasts, identification of mdv-infected cells is quite cumbersome especially during the early stages of virus replication when plaques can be difficult to recognize. to visualize mdv replication in infected cells and characterize mdv us10 in vitro, rmd5-us10-egfp, a recombinant mdv, was generated that expresses enhanced gr ... | 2013 | 23703623 |
| isolation and analysis of a very virulent marek's disease virus strain in china. | a severe md was broken out at a farm in shandong, china, despite fc126 vaccination of the chickens at 1-day-old. the mortality of the flocks reached up to 38.3%. the infected chickens were found to have md pathological changes, including enlargement of spleens, livers and kidneys, and tumors occured on organs later. samples were collected from the chickens for diagnosis. | 2013 | 23687964 |
| effects of sodium tanshinone iia sulfonate against marek's disease virus in experimentally infected chickens. | chickens experimentally infected with marek's disease virus j-1 strain were used to evaluate the anti-marek's disease virus (mdv) activity of sodium tanshinone iia sulfonate (sts) in vivo. chickens in same group were kept in one pen and control group chickens were housed in negative pressure isolator. chickens were treated with different dose of sts or abob for 21 consecutive days. peripheral t lymphocyte proliferation, expression level of ifn-γ and il-10 in serum, and mdv load in spleen were de ... | 2013 | 23603081 |
| marek΄s disease: rapid progress in research with unclear biological implementations. | here we would like to provide a brief overview of the modern history of marek΄s disease (md) research with a focus on the most recent developments in experimental work and we will try to sum up their impact on the understanding of the biological properties of marek΄s disease type 1 (mdv-1), the only representative of the mardivirus genus causing fatal lymphoproliferative disease in poultry. we will also compare mdv-1 with other serologically-related poultry herpesviruses, marek΄s disease virus t ... | 2013 | 23600883 |
| immunity to marek's disease: where are we now? | marek's disease (md) in chickens was first described over a century ago and the causative agent of this disease, marek's disease virus (mdv), was first identified in the 1960's. there has been extensive and intensive research over the last few decades to elucidate the underlying mechanisms of the interactions between the virus and its host. we have also made considerable progress in terms of developing efficacious vaccines against md. the advent of the chicken genetic map and genome sequence as ... | 2013 | 23588041 |
| sequence analysis of the whole genome of a recombinant marek's disease virus strain, gx0101, with a reticuloendotheliosis virus ltr insert. | marek's disease virus chinese strain gx0101, isolated in 2001, is the first reported recombinant gallid herpesvirus type 2 (gahv-2) field strain with one reticuloendotheliosis virus (rev) long terminal repeat (ltr) insert. we constructed an infectious bacterial artificial chromosome (bac) clone of gx0101, which showed characteristics very similar to those of the parental virus in replication and pathogenicity. using the gx0101 bac clone, the complete genome of gx0101 was sequenced and analyzed. ... | 2013 | 23553452 |
| dnmt gene expression and methylome in marek's disease resistant and susceptible chickens prior to and following infection by mdv. | marek's disease (md) is characterized as a t cell lymphoma induced by a cell-associated α-herpesvirus, marek's disease virus type 1 (mdv1). as with many viral infectious diseases, dna methylation variations were observed in the progression of md; these variations are thought to play an important role in host-virus interactions. we observed that dna methyltransferase 3a (dnmt3a) and 3b (dnmt3b) were differentially expressed in chicken md-resistant line 6 3 and md-susceptible line 7 2 at 21 d afte ... | 2013 | 23538681 |
| transcriptional profile of marek's disease virus genes in chicken thymus during different phases of mdv infection. | in this study, 86 marek's disease virus (mdv) transcripts were detected in chicken thymus infected with rb1b strain. forty-seven of them, which were mainly involved in viral replication and immune escape, were detected at 7 days postinfection (dpi). expression of most of the genes was increased at 21 and 28 dpi but reduced or shut down at 14 dpi. unlike others tissues, we found that a latent infection was established at 14 dpi in infected thymus. here, we show the kinetics of expression of mdv t ... | 2013 | 23494227 |
| differential expression of toll-like receptor genes in lymphoid tissues between marek's disease virus-infected and noninfected chickens. | toll-like receptors (tlr) are trans-membrane sensors recognizing invading microbes. toll-like receptors play a central role in initiating immune responses against several pathogens. in this study, we investigated the response of tlr and downstream genes to marek's disease virus (mdv) infection. forty 1-d-old chicks were randomly divided into 2 groups, with 20 chicks infected with mdv and 20 chicks mock-infected. four chickens were euthanized respectively from infected and age-matched noninfected ... | 2013 | 23436515 |
| interaction domain of glycoproteins gb and gh of marek's disease virus and identification of an antiviral peptide with dual functions. | our previous study reported that both glycoproteins gb and gh of the herpesvirus marek's disease virus (mdv) contain eleven potential heptad repeat domains. these domains overlap with α-helix-enriched hydrophobic regions, including the gh-derived hr1 (ghh1) and hr3 (ghh3) and gb-derived hr1 (gbh1) regions, which demonstrate effective antiviral activity, with 50% inhibitory concentrations (ic(50)) of less than 12 µm. plaque formation and chicken embryo infection assays confirmed these results. in ... | 2013 | 23405092 |
| marek's disease virus (mdv) ubiquitin-specific protease (usp) performs critical functions beyond its enzymatic activity during virus replication. | marek's disease virus (mdv) encodes an ubiquitin-specific protease (usp) within its ul36 gene. usp is highly conserved among herpesviruses and was shown to be important for mdv replication and pathogenesis in mdv's natural host, the chicken. to further investigate the role of mdv usp, several recombinant (r) mdvs were generated and their in vitro phenotypes were evaluated using plaque size and growth kinetics assays. we discovered that the n-terminus of pul36 is essential for mdv replication and ... | 2013 | 23399034 |
| complex assembly, crystallization and preliminary x-ray crystallographic analysis of the chicken mhc class i molecule bf2*1501. | the chicken major histocompatibility complex (mhc) class i molecules named bf are strongly associated with marek's disease (md). a single structure, that of chicken bf2*2101 from the b21 haplotype, which might provide resistance to md, has been determined. however, little is known about other structures apart from bf2*2101. in order to provide further structures of chicken mhc class i molecules, bf2*1501 and chicken β(2)-microglobulin complexed with a nonapeptide (mdv-meq(rrr9)) derived from mar ... | 2013 | 23385750 |
| comparison and contrast of genes and biological pathways responding to marek's disease virus infection using allele-specific expression and differential expression in broiler and layer chickens. | marek's disease (md) is a commercially important neoplastic disease of chickens caused by the marek's disease virus (mdv), a naturally occurring oncogenic alphaherpesvirus. enhancing md genetic resistance is desirable to augment current vaccines and other md control measures. high throughput sequencing was used to profile splenic transcriptomes from individual f1 progeny infected with mdv at 4 days of age from both outbred broilers (meat-type) and inbred layer (egg-type) chicken lines that diffe ... | 2013 | 23363372 |
| characterization of meq proteins from field isolates of marek's disease virus in japan. | serotype 1 strains of marek's disease virus (mdv-1) cause malignant lymphomas in chickens (marek's disease; md). although md has been controlled by vaccination, field isolates of mdv-1 have tended to increase in virulence and cause md even in vaccinated chickens. meq, a putative mdv-1 oncoprotein, resembles the jun/fos family of basic leucine zipper (bzip) transcription factors and can regulate the expression of viral and cellular genes as a homodimer or as a heterodimer with a variety of bzip f ... | 2013 | 23352889 |
| regulation of the mir155 host gene in physiological and pathological processes. | micrornas (mirnas), a family of small nonprotein-coding rnas, play a critical role in posttranscriptional gene regulation by acting as adaptors for the mirna-induced silencing complex to inhibit gene expression by targeting mrnas for translational repression and/or cleavage. mir-155-5p and mir-155-3p are processed from the b-cell integration cluster (bic) gene (now designated, mir155 host gene or mir155hg). mir-155-5p is highly expressed in both activated b- and t-cells and in monocytes/macropha ... | 2013 | 23246696 |
| induction of lymphomas by inoculation of marek's disease virus-derived lymphoblastoid cell lines: prevention by cvi988 vaccination. | lymphoblastoid cell lines 265(l) and 990(o) are monoclonal lymphomas, derived respectively from liver and ovarian tumours, generated in inbred p-line (mhc b(19)/b(19)) chickens infected with rb-1b strain of marek's disease virus (mdv) and prb-1b5 bac clone respectively. these were inoculated into inbred, mdv-susceptible, p-line chickens by intra-venous or intra-abdominal routes. additional groups of birds were vaccinated using 1000 plaque-forming units of cvi988 vaccine 8 days prior to inoculati ... | 2012 | 23237372 |
| a systematic analysis of mirna transcriptome in marek's disease virus-induced lymphoma reveals novel and differentially expressed mirnas. | marek's disease is a lymphoproliferative neoplastic disease of the chicken, which poses a serious threat to poultry health. marek's disease virus (mdv)-induced t-cell lymphoma is also an excellent biomedical model for neoplasia research. recently, mirnas have been demonstrated to play crucial roles in mediating neoplastic transformation. to investigate host mirna expression profiles in the tumor transformation phase of mdv infection, we performed deep sequencing in two mdv-infected samples (tumo ... | 2012 | 23226446 |
| complete genome sequence of a recombinant marek's disease virus field strain with one reticuloendotheliosis virus long terminal repeat insert. | marek's disease virus (mdv) chinese strain gx0101, isolated in 2001 from a vaccinated flock of layer chickens with severe tumors, was the first reported recombinant mdv field strain with one reticuloendotheliosis virus (rev) long terminal repeat (ltr) insert. gx0101 belongs to very virulent mdv (vvmdv) but has higher horizontal transmission ability than the vvmdv strain md5. the complete genome sequence of gx0101 is 178,101 nucleotides (nt) and contains only one rev-ltr insert at a site 267 nt u ... | 2012 | 23166235 |
| characterization of cytotoxicity-related gene expression in response to virulent marek's disease virus infection in the bursa of fabricius. | cell-mediated cytotoxic responses are critical for control of marek's disease virus (mdv) infection and tumour development. however, the mechanisms of virus clearance mediated by cytotoxic responses in the bursa of fabricius of chickens during mdv infection are not fully understood. in this study, the host cytotoxic responses during mdv infection in the bursa were investigated by examining the expression of genes in the cell lysis pathways. partial up-regulation existed in the expression of the ... | 2013 | 23164636 |
| analysis of protein expression profiles in the thymus of chickens infected with marek's disease virus. | marek's disease virus (mdv) is a highly cell-associated oncogenic α-herpesvirus that causes a disease characterised by t-cell lymphomas. the pathogenesis, or the nature of the interaction of the virus and the host, in the thymus are still unclear. | 2012 | 23116199 |
| proteomic and phosphoproteomic analysis of chicken embryo fibroblasts infected with cell culture-attenuated and vaccine strains of marek's disease virus. | vaccination is an effective strategy to reduce the loss of chickens in the poultry industry caused by marek's disease (md), an avian lymphoproliferative disease. the vaccines currently used are from attenuated serotype 1 marek's disease virus (mdv) or naturally nononcogenic mdv strains. to prepare for future immunity breaks, functional genomic and proteomic studies have been used to better understand the underlying mechanisms of mdv pathogenicity and the effects induced by the vaccine viruses. i ... | 2012 | 23106611 |
| marek's disease virus infection induces widespread differential chromatin marks in inbred chicken lines. | marek's disease (md) is a neoplastic disease in chickens caused by the md virus (mdv). successful vaccine development against md has resulted in increased virulence of mdv and the understanding of genetic resistance to the disease is, therefore, crucial to long-term control strategies. also, epigenetic factors are believed to be one of the major determinants of disease response. | 2012 | 23072359 |
| the oncogenic microrna oncomir-21 overexpressed during marek's disease lymphomagenesis is transactivated by the viral oncoprotein meq. | gallid herpesvirus 2 (gahv-2) is an oncogenic herpesvirus that causes t lymphoma in chicken. gahv-2 encodes a basic leucine zipper (bzip) protein of the ap-1 family, meq. upon formation of homo- or heterodimers with c-jun, meq may modulate the expression of viral and cellular genes involved in lymphomagenesis. gahv-2 also encodes viral micrornas (mirnas) involved in latency and apoptosis escape. however, little is known about cellular mirna deregulation during the development of gahv-2-associate ... | 2013 | 23055556 |
| ability of meq-deleted mdv vaccine candidates to adversely affect lymphoid organs and chicken weight gain. | cvi988 (rispens) is currently the most effective vaccine used to protect against marek's disease, a lymphoproliferative disease of chickens. a meq-deleted marek's disease virus strain has shown promise as a vaccine candidate; however, unpublished results from vaccine safety trials suggest that this candidate vaccine induces unwanted lymphoid atrophy. the current study evaluated lymphoid atrophy at multiple time points between 2- and 8-wk postinoculation and attempted to correlate results with vi ... | 2012 | 23050465 |
| differentiation between pathogenic serotype 1 isolates of marek's disease virus and the rispens cvi988 vaccine in australia using real-time pcr and high resolution melt curve analysis. | two real-time pcr assays were developed which enable quantitation and differentiation between pathogenic australian isolates of marek's disease virus (mdv) serotype 1 and the serotype 1 vaccine strain rispens cvi988. the assays are based on a dna sequence variation in the meq gene between pathogenic and vaccinal mdv1 which has been confirmed by sequencing of 20 australian field strains of mdv. complete specificity has been demonstrated in samples containing pathogenic mdv (n=20), rispens (3 comm ... | 2013 | 23041147 |
| nuclear factor kappa b is central to marek's disease herpesvirus induced neoplastic transformation of cd30 expressing lymphocytes in-vivo. | marek's disease (md) is a hyperproliferative, lymphomatous, neoplastic disease of chickens caused by the oncogenic gallid herpesvirus type 2 (gahv-2; mdv). like several human lymphomas the neoplastic md lymphoma cells overexpress the cd30 antigen (cd30(hi)) and are in minority, while the non-neoplastic cells (cd30(lo)) form the majority of population. md is a unique natural in-vivo model of human cd30(hi) lymphomas with both natural cd30(hi) lymphomagenesis and spontaneous regression. the exact ... | 2012 | 22979947 |
| microsatellite instability in marek's disease virus infected primary chicken embryo fibroblasts. | marek's disease virus (mdv), an oncogenic α-herpes virus, causes a devastating disease in chickens characterized by development of lymphoblastoid tumors in multiple organs. microsatellite instability (msi), a symptom of defect in dna mismatch repair function, is a form of genomic instability frequently detected in many types of tumors. however, the involvement of msi in mdv-infected cells has not been investigated. in this study, we determined the presence and frequency of msi in primary chicken ... | 2012 | 22967357 |
| rho-rock and rac-pak signaling pathways have opposing effects on the cell-to-cell spread of marek's disease virus. | marek's disease virus (mdv) is an avian alpha-herpesvirus that only spreads from cell-to-cell in cell culture. while its cell-to-cell spread has been shown to be dependent on actin filament dynamics, the mechanisms regulating this spread remain largely unknown. using a recombinant bac20 virus expressing an egfpvp22 tegument protein, we found that the actin cytoskeleton arrangements and cell-cell contacts differ in the center and periphery of mdv infection plaques, with cells in the latter areas ... | 2012 | 22952878 |
| dynamic equilibrium of marek's disease genomes during in vitro serial passage. | attenuation of gallid herpesvirus-2 (gahv-2), the causative agent of marek's disease, can occur through serial passage of a virulent field isolate in avian embryo fibroblasts. in order to gain a better understanding of the genes involved in attenuation and associate observed changes in phenotype with specific genetic variations, the genomic dna sequence of a single gahv-2 virulent strain (648a) was determined at defined passage intervals. biological characterization of these "interval-isolates" ... | 2012 | 22923089 |
| gene expression analysis of host spleen responses to marek's disease virus infection at late tumor transformation phase. | marek's disease is a viral neoplastic disease of chickens caused by marek's disease virus (mdv). gene expression patterns have been investigated at different mdv infection stages, but there is limited research about the late tumor transformation phase. in this experiment, 44k agilent chicken genome-wide expression microarrays were used to profile differential expression in tumorous spleens (ts) from severely morbid chickens and apparently normal spleens from survivors (ss) after mdv infection an ... | 2012 | 22912446 |
| relationship between tumour development and detection of marek's disease virus in the feather follicular epithelium of older chickens. | to demonstrate the relationship between tumour development and virus replication, eight specific-pathogen-free pullets of line p2 (group p; 14 weeks old) and five adult chickens (group a; 96 weeks old) were inoculated with virulent marek's disease virus (vmdv). five chickens of group p died or were euthanised due to moribund condition following the development of neoplastic lesions between days 53 and 91. on histopathological examination, these lesions were characterised by the proliferation of ... | 2012 | 22903078 |
| a toll-like receptor 3 ligand enhances protective effects of vaccination against marek's disease virus and hinders tumor development in chickens. | marek's disease (md) is caused by marek's disease virus (mdv). various vaccines including herpesvirus of turkeys (hvt) have been used to control this disease. however, hvt is not able to completely protect against very virulent strains of mdv. the objective of this study was to determine whether a vaccination protocol consisting of hvt and a toll-like receptor (tlr) ligand could enhance protective efficacy of vaccination against md. hence, chickens were immunized with hvt and subsequently treate ... | 2012 | 22857262 |
| selection of a recombinant marek's disease virus in vivo through expression of the marek's ecori-q (meq)-encoded oncoprotein: characterization of an rmd5-based mutant expressing the meq of strain rb-1b. | marek's disease (md) is a highly contagious viral disease of chickens (gallus gallus domesticus) caused by md virus (mdv), characterized by paralysis, neurologic signs, and the rapid onset of t-cell lymphomas. mdv-induced t-cell transformation requires a basic leucine zipper protein called marek's ecori-q-encoded protein (meq). we have identified mutations in the coding sequence of meq that correlated with virus pathotype (virulent, very virulent, and very virulent plus). the aim of this study w ... | 2012 | 22856190 |
| optimization of the protocols for double vaccination against marek's disease by using commercially available vaccines: evaluation of protection, vaccine replication, and activation of t cells. | revaccination against marek's disease is a widespread practice in some countries. the rationale of this practice is unknown, and there is no consensus in the protocols. recently, we have demonstrated that administration of the first vaccine at 18 days of embryonation followed by a more protective second vaccine at hatch (18ed/1d) reproduced systematically the benefits of revaccination under laboratory conditions. here, we have used the same model to optimize the revaccination protocols by using ... | 2012 | 22856185 |
| influence of vaccination with cvi988/rispens on load and replication of a very virulent marek's disease virus strain in feathers of chickens. | several highly efficacious vaccines are currently available for control of marek's disease, a lymphoproliferative disease in chickens. however, these vaccines are unable to prevent infection with marek's disease virus (mdv) in vaccinated birds. this leads to shedding of virulent mdv from feather follicle epithelium and skin epithelial cells of vaccinated and infected chickens. the objective of the present study was to study the interactions between a vaccine strain (cvi988/rispens) and a very vi ... | 2012 | 22845323 |
| a genome-wide snp scan reveals two loci associated with the chicken resistance to marek's disease. | marek's disease (md) is a neoplastic disease in chickens, caused by the marek's disease virus (mdv). to investigate host genetic resistance to md, we conducted a genome-wide association study (gwas) on 67 mdv-infected chickens based on a case and control design, including 57 susceptible chickens in the case group and 10 resistant chickens as controls. after searching 38 655 valid genomic markers, two snps were found to be associated with host resistance to md. one snp, rs14527240, reaching chrom ... | 2013 | 22812605 |
| very virulent plus strains of mdv induce an acute form of transient paralysis in both susceptible and resistant chicken lines. | marek's disease (md) is a lymphoproliferative disease of domestic chickens caused by a highly cell-associated alpha herpesvirus, marek's disease virus (mdv). clinical signs of md include depression, crippling, weight loss, and transient paralysis (tp). tp is a disease of the central nervous system that affects md-susceptible chickens 8-11 days post-infection (dpi), normally resulting in recovery 1-3 d after the onset of clinical signs. in this study we inoculated chickens from lines 7(2) (md-sus ... | 2012 | 22803780 |
| progress toward the development of polyvalent vaccination strategies against multiple viral infections in chickens using herpesvirus of turkeys as vector. | vaccination is the most cost effective strategy for the control and prevention of the plethora of viral diseases affecting poultry production. the major challenge for poultry vaccination is the design of vaccines that will protect against multiple pathogens via a single protective dose, delivered by mass vaccination. the marek disease virus and the highly pathogenic avian influenza virus cause severe disease outbreaks in chickens. vaccination with live herpesvirus of turkeys protects chickens fr ... | 2017 | 22705840 |
| competition between two virulent marek's disease virus strains in vivo. | previous studies have demonstrated the presence of multiple strains of marek's disease virus simultaneously circulating within poultry flocks, leading to the assumption that individual birds are repeatedly exposed to a variety of virus strains in their lifetime. virus competition within individual birds may be an important factor that influences the outcome of co-infection under field conditions, including the potential outcome of emergence or evolution of more virulent strains. a series of expe ... | 2012 | 22702454 |
| insertion of reticuloendotheliosis virus long terminal repeat into a bacterial artificial chromosome clone of a very virulent marek's disease virus alters its pathogenicity. | co-cultivation of the jm/102w strain of marek's disease virus (mdv) with reticuloendotheliosis virus (rev) resulted in the generation of a recombinant mdv containing the rev long terminal repeat (ltr) named the rm1 strain of mdv, a strain that was highly attenuated for oncogenicity but induced severe bursal and thymic atrophy. we hypothesize that the phenotypic changes were solely due to the ltr insertion. furthermore, we hypothesize that insertion of rev ltr into an analogous location in a diff ... | 2012 | 22702453 |
| hypomethylation upregulates the expression of cd30 in lymphoma induced by marek's disease virus. | epigenetic modification is widely known to be involved in embryo development, aging, tumorigenesis, and many complex diseases. both hypermethylation of cpg islands at the gene promoters and global hypomethylation are involved in the initiation and progression of carcinogenesis. however, only a small portion of hypomethylation occurs at gene promoters and leads to the overexpression of certain oncogenes. to determine whether dna methylation plays a role in tumorigenesis of marek's disease, we sel ... | 2012 | 22700506 |
| cell culture attenuation eliminates rmd5δmeq-induced bursal and thymic atrophy and renders the mutant virus as an effective and safe vaccine against marek's disease. | marek's disease virus (mdv) encodes a basic leucine zipper oncoprotein, meq, which structurally resembles jun/fos family of transcriptional activators. it has been clearly demonstrated that deletion of meq results in loss of transformation and oncogenic capacity of mdv. the rmd5δmeq virus provided superior protection than cvi988/rispens vaccine in 15×7 chickens when challenged with a very virulent plus (vv+) strain of mdv, 648a. the rmd5δmeq construct was also shown to be an effective vaccine in ... | 2012 | 22687760 |
| marek's disease viral interleukin-8 promotes lymphoma formation through targeted recruitment of b cells and cd4+ cd25+ t cells. | marek's disease virus (mdv) is a cell-associated and highly oncogenic alphaherpesvirus that infects chickens. during lytic and latent mdv infection, a cxc chemokine termed viral interleukin-8 (vil-8) is expressed. deletion of the entire vil-8 open reading frame (orf) was shown to severely impair disease progression and tumor development; however, it was unclear whether this phenotype was due to loss of secreted vil-8 or of splice variants that fuse exons ii and iii of vil-8 to certain upstream o ... | 2012 | 22647701 |
| dual infection and superinfection inhibition of epithelial skin cells by two alphaherpesviruses co-occur in the natural host. | hosts can be infected with multiple herpesviruses, known as superinfection; however, superinfection of cells is rare due to the phenomenon known as superinfection inhibition. it is believed that dual infection of cells occurs in nature, based on studies examining genetic exchange between homologous alphaherpesviruses in the host, but to date, this has not been directly shown in a natural model. in this report, gallid herpesvirus 2 (gahv-2), better known as marek's disease virus (mdv), was used i ... | 2012 | 22629393 |
| molecular characterization of immunoinhibitory factors pd-1/pd-l1 in chickens infected with marek's disease virus. | an immunoinhibitory receptor, programmed death-1 (pd-1), and its ligand, programmed death-ligand 1 (pd-l1), are involved in immune evasion mechanisms for several pathogens causing chronic infections and for neoplastic diseases. however, little has been reported for the functions of these molecules in chickens. thus, in this study, their expressions and roles were analyzed in chickens infected with marek's disease virus (mdv), which induces immunosuppression in infected chickens. | 2012 | 22612856 |
| marek's disease virus expresses multiple ul44 (gc) variants through mrna splicing that are all required for efficient horizontal transmission. | marek's disease (md) is a devastating oncogenic viral disease of chickens caused by gallid herpesvirus 2, or md virus (mdv). mdv glycoprotein c (gc) is encoded by the alphaherpesvirus ul44 homolog and is essential for the horizontal transmission of mdv (k. w. jarosinski and n. osterrieder, j. virol. 84:7911-7916, 2010). alphaherpesvirus gc proteins are type 1 membrane proteins and are generally anchored in cellular membranes and the virion envelope by a short transmembrane domain. however, the m ... | 2012 | 22593168 |
| development of a rapid and specific loop-mediated isothermal amplification detection method that targets marek's disease virus meq gene. | a rapid, sensitive and specific loop-mediated isothermal amplification (lamp) method was developed and evaluated for the detection of marek's disease virus (mdv) by amplification of conserved mdv meq gene sequences. lamp is an innovative technique that allows the rapid detection of targeted nucleic acid sequences under isothermal conditions without the need for complex instrumentation. in this study, meq gene sequences were amplified successfully from different mdv strains by lamp within 60min a ... | 2012 | 22575575 |
| protection conferred by a recombinant marek's disease virus that expresses the spike protein from infectious bronchitis virus in specific pathogen-free chicken. | in many countries, the predominant field isolates of infectious bronchitis virus (ibv) have been classified as qx-like strains since 1996. however, no commercial vaccines that are specific for this type of ibv are currently available. therefore, there is an urgent need to develop novel vaccines that prevent qx-like ibv infection. | 2012 | 22559869 |
| pathotyping of australian isolates of marek's disease virus and association of pathogenicity with meq gene polymorphism. | we report the pathotyping of six australian isolates of marek's disease virus-1 (mdv1) isolated between 1992 and 2004 and association of virulence with meq gene polymorphism. unvaccinated and herpesvirus of turkeys (hvt)-vaccinated specific pathogen free chickens were challenged at day 5 with 500 plaque forming units of marek's disease virus. the isolates induced gross marek's disease lesions in 53 to 94% of unvaccinated chickens, and hvt induced a protective index ranging from 38 to 100% by 56 ... | 2012 | 22515535 |
| mdv1-mir-m7-5p, located in the newly identified first intron of the latency-associated transcript of marek's disease virus, targets the immediate-early genes icp4 and icp27. | marek's disease virus serotype 1 (mdv-1) is an oncogenic alphaherpesvirus causing fatal t-cell lymphoma in chickens. mdv latency is characterized by the production of latency-associated transcripts (lats), a family of non-protein-coding spliced rnas. a cluster of four micrornas (cluster mdv1-mir-m8-m10) was identified, but not formally mapped, at the predicted lat 5' end. we established a lat cdna library from latently mdv-infected cell line msb-1. we identified 22 highly variable lats, which we ... | 2012 | 22513387 |
| cost effective and time efficient measurement of cd4, cd8, major histocompatibility complex class ii, and macrophage antigen expression in the lungs of chickens. | cells expressing cd4, cd8, major histocompatibility complex (mhc) class ii, and macrophage biomarkers in lungs of chickens were quantified by measuring total area of antigen expressed using imagej, a software program developed at the national institutes of health and available at no cost. the procedures reported here were rapid, and reproducible. total area of antigen expressed had positive correlation with manual counts of cells expressing cd4 and cd8 biomarkers after inoculation with serotype ... | 2012 | 22484239 |
| genome sequence determination and analysis of a chinese virulent strain, lms, of gallid herpesvirus type 2. | marek's disease (md) is a neoplastic and neurodegenerative disease of chickens, which is caused by the gallid herpesvirus type 2 (gahv-2). although vaccination has been used widely in china, md still occurs frequently. some molecular epidemiologic studies have shown that chinese gahv-2 isolates seem to constitute a separate clade from strains isolated from other regions. however, more of a genomic background of the chinese strains is necessary. in 2007, a virulent gahv-2 field strain, named lms, ... | 2012 | 22476905 |
| kinetic expression analysis of the cluster mdv1-mir-m9-m4, genes meq and vil-8 differs between the lytic and latent phases of marek's disease virus infection. | marek's disease virus (gahv-2) is an alphaherpesvirus that induces t-cell lymphoma in chickens. the infection includes both lytic and latent stages. gahv-2 encodes three clusters of micrornas (mirnas) located in the internal (i)/terminal (t) repeat (r) regions. we characterized transcripts encompassing the mdv1-mir-m9-m4 and mir-m11-m1 clusters located in the ir(l)/tr(l) region, upstream and downstream from the meq oncogene, respectively. by 5'- and 3'-race-pcr and targeted rt-pcr, we showed tha ... | 2012 | 22442112 |
| dna methylation fluctuation induced by virus infection differs between md-resistant and -susceptible chickens. | marek's disease (md) is a lymphoproliferative disease induced by marek's disease virus (mdv) infection. to augment vaccination measures in md control, host genetic resistant to md becomes obviously more and more important. to elucidate the mechanism of md-resistance, most of researches were focused on the genetic differences between resistant and susceptible chickens. however, epigenetic features between md resistant and susceptible chickens are poorly characterized. using bisulfite pyrosequenci ... | 2012 | 22363343 |
| development and composition of lymphoid lesions in the spleens of marek's disease virus-infected chickens: association with virus spread and the pathogenesis of marek's disease. | changes in lymphocyte distribution in spleens of marek's disease virus (mdv) infected white leghorn chickens of line 72 (md susceptible) and line 61 (md resistant) were studied by immunocytochemistry. lymphocytes expressing the mdv antigen pp38 (predominantly b cells) were detected from 4 to 6 days post-inoculation (d.p.i.) but not at or after 8 d.p.i., and were more numerous in line 72. in line 61, infection resulted in depletion of b lymphocytes and an increase in t lymphocytes from 3 to 6 d.p ... | 1999 | 26915385 |
| multi-centric histiocytosis: experimental induction in broiler and specific pathogen-free leghorn chickens. | seventy-five 3-day-old broiler chicks and twenty specific pathogen-free leghorn chicks were injected with 0.5 ml of a homogenate, prepared from organs from broilers diagnosed with naturally-occurring multicentric histiocytosis (mh). equal numbers of uninjected broiler and leghorn chicks (controls) were maintained in adjacent pens. ten weeks later, nine broilers had well-developed gross and microscopic mh lesions. the distribution and histological appearance of lesions in these experimental chick ... | 1999 | 26915383 |
| epidemiological investigation of outbreaks of fowl adenovirus infections in commercial chickens in china. | one hundred and five fowl adenovirus (fadv) strains were isolated in china from 2015 to 2016 from poultry with inclusion body hepatitis (ibh) and hydropericardium syndrome (hps). polymerase chain reactions determined that 68 were fadv species c, five were fadv species d, two were fadv species e, and 30 contained two or more different fadv strains. a phylogenetic analysis showed that the isolated fadv strains clustered into three major groups: fadv-c, fadv-d and fadv-e. based on a hexon gene sequ ... | 2017 | 28804982 |
| a tiny rna that packs a big punch: the critical role of a viral mir-155 ortholog in lymphomagenesis in marek's disease. | micrornas (mirnas) are small non-coding rnas that have been identified in animals, plants, and viruses. these small rnas play important roles in post-transcriptional regulation of various cellular processes, including development, differentiation, and all aspects of cancer biology. rapid-onset t-cell lymphoma of chickens, namely marek's disease (md), induced by gallid alphaherpesvirus 2 (gahv2), could provide an ideal natural animal model for herpesvirus-related cancer research. gahv2 encodes 26 ... | 2017 | 28694799 |
| telomeres and telomerase: role in marek's disease virus pathogenesis, integration and tumorigenesis. | telomeres protect the ends of vertebrate chromosomes from deterioration and consist of tandem nucleotide repeats (ttaggg)n that are associated with a number of proteins. shortening of the telomeres occurs during genome replication, thereby limiting the replication potential of somatic cells. to counteract this shortening, vertebrates encode the telomerase complex that maintains telomere length in certain cell types via de novo addition of telomeric repeats. several herpesviruses, including the h ... | 2017 | 28677643 |
| industry-wide surveillance of marek's disease virus on commercial poultry farms. | marek's disease virus is a herpesvirus of chickens that costs the worldwide poultry industry more than us$1 billion annually. two generations of marek's disease vaccines have shown reduced efficacy over the last half century due to evolution of the virus. understanding where the virus is present may give insight into whether continued reductions in efficacy are likely. we conducted a 3-yr surveillance study to assess the prevalence of marek's disease virus on commercial poultry farms, determine ... | 2017 | 28665725 |
| co-infection with marek's disease virus and reticuloendotheliosis virus increases illness severity and reduces marek's disease vaccine efficacy. | marek's disease virus (mdv) and reticuloendotheliosis virus (rev) cause marek's disease (md) and reticuloendotheliosis (re), respectively. co-infection with mdv and rev is common in chickens, causing serious losses to the poultry industry. however, experimental studies of such co-infection are lacking. in this study, chinese field strains of mdv (zw/15) and rev (jlr1501) were used as challenge viruses to evaluate the pathogenicity of co-infection and the influence of md vaccination in chickens. ... | 2017 | 28635675 |
| comparative transcriptomics of genetically divergent lines of chickens in response to marek's disease virus challenge at cytolytic phase. | marek's disease (md), caused by marek's disease virus (mdv), remains an economically significant threat to the poultry industry worldwide. genetic resistance to md is a promising alternative strategy to augment current control measures (vaccination and management). however, only a few functional genes reportedly conferring md resistance have been identified. here, we performed a comparative transcriptomics analysis of two highly inbred yet genetically divergent lines of chickens (line 63 and 72) ... | 2017 | 28591220 |
| marek's disease virus infection of phagocytes: a de novo in vitro infection model. | marek's disease virus (mdv) is an alphaherpesvirus that induces t-cell lymphomas in chickens. natural infections in vivo are caused by the inhalation of infected poultry house dust and it is presumed that mdv infection is initiated in the macrophages from where the infection is passed to b cells and activated t cells. virus can be detected in b and t cells and macrophages in vivo, and both b and t cells can be infected in vitro. however, attempts to infect macrophages in vitro have not been succ ... | 2017 | 28548038 |
| differential amplification of marek's disease cvi988 vaccine and of wild-type isolates from organs of commercial chickens using single or duplexed probes in real-time pcr. | the differentiation of marek's disease virus (mdv)-infected and vaccinated animal (diva) test, based on the mdv pp38 gene was described by baigent et al. [(2016). real-time pcr for differential quantification of cvi988 vaccine and virulent mdv strains. journal of virological methods, 233, 23-36], using similar primers and alternate probes for virulent mdv-1 and the vaccine cvi988 virus. we explored the assay's applicability for commercial vaccines and commercial chickens, as the above-mentioned ... | 2017 | 28532188 |
| interindividual spread of herpesviruses. | interindividual spread of herpesviruses is essential for the virus life cycle and maintenance in host populations. for most herpesviruses, the virus-host relationship is close, having coevolved over millions of years resulting in comparatively high species specificity. the mechanisms governing interindividual spread or horizontal transmission are very complex, involving conserved herpesviral and cellular proteins during the attachment, entry, replication, and egress processes of infection. also ... | 2017 | 28528445 |
| putative roles as oncogene or tumour suppressor of the mid-clustered micrornas in gallid alphaherpesvirus 2 (gahv2) induced marek's disease lymphomagenesis. | in the last decade, numerous micrornas (mirnas) have been identified in diverse virus families, particularly in herpesviruses. gallid alphaherpesvirus 2 (gahv2) is a representative oncogenic alphaherpesvirus that induces rapid-onset t-cell lymphomas in its natural hosts, namely marek's disease (md). in the gahv2 genome there are 26 mature mirnas derived from 14 precursors assembled into three clusters, namely the meq-cluster, mid-cluster and lat-cluster. several gahv2 mirnas, especially those in ... | 2017 | 28510513 |
| protective efficacy of a novel recombinant marek's disease virus vector vaccine against infectious bursal disease in chickens with or without maternal antibodies. | infectious bursal disease (ibd) causes significant clinical and economic losses to the poultry industry worldwide. current vaccine programs using live attenuated and inactivated vaccines have numerous drawbacks. as an alternative solution to control ibd, a marek's disease virus (mdv) vector vaccine (rmdv-vp2) expressing the vp2 gene of infectious bursal disease virus (ibdv) has been developed. in this study, the protective efficacy of rmdv-vp2 was evaluated in a dose-related experiment which sho ... | 2017 | 28413051 |
| transcriptomic analysis of host immune response in the skin of chickens infected with marek's disease virus. | marek's disease virus (mdv), a highly cell-associated oncogenic α-herpesvirus, is the causative agent of t cell lymphoma and neuropathic disease called marek's disease. the skin is the only anatomical site where infectious enveloped cell-free virions are produced and shed into the environment. studies have demonstrated that mdv infection induces immunological responses within the skin, including the release of cytokines and the recruitment of t lymphocytes. the host immune response, however, is ... | 2017 | 28410454 |