| electrophoretic evidence that glo2 is the ancestral allele at the glyoxalase-i locus in humans. | glyoxalase-i (ec 4.4.1.5) is polymorphic in humans but not in the closely related hominoid species, pan troglodytes (the common chimpanzee). the electrophoretic mobility of chimpanzee glyoxalase-i is identical to that of human glo2, as is that of another old world primate, macaca fasicularis. these evidences suggest that glo2 may be the ancestral allele at this locus in hominoids. the significance of the human glo variation is discussed in the light of other recent findings showing balanced poly ... | 1982 | 7152529 |
| comparison of the morphological alteration and disintegration test (madt) and the chimpanzee infectivity test for determination of hepatitis b virucidal activity of chemical disinfectants. | the morphological alteration and disintegration test (madt) as a key indicator for hepatitis b virus (hbv) inactivation was compared with the chimpanzee infectivity test using three suspensions of hbv differing in the degree of inactivation as judged by electronmicroscopic studies. the results of the madt and the chimpanzee studies correlated well. thus, the madt, evidently, can replace the laborious, costly and time-consuming animal studies for the evaluation of chemical disinfectants for hepat ... | 1982 | 7158127 |
| [the trigeminal nerve-innervated jaw muscles in the chimpanzee (pan troglodytes, blumenbach 1799) and the gorilla (gorilla gorilla gorilla, savage and wyman 1847)]. | | 1982 | 7160604 |
| the pathology of hepatitis a in man. | liver biopsies from 17 patients with serologically established hepatitis a were examined by light microscopy. biopsies were taken from 2 to 27 weeks after onset of symptoms. all showed acute hepatitis, usually with centrilobular lesions but also commonly with a striking portal and periportal inflammatory reaction, resembling that seen in chronic active hepatitis. the infiltrate was rich in plasma cells. centrilobular cholestasis was common and occasionally severe. neither cholestasis nor the per ... | 1982 | 7176838 |
| characterisation of a human y chromosome repeated sequence and related sequences in higher primates. | the human y chromosome carries 2000 copies of a tandemly repeated sequence, 2.47 kb long, which constitutes about 20% of the dna of this chromosome. these sequences are localised on the tip of the long arm of the y chromosome. related sequences are present in dna of females with a related but distinguishable restriction pattern. these autosomal sequences are distributed in tandem arrays on a number of autosomes. related sequences are also present in gorilla and chimpanzee. in gorilla they resemb ... | 1982 | 7182127 |
| hepatic fibrosis in rabbits infected with japanese and philippine strains of schistosoma japonicum. | symmers' clay pipestem fibrosis of the liver was produced by schistosoma japonicum infection in the rabbit. gross and microscopic portal fibrosis and portal vascular lesions resembled those in hepatosplenic schistosomiasis in man. portal obstruction caused dilation of portal-systemic collateral veins but only minimal portal hypertension. the rapidity of development and prevalence of symmers' fibrosis were related to the intensity of the schistosome infection. a mixed macronudular and micronodula ... | 1980 | 7192497 |
| leprosy in a chimpanzee. postmortem lesions. | a young (5-7 year old) male chimpanzee died 33 months after the first clinical manifestations of a naturally acquired disease that was similar to disseminated leprosy in man. at autopsy there were diffuse or multifocal histiocytic infiltrations of the skin, nasal mucosa, pharynx, lung interstitium, liver, spleen, sclera, testicles, adrenal glands, and peripheral lymph nodes. major nerves of the forearms had extensive fibrosis. there were large numbers of acid-fast bacilli (afb), many occurring a ... | 1980 | 7193655 |
| poly i:c/poly-l-lysine: potent inducer of interferons in primates. | a soluble complex of poly i:c and poly-l-lysine (poly i:c/poly-l-lysine) has been prepared that induces high titers of circulating interferon in monkeys. by limiting the molar ratio of lysine to nucleotide to 0.5, a complex was formed that was soluble up to 2.0 mg poly i:c/ml of phosphate-buffered saline. complexes of poly i:c with poly-l-lysine of various molecular weights, and in a constant ratio (0.5) of lysine to nucleotide, were evaluated for capacity to induce serum interferon in grivet mo ... | 1981 | 7202031 |
| distribution and morphology of myelinated perikarya and dendrites in the olfactory bulb of primates. | numerous myelinated perikarya occur in different layers of the olfactory bulbs of a chimpanzee and two species of new world primates, that is, the squirrel and the cebus monkey. it appears that somata of all established neuron categories, except for the mitral cells, can become ensheathed in myelin. myelinated dendritic segments are found in the periglomerular region and in the external plexiform layer; tufted and periglomerular cells most likely to give rise to these myelinated dendrites. the m ... | 1980 | 7205336 |
| immunization of chimpanzees with hepatitis b virus-derived polypeptides. | previous studies established that the purified polypeptides derived from the 22-nm particles associated with hepatitis b surface antigen (hbsag) produce both humoral and cellular immunity against hbsag in guinea pigs. therefore, the two major polypeptides with molecular weights of 22,000 and 25,000 (p22 and p25, respectively) were isolated, adsorbed to an alum adjuvant, and used to immunize four nonimmune chimpanzees. a vigorous anti-hbs response was observed in all four animals after one inocul ... | 1981 | 7216495 |
| the primate caecum and appendix vermiformis: a comparative study. | the examination of the caecum of two groups of cynomolgus and rhesus monkeys, two orang-utans and a chimpanzee, as well as an extensive review of the available literature, confirmed that the length of the caecum, relative to that of the colon, decreased as the position of the species in the primate scale rose. although absent in prosimians and new world monkeys, there was evidence that the appendix vermiformis began to develop in certain old world monkeys and became fully developed in the anthro ... | 1980 | 7216918 |
| anatomical study of experimental kuru in the rhesus monkey. | the authors report the morphology and topography of cns lesions in experimental kuru (third passage) in the rhesus monkey. the main lesions encountered are spongiosis of the neuropile with neuronal vacuolization, moderate astrocytic gliosis, and slight neuronal depopulation. in all cases, lesions predominated in the grey matter of the cerebral hemispheres (cortex, neostriatum). lesions were minimal in cerebellum and brain stem. the authors compare their results with these observed species of pri ... | 1981 | 7223377 |
| [genetic distances between man, chimpanzee, and gorilla based on electrophoretic mobilities of erythrocyte enzymes (author's transl)]. | | 1981 | 7228030 |
| detection of antibodies to single-stranded dna in naturally acquired and experimentally induced viral hepatitis. | a sensitive "farr" assay, utilizing 125i-labelled dna was developed for detecting antibody to single-stranded dna (anti-ssdna). the test was shown to be specific and as sensitive as assays using 14c-labelled dna, for the detection of antibody in patients with connective tissue diseases. groups of sera from patients with naturally acquired viral hepatitis and experimentally infected chimpanzees were tested for anti-ssdna by the 125i assay and by counterimmunoelectrophoresis (ciep). no consistent ... | 1980 | 7229624 |
| hepatitis b e antigen and antibody: detection by radioimmunoassay in chimpanzees during experimental hepatitis b. | hepatitis b e antigen (hbeag) and its antibody (anti-hbe) were evaluated using a sensitive radioimmunoassay (ria) in weekly serum samples obtained from nine chimpanzees experimentally infected with hepatitis b virus (hbv). in two chimpanzees with hbv infection with detectable hepatitis b surface antigen (hbsag) for less than five weeks, and in one chimpanzee with documented hbv infection with no detectable hbsag, hbeag was not detected; in all three, anti-hbe became detectable early in the infec ... | 1980 | 7229626 |
| failure to detect infectious hepatitis b virus using high dose safety test for hepatitis b vaccine. | one hundred milliliters of an inactivated hepatitis b vaccine (20 microgram/ml) were inoculated intravenously into two colony-born infant chimpanzees. immediately thereafter each received hepatitis b virus from a documented infectious inoculum intravenously at a separate site. neither chimpanzee developed elevation of aminotransferase levels, hepatitis b surface antigen (hbsag), or antibody to hepatitis b core antigen during six months of evaluation, the duration of the currently recommended saf ... | 1981 | 7241095 |
| development, validation, and application of a rapid method for detection of ovulation in great apes and in women. | a rapid hemagglutination inhibition test for detection of pregnancy in nonhuman primates has been modified to permit detection of the midcycle luteinizing hormone (lh) peak in hominid species. the test has been validated by correlation with immunoassayable lh activity in serum and urine. it has been used by the authors and others from prediction of ovulation in the gorilla, orangutan, chimpanzee, and human. this predictive capacity has been of value to experiments in natural breeding, artificial ... | 1981 | 7250394 |
| a quantitative comparison of the hominoid thalamus. iv. posterior association nuclei-the pulvinar and lateral posterior nucleus. | nuclear volumes, nerve cell densities, numbers of neurons, and volumes of nerve cell perikarya in the thalamic association complex, the pulvinar and lateral posterior nuclei (pu-lp) were compared among two gibbons, one gorilla, one chimpanzee, and three humans. the human pu has approximately twice as many neurons as do the great apes, whereas the human and gorilla lp have a similar number. the numbers of neurons in the human pu and combined pu-lp complex were predictable from the ape data. never ... | 1981 | 7270664 |
| hepatic glutathione s-transferases: activities and cellular localization in rat, rhesus monkey, chimpanzee and man. | | 1981 | 7271859 |
| (acylaryloxy)acetic acid diuretics. 3. 2,3-dihydro-5-acyl-2-benzofurancarboxylic acids, a new class of uricosuric diuretics. | the discovery that dihydroethacrynic acid and other (4-acylphenoxy)acetic acids possessed modest but significant uricosuric and diuretic activity prompted our investigation of the related 2,3-dihydro-5-acyl-2-bensofurancarboxylic acids. synthetic routes to a number of these compounds are presented along with the structure-activity relationships generated from studies in rats, dogs, and chimpanzee. examination of the enantiomers of 6,7-dichloro-2,3-dihydro-5-(2-thienylcarbonyl)-2-benzofurancarbox ... | 1981 | 7277395 |
| (acylaryloxy)acetic acid diuretics. 4. indeno[5,4-b]furan-2-carboxylic acids. | investigation of the chemistry of the potent new uricosuric diuretic indacrinone (mk-196) led to a class of novel annulated derivatives, indeno[5,4-b]furan-2-carboxylic acids. the structural requirements for optimal diuretic and uricosuric activity of the tricyclic analogues differed from those of their (indanyloxy)acetic acids counterparts. most notably, the tricyclic analogues were two to four times more natriuretic than the corresponding (indanyloxy)acetic acids when administered orally to ra ... | 1981 | 7277396 |
| pregnancy monitoring in diverse primate species by estrogen and bioactive luteinizing hormone determinations in small volumes of urine. | immunoreactive estrogen and luteinizing hormone/chorionic gonadotropin (lh/cg) bioactivity have been measured throughout pregnancy in diverse primate species with a sample methodological approach utilizing small volumes of urine collected randomly. total immunoreactive estrogen levels and the relative abundance of component estrogens (estrone, estradiol and estriol) at various stages of gestation were compared in the human, orangutan, pygmy chimpanzee, douc langur and capuchin. measurement of ur ... | 1981 | 7277459 |
| survival of human erythrocytes in primate animals. | the recovery and survival of small quantities of 51cr-labelled human erythrocytes (rbcs) transfused to nonhuman primates were measured. in two chimpanzees all of the human rbcs circulated 15 min after transfusion and were subsequently removed from the animals' blood with a half-life (t1/2) of 1.6 and 2.4 days. in baboons and rhesus monkeys over 95% of the human rbcs were cleared within 15 min after injection. animal species, rather than antibody characteristics or titer, was an important determi ... | 1981 | 7277466 |
| the untranslated regions of beta-globin mrna evolve at a functional rate in higher primates. | we have sequenced the 3' and 5' untranslated regions of beta-globin mrnas from cebus monkey, rhesus monkey and chimpanzee. a comparison with the corresponding human sequences reveals that the rate of sequence divergence among the higher primates is the same in the 3' and 5' noncoding regions and that this rate is several times lower than the rate for silent substitutions in the coding regions. in addition, the rate of sequence divergence in the 3' untranslated region of the primate beta-globin n ... | 1981 | 7285116 |
| the effects of distamycin a on gorilla-, chimpanzee- and orangutan lymphocyte cultures. | lymphocyte cultures from the gorilla, chimpanzee, and orangutan were treated with the oligopeptide antibiotic distamycin a. this at-specific dna-ligand induces a distinct undercondensation in the quinacrine-bright heterochromatin of the gorilla and chimpanzee. this is also the case in human lymphocyte cultures. distamycin a further causes an undercondensation in the nonheterochromatic bands 17q21 of the gorilla and 16q22 of man. no visible distamycin a-sensitive chromosome regions are determined ... | 1981 | 7297124 |
| nondetection of infectious hepatitis b virus in a human hepatoma cell line producing hepatitis b surface antigen. | the plc/prf/5 human hepatoma cell line producing hepatitis b surface antigen (hbsag) was studied to determine whether infectious hepatitis b virus (hbv) was also being produced. 2 chimpanzees with no previous exposure to hbv and no serologic markers of past or active hbv infection were inoculated intravenously with 50 ml of either tissue culture supernatant fluid (357 ng/ml hbsag) or a suspension of cells disrupted by repeated freeze-thaw cycles (57 ng/ml hbsag). no evidence of hbv infection was ... | 1981 | 7298300 |
| [basis for a specific-active immunotherapy in malignant melanoma]. | since morton demonstrated in 1968 that malignant melanoma is antigenic, many immunologists have taken an interest in this disease. a basis for specific active immunotherapy has been worked out at duke university medical center, durham, n.c. (usa). a female chimpanzee was hyperimmunized with melanoma cells grown in tissue culture. after appropriate absorptions the xeno-antiserum was tested by indirect immunofluorescence. apart from unspecific activities in the serum detectable against normal huma ... | 1981 | 7302537 |
| transplantation of adult onchocerca volvulus into chimpanzees. | | 1981 | 7303143 |
| animal model of human disease. chimpanzee carriers of hepatitis b virus. chimpanzee hepatitis b carriers. | | 1981 | 7315950 |
| [the torus palatinus]. | the existing investigations about the torus palatinus are not comparable. the tori are not described in all morphological details and very often without quantitative registrations. the present paper tries to show an economic way of quantifying and describing the torus palatinus. skulls from griesheim (kreis darmstadt-dieburg, western germany; "fränkisches gräberfeld"), langd (kreis giessen, west germany; "alter friedhof"), india and pakistan, as well as crania of a population of chimpanzees from ... | 1981 | 7316502 |
| relative growth of the limbs and trunk in the african apes. | examination of relative growth and allometry is important for our understanding of the african apes, as they represent a closely related group of species of increasing body size. this study presents a comparison of ontogenetic relative growth patterns of some postcranial dimensions in pan paniscus, pan troglodytes, and gorilla gorilla. interspecific proportion differences among the three species are also analyzed. it is stressed that reliable ontogenetic information can only be obtained if subad ... | 1981 | 7325219 |
| effect of combined treatment of serum containing hepatitis b virus with beta-propiolactone and ultraviolet irradiation. | the effect of cold sterilization by beta-propiolactone (beta-pl) and ultraviolet (uv) irradiation of serum contaminated with infectious hepatitis b virus (hbv) was investigated in chimpanzee. chimpanzees given 0.1 ml/kg of the undiluted hbv serum estimated to contain 10(7)-10(8) cid50/ml developed acute hepatitis b infection 4 weeks after inoculation. chimpanzees injected with the same undiluted hepatitis serum treated with beta-pl/uv developed hepatitis b infection 14 weeks later. based on the ... | 1981 | 7331286 |
| developing pongid dentition and its use for ageing individual crania in comparative cross-sectional growth studies. | this study of the developing pongid dentition is based on cross-sectional radiographic data of juvenile pan troglodytes, gorilla gorilla, and pongo pygmaeus skulls. comparisons with developmental features of the human dentition are made, and possible explanations for the formation of larger teeth within the reduced pongid growth period are discussed. the data presented in this study provide an alternative method for ageing individual pongid crania in comparative cross-sectional growth studies. t ... | 1981 | 7338332 |
| diuretic and uricosuric activity of 6,7-dichloro-2,3-dihydro-5-(2-thienylcarbonyl)benzofuran-2-carboxylic acid and stereoisomers in chimpanzee, dog and rat. | the racemate and the d-isomer of 6,7-dichloro-2,3-dihydro-5-(2-thienylcarbonyl)benzofuran-2-carboxylic acid exhibited diuretic activity in the chimpanzee, dog and rat. in the chimpanzee, the diuresis and natriuresis presumably resulted from a site of action in the thick ascending limb of henle's loop. the l-isomer was uricosuric but devoid of any diuretic action in the chimpanzee and similarly was not diuretic in the dog and rat. various proportions of the two isomers were tested in the chimpanz ... | 1980 | 7351631 |
| the striking resemblance of high-resolution g-banded chromosomes of man and chimpanzee. | | 1980 | 7375922 |
| observations on onchocerca volvulus in experimentally infected chimpanzees. | the paper describes observations made on 32 chimpanzees experimentally infected with onchocerca volvulus. the mean pre-patent intervals for the cameroon forest and the guatemalan strains of o. volvulus were 13-16 months and 12-15 months respectively. that for the cameroon sudan-savanna strain was much longer, i.e. 22-23 months. the numbers of microfilariae found in the skins of animals infected with the cameroon sudan-savanna strain were also much lower than in animals infected with the other tw ... | 1980 | 7376251 |
| two distinct types of hepatitis in experimental hepatitis b virus infection. | the course of experimental hepatitis b in chimpanzees was studied, and two biochemically, serologically, and histopathologically distinctive types were identified. the first type was self-limiting, rapidly resolving hepatitis with spiking and short-term elevation of sgpt starting at around 5 weeks after the appearance of hbs antigenemia. the second type was smoldering and persistent hepatitis with low-plateau-forming persistent transanimase abnormality developing around 10 weeks after the appear ... | 1980 | 7377287 |
| [electrophoretic polymorphism of seric and erythrocytes proteins and enzymes in the chimpanzee (pan troglodytes) (author's transl)]. | the electrophoretic mobilities of serum enzymes and other proteins were investigated at 35 loci in 25 unrelated individuals of the chimpanzee pan troglodytes. in this population the mean average of individual polymorphism is p = 0.181, and the average level of heterozygoty h = 0.022. the same pattern of individual variability is found in pan troglodytes and homo sapiens. | 1980 | 7390487 |
| yersinia enterocolitica infection of animals and human contacts. | infective animal sources and persons in contact with animals were investigated for yersinia enteroclotica. the 68 isolates from 3115 animals belonged to four serogroups. the most frequent was serogroup o3 (62 strains) found mainly in pigs (41 strains). the same serogroup was isolated from dogs (9 strains), cats (6 strains) and from other animals (6 strains). a total of 556 animals living in the budapest zoo were examined. y. enterocolitica was isolated from the faecal specimens of one chimpanzee ... | 1980 | 7415874 |
| failure to find self-recognition in mother-infant and infant-infant rhesus monkey pairs. | to date, chimpanzees, orangutans, and humans are the only species which have been shown capable of recognizing themselves in mirrors. in an attempt to make the identity of the reflection more explicit we report two experiments in which rhesus monkeys were given paired access to a common mirror over an extended period. while developmental differences in mirror behavior were obtained, signs of self-recognition failed to emerge. the results were discussed in terms of the absence in monkeys of an es ... | 1980 | 7429374 |
| reference: the linguistic essential. | three chimpanzees learned to label three edibles as "foods" and three inedibles as "tools". two chimpanzees could then similarly categorize numerous objects during blind trial 1 tests when shown only objects' names. the language-like skills of the chimpanzee who failed (lana) illustrates that apes can use symbols in ways that emulate human usage without comprehending their representational function. | 1980 | 7434008 |
| innervation of the urinary bladder in higher primates. | stimulating electrodes were placed on the terminal branches of the pelvic nerves to the urinary bladder and the pudendal nerve to the sphincters in seven rhesus monkeys and two chimpanzees. the proximity of the electrodes to these structures assured organ specificity. evoked responses produced by stimulation of these terminal nerve branches were recorded in the fascicles and rootlets of the lower thoracic, lumbar, and sacral nerve roots. during identical stimulating and recording conditions, the ... | 1980 | 7440779 |
| innervation of the external urethral and external anal sphincters in higher primates. | stimulating electrodes were placed on the terminal branches of the pudendal nerve to the external urethral and external anal sphincters. the proximity of the electrodes to the sphincters assured organ specificity. evoked responses produced by stimulation of these terminal nerve branches were recorded in the fascicles and rootlets of the lower thoracic, lumbar, and sacral nerve roots. by this method, the segmental spinal cord origin of the innervation of the external urethral and anal sphincters ... | 1980 | 7440780 |
| normal erythrocytic delta-aminolevulinic acid dehydratase activity in ten nonhuman primate species. | normal data on erythrocytic delta-aminolevulinic acid dehydratase (alad) activity were obtained from ten species of nonhuman primates: tupaia glis, galago crassicaudatus, saimiri sciureus, papio spp., theropithecus gelada, macaca mulatta, macaca fascicularis, macaca nigra, hylobates lar entelloides and pan troglodytes. significant differences between species were observed with m. mulatta having the lowest activity and g. crassicaudatus the highest. pan troglodytes and papio spp. have levels of e ... | 1980 | 7441716 |
| [immunotherapy of friend leukemia with antiserum (author's transl)]. | friend leukemia is caused by friend leukemia virus (flv) in susceptible mice. the malignant cells are of erythrocyte and lymphoid cell origin. spleen enlargement could be detected within two weeks of flv inoculation. the diseased mice usually die in the third or fourth month. specific antisera were prepared from chimpanzee or rabbit by injection of flv or flv gp 71 in freund's adjuvant. in the study of immunotherapy, dba/2j mice were used. normally, dba/2j mice have an average spleen weight of 1 ... | 1980 | 7449527 |
| evaluation of the effect of betapropiolactone/ultraviolet irradiation (bpl/uv) treatment of source plasma on hepatitis transmission by factor ix complex in chimpanzees. | to evaluate the safety of a beta-propiolactone/ultraviolet (bpl/uv), irradiated factor ix complex preparation we inoculated 8 chimpanzees with 25 units factor ix/kilo from a pool of 5 production lots which had been treated in this manner. these lots were derived from approximately 1,000 donors. animals were followed with weekly tests for hepatitis b serologic markers and transaminases, and biweekly liver biopsies, for 6 months. no evidence of transmission of hepatitis b, or non-a, non-b viruses ... | 1980 | 7466740 |
| a reanalysis of the south african australopithecine natural endocasts. | sulcal patterns of six previously available south african australopithecine natural endocasts are reexamined and compared to sulcal patterns of 17 human, 12 gorilla and six chimpanzee brains. in addition, a seventh natural endocast, from sts 58, is described for the first time and compared to an artificial endocast from the same specimen. using the taung endocast as a focal point, it is shown that sulcal patterns reproduced on natural endocasts of australopithecines appear to be pongid-like rath ... | 1980 | 7468789 |
| microbiological, serological, and histopathological features of experimental chlamydia trachomatis urethritis in chimpanzees. | a laboratory-passaged genital strain of chlamydia trachomatis and two unpassaged genital strains from patients with nongonococcal urethritis were inoculated intraurethrally into three young male chimpanzees. chlamydia were recovered from the urethra of two animals and specific antibody responses were detected in all of them. furthermore, a urethral polymorphonuclear leucocyte response, but not an overt discharge, occurred in all the chimpanzees about 1-2 weeks after inoculation. none of these ev ... | 1981 | 7470833 |
| sex differences in aggression: a rejoinder and reprise. | a meta analysis of observational studies of peer-directed aggression by children aged 6 and younger yields a highly significant sex difference. out of 32 studies, z values reflected higher male aggression in 24, no difference in 8, higher female aggression in none. furthermore, boys' aggression is most often displayed in the presence of male partners. evidence is presented that the sex difference is probably not merely an artifact of higher rates of male activity or social interaction. existing ... | 1980 | 7471931 |
| cell cycle dependence of foamy retrovirus infection. | in common with oncoviruses but unlike the lentivirus human immunodeficiency virus type 1, foamy (spuma) viruses require host cell proliferation for productive infection. we show that human immunodeficiency virus type 1 replicates in rd-cd4 cells regardless of the growth arrest condition of the cells, while murine leukemia virus is unable to infect growth-arrested rd-cd4 cells or cells progressing through a partial cell cycle that includes s phase but not mitosis. human foamy virus, like murine l ... | 1995 | 7474157 |
| a speed limit for evolution. | an upper bound on the speed of evolution is derived. the bound concerns the amount of genetic information which is expressed in observable ways in various aspects of the phenotype. the genetic information expressed in some part of the phenotype of a species cannot increase faster than a given rate, determined by the selection pressure on that part. this rate is typically a small fraction of a bit per generation. total expressed genetic information cannot increase faster than a species-specific r ... | 1995 | 7475097 |
| a recent common ancestry for human y chromosomes. | the male-specific portion of the y chromosome is especially useful for studies of human origins. patterns of nucleotide variation that are neutral with respect to fitness should permit estimates of when and where ancestral y chromosomes existed. however, variation on the human y chromosome has been observed to be greatly reduced relative to the autosomes and the x chromosome. one explanation is that selection for a favourable mutation on the non-recombining portion of the y chromosome has result ... | 1995 | 7477371 |
| sequence variation of the human y chromosome. | we have generated over 100 kilobases of sequence from the nonrecombining portion of the y chromosomes from five humans and one common chimpanzee. the human subjects were chosen to match the earliest branches of the human mitochondrial tree. the survey of 18.3 kilobases from each human detected only three sites at which substitutions were present, whereas the human and chimpanzee sequences showed 1.3% divergence. the coalescence time estimated from our y chromosome sample is more recent than that ... | 1995 | 7477372 |
| self-recognition in primates: phylogeny and the salience of species-typical features. | self-recognition has been explored in nonlinguistic organisms by recording whether individuals touch a dye-marked area on visually inaccessible parts of their face while looking in a mirror or inspect parts of their body while using the mirror's reflection. only chimpanzees, gorillas, orangutans, and humans over the age of approximately 2 years consistently evidence self-directed mirror-guided behavior without experimenter training. to evaluate the inferred phylogenetic gap between hominoids and ... | 1995 | 7479889 |
| divergence time and population size in the lineage leading to modern humans. | we have developed maximum likelihood (ml) methods for comparisons of nucleotide sequences from unlinked genomic regions. in the case of a single species, the ml method primarily estimates the effective population size (ne) under both constant size and abrupt expansion conditions. in the case of two or three species, the ml method simultaneously estimates the species divergence time and the effective size of ancestral populations. this allows us to trace the evolutionary history of the human popu ... | 1995 | 7482371 |
| cold-passaged, temperature-sensitive mutants of human respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) are highly attenuated, immunogenic, and protective in seronegative chimpanzees, even when rsv antibodies are infused shortly before immunization. | a cold-passaged (cp) temperature-sensitive (ts) rsv mutant, designated rsv cpts-530, which possesses host-range mutations acquired during 52 passages at low temperature in bovine tissue culture and one or more ts mutations induced by chemical mutagenesis (shut-off temperature 39 degrees c) was found previously to be tenfold restricted in its replication in mice as compared to wild-type virus and stable genetically in nude mice. in the current study, we introduced additional attenuating mutations ... | 1995 | 7483808 |
| selective transmission of hepatitis c virus in vivo and in vitro. | a human plasma containing quasi-species of hepatitis c virus (hcv) was inoculated to a chimpanzee and to human lymphocytic cell lines, hpb-ma clone 10-2, ad hpb, and daudi, which support replication of hcv. among six different hypervariable region (hvr) sequences detected in the inoculum, the same two were recovered both in vivo and in vitro. | 1995 | 7487493 |
| the effect of increased salt intake on blood pressure of chimpanzees. | a colony of 26 chimpanzees given a fruit and vegetable diet of very low na and high k intake were maintained in long-standing, socially stable small groups for three years. half of them had salt added progressively to their diet during 20 months. this addition of salt within the human dietetic range caused a highly significant rise in systolic, mean and diastolic blood pressure. the change reversed completely by six months after cessation of salt. the effect of salt differed between chimpanzees, ... | 1995 | 7489355 |
| evaluation of branched dna signal amplification for the detection of hepatitis c virus rna. | there is an increasing need for a practical assay to measure hcv rna to assess the viral burden in chronic hepatitis c virus (hcv) infection as viral load relates to transmission and therapeutic response. this study evaluates branched dna (bdna) signal amplification, a technique that avoids many of the pitfalls of polymerase chain reaction (pcr). the bdna assay uses a microtitre well format and a series of capture, target and amplification probes that bind rna to the well and then successively b ... | 1995 | 7493306 |
| lack of detection of negative-strand hepatitis c virus rna in peripheral blood mononuclear cells and other extrahepatic tissues by the highly strand-specific rtth reverse transcriptase pcr. | to further explore the controversial potential for extrahepatic replication of hepatitis c virus (hcv), the highly strand-specific rtth method of reverse transcriptase pcr was used to examine sera, liver, peripheral blood mononuclear cells, and other extrahepatic tissues from hcv-infected chimpanzees and humans. positive-strand hcv rna was present in the liver at approximately 10-fold-higher levels than negative-strand hcv rna. no negative-strand rna was detected in peripheral blood mononuclear ... | 1995 | 7494326 |
| aids: a disease of impaired th-cell renewal? | individuals who are infected with human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) and develop aids are characterized by the progressive loss of t helper (th) cells, together with an increase in virus load. despite a remarkable similarity to humans, and their susceptibility to persistent hiv-1 infection, chimpanzees have a relative resistance to the development of aids. here, jonathan heeney proposes that the critical underlying event perpetuating the progression to aids is the impairment of the immunological ... | 1995 | 7495487 |
| hepatitis c virus-specific t lymphocyte responses. | hepatitis c virus establishes a persistent infection in humans and chimpanzees despite virus-specific cell-mediated immune responses. available data suggest that these responses do provide some control of ongoing hepatitis c virus replication and are an important factor contributing to chronic hepatitis. | 1995 | 7495518 |
| galanin immunoreactivity within the primate basal forebrain: evolutionary change between monkeys and apes. | galanin immunoreactivity (gal-ir) is differentially expressed within the basal forebrain of monkeys and humans. most monkey magnocellular basal forebrain neurons colocalize gal-ir. in contrast, virtually no human magnocellular basal forebrain neurons express gal-ir. rather, an extrinsic galaninergic fiber plexus innervates these neurons in humans. the present study examined the expression of gal-ir within the basal forebrain of apes to establish the phylogenetic level at which this transformatio ... | 1993 | 7504703 |
| presentation of native epitopes in the v1/v2 and v3 regions of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 gp120 by fusion glycoproteins containing isolated gp120 domains. | the immune response to viral glycoproteins is often directed against conformation- and/or glycosylation-dependent structures; synthetic peptides and bacterially expressed proteins are inadequate probes for the mapping of such epitopes. this report describes a retroviral vector system that presents such native epitopes on chimeric glycoproteins in which protein fragments of interest are fused to the c terminus of the n-terminal domain of the murine leukemia virus surface protein, gp70. the system ... | 1994 | 7504740 |
| the b5 monoclonal human autoantibody binds to cell surface tnf alpha on human lymphoid cells and cell lines and appears to recognize a novel epitope. | a human igm monoclonal antibody (b5) recognizing human tnf alpha was established from peripheral blood lymphocytes by transformation with epstein-barr virus and subsequent cell fusion. the b5 monoclonal antibody (mab) binds to cell surface tnf alpha (cstnf alpha) on human t cells, b cells, and monocytes. in addition, this autoantibody binds to cstnf alpha on a variety of lymphoid and monocyte lineage cell lines of human origin, as well as astrocytomas, a breast carcinoma, and a melanoma. interes ... | 1993 | 7504982 |
| recombinant vaccinia mucin vector: in vitro analysis of expression of tumor-associated epitopes for antibody and human cytotoxic t-cell recognition. | we have constructed a recombinant vaccinia virus vector that contains human mucin muc-1 cdna. analysis of the recombinant virus isolates showed the tendency of the vaccinia to delete large portions of the mucin tandem repeat region. epstein-barr virus (ebv)-immortalized b cell lines from humans and chimpanzees were infected and analyzed for expression of the mucin on the cell surface and the presence of specific epitopes in the tandem repeat region previously shown to be preferentially expressed ... | 1993 | 7506575 |
| the effect on the safety of intravenous immunoglobulin of testing plasma for antibody to hepatitis c. | the safety of intravenous immunoglobulin (igiv), manufactured from units testing negative for antibody to hepatitis c virus (anti-hcv), was investigated. | 1994 | 7508642 |
| vaccination of chimpanzees against infection by the hepatitis c virus. | a high incidence of community-acquired hepatitis c virus infection that can lead to the progressive development of chronic active hepatitis, liver cirrhosis, and primary hepatocellular carcinoma occurs throughout the world. a vaccine to control the spread of this agent that represents a major cause of chronic liver disease is therefore needed. seven chimpanzees (pan troglodytes) have been immunized with both putative envelope glycoproteins [e1 (gp33) and e2 (gp72)] that were copurified from hela ... | 1994 | 7509068 |
| characterization and mapping of a b-cell immunogenic domain in hepatitis c virus e2 glycoprotein using a yeast peptide library. | to identify conserved humoral antigenic determinants within the hepatitis c virus (hcv) envelope protein e2, we expressed a peptide library containing random short fragments of the hcv envelope in yeast. clones were identified using a monospecific rabbit antibody to a region downstream of the e2 hypervariable region. the clones define the limits of two original antigenic domains: a major one (aa 493-576) and a minor one (aa 535-606). the major antigenic domain maps in a region that displays a hi ... | 1994 | 7510436 |
| review of serologic testing for hepatitis c virus infection and risk of posttransfusion hepatitis c. | hepatitis c virus (hcv) is a major cause of acute and chronic hepatitis and cirrhosis worldwide. screening volunteer donors for antibody to hcv (anti-hcv) has reduced the risk of posttransfusion hepatitis c to less than 1.0% per recipient. virtually all persons with acute hcv infection seem to become chronically infected, and an average of 67% acquire chronic liver disease with persistently elevated liver enzyme values. among anti-hcv-positive blood donors, 70% to 90% are hcv rna positive, but l ... | 1994 | 7513149 |
| attempted prophylaxis of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 infection in chimpanzees with a nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor. | | 1994 | 7514014 |
| a novel, glycan-dependent epitope in the v2 domain of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 gp120 is recognized by a highly potent, neutralizing chimpanzee monoclonal antibody. | an anti-gp120 monoclonal antibody (mab), c108g (gamma 1, kappa), was isolated from a chimpanzee that had been infected with strain iiib of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1iiib) and subsequently immunized with the recombinant glycoprotein rgp160mn. this mab is specific for the iiib strain of hiv-1 and related clones and exhibits very potent neutralization of these viruses; e.g., 100% neutralization of approximately 8 x 10(3) infectious units of hxb2 was achieved with 125 ng of c108g per ... | 1994 | 7515975 |
| detection of hepatitis c virus antigen by immuno-histochemical staining: a histological marker of hepatitis c virus infection. | hepatitis c virus has been recognized as a major cause of non-a, non-b viral hepatitis. although serologic tests have been commercialized, no specific histological or immuno-histochemical markers for hepatitis c virus infection are available for routine use. in an effort to detect hepatitis c virus antigen in liver tissue we investigated the immuno-reactivity to monoclonal antibodies on frozen liver tissue from a chimpanzee and patients with chronic non a, non b hepatitis. monoclonal antibodies ... | 1994 | 7516360 |
| tear proteins and enzymes in the chimpanzee. | | 1994 | 7518182 |
| prevention of hepatitis c virus infection in chimpanzees after antibody-mediated in vitro neutralization. | hepatitis c virus (hcv) is the most important etiologic agent of non-a, non-b hepatitis and is a major cause of chronic liver disease and hepatocellular carcinoma. development of an effective vaccine would be the most practical method for prevention of the infection, but whether infection with hcv elicits protective immunity in the host is unclear. neutralization of hcv in vitro was attempted with plasma of a chronically infected patient, and the residual infectivity was evaluated by inoculation ... | 1994 | 7519785 |
| comparison of the immune response to recombinant gp120 in humans and chimpanzees. | to assess similarities and differences in antibody responses to recombinant (r) hiv-1iiib gp120 in chimpanzees, previously protected from hiv-1 infection, and human volunteers immunized in connection with a phase i clinical trial. | 1994 | 7520248 |
| envelope sequence variation, neutralizing antibodies, and primate lentivirus persistence. | studies in ungulate lentivirus systems clearly indicate that neutralization escape variants emerge over time in chronically infected animals. studies in the eiav system, in particular, have provided strong evidence that the humoral branch of the immune system is at least one selective force acting on an array of viral variants. in previous studies with the ungulate lentiviruses, molecularly cloned virus was never used, and plaque-purified virus was only sometimes used; the genetic determinants r ... | 1994 | 7523031 |
| the hla-b73 antigen has a most unusual structure that defines a second lineage of hla-b alleles. | the nucleotide sequence of cdna encoding the hla-b73 antigen was determined; it is unusually divergent, differing from other hla-b alleles by 44-77 nucleotide substitutions. features that distinguish the b*7301 heavy chain from other hla-b heavy chains include multiple substitutions in the alpha 3 domain and a duplication-deletion within the transmembrane region that increases the length of b*7301 compared to other hla-b heavy chains. the duplication-deletion is shared with subsets of b alleles ... | 1994 | 7524186 |
| c4 gene polymorphism in primates: evolution, generation, and chido and rodgers antigenicity. | eleven new c4d genomic primate sequences of the fourth complement factor (c4) have been obtained. seven of them belong to five species not yet explored for this gene: pan paniscus (pygmy chimpanzee), cercopithecus aethiops (green monkey), macaca mulatta (rhesus monkey), macaca fascicularis (cynomolgus), and saguinus oedipus (cotton top tamarin). the new world monkeys (tamarins, four individuals) sequenced for c4 have a single c4d sequence only, which shows a b isotypic specificity and a rodgers ... | 1994 | 7525470 |
| immunity in hepatitis c virus infection. | immunity after hcv infection is weak, even after reinfection with the identical strain of virus. even chronically infected chimpanzees can be reinfected. weak immunity may reflect the fact that hcv virions are coated with lipoproteins (vldl), preventing antibody binding. this phenomenon presents a serious challenge for development of vaccines. | 1994 | 7526553 |
| hbv and hdv replication in experimental models: effect of interferon. | the use of hbv and hdv experimental models has significantly contributed to understand the viral life cycle and to systematically test antiviral effects of various drugs on a pre-clinical level. similar replication strategies of related hepadna viruses permit the use of chimpanzees (pan troglodytes), woodchucks (marmota monax), ground and tree squirrels (spermophilus beecheyi) or pekin ducks (anas domesticus) as appropriate animal models. cell culture systems for in vitro infection or transfecti ... | 1994 | 7526786 |
| recent african origin of modern humans revealed by complete sequences of hominoid mitochondrial dnas. | we analyzed the complete mitochondrial dna (mtdna) sequences of three humans (african, european, and japanese), three african apes (common and pygmy chimpanzees, and gorilla), and one orangutan in an attempt to estimate most accurately the substitution rates and divergence times of hominoid mtdnas. nonsynonymous substitutions and substitutions in rna genes have accumulated with an approximately clock-like regularity. from these substitutions and under the assumption that the orangutan and africa ... | 1995 | 7530363 |
| characterization of neutralization epitopes in the v2 region of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 gp120: role of glycosylation in the correct folding of the v1/v2 domain. | a number of monoclonal antibodies (mabs) with various levels of neutralizing activity that recognize epitopes in the v1/v2 domain of lai-related gp120s have been described. these include rodent antibodies directed against linear and conformational epitopes and a chimpanzee mab, c108g, with extremely potent neutralizing activity directed against a glycan-dependent epitope. a fusion glycoprotein expression system that expressed the isolated v1/v2 domain of gp120 in native form was used to analyze ... | 1995 | 7533854 |
| fate of a redundant gamma-globin gene in the atelid clade of new world monkeys: implications concerning fetal globin gene expression. | conclusive evidence was provided that gamma 1, the upstream of the two linked simian gamma-globin loci (5'-gamma 1-gamma 2-3'), is a pseudogene in a major group of new world monkeys. sequence analysis of pcr-amplified genomic fragments of predicted sizes revealed that all extant genera of the platyrrhine family atelidae [lagothrix (woolly monkeys), brachyteles (woolly spider monkeys), ateles (spider monkeys), and alouatta (howler monkeys)] share a large deletion that removed most of exon 2, all ... | 1995 | 7535927 |
| structural analysis of the rh-like blood group gene products in nonhuman primates. | rh-related transcripts present in bone marrow samples from several species of nonhuman primates (chimpanzee, gorilla, gibbon, crab-eating macaque) have been amplified by rt-polymerase chain reaction using primers deduced from the sequence of human rh genes. nucleotide sequence analysis of the nonhuman transcripts revealed a high degree of similarity to human blood group rh sequences, suggesting a great conservation of the rh genes throughout evolution. full-length transcripts, potentially encodi ... | 1995 | 7536710 |
| the presence of prostate-specific antigen-related genes in primates and the expression of recombinant human prostate-specific antigen in a transfected murine cell line. | human prostate-specific antigen (psa) has been shown as an aid in the early detection of prostate cancer (w. j. catalona et al., j. am. med. assoc., 270: 948-954, 1993) and was approved in 1994 by the food and drug administration for early detection of prostate cancer. immunotherapies directed against psa have been suggested in patients with metastatic prostate cancer. one of the essential questions is to define which nonhuman species express psa for experimental studies. using southern blot ana ... | 1995 | 7538903 |
| isolation and characterization of a highly attenuated respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) vaccine candidate by mutagenesis of the incompletely attenuated rsv a2 ts-1 ng-1 mutant virus. | ts-1, a temperature sensitive (ts) mutant of rsv, was previously derived from rsv a2 virus by mutagenesis with 5-fluorouracil (5-fu). ts-1 was attenuated for adult volunteers and seropositive children but retained a low level of virulence in seronegative infant vaccinees as indicated by the occurrence of upper respiratory tract disease. ts-1 ng-1, a more defective derivative of ts-1, was produced by mutagenesis of ts-1 with nitrosoguanidine. however, ts-1 ng-1 still retained a low level of virul ... | 1995 | 7543716 |
| longitudinal analysis of hepatitis c virus infection and genetic drift of the hypervariable region. | hepatitis c virus (hcv) infections in a cohort of chimpanzees were studied retrospectively. all animals had been inoculated intravenously with materials derived from a single-source chimpanzee plasma implicated in non-a, non-b hepatitis, prepared by extensive ultracentrifugation. anti-hcv and hcv rna were monitored by the confirmatory line immunoassay and by an rna-capture polymerase chain reaction method, respectively. in a chronically infected chimpanzee, hcv rna was detectable after 32 days a ... | 1994 | 7545928 |
| a common mutation in the hominoid class i a-locus ifn-responsive element results in the loss of enhancer activity. | despite the observed coordinate expression of hla-a and -b antigens in somatic tissues, there is growing evidence that the a and b class i genes are differentially regulated at the transcriptional level. previous studies indicate that this may be related to locus-specific structural differences in certain enhancer elements. we have recently examined the 5' proximal regulatory regions of the a and b homologs in the higher non-human primates and found pronounced differences between the loci. seque ... | 1995 | 7547711 |
| divergence of human and nonhuman primate lymphocyte responses to bacterial superantigens. | we compared t cell responses of human, rhesus monkey (macaca mulatta), and chimpanzee (pan troglodytes) to four bacterial superantigens. when lymphocytes were cultured in media supplemented with species-specific sera, chimpanzee t cells were stimulated by lower doses of staphylococcal enterotoxin (se) a and toxic shock syndrome toxin 1 (tsst1) than were human t cells, while chimpanzee responses to seb and sec1 were nearly equivalent to the human response. interestingly, rhesus lymphocytes respon ... | 1995 | 7554446 |
| the chimpanzee alpha-fetoprotein-encoding gene shows structural similarity to that of gorilla but distinct differences from that of human. | the chimpanzee (pan troglodytes) alpha-fetoprotein (afp)-encoding gene (afp) spans 18,867 bp from the transcription start point to the polyadenylation site, and the nucleotide (nt) sequence reveals that the gene is composed of 15 exons, which are symmetrically placed within three domains of afp. in addition, we report 3121 bp of 5'-flanking sequence and 4886 bp of 3'-flanking sequence. the entire 26,874 bp of contiguous dna reported here was determined from three overlapping lambda phage clones. ... | 1995 | 7557431 |
| evolution of mhc class ii polymorphism: the rise and fall of class ii gene function in primates. | the substitution rate at the codons implicated at ars of mhc class ii genes has previously been shown to be heavily biased towards nonsynonymous substitutions, indicative of positive selection for polymorphism. based on our analysis of the number of synonymous changes at codons outside putative ars in primates, the average age of the polymorphism at class ii loci was found to increase in the following order: dpb1, drb3, drb5, drb1, drb4, dqb1, dqa1. for drb loci, nonsynonymous changes were found ... | 1995 | 7558074 |
| phenotypic and functional parameters of cellular immunity in a chimpanzee with a naturally acquired simian immunodeficiency virus infection. | the cellular immunologic and virologic status of a chimpanzee, naturally infected with a human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1)-like lentivirus (sivcpz-ant), was compared longitudinally with those of 3 hiv-1-infected and 5 uninfected chimpanzees for a period of 49 months. evidence of immune deficiency was not observed in the hiv-1-infected chimpanzees, nor could virus be isolated from plasma. virus could be isolated from plasma of the sivcpz-ant-infected chimpanzee, but clinical signs of im ... | 1995 | 7561216 |
| construction of human immunodeficiency virus 1/simian immunodeficiency virus strain mac chimeric viruses having vpr and/or nef of different parental origins and their in vitro and in vivo replication. | we constructed a series of human immunodeficiency virus 1 (hiv-1)/simian immunodeficiency virus strain mac (sivmac) chimeric viruses having vpr and/or nef genes of either hiv-1 or sivmac based on a chimeric virus with ltrs, gag, pol, vif and vpx derived from sivmac and tar, rev, vpu and env from hiv-1. all of the chimeric viruses replicated in human and macaque peripheral blood mononuclear cells (pbmcs) and in several cd4+ human cell lines, though their growth potentials were slightly different ... | 1995 | 7561755 |
| gorilla and orangutan c-myc nucleotide sequences: inference on hominoid phylogeny. | the nucleotide sequences of the gorilla and orangutan myc loci have been determined by the dideoxy nucleotide method. as previously observed in the human and chimpanzee sequences, an open reading frame (orf) of 188 codons overlapping exon 1 could be deduced from the gorilla sequence. however, no such orf appeared in the orangutan sequence. the two sequences were aligned with those of human and chimpanzee as hominoids and of gibbon and marmoset as outgroups of hominoids. the branching order in th ... | 1995 | 7563112 |
| sequence diversification and exon inactivation in the glycophorin a gene family from chimpanzee to human. | in humans, the allelic diversity of mnss glycophorins (gp) occurs mainly through the recombinational modulation of silent exons (pseudoexons) in duplicated genes. to address the origin of such a mechanism, structures of gpa, gpb, and gpe were determined in chimpanzee, the only higher primate known to have achieved a three-gene framework as in humans. pairwise comparison of the chimpanzee and human genes revealed a high degree of sequence identity and similar exon-intron organization. however, th ... | 1995 | 7563135 |
| presence and abundance of cenp-b box sequences in great ape subsets of primate-specific alpha-satellite dna. | cenp-b, a highly conserved centromere-associated protein, binds to alpha-satellite dna, the centromeric satellite of primate chromosomes, at a 17-bp sequence, the cenp-b box. by fluorescence in situ hybridization (fish) with an oligomer specific for the cenp-b box sequence, we have demonstrated the abundance of cenp-b boxes on all chromosomes (except the y) of humans, chimpanzee, pygmy chimpanzee, gorilla, and orangutan. this sequence motif was not detected in the genomes of other primates, incl ... | 1995 | 7563136 |
| polymorphism, monomorphism, and sequences in conserved microsatellites in primate species. | dimeric short tandem repeats are a source of highly polymorphic markers in the mammalian genome. genetic variation at these hypervariable loci is extensively used for linkage analysis, for the identification of individuals, and may be useful for interpopulation and interspecies studies. in this paper, we analyze the variability and the sequences of a segment including three microsatellites, first described in man, in several species of primates (chimpanzee, orangutan, gibbon, and macaque) using ... | 1995 | 7563137 |
| chimpanzees and supporting models in the study of malaria pre-erythrocytic stages. | chimpanzees are being used in the study of immune response to plasmodium falciparum malaria pre-erythrocytic stages (mpes). responses induced by immunisation with recombinant/synthetic antigens and by irradiated sporozoites are being evaluated in a model system that is phylogenetically close to humans and that is amenable to limited manipulation not possible in humans. the value of chimpanzees for the in-depth study of immunological mechanisms at work in mpes-induced protection are discussed. a ... | 1994 | 7565120 |
| potential impact of low efficacy hiv-1 vaccines in populations with high rates of infection. | a safe and effective hiv vaccine to prevent infection and/or to moderate disease is urgently needed. research progress has been slower than anticipated for a variety of reasons including uncertainty over which immunogen to use (i.e. recombinant subunit envelope proteins or whole hiv-1 products), confusion on which immunological markers best correlate with protection, the relevance of the hiv-1 chimpanzee model to infection in humans and the significance of the rapid evolution of hiv-1, with diff ... | 1995 | 7568269 |