| genetic relatedness among nontypeable pneumococci implicated in sporadic cases of conjunctivitis. | nontypeable streptococcus pneumoniae is a common cause of epidemic conjunctivitis. a previous molecular fingerprinting study identified a clone of nontypeable pneumococcus that was responsible for a recent outbreak of conjunctivitis. in the present study, we examined the extent to which pneumococci that cause sporadic cases of conjunctivitis are related to this epidemic strain. using arbitrarily primed box-pcr, we have determined that, of 10 nontypeable pneumococci causing sporadic conjunctiviti ... | 1999 | 10565927 |
| leptospiral outer membrane proteins ompl1 and lipl41 exhibit synergistic immunoprotection. | new vaccine strategies are needed for prevention of leptospirosis, a widespread human and veterinary disease caused by invasive spirochetes belonging to the genus leptospira. we have examined the immunoprotective capacity of the leptospiral porin ompl1 and the leptospiral outer membrane lipoprotein lipl41 in the golden syrian hamster model of leptospirosis. specialized expression plasmids were developed to facilitate expression of leptospiral proteins in escherichia coli as the membrane-associat ... | 1999 | 10569777 |
| antibody response to outer membrane proteins of moraxella catarrhalis in children with otitis media. | moraxella catarrhalis is an important cause of bacterial otitis media, and a vaccine to prevent this disease would be highly desirable. analysis of the dominant antigens on the surface of m. catarrhalis recognized by the human immune response to infection might aid in such a search. such analysis would be most informative when studied in the eventual target age group for the vaccine; thus we have studied the immune response to m. catarrhalis in infants with otitis media. | 1999 | 10571435 |
| [development of beta-lactam antibiotic resistance in gram-negative bacteria and the impact of resistance on therapy]. | bacterial resistance to antibiotic is the inevitable consequence of the utilization of antimicrobial agents all over the world, particularly in developed countries. it is particularly evident with beta-lactam agents because they are among most frequently prescribed drugs. the resistance is mainly attributable to production of various types of beta-lactamases but other mechanisms like alterations in pbp molecules or in outer membrane proteins can play a significant role. increased resistance can ... | 1999 | 10573961 |
| management of acute otitis media in an era of increasing antibiotic resistance. | development of resistance to available antimicrobial agents has been identified in every decade since the introduction of the sulfonamides in the 1930s. current concerns for management of acute otitis media (aom) are multi-drug resistant streptococcus pneumoniae and beta-lactamase producing haemophilus influenzae and moraxella catarrhalis. in the usa, amoxicillin remains the drug for choice for aom. increasing the current dose to 80 mg/kg/day in two doses provides increased concentrations of dru ... | 1999 | 10577768 |
| update of microbial problems in pediatric otorhinolaryngology: plenary session. | the bacteria to consider in upper respiratory tract infections in children are pneumococci, haemophilus influenzae, group a streptococci and moraxella catarrhalis. | 1999 | 10577771 |
| an aerosol challenge mouse model for moraxella catarrhalis. | a simple, reproducible, and non-invasive mouse pulmonary clearance model for moraxella catarrhalis via aerosol challenge was established. all of eight tested strains could be inoculated into mice at more than 10(5) colony-forming units (cfu)/lung with a challenge concentration of 1x10(9)-6x10(9) cfu/ml in a nebulizer. the number of bacteria retained at 6 h postchallenge was more than 10(4) cfu/lung while at 24 h postchallenge, approximate 10(3) cfu/ml or less remained in the lungs. a maximum of ... | 1999 | 10580192 |
| the impact of antimicrobial resistance: changing epidemiology of community-acquired respiratory-tract infections. | current surveillance data and mechanisms of resistance for the three most common bacteria infecting the respiratory tract are reviewed. many pathogens, once susceptible to available antimicrobials, are now demonstrating high levels of resistance to commonly prescribed antimicrobial agents for the treatment of respiratory-tract infections. the three most common respiratory-tract pathogens, streptococcus pneumoniae, haemophilus influenzae, and moraxella catarrhalis, all exhibit high-level resistan ... | 1999 | 10580734 |
| activity of gemifloxacin against penicillin- and ciprofloxacin-resistant streptococcus pneumoniae displaying topoisomerase- and efflux-mediated resistance mechanisms. | nine penicillin-resistant streptococcus pneumoniae clinical isolates from northern ireland, resistant to ciprofloxacin (mics, 2 to 64 microg/ml) through topoisomerase- and/or reserpine-sensitive efflux mechanisms, were highly susceptible to gemifloxacin (mics, 0.03 to 0. 12 microg/ml). two strains (requiring a ciprofloxacin mic of 64 microg/ml) carried known quinolone resistance mutations in parc, pare, and gyrb, resulting in s79f, d435v, and e474k changes, respectively. thus, gemifloxacin is ac ... | 1999 | 10582896 |
| comparative in vitro antimicrobial activities of the newly synthesized quinolone hsr-903, sitafloxacin (du-6859a), gatifloxacin (am-1155), and levofloxacin against mycobacterium tuberculosis and mycobacterium avium complex. | we compared the in vitro antimycobacterial activity of a new fluoroquinolone, hsr-903, with strong activity against gram-positive cocci with those of levofloxacin (lvfx), sitafloxacin (stfx), and gatifloxacin (gflx). the mics of the quinolones for mycobacterium tuberculosis and mycobacterium avium complex were in the order stfx approximately gflx < lvfx <== hsr-903 and stfx <== gflx <== hsr-903 <== lvfx, respectively. hsr-903 effectively eliminated intramacrophagial m. tuberculosis, as did lvfx, ... | 1999 | 10582897 |
| moraxella catarrhalis bacteremia: a 10-year experience. | moraxella catarrhalis commonly inhabits the upper respiratory tract and is a cause of acute otitis media and sinusitis in children. it is an infrequent cause of invasive disease. | 1999 | 10586832 |
| in-vitro activity of hmr 3647 against streptococcus pneumoniae, haemophilus influenzae, moraxella catarrhalis and beta-haemolytic streptococci. | the in-vitro activity of hmr 3647 and seven comparators (azithromycin, clarithromycin, erythromycin a, roxithromycin, penicillin g, ciprofloxacin and levofloxacin) were tested against 207 streptococcus pneumoniae and 200 beta-haemolytic streptococci. ten comparators (azithromycin, clarithromycin, erythromycin a, roxithromycin, ampicillin, co-amoxiclav, cefuroxime, cefotaxime, ciprofloxacin and levofloxacin) were tested against 143 haemophilus influenzae and 58 moraxella catarrhalis. the mic50 of ... | 1999 | 10588304 |
| five day moxifloxacin therapy compared with 7 day clarithromycin therapy for the treatment of acute exacerbations of chronic bronchitis. | in this multinational, randomized, double-blind study, the efficacy and safety of a 5 day course of moxifloxacin 400 mg orally od was compared with that of a 7 day course of clarithromycin 500 mg orally bd. in 750 patients with acute exacerbations of chronic bronchitis, characterized by at least two of the symptoms: sputum purulence, increased sputum volume or increased dyspnoea. seven days after the end of therapy, clinical cure was achieved for 89% (287 of 322) of efficacy-evaluable patients i ... | 1999 | 10588312 |
| randomized, double-blind study of short-course (5 day) grepafloxacin versus 10 day clarithromycin in patients with acute bacterial exacerbations of chronic bronchitis. | the efficacy and safety of grepafloxacin were compared with clarithromycin in a randomized, double-blind, multicentre clinical trial of 805 patients with acute bacterial exacerbations of chronic bronchitis (abecb). patients were randomized to receive grepafloxacin 400 mg od for either 5 (n = 273) or 10 days (n = 268) or clarithromycin 250 mg bd for 10 days (n = 261). patients were assessed pre-treatment, 3-5 days during treatment, 1-3 days post-treatment and at follow-up (21-28 days post-treatme ... | 1999 | 10588313 |
| acute laryngitis in the rat induced by moraxella catarrhalis and bordetella pertussis: number of neutrophils, dendritic cells, and t and b lymphocytes accumulating during infection in the laryngeal mucosa strongly differs in adjacent locations. | infectious laryngotracheitis results in fulminant respiratory distress. during the disease, the subglottic mucosa is selectively infected and swollen, the reason for this preference being unknown. therefore, in the present study the immunoreaction of the laryngeal mucosa was studied in the rat after inhalation of either heat-killed moraxella catarrhalis (pvg rats) or application of viable bordetella pertussis (bn rats). the number of neutrophils, macrophages, dendritic cells, and t and b lymphoc ... | 1999 | 10590036 |
| resistance surveillance of streptococcus pneumoniae, haemophilus influenzae and moraxella catarrhalis isolated in the united states, 1997-1998. | a national antimicrobial resistance surveillance study was conducted from december 1997 to may 1998 to determine the prevalence of antimicrobial resistance in 6620 clinical isolates of streptococcus pneumoniae, haemophilus influenzae and moraxella catarrhalis. in this centralized study, which involved 163 institutions located in 43 states, we determined mics for representatives of five antimicrobial classes: beta-lactams (penicillin, co-amoxiclav, cefuroxime, ceftriaxone), macrolides (azithromyc ... | 1999 | 10590275 |
| tentative minimum inhibitory concentration and zone diameter breakpoints for moxifloxacin using bsac criteria. | tentative mic and zone diameter breakpoints were determined for moxifloxacin using bsac criteria. an mic breakpoint of < or =1 mg/l, denoting sensitivity, is suggested for enterobacteriaceae, staphylococci, haemophili, moraxellae, pneumococci and enterococci. for pseudomonads high and low breakpoints of 4 mg/l and 1 mg/l are suggested to allow for an intermediate category of sensitivity. a 1 microg moxifloxacin disc content is suggested for testing all of the organisms previously mentioned, exce ... | 1999 | 10590284 |
| concentrations of moxifloxacin in serum and pulmonary compartments following a single 400 mg oral dose in patients undergoing fibre-optic bronchoscopy. | the concentrations of moxifloxacin achieved after a single 400 mg dose were measured in serum, epithelial lining fluid (elf), alveolar macrophages (am) and bronchial mucosa (bm). concentrations were determined using a microbiological assay. nineteen patients undergoing fibre-optic bronchoscopy were studied. mean serum, elf, am and bm concentrations at 2.2, 12 and 24 h were as follows: 2.2 h: 3.2 mg/l, 20.7 mg/l, 56.7 mg/l, 5.4 mg/kg; 12 h: 1.1 mg/l, 5.9 mg/l, 54.1 mg/l, 2.0 mg/kg; 24 h: 0.5 mg/l ... | 1999 | 10590288 |
| a 1997-1998 national surveillance study: moraxella catarrhalis and haemophilus influenzae antimicrobial resistance in 34 us institutions. | from november 1, 1997 to april 30, 1998, 726 moraxella catarrhalis isolates and 1529 haemophilus influenzae isolates were obtained from 34 medical centres throughout the united states. rates of beta-lactamase production were 94.6% among m. catarrhalis and 31.1% among h. influenzae strains. susceptibility rates of m. catarrhalis isolates to selected antimicrobial agents were greater than 99% for amoxycillin-clavulanate, cefixime, cefpodoxime, cefuroxime, cefaclor, loracarbef, clarithromycin, azit ... | 1999 | 10595568 |
| aqueous and vitreous penetration of levofloxacin after oral administration. | to investigate the penetration of levofloxacin, an optical s-(-)isomer of ofloxacin, into the aqueous and vitreous humor after oral administration. | 1999 | 10599658 |
| bacteriologic efficacies of oral azithromycin and oral cefaclor in treatment of acute otitis media in infants and young children. | a prospective, open-label, randomized study was conducted in order to determine the bacteriologic efficacies of cefaclor and azithromycin in acute otitis media (aom). tympanocentesis was performed on entry into the study and 3 to 4 days after initiation of treatment. bacteriologic failure after 3 to 4 days of treatment with both drugs occurred in a high proportion of culture-positive patients, especially in those in whom aom was caused by haemophilus influenzae (16 of 33 [53%] of those treated w ... | 2000 | 10602721 |
| a p5 peptide that is homologous to peptide 10 of oprf from pseudomonas aeruginosa enhances clearance of nontypeable haemophilus influenzae from acutely infected rat lung in the absence of detectable peptide-specific antibody. | nontypeable haemophilus influenzae (nthi) is an opportunistic pathogen associated with otitis media and the exacerbation of chronic bronchitis. this study reports the vaccine potential of three peptides representing conserved regions of the nthi p5 outer membrane protein which have been fused to a promiscuous measles virus f protein t-cell eptitope (mvf). the peptides correspond to a region in surface loop one (mvf/l1a), the central region of loop four (mvf/l4), and a c-terminal region homologou ... | 2000 | 10603411 |
| [community-acquired respiratory tract infections. current data on the efficacy of various classes of antibiotics and antibiotic resistance of the main prevalent bacteria species]. | the american thoracic society regards fluoroquinolones together with macrolides and doxycycline as first choice antibiotics in the empirical treatment of community acquired pneumoniae in non-hospitalized patients, while the deutsche gesellschaft für pneumology only recommends macrolides and doxycycline for these patients. | 1999 | 10603732 |
| [moraxella catarrhalis and previously unknown underlying disease]. | | 1999 | 10609366 |
| the in vitro antibacterial activity of turkish medicinal plants. | a total of 76 extracts from 35 plants available in the turkish flora were assayed for their in vitro antibacterial activities against five pathogenic bacteria and a yeast. sixteen crude extracts from eight plant species were found to possess an activity against at least one or more test microorganisms. bioassay-guided fractionation of the most active crude extracts was also carried out with the most active extracts. activity against staphylococcus aureus, bacillus cereus, branhamella catarrhalis ... | 1999 | 10616963 |
| clinically applicable multiplex pcr for four middle ear pathogens. | the multiplex pcr method for the detection of alloiococcus otitidis, haemophilus influenzae, moraxella catarrhalis, and streptococcus pneumoniae (p. h. hendolin, a. markkanen, j. ylikoski, and j. j. wahlfors, j. clin. microbiol. 35:2854-2858, 1997) in middle ear effusions (mees) was modified to be better suited for clinical use. to detect false-negative results, an internal amplification was added to the reaction, and to prevent carryover contamination, the dutp-uracil-n-glycosidase system was i ... | 2000 | 10618075 |
| species-specific pcr as a tool for the identification of burkholderia gladioli. | burkholderia gladioli colonizes the respiratory tracts of patients with cystic fibrosis and chronic granulomatous disease. however, due to the high degree of phenotypic similarity between this species and closely related species in the burkholderia cepacia complex, accurate identification is difficult. incorrect identification of these species may have serious repercussions for the management of patients with cystic fibrosis. to develop an accurate procedure for the identification of b. gladioli ... | 2000 | 10618102 |
| confirmation of psaa in all 90 serotypes of streptococcus pneumoniae by pcr and potential of this assay for identification and diagnosis. | the gene encoding the pneumococcal surface adhesin a (psaa) protein, psaa, was confirmed in all streptococcus pneumoniae serotypes by a newly developed pcr (psaa pcr) assay. eighty-nine of the 90 serotypes amplified produced an 838-bp fragment; the exception was a serotype 16f strain acquired from the american type culture collection (atcc). analysis of 20 additional 16f strains from the united states and brazil showed that the gene was amplified in all 16f strains, implying that the serotype 16 ... | 2000 | 10618136 |
| differentiation of mycobacterium tuberculosis complex and nontuberculous mycobacterial liquid cultures by using peptide nucleic acid-fluorescence in situ hybridization probes. | a blinded comparison of peptide nucleic acid-fluorescence in situ hybridization (pna-fish) with routine identification methods was performed on 74 consecutively positive mycobacterial liquid cultures. all mycobacterium tuberculosis cultures (48 of 48) and 22 of 27 (81. 5%) nontuberculous cultures were correctly identified (including one mixed culture). five isolates yielded no reaction with either probe and were identified as mycobacterium xenopi, mycobacterium fortuitum, or mycobacterium flaves ... | 2000 | 10618138 |
| [a clinicobacteriologic study on clavulanic acid/amoxicillin in pediatric acute otitis media]. | we carried out clinical and bacteriological studies on clavulanic acid/amoxicillin and amoxicillin in pediatric acute otitis media at 14 general practice settings. the results are summarized as follows. 1. the major isolated organisms from content of middle ear effusion were streptococcus pneumoniae 31.8%, haemophilus influenzae 35.8% and moraxella subgenus branhamella catarrhalis 1.5%. similar results were observed for the major isolates organisms from content of nasopharynx streptococcus pneum ... | 1999 | 10638456 |
| [a clinicobacteriologic study on clavulanic acid/amoxicillin in pediatric sinusitis]. | we carried out clinical and bacteriological studies on clavulanic acid/amoxicillin and amoxicillin in pediatric sinusitis at 11 general practice settings. the results are summarized as follows. 1. the major isolated organisms from content of middle meatus were streptococcus pneumoniae 32.2%, haemophilus influenzae 32.0% and moraxella subgenus branhamella catarrhalis 25.1%. similar results were observed for the major isolates from nasopharynx. 2. 62.1% of s. pneumoniae isolated were drug resistan ... | 1999 | 10638457 |
| molecular characterization of the beta-lactamases from clinical isolates of moraxella (branhamella) catarrhalis obtained from 24 u.s. medical centers during 1994-1995 and 1997-1998. | the beta-lactamases from 403 moraxella (branhamella) catarrhalis clinical isolates obtained during 1994-1995 and 1997-1998 u.s. multicenter surveillance studies were characterized by isoelectric focusing. the overall prevalences of the bro-1 and bro-2 enzymes among beta-lactamase-positive isolates were estimated to be 97.5 and 2.5%, respectively. the minimum inhibitory concentrations (mics) of ampicillin for all bro-2-producing isolates were </=1 microg/ml; however, numerous beta-lactamase-posit ... | 2000 | 10639381 |
| in vitro activity of abt-773, a new ketolide, against recent clinical isolates of streptococcus pneumoniae, haemophilus influenzae, and moraxella catarrhalis. | the in vitro activity of abt-773 was evaluated against streptococcus pneumoniae, haemophilus influenzae, and moraxella catarrhalis isolates. abt-773 was the most active antimicrobial tested against s. pneumoniae. abt-773 and azithromycin were equivalent in activity against h. influenzae and m. catarrhalis and more active than either clarithromycin or erythromycin. | 2000 | 10639382 |
| prevalence of gyra, gyrb, parc, and pare mutations in clinical isolates of streptococcus pneumoniae with decreased susceptibilities to different fluoroquinolones and originating from worldwide surveillance studies during the 1997-1998 respiratory season. | from 8,419 worldwide clinical isolates of streptococcus pneumoniae obtained during 1997-1998, 69 isolates with reduced susceptibility or resistance to fluoroquinolones (fqs) were molecularly characterized. for the isolates in this prevalence study, only parc (ser-79-->tyr) and gyra (ser-81-->phe or tyr) mutations, especially in combination, were found to contribute significantly to resistance. these mutations influenced the fq mics to varying degrees, although the rank order of activity remains ... | 2000 | 10639387 |
| neisseria meningitidis expressing transferrin binding proteins of actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae can utilize porcine transferrin for growth. | homologous recombination was used to generate a number of mutants of serogroup b neisseria meningitidis b16b6 with the following characteristics: (i) an inability to bind human or porcine transferrin because of loss of both transferrin binding proteins (tbp) a and b [strain b16b6(str(r))/tbpa(-)b(-)] and (ii) an ability to bind porcine transferrin but not human transferrin [strain b16b6(str(r))/tbpa(ap)b(ap)] due to replacement of the meningococcal tbp with the tbp of actinobacillus pleuropneumo ... | 2000 | 10639416 |
| epitope mapping of immunogenic and adhesive structures in repetitive domains of mycoplasma bovis variable surface lipoproteins. | the family of variable surface lipoproteins (vsps) of the bovine pathogen mycoplasma bovis includes some of the most immunogenic antigens of this microorganism. vsps were shown to undergo high-frequency phase and size variations and to possess extensive reiterated coding sequences extending from the n-terminal end to the c-terminal end of the vsp molecule. in the present study, mapping experiments were conducted to detect regions with immunogenicity and/or adhesion sites in repetitive domains of ... | 2000 | 10639433 |
| expression and immunogenicity of hemagglutinin a from porphyromonas gingivalis in an avirulent salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium vaccine strain. | porphyromonas gingivalis is a major etiologic agent of periodontitis, a chronic inflammatory disease that ultimately results in the loss of the supporting tissues of the teeth. previous work has demonstrated the usefulness of avirulent salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium strains as antigen delivery systems for protective antigens of pathogens that colonize or cross mucosal surfaces. in this study, we constructed and characterized a recombinant s. enterica serovar typhimurium avirulent vaccin ... | 2000 | 10639440 |
| simple sequence repeats in escherichia coli: abundance, distribution, composition, and polymorphism. | computer-based genome-wide screening of the dna sequence of escherichia coli strain k12 revealed tens of thousands of tandem simple sequence repeat (ssr) tracts, with motifs ranging from 1 to 6 nucleotides. ssrs were well distributed throughout the genome. mononucleotide ssrs were over-represented in noncoding regions and under-represented in open reading frames (orfs). nucleotide composition of mono- and dinucleotide ssrs, both in orfs and in noncoding regions, differed from that of the genomic ... | 2000 | 10645951 |
| interleukin 8 in middle ear fluid during acute otitis media: correlation with aetiology and bacterial eradication. | to study the concentration of interleukin 8 (il-8) in the middle ear fluid of children with acute otitis media and the association between il-8 concentrations, aetiology of acute otitis media, and bacteriological sterilisation. | 2000 | 10648376 |
| quinupristin/dalfopristin: a review of its use in the management of serious gram-positive infections. | quinupristin/dalfopristin is the first parenteral streptogramin antibacterial agent, and is a 30:70 (w/w) ratio of 2 semisynthetic pristinamycin derivatives. the combination has inhibitory activity against a broad range of gram-positive bacteria including methicillin-resistant staphylococci, vancomycin-resistant enterococcus faecium (vref), drug-resistant streptococcus pneumoniae, other streptococci, clostridium perfringens and peptostreptococcus spp. the combination also has good activity again ... | 1999 | 10651391 |
| resistant bacteria in middle ear fluid at the time of tympanotomy tube surgery. | this study was performed to determine the prevalence of resistant streptococcus pneumoniae, haemophilus influenzae, and moraxella catarrhalis isolated from middle ear fluid of children undergoing placement of ventilation tubes. the extent of resistance to commonly prescribed antibiotics and the risk factors associated with this resistance were also examined. children who had fluid present in their middle ears at the time of ventilation tube placement from may 1996 to may 1997 were included in th ... | 2000 | 10651407 |
| infection in acute exacerbations of chronic bronchitis: a clinical perspective. | acute exacerbations of chronic bronchitis (aecb) is an important cause of death and morbidity in developed countries and also has significant economic impact. the disease is characterized by increased dyspnoea, sputum volume and sputum purulence; the most commonly associated pathogens are haemophilus influenzae, streptococcus pneumoniae and moraxella catarrhalis. h. influenzae and s. pneumoniae express virulence determinants that directly and indirectly impair mucociliary clearance and incite ot ... | 1999 | 10653044 |
| pulsed-field gel electrophoresis analysis of nasopharyngeal flora in children attending a day care center. | to investigate how bacterial pathogens spread from child to child in a day care center, we monitored six children, two boys and four girls, born between august 1995 and november 1997, attending a day care center and analyzed nasopharyngeal samples from them using pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (pfge). we obtained nasopharyngeal cultures from all of the affected children and almost all of the unaffected children between september 1998 and march 1999 after some children presented simultaneously ... | 2000 | 10655357 |
| problems related to determination of mics of oximino-type expanded-spectrum cephems for proteus vulgaris. | during in vitro susceptibility testing of clinical isolates of proteus vulgaris, we noted that the mics of several expanded-spectrum cephems were much higher in the broth microdilution method than in the agar dilution method (termed the mic gap phenomenon). here we investigated the mechanism of the mic gap phenomenon. cephems with the mic gap phenomenon were of the oximino type, such as cefotaxime, cefteram, and cefpodoxime, which serve as good substrates for inducible class a beta-lactamase (cu ... | 2000 | 10655366 |
| long-term trends in susceptibility of moraxella catarrhalis: a population analysis. | a retrospective, population analysis of antimicrobial susceptibility patterns was performed on moraxella catarrhalis isolates recovered from a single medical centre to detect temporal trends and infer potential mechanisms of reduced susceptibility. the duration of this study, june 1984 to july 1994, encompassed the period during which the frequency of beta-lactamase production expanded from 30 to 96% in the population. mics of penicillin g, cefamandole, ceftriaxone, amoxycillin/clavulanate, imip ... | 2000 | 10660499 |
| the alexander project 1996-1997: latest susceptibility data from this international study of bacterial pathogens from community-acquired lower respiratory tract infections. | the alexander project was established in 1992 to examine antimicrobial susceptibilities of bacterial isolates from community-acquired infections of the lower respiratory tract. testing of a range of compounds was undertaken in a central laboratory. from 1992 to 1995, isolates were collected from geographically separated areas in countries in the european union and various states in the usa. in 1996, the study was extended to include centres in mexico, brazil, saudi arabia, south africa, hong kon ... | 2000 | 10660501 |
| antimicrobial effects of lidocaine in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid. | the antimicrobial activity of lidocaine in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (bal(f)) was investigated. clinical respiratory isolates were added to bal(f) suspensions containing lidocaine and to normal saline. the growth of two of four isolates of streptococcus pneumoniae was significantly reduced in the presence of lidocaine-bal(f) compared with controls in saline. growth of moraxella catarrhalis isolates was reduced in normal saline when compared with bal(f) containing lidocaine. there was no effec ... | 2000 | 10660504 |
| topical antibiotics on tracheostoma prevents exogenous colonization and infection of lower airways in children. | patients requiring long-term ventilation are at high risk of lower airway infections, generally of endogenous development. patients on long-term ventilation, in particular via a tracheostomy, may develop tracheobronchitis or pneumonia of exogenous pathogenesis, ie, caused by microorganisms not carried in the oropharynx. the frequency of exogenous colonization or infection has previously been reported to be as high as 33%. a prospective observational cohort study of 2 years was undertaken to eval ... | 2000 | 10669698 |
| the uspa1 protein and a second type of uspa2 protein mediate adherence of moraxella catarrhalis to human epithelial cells in vitro. | the uspa1 and uspa2 proteins of moraxella catarrhalis are structurally related, are exposed on the bacterial cell surface, and migrate as very high-molecular-weight complexes in sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. previous analysis of uspa1 and uspa2 mutants of m. catarrhalis strain 035e indicated that uspa1 was involved in adherence of this organism to chang conjunctival epithelial cells in vitro and that expression of uspa2 was essential for resistance of this strain to ... | 2000 | 10671460 |
| actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae iron transport: a set of exbbd genes is transcriptionally linked to the tbpb gene and required for utilization of transferrin-bound iron. | upon iron restriction, actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae has been shown to express the transferrin-binding proteins tbpb and tbpa, both of which have been implied to be important virulence factors. in order to identify additional iron-regulated proteins, we cloned and analyzed the region upstream of the transferrin-binding protein genes in an a. pleuropneumoniae serotype 7 strain. we located immediately upstream of the tbpb gene two open reading frames which were 43% homologous to the neisserial e ... | 2000 | 10678921 |
| immune responses to specific antigens of streptococcus pneumoniae and moraxella catarrhalis in the respiratory tract. | streptococcus pneumoniae and moraxella catarrhalis are two common respiratory pathogens, colonizing as many as 54 and 72% of children, respectively, by 1 year of age. the immune responses to surface protein a of s. pneumoniae (pspa) and the high-molecular-weight outer membrane protein of m. catarrhalis (uspa) in the sera of various age groups in the general population and in the nasopharynges of 30 children monitored from birth through 1 year of age were evaluated. immunoglobulin g (igg) was the ... | 2000 | 10678976 |
| serum resistance in haemophilus ducreyi requires outer membrane protein dsra. | haemophilus ducreyi is resistant to killing by normal serum antibody and complement. we discovered an h. ducreyi outer membrane protein required for expression of serum resistance and termed it dsra (for "ducreyi serum resistance a"). the dsra locus was cloned, sequenced, and mutagenized. an isogenic mutant (fx517) of parent strain 35000 was constructed and characterized, and it was found to no longer express dsra. fx517 was at least 10-fold more serum susceptible than 35000. dsra was expressed ... | 2000 | 10678980 |
| in vitro activities of novel trans-3,5-disubstituted pyrrolidinylthio-1beta-methylcarbapenems with potent activities against methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus and pseudomonas aeruginosa. | the in vitro activities of the novel 1beta-methylcarbapenems j-111, 225, j-114,870, and j-114,871, which have a structurally unique side chain that consists of a trans-3,5-disubstituted 5-arylpyrrolidin-3-ylthio moiety at the c-2 position, were compared with those of reference antibiotics. among isolates of both methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus (mrsa) and methicillin-resistant coagulase-negative staphylococci (mrcons), 90% were inhibited by j-111,347 (prototype), j-111,225, j-114,870, ... | 2000 | 10681308 |
| activities of trovafloxacin, gatifloxacin, clinafloxacin, sparfloxacin, levofloxacin, and ciprofloxacin against penicillin-resistant streptococcus pneumoniae in an in vitro infection model. | we adapted an in vitro pharmacodynamic model of infection to incorporate infected fibrin clots. the bactericidal activities of various fluoroquinolones against two strains of penicillin-resistant streptococcus pneumoniae were studied over a 48-h period. bacteria were prepared in muller-hinton broth by using colonies from a 24-h tryptic soy agar plus 5% sheep blood plate and were added to a mixture of cryoprecipitate (80%) and thrombin (10%) to achieve approximately 10(6) cfu of organism per fibr ... | 2000 | 10681324 |
| activities and postantibiotic effects of gemifloxacin compared to those of 11 other agents against haemophilus influenzae and moraxella catarrhalis. | the activity of gemifloxacin against haemophilus influenzae and moraxella catarrhalis was compared to those of 11 other agents. all quinolones were very active (mics, </=0.125 microgram/ml) against 248 quinolone-susceptible h. influenzae isolates (40.7% of which were beta-lactamase positive); cefixime (mics, </=0.125 microgram/ml) and amoxicillin-clavulanate (mics </=4.0 microgram/ml) were active, followed by cefuroxime (mics, </=16.0 microgram/ml); azithromycin mics were </=4.0 microg/ml. for n ... | 2000 | 10681330 |
| complement-resistant moraxella catarrhalis forms a genetically distinct lineage within the species. | moraxella catarrhalis is a bacterial species that has been implicated in 15-20% of all cases of otitis media in the usa and the complement-resistant variant of m. catarrhalis has been considered particularly pathogenic. a collection of geographically diverse, complement-sensitive (n=28) and -resistant strains (n=47) of m. catarrhalis was assembled in order to analyse the bacterial population structure. all strains were identified as m. catarrhalis by conventional microbiological and biochemical ... | 2000 | 10689157 |
| prospective study of community-acquired pneumonia of bacterial etiology in adults. | the aim of this study was to prospectively analyze the bacterial etiology of community-acquired pneumonia in adults in spain. from may 1994 to february 1996, 392 episodes of cap diagnosed in the emergency department of a 600-bed university hospital were studied. an etiological diagnosis based on noninvasive microbiological investigations was achieved in 228 cases (58%); 173 of these diagnoses were definitive and 55 probable. streptococcus pneumoniae, which caused 23.9% of the episodes, was the p ... | 1999 | 10691195 |
| cefaclor af versus amoxycillin/clavulanate in acute bacterial exacerbations of chronic bronchitis: a randomised multicentre study. | cefaclor and amoxycillin/clavulanate are active against haemophilus influenzae, streptococcus pneumoniae, moraxella catarrhalis and staphylococcus aureus--pathogens commonly associated with acute exacerbations of chronic bronchitis (aecb). this randomised, parallel-group, single-blind, multicentre study investigated the comparative efficacy and safety of 7-day treatment regimens of cefaclor af (750 mg b.d. [n = 73]) and amoxycillin/clavulanate (875/125 mg b.d. [n = 72]) in aecb. a favourable cli ... | 1999 | 10692750 |
| [in vitro activity of biapenem (bipm) against clinically isolated respiratory pathogens in 1996-1998]. | the in vitro antibacterial activity of biapenem (bipm), a new carbapenem antibiotic, was compared with those of imipenem (ipm), panipenem (papm), meropenem (mepm), ceftazidime (caz) and piperacillin (pipc) against 280 isolates of 9 respiratory pathogens. the mic90s of biapenem (bipm) for methicillin-susceptible staphylococcus aureus (mssa), methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus (mrsa), streptococcus pneumoniae, moraxella catarrhalis, pseudomonas aeruginosa, and haemophilus influenzae were ... | 1999 | 10695024 |
| the in vitro effects of cetyltrimethylammonium naproxenate on oral and pharyngeal microorganisms of various ecological niches. | the purpose of this study was to determine the in vitro susceptibility to cetyltrimethylammonium naproxenate for various aerobic and anaerobic micro-organisms responsible for oral and pharyngeal diseases by assessing the minimum inhibitory concentrations (mics) and minimum bactericidal concentrations (mbcs) or minimum fungicidal concentrations (mfcs) and by determining kill-times. the mics of cetyltrimethylammonium naproxenate for 46 tested strains (25 reference strains and 21 clinical isolates) ... | 1999 | 10697804 |
| intimate adhesion of neisseria meningitidis to human epithelial cells is under the control of the crga gene, a novel lysr-type transcriptional regulator. | pilc1, a pilus-associated protein in neisseria menin- gitidis, is a key element in initial meningococcal adhesion to target cells. a promoter element (cren, contact regulatory element of neisseria) is responsible for the transient induction of this gene upon cell contact. crga (contact-regulated gene a) encodes a transcriptional regulator whose expression is also induced upon cell contact from a promoter region similar to the cren of pilc1. crga shows significant sequence homologies to lysr-type ... | 2000 | 10698947 |
| bactericidal activity of a monocytic cell line (thp-1) against common respiratory tract bacterial pathogens is depressed after infection with respiratory syncytial virus. | non-typable haemophilus influenzae, streptococcus pneumoniae, moraxella catarrhalis and respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) are commonly isolated from patients during the course of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (copd). earlier studies found that virus infection enhanced binding of bacterial respiratory pathogens to epithelial cells in vitro. the objective of the present study was to assess the effect of rsv infection of a human monocytic cell line on bactericidal activity and cytokine prod ... | 2000 | 10707942 |
| substituent effects on the antibacterial activity of nitrogen-carbon-linked (azolylphenyl)oxazolidinones with expanded activity against the fastidious gram-negative organisms haemophilus influenzae and moraxella catarrhalis. | a series of new nitrogen-carbon-linked (azolylphenyl)oxazolidinone antibacterial agents has been prepared in an effort to expand the spectrum of activity of this class of antibiotics to include gram-negative organisms. pyrrole, pyrazole, imidazole, triazole, and tetrazole moieties have been used to replace the morpholine ring of linezolid (2). these changes resulted in the preparation of compounds with good activity against the fastidious gram-negative organisms haemophilus influenzae and moraxe ... | 2000 | 10715160 |
| respiratory pathogens: assessing resistance patterns in europe and the potential role of grepafloxacin as treatment of patients with infections caused by these organisms. | although most respiratory tract infections (rti) are caused by viruses, various bacteria, particularly streptococcus pneumoniae, haemophilus influenzae and moraxella catarrhalis, are common causes of community-acquired pneumonia, acute exacerbations of chronic bronchitis, otitis media and sinusitis. empirical antibiotic therapy of patients with rti must take account of the increasing prevalence of resistance among the predominant pathogens. europe-wide susceptibility surveillance studies have re ... | 2000 | 10719006 |
| comparison of the abilities of grepafloxacin and clarithromycin to eradicate potential bacterial pathogens from the sputa of patients with chronic bronchitis: influence of pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic variables. | a randomized open-label study was conducted to compare the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of grepafloxacin with those of clarithromycin in patients with chronic bronchitis whose sputa were colonized with potential bacterial pathogens. patients received oral grepafloxacin 400 mg od for 10 days (n = 15) or oral clarithromycin 500 mg bd for 10 days (n = 10). sputum samples were collected before the first dose, 1, 4 and 8 h after a dose on day 1 and then before a dose on days 2, 3, 5, 7 and 1 ... | 2000 | 10719007 |
| epitope mapping of the outer membrane protein p5-homologous fimbrin adhesin of nontypeable haemophilus influenzae. | to identify potential immunodominant and/or adhesin binding domains of the outer membrane protein p5-homologous fimbrin adhesin of nontypeable haemophilus influenzae (nthi), three sets of synthetic peptides were synthesized and assayed in an adherence inhibition assay, by western blotting, and in a biomolecular interaction analysis (bia) system. the first series of 34 8- to 10-mer peptides represented the entire mature protein sequentially. the second set of four peptides (each 19 to 28 residues ... | 2000 | 10722609 |
| four different genes responsible for nonimmune immunoglobulin-binding activities within a single strain of escherichia coli. | certain escherichia coli strains bind the fc fragment of immunoglobulin g (igg) at the bacterial cell surface. previous work established that this nonimmune ig binding depends on several large proteins with apparent molecular masses that can exceed 200 kda. for e. coli strain ecor-9, four distinct genes (designated eiba, eibc, eibd, and eibe) are responsible for ig binding. two eib genes are linked to eaa genes, which are homologous to genes for the autotransporter family of secreted proteins. w ... | 2000 | 10722621 |
| moxifloxacin, a new antibiotic designed to treat community-acquired respiratory tract infections: a review of microbiologic and pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic characteristics. | moxifloxacin (bay 12-8039) is a new 8-methoxy-fluoroquinolone antibacterial agent. the minimum inhibitory concentration for 90% of organisms (mic90) is less than 0.25 mg/l for commonly isolated community-acquired respiratory tract pathogens including penicillin-susceptible and -resistant streptococcus pneumoniae, haemophilus sp, and moraxella catarrhalis, and less than 1.0 mg/l for atypical pathogens such as mycoplasma pneumoniae, chlamydia pneumoniae, and legionella pneumophila. to date, emerge ... | 2000 | 10730681 |
| bacteria-mucin interaction in the upper aerodigestive tract shows striking heterogeneity: implications in otitis media, rhinosinusitis, and pneumonia. | the mucociliary system of the upper and lower respiratory tracts is a critical nonspecific pathway for the elimination of bacteria and other particulate matter. the interaction between bacteria and purified mucin of the upper and lower respiratory tracts has been a major focus of our laboratory for the past decade. we have previously demonstrated that nontypable haemophilus influenzae and moraxella catarrhalis adhere to human purified nasopharyngeal mucin and human middle ear mucin by a very lim ... | 2000 | 10740170 |
| antimicrobial activity and spectrum of the new glycylcycline, gar-936 tested against 1,203 recent clinical bacterial isolates. | the in vitro activity of gar-936, a new semisynthetic glycylcycline, was evaluated in comparison with two tetracyclines and several other antimicrobial agents. a total of 1,203 recent clinical isolates were tested by reference broth or agar dilution methods. among the members of the family enterobacteriaceae, gar-936 was generally two- to four-fold more active than minocycline, and two- to 16-fold more active than tetracycline. all enteric bacilli mic90 results were < or = 4 microg/ml; the excep ... | 2000 | 10744364 |
| [in vitro activities of levofloxacin and other antibiotics against fresh clinical isolates]. | in this study, the in vitro activity of levofloxacin (lvfx) against 1,020 fresh bacterial clinical isolates was compared with the activities of a range of ofloxacin, ciprofloxacin (cpfx), ampicillin (abpc), cefaclor, cefpodoxime, methicillin and benzylpenicillin. the clinical isolates except vibrio cholerae were collected in japan during 1998 from patients with infectious diseases. mics were determined using the agar dilution method according to the recommendations by the japan society of chemot ... | 1999 | 10746192 |
| resistance surveillance of streptococcus pneumoniae, haemophilus influenzae and moraxella catarrhalis isolated in asia and europe, 1997-1998. | a multicentre, collaborative study was performed in asia and europe during the winter of 1997-1998 to determine the in vitro activity of selected antimicrobial agents against common respiratory pathogens. streptococcus pneumoniae, haemophilus influenzae and moraxella catarrhalis isolates were collected from 48 sites in china, france, germany, italy, japan, spain and the uk and tested in a central laboratory in the usa. broth microdilution mics were determined for beta-lactams (penicillin, amoxyc ... | 2000 | 10747822 |
| [the postantibiotic effect of azithromycin on respiratory pathogens]. | we assessed the post-antibiotic effect (pae) of azithromycin against 3 strains of streptococcus pneumoniae 2 strains of haemophilus influenzae and 2 strains of moraxella catarrhalis. the strains were exposed for 2 hours to a concentration of 0.5 mg/l. a stationary phase inoculum of 1 x 10(6)-5 x 10(6) cfu/ml in isosensitest broth with 5% lysed horse blood and 20 mg/l nad was used and shaken for the duration of the experiment. antibiotic was neutralised by dilution 1:1000 into pre-warmed medium. ... | 1998 | 10756861 |
| the prevalence of potentially pathogenic bacteria in nasopharyngeal samples from individuals with a long-standing cough-clinical value of a nasopharyngeal sample. | a long-standing cough is a common cause for visits to a gp. if the patient also has a respiratory tract infection, one of the concerns of the doctor is to decide if the cough is caused by an underlying bacterial infection. | 2000 | 10758078 |
| genesis of bro beta-lactamase-producing moraxella catarrhalis: evidence for transformation-mediated horizontal transfer. | the dramatic rise in bro-producing m. catarrhalis strains observed in the last decades is without precedence. the aim of this study was to elucidate the events that led to the emergence of bro-1 and bro-2 beta-lactamases. previously, we showed bro1 and bro2 to be >99% identical. data presented here suggested that bro2 was acquired by a fortuitous event and inserted between m. catarrhalis genes orf1 and orf3. subsequently, bro1 evolved from bro2. promoter-up mutations increased fitness of bro2, e ... | 2000 | 10760166 |
| analysis of moraxella catarrhalis by dna typing: evidence for a distinct subpopulation associated with virulence traits. | two dna typing methods, probe-generated restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis and single-adapter amplified fragment length polymorphism analysis, were used to study the genetic relationships among 90 moraxella catarrhalis strains. both methods were found to be highly concordant, generating a dendrogram with 2 main branches. the division of the m. catarrhalis population into 2 subspecies was supported by analysis of the 16s rrna sequences. both beta-lactamase-positive and beta-lactama ... | 2000 | 10762569 |
| attachment of moraxella catarrhalis occurs to the positively charged domains of pharyngeal epithelial cells. | attachment of bacteria to host cells is the initial step in the pathogenesis of infection. several factors, such as hydrophobicity, surface electric charge, and van der waals force, are considered to be responsible for the attachment step. however, it is not clear why bacteria and epithelial cells, both of which possess a negative surface charge, do not repel one another. in the present study, we used moraxella catarrhalis and pharyngeal epithelial cells to study the surface charges of structure ... | 2000 | 10764611 |
| fluoroquinolone-resistant haemophilus influenzae: frequency of occurrence and analysis of confirmed strains in the sentry antimicrobial surveillance program (north and latin america). | the incidence of fluoroquinolone-resistant (fqr) haemophilus influenzae and moraxella catarrhalis isolated from clinical specimens remains very rare, and the identification of such strains has been previously limited to case reports from diverse geographic locations. during the 1997 through 1998 sentry antimicrobial surveillance program, four fqr-h. influenzae (0.13% of all strains) and one fqr-m. catarrhalis strains were identified and confirmed as having elevated mics to > or =5 fq class drugs ... | 2000 | 10764968 |
| pharmacotherapy of acute sinusitis in children. | the pharmacotherapeutic options for acute sinusitis in children are reviewed. acute sinusitis occurs more frequently in children than in adults. the diagnosis is based primarily on clinical signs and symptoms. streptococcus pneumoniae, haemophilus influenzae, and moraxella catarrhalis are the organisms most frequently implicated. a variety of antimicrobials have fda-approved labeling for use in the treatment of sinusitis. in randomized, controlled clinical trials identified in a medline search f ... | 2000 | 10768820 |
| passive transfer of antiserum specific for immunogens derived from a nontypeable haemophilus influenzae adhesin and lipoprotein d prevents otitis media after heterologous challenge. | we recently determined that passive transfer of serum directed against a synthetic peptide called lb1 or a recombinant fusion protein immunogen [lpd-lb1(f)(2,1,3)] could prevent otitis media after challenge with a homologous nontypeable haemophilus influenzae (nthi) isolate. nthi residing in the nasopharynx was rapidly cleared from this site, thus preventing it from ascending the eustachian tube and inducing otitis media in chinchillas compromised by an ongoing viral upper respiratory tract infe ... | 2000 | 10768970 |
| multicenter surveillance of antimicrobial resistance of streptococcus pneumoniae, haemophilus influenzae, and moraxella catarrhalis in taiwan during the 1998-1999 respiratory season. | a susceptibility surveillance study of 276 isolates of streptococcus pneumoniae, 301 of haemophilus influenzae, and 110 of moraxella catarrhalis was carried out from november 1998 to may 1999 in taiwan. high rates of nonsusceptibility to penicillin (76%), extended-spectrum cephalosporins (56%), azithromycin (94%), clarithromycin (95%), and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (tmp-smx) (65%) for s. pneumoniae isolates and high rates of nonsusceptibility to amoxicillin (58%) and tmp-smx (52%) for h. inf ... | 2000 | 10770773 |
| clinical significance of resistant organisms in otitis media. | background: otitis media is an important health care problem of childhood. the bacteriology of otitis media comprises three main pathogens: streptococcus pneumoniae, nontypable haemophilus influenzae and moraxella catarrhalis. although the prevalence of resistant strains varies geographically and temporally, antimicrobial resistance is widespread and increasing. resistance to antibiotic drugs: among the risk factors for development of resistance in otitis media are antimicrobial use, young age, ... | 2000 | 10783039 |
| detection of legionella species in respiratory specimens using pcr with sequencing confirmation. | legionella spp. are a common cause of community-acquired respiratory tract infections and an occasional cause of nosocomial pneumonia. a pcr method for the detection of legionellae in respiratory samples was evaluated and was compared to culture. the procedure can be performed in 6 to 8 h with a commercially available dna extraction kit (qiagen, valencia, calif.) and by pcr with gel detection. pcr is performed with primers previously determined to amplify a 386-bp product within the 16s rrna gen ... | 2000 | 10790085 |
| antibiotic resistance in respiratory tract isolates of haemophilus influenzae and moraxella catarrhalis collected from across canada in 1997-1998. | between september 1997 and november 1998 respiratory tract isolates of haemophilus influenzae (n = 1352) and moraxella catarrhalis (n = 428) were collected by 18 canadian medical centres. beta-lactamase was produced by 24.0 and 94.2% of h. influenzae and m. catarrhalis isolates, respectively. resistance rates for h. influenzae were highest for ampicillin (24.0%), trimethoprim/sulphamethoxazole (13. 7%), loracarbef (6.1%) and cefaclor (4.2%), and </= 1% for amoxycillin/clavulanate, cefotaxime, ce ... | 2000 | 10797089 |
| in vitro antimicrobial activity of gatifloxacin against 873 clinical isolates from respiratory tract, urinary tract and surgical infections during 1997-1998 in japan. | the in vitro activity of gatifloxacin was determined for 873 isolates from various infections during 1997-1998 in japan. gatifloxacin was active against streptococci, escherichia coli, klebsiella pneumoniae, moraxella catarrhalis, haemophilus influenzae and neisseria gonorrhoeae, with mic(90)s of </=0.39 mg/l. the activity was two- to 32-fold greater than that of ciprofloxacin and levofloxacin against gram-positive bacteria, and comparable to that against gram-negative bacteria. gatifloxacin was ... | 2000 | 10797094 |
| stimulation of bacterial adherence by neutrophil defensins varies among bacterial species but not among host cell types. | adherence of haemophilus influenzae to bronchial epithelial cells is enhanced by neutrophil defensins, which are released from activated neutrophils during inflammation [gorter et al. (1998) j. infect. dis. 178, 1067-1078]. in this study, we showed that the adherence of h. influenzae to various epithelial, fibroblast-like and endothelial cell types was significantly enhanced by defensins (20 microg ml(-1)). defensins stimulated also the adherence of moraxella catarrhalis, neisseria meningitidis ... | 2000 | 10799799 |
| resistant bacteria in the adenoids: a preliminary report. | to determine the incidence of resistant bacteria in adenoid cultures from children with and without middle ear disease and rhinosinusitis symptoms. | 2000 | 10807330 |
| antimicrobial resistance in respiratory tract pathogens: results of an international surveillance study. | an international surveillance study was performed to assess the resistance patterns among respiratory tract pathogens during the winter of 1997-1998. the pathogens studied included streptococcus pneumoniae, haemophilus influenzae and moraxella catarrhalis. the antibiotics tested included five beta-lactams (penicillin, ampicillin, amoxicillin, amoxicillin-clavulanic acid, cefuroxime axetil and ceftriaxone), two macrolides (azithromycin and clarithromycin), one sulfonamide (trimethoprim-sulfametho ... | 2000 | 10810209 |
| bronchopulmonary infection due to moraxella (branhamella) catarrhalis at a specialist hospital in saudi arabia. | moraxella (branhamella) catarrhalis is now considered as one of the most important causative organisms responsible for respiratory tract infection. specimens of tracheal aspirates from inpatients at king fahd specialist hospital, buraidah, saudi arabia were collected over a period of 18 months to determine prospectively the frequency of moraxella catarrhalis and its antimicrobial susceptibility. moraxella catarrhalis was isolated in pure culture from 3.8% of the tracheal aspirates collected from ... | 1998 | 10810561 |
| immune response to an 18-kilodalton outer membrane antigen identifies lipoprotein 20 as a helicobacter pylori vaccine candidate. | experiments were performed using the standardized murine model of helicobacter pylori infection to determine the immunogenicity of h. pylori outer membrane vesicles in immune protection. these vesicles, which are naturally shed from the surface of the bacterium, induce a protective response when administered intragastrically to mice in the presence of cholera holotoxin, despite the absence of the urease enzyme and associated hsp54 chaperonin. immunoblotting identified a specific serum immunoglob ... | 2000 | 10816482 |
| identification of a human lactoferrin-binding protein in gardnerella vaginalis. | previous studies have shown that gardnerella vaginalis can utilize iron-loaded human lactoferrin as a sole source of iron. in this study, g. vaginalis cells were shown to bind digoxigenin (dig)-labeled human lactoferrin in a dot blot assay. using the dig-labeled human lactoferrin, a 120-kda human lactoferrin-binding protein was detected by western blot analysis of g. vaginalis proteins. the lactoferrin-binding activity of this protein was found to be heat stable. competition studies indicated th ... | 2000 | 10816496 |
| an ompa-like protein from acinetobacter spp. stimulates gastrin and interleukin-8 promoters. | bacterial overgrowth in the stomach may occur under conditions of diminished or absent acid secretion. under these conditions, secretion of the hormone gastrin is elevated. alternatively, bacterial factors may directly stimulate gastrin. consistent with this hypothesis, we found that mice colonized for 2 months with a mixed bacterial culture of opportunistic pathogens showed an increase in serum gastrin. to examine regulation of gene expression by bacterial proteins, stable transformants of ags ... | 2000 | 10816525 |
| morphological changes and lysis induced by beta-lactams associated with the characteristic profiles of affinities of penicillin-binding proteins in actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae. | actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae, which was formerly classified in the genus haemophilus, is a pathogen causing swine pleuropneumonia. we found that aspoxicillin showed strong activity and that meropenem had better lytic activity against this pathogen. in the present study, we for the first time identified penicillin-binding proteins (pbps) of a. pleuropneumoniae in order to elucidate the relationship between the antibacterial and lytic activities of beta-lactam antibiotics and affinities of the ... | 2000 | 10817702 |
| studies of the novel ketolide abt-773: transport, binding to ribosomes, and inhibition of protein synthesis in streptococcus pneumoniae. | macrolide resistance in streptococcus pneumoniae has been associated with two main mechanisms: target modification by erm methyltransferases and efflux by macrolide pumps. the ketolide abt-773, which has a 3-keto group and no l-cladinose sugar, represents a new class of drugs with in vitro activity against a variety of resistant bacteria. several approaches were undertaken to understand how abt-773 was able to defeat resistance mechanisms. we demonstrated tighter ribosome binding of abt-773 than ... | 2000 | 10817709 |
| increasing bacterial resistance in pediatric acute conjunctivitis (1997-1998). | we sought to determine the current level of resistance in haemophilus influenzae and streptococcus pneumoniae, the primary pathogens of pediatric conjunctivitis. between january 1997 and march 1998, we prospectively cultured acute conjunctivitis in 250 ambulatory pediatric patients from rural kentucky whose average age was 24.3 months. in those 250 cases, 106 h. influenzae (42% of the total) and 75 s. pneumoniae (30% of the total) pathogens were isolated, with no growth or no pathogen resulting ... | 2000 | 10817723 |
| activities of taurolidine in vitro and in experimental enterococcal endocarditis. | in vitro, the antimicrobial agent taurolidine inhibited virtually all of the bacteria tested, including vancomycin-resistant enterococci, oxacillin-resistant staphylococci, and stenotrophomonas maltophilia, at concentrations between 250 and 2,000 microg/ml. taurolidine was not effective in experimental endocarditis. while it appears unlikely that this antimicrobial would be useful for systemic therapy, its bactericidal activity and the resistance rates found (<10(-9)) are favorable indicators fo ... | 2000 | 10817739 |
| immune response to surface protein a of streptococcus pneumoniae and to high-molecular-weight outer membrane protein a of moraxella catarrhalis in children with acute otitis media. | the immune response was evaluated in 11 children with streptococcus pneumoniae and in 9 children with moraxella catarrhalis otitis media. the age of the children had a range of 4-32 months. the mean igg, igm, and iga antibody responses to surface protein a (pspa) of s. pneumoniae in sera from children at the acute and convalescent stages were 4864 versus 5831 ng/ml, p<.05, 1075 versus 3752 ng/ml, p<.05, and 67 versus 93 ng/ml, nonsignificant (ns), respectively. the mean igg, igm, and iga antibod ... | 2000 | 10823798 |
| in vitro activity of gemifloxacin against a broad range of recent clinical isolates from the usa. | the antibacterial potencies of gemifloxacin (sb-265805) and 13 comparator compounds were determined by broth microdilution against a panel of 645 gram-positive and 995 gram-negative organisms collected from various usa sites. time-kill studies were performed and postantibiotic effect (pae) was determined for several organisms using trovafloxacin and ciprofloxacin as comparator compounds. based on mic(90)s, gemifloxacin was the most potent compound tested against gram-positive isolates: streptoco ... | 2000 | 10824027 |
| in vitro antibacterial activity of gemifloxacin and comparator compounds against common respiratory pathogens. | this study investigated the in vitro potency of the novel quinolone agent gemifloxacin (sb-265805), in comparison with other quionolones, beta-lactams, macrolides and trimethoprim- sulphamethoxazole, against a panel of common respiratory pathogens. this panel comprised recent clinical isolates of streptococcus pneumoniae (n = 347), haemophilus influenzae (n = 256) and moraxella catarrhalis (n = 184). overall, the quinolones were highly active against h. influenzae and were the most potent agents ... | 2000 | 10824028 |
| moraxella catarrhalis endocarditis: case report and review of the literature. | a case of bacterial endocarditis caused by moraxella catarrhalis in an apparently immunocompetent greek male is presented, which was diagnosed after a 2-month history of low-grade fever of unknown origin. the agent seems to be a rare pathogen, but due to the high mortality rate, it should always be considered in the differential diagnosis of relevant cases. beta-lactamase production by many strains complicates the choice of antibiotic. | 2000 | 10826914 |