| changing concepts of decorum and allure in the representation of teeth in art. | during the twentieth century western attitudes towards facial beauty have been transformed by developments in modern dental science. the possibility not only of retaining one's own teeth in adulthood, but also improving their appearance, changing the position, shape and colour, altering the contours of the face, eliminating deformity through different kinds of surgery--all of these astonishing developments have brought about a fundamental change in the way we see the human face, and how we expec ... | 1998 | 10895610 |
| outbreak of hepatitis a in a special needs school in kent: 1999. | in an outbreak of hepatitis a virus (hav) infection in a special needs school salivary testing was used to identify those recently infected and those who were immune. the value of such testing as an epidemiological and outbreak control tool is discussed. hav vaccine rather than human normal immunoglobulin was used to bring the outbreak under control. | 2000 | 10902260 |
| god, mammon and the physician: medicine in england before the college. | medieval medical practice has all too often been depicted by historians as ineffective, overpriced and riddled with superstition. yet the physician, who boasted an impressive range of academic accomplishments, exercised considerable influence in political, religious and cultural affairs. how was this achieved? the overwhelming authority of the church, in an age of high mortality, when life was generally painful as well as short, helps to explain an apparent paradox. for the practitioner, who was ... | 2000 | 10904922 |
| uk inquiry highlights urgent need for "research governance". | | 2000 | 10905257 |
| variants of stat6 (signal transducer and activator of transcription 6) in atopic asthma. | | 2000 | 10905892 |
| sir edward abraham's contribution to the development of the cephalosporins: a reassessment. | this paper is based on an invited lecture given at the 21st international congress of chemotherapy in july 1999, as part of a symposium entitled '50 years of cephalosporins: their use the next 50 years', (hamilton-miller jmt, cephalosporins: from mould to drug. sardinia to oxford and beyond, j antimicr chemother 1999;44(a):26). celebration of this golden anniversary was made more poignant by the death of the last major participant, sir edward abraham, in may 1999. this history has been told befo ... | 2000 | 10926439 |
| do gay men discuss hiv risk reduction with their gp? | in september/october 1997, 1,004 gay men using one of five gyms in central london completed a confidential anonymous questionnaire which included items on sexual as well as steroid-related injecting behaviour and whether they had ever discussed these behaviours with friends, sexual partners or a general practitioner (gp). nearly all the men reported having had sex with another man in the previous six months, while a quarter had had unprotected anal intercourse in the previous three months. less ... | 2000 | 10928205 |
| activity of antibiotics used in human medicine for campylobacter jejuni isolated from farm animals and their environment in lancashire, uk. | a retrospective study of 96 campylobacter jejuni isolated from farm animals and the environment showed that most were less susceptible than the nctc type strain to nalidixic acid (mics 4-32 mg/l), ciprofloxacin (mics 1-2 mg/l) and erythromycin (mics 16-64 mg/l), but had similar susceptibility to tetracycline (mics 4-8 mg/l) and kanamycin (mics 4-8 mg/l). none had the high mics of ciprofloxacin (>32 mg/l) or erythromycin (1024 mg/l) typically associated with clinical resistance in this species. s ... | 2000 | 10933658 |
| viral meningitis associated with increase in echovirus type 13. | | 2000 | 10948792 |
| the burden of infection with hsv-1 and hsv-2 in england and wales: implications for the changing epidemiology of genital herpes. | to measure the burden of infection with herpes simplex type 1 (hsv-1) and herpes simplex type 2 (hsv-2) in the general population of england and wales and to assess temporal changes in the incidence of hsv-1 infection in childhood. | 2000 | 10961195 |
| a case study of co-ordinative decision-making in disaster management. | a persistent problem in the management of response to disasters is the lack of co-ordination between the various agencies involved. this paper reports a case study of inter-agency co-ordination during the response to a railway accident in the uk. the case study examined two potential sources of difficulty for co-ordination: first, poorly shared mental models; and, second, a possible conflict between the requirements of distributed decision-making and the nature of individual decision-making. int ... | 2000 | 10975178 |
| a new human genetic resource: a dna bank established as part of the avon longitudinal study of pregnancy and childhood (alspac). | we describe a unique human dna resource forming part of the avon longitudinal study of pregnancy and childhood (alspac), a longitudinal cohort study involving 14 000 children and their families living in a geographically defined area of england. the dna bank will underpin the search for associations between genetic polymorphisms and common health outcomes. the opportunities to collect blood samples suitable for dna extraction are necessarily limited, and the samples themselves have often been tr ... | 2000 | 10980570 |
| down's (1866) essay and its sociomedical context. | the inaccuracy of j. l. h. down's formulation of the syndrome that now bears his name is recognized widely. the basis for his ideas are not, however, because they are to be found in the concepts of human development prevalent in his day. in this paper down's essay is de-constructed, and his key concepts are related to the scientific literature of the era. the ideas within which down developed his thoughts are found, for example, in contemporary writings on medicine, ethnography, public health, a ... | 2000 | 10981194 |
| human normal immunoglobulin (hnig): lack of availability for travellers. | | 2000 | 10984967 |
| shakespeare on old age and disability. | the plays of william shakespeare were reviewed for references to disabilities, aging and disability, and older characters with disabilities. shakespeare's references draw from traditional cultural notions about older people with disabilities. these traditional notions include people with physical disabilities being evil, the entertainment value of disabilty, and those who were mentally ill being wild and animal-like. he viewed the aging process as disabling and old age as a time when individuals ... | 2000 | 10987340 |
| offspring from artificial insemination demand fathers' details. | | 2000 | 10987755 |
| respiratory syncytial virus infection in high risk infants and the potential impact of prophylaxis in a united kingdom cohort. | bronchiolitis caused by respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) is an important cause of morbidity in ex-premature infants. in a randomised placebo controlled trial monoclonal antibody prophylaxis showed a 55% reduction in relative risk of hospital admission for these high risk infants, against a background incidence of 10.6 admissions per 100 high risk infants. | 2000 | 10999865 |
| the leeds assessment scale of handicap: its operationalisation, reliability, validity and responsiveness in in-patient rehabilitation. | this paper describes the application of the handicap dimension of the international classification of impairments, disabilities and handicaps. | 2000 | 11005742 |
| behavioural compensation by drivers of a simulator when using a vision enhancement system. | technological progress is suggesting dramatic changes to the tasks of the driver, with the general aim of making driving environment safer. before any of these technologies are implemented, empirical research is required to establish if these devices do, in fact, bring about the anticipated improvements. initially, at least, simulated driving environments offer a means of conducting this research. the study reported here concentrates on the application of a vision enhancement (ve) system within ... | 2000 | 11014758 |
| luminaries in medicine: richard mead, james gibbs, and solar and lunar effects on the human body in early modern england. | | 2000 | 11016094 |
| evidence-based management of groin hernia in primary care--a systematic review. | national clinical guidelines on the surgical management of groin hernia have been published by the royal college of surgeons of england. there is also a need for guidance on the management of pre- and post-hernia repair patients in primary care, in areas such as diagnosis, referral and advice on recuperation. | 2000 | 11021907 |
| influenza activity updates 2000/2001. | | 2000 | 11022387 |
| prevalence of chlamydia trachomatis in young men in north west london. | chlamydia trachomatis is the most common, treatable, bacterial sexually transmitted infection in england and wales. among men, chlamydial infection is an important cause of non-gonococcal urethritis, epididymitis, and proctitis. the case for wider screening among women has been accepted by an expert advisory group. in the absence of estimates of the prevalence of infection in men, its potential impact at the population level is difficult to assess. | 2000 | 11026882 |
| 'malthus on man--in animals no moral restraint'. | | 2000 | 11027070 |
| influenza virus infection in the second and third trimesters of pregnancy: a clinical and seroepidemiological study. | to determine whether maternal influenza virus infection in the second and third trimesters of pregnancy results in transplacental transmission of infection, maternal auto-antibody production or an increase in complications of pregnancy. | 2000 | 11028582 |
| stages in reproduction particularly vulnerable to xenobiotic hazards and nutritional deficits. | biochemical research has identified many failures in reproductive processes with specific nutrient deficits, xenobiotics and some infectious illnesses. this has led to some effective safeguards. during meiosis and fertilization, as genetic material divides and rearranges, it is exposed and open to mutation. a nutritionally unfavourable environment is a major risk factor. at stages of rapid cell division, differentiation and organisation, as in the embryo and later in the fetal brain, the child's ... | 2000 | 11028931 |
| linkage analysis of markers on chromosome 11q13 with asthma and atopy in a united kingdom population. | previous studies have suggested that atopy is linked to the beta chain of the high affinity ige receptor (fcepsilon r1-beta) on chromosome 11q13. fcepsilon r1-beta polymorphisms, i181l, v183l, and e237g, are reported to be associated with asthma and atopy. the aim of this study was to investigate linkage to fcepsilon r1-beta in a uk population and to assess the frequency of the polymorphisms and their association with asthma and atopy. a sample of 131 families was recruited at random with a samp ... | 2000 | 11029329 |
| the dental caries experience of 14-year-old children in the united kingdom. surveys coordinated by the british association for the study of community dentistry in 1998/99. | this paper reports the results of standardised clinical caries examinations of 121.550 14-year-old children from across the united kingdom, jersey and the isle of man. these 1998/99 coordinated surveys are the latest in a series which seeks to monitor the dental health of children and to assess the delivery of dental services. | 2000 | 11039631 |
| the gly972arg variant in insulin receptor substrate-1 is not associated with birth weight in contemporary english children. the alspac study team. avon longitudinal study of pregnancy and childhood. | | 2000 | 11043868 |
| measuring injecting risk behaviour in the second decade of harm reduction: a survey of injecting drug users in england. | to measure risk behaviour among injecting drug users (idus) using the injecting risk questionnaire (irq). | 2000 | 11048354 |
| genomics - the new rock and roll? | the end of the beginning of the human genome project was announced on 26 june when the working draft or first assembly was announced. here, ian dunham who led the group at the sanger centre that produced the first complete sequence of a human chromosome reflects on how it felt to be with the genome project from the beginning. | 2000 | 11050332 |
| randomisation and resource allocation: a missed opportunity for evaluating health care and social interventions. | equipoise is widely regarded to be an essential prerequisite for the ethical conduct of a randomised controlled trial. there are some circumstances however, under which it is acceptable to conduct a randomised controlled trial (rct) in the absence of equipoise. limited access to the preferred intervention is one such circumstance. in this paper we present an example of a randomised trial in which access to the preferred intervention, preschool education, was severely limited by resource constrai ... | 2000 | 11055032 |
| nitrogen dioxide and particle pollution near trunk roads and in towns of the south midlands in england. | nitrogen dioxide (no2) and particulate emissions play an important role in atmospheric pollution and might be a major cause of human respiratory problems in urban areas. this report provides an overview of traffic-related emissions monitored on several trunk roads and towns of the south midlands of england between 1996 and 1999. no2 pollution on major trunk roads frequently exceeded british and european union air quality standards, while particle pollution was lower. the possible effects of traf ... | 2000 | 11077807 |
| the law, human rights, and the detention of individuals with tuberculosis in england and wales. | tuberculosis poses a global public health threat, and individuals who fail to comply with treatment risk developing drug-resistant strains, which are a serious public health concern. a number of individuals who have been deemed to pose a 'serious risk of infection' to others have been detained in recent years in england and wales under the public health act 1984. with the incorporation of the european convention on human rights (echr) into british law due to take effect shortly this paper examin ... | 2000 | 11077895 |
| extent and distribution of linkage disequilibrium in three genomic regions. | the positional cloning of genes underlying common complex diseases relies on the identification of linkage disequilibrium (ld) between genetic markers and disease. we have examined 127 polymorphisms in three genomic regions in a sample of 575 chromosomes from unrelated individuals of british ancestry. to establish phase, 800 individuals were genotyped in 160 families. the fine structure of ld was found to be highly irregular. forty-five percent of the variation in disequilibrium measures could b ... | 2001 | 11083947 |
| pathology of early-onset alzheimer's disease cases bearing the thr113-114ins presenilin-1 mutation. | most cases of familial presenile alzheimer's disease are caused by mutations in the presenilin-1 (psen-1) gene, most of these mutations being missense mutations. a mutation in the splice donor site of intron 4 of psen-1 has been described recently which results in aberrant splicing of psen-1 mrna, causing insertion of an additional amino acid, thr113-114ins, into the protein. we studied the neuropathology of four cases bearing this mutation in an attempt to clarify the pathology of this heredita ... | 2000 | 11099448 |
| [genetics of asthma and atopy]. | the genetics of asthma and atopy has made tremendous progresses over the last couple of years. it has been known for ages that allergies and asthma are concentrating within families. modern genetics has pinpointed some gene areas such as 5q31.1, 6p21.3, 11q13, 12q15, 14q11.1 and 16p12. much of the information available today has been fragmentary and not always confirmed. alleles at multiple loci are likely to be involved and the ultimate picture is most likely determined by many genetic and envi ... | 2000 | 11107548 |
| head protection in england before the first world war. | man has sought to protect himself from physical injury resulting either from the vicissitudes of an arbitrary natural environment or from the calculated activity of his fellow creatures since at least the beginning of recorded time. the earliest substantial british evidence of this activity dates from shortly after the roman invasion of 55 bc. the head has always been seen by both assailant and defender as a region of particular vulnerability, where an incapacitating blow might most effectively ... | 2000 | 11126898 |
| campylobacter contamination of raw meat and poultry at retail sale: identification of multiple types and comparison with isolates from human infection. | campylobacter species are the major cause of acute bacterial enteritis reported in the united kingdom, nonetheless many aspects of campylobacteriosis epidemiology remain poorly understood. the aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of campylobacter jejuni and campylobacter coli in fresh bovine, ovine, and porcine liver and chicken portions from retail outlets and compare strain subtype distributions with those associated with cases of human campylobacteriosis occurring within the same ... | 2000 | 11131886 |
| psychodynamic sources of resistance among student nurses: some observations in a human relations context. | psychodynamic sources of resistance among student nurses: some observations in a human relations context the nurse-patient relationship is considered to be a crucial part of the daily routine for many nurses; however, little evidence is available regarding how student nurses cope with learning human skills. few researchers have considered how students engage with or resist the learning process. the aim of this study is to examine interpersonal matters and explore psychodynamic sources of resista ... | 2000 | 11136423 |
| alpha-emitting 'hot particles' in the vicinity of bnfl sellafield, cumbria. | in a survey of environmental samples in the vicinity of bnfl sellafield, two alpha-emitting radioactive particles were found in samples of grass. one particle appears to be of mineral origin, the other was not definitively identified, but may be a fragment of fuel cladding. conservative estimates of the activities of these particles are very low. the abundance of radioactive particles in the terrestrial food chain appears to be low, with no evidence for any alpha-emitting hot particles in foodst ... | 2000 | 11140714 |
| capture-recapture: a useful methodological tool for counting traffic related injuries? | although the capture-recapture technique is increasingly employed in studies of human populations to correct for under-ascertainment in traditional epidemiological surveillance, it has rarely been used in injury research. | 2000 | 11144633 |
| gbv-c prevalence in blood donors and transfusion recipients in south east england. | | 2000 | 11155078 |
| measuring the effect of clinical guidelines on patient outcomes. | to identify and examine the methodologic issues related to evaluating the effectiveness of treatment adherence to clinical guidelines. the example of antiretroviral therapy guidelines for human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) disease is used to illustrate the points. | 2000 | 11155825 |
| molecular epidemiology of outbreak of respiratory syncytial virus within bone marrow transplantation unit. | during the winter of 1995-1996, eight of nine bone marrow transplantation (bmt) unit patients were infected with the same strain of respiratory syncytial virus (rsv). this rsv strain was not detected in 20 hospitalized patients from the community, suggesting that the bmt unit infections did not occur by independent incidents of transmission from the community. | 2001 | 11158157 |
| postnatal malnutrition and growth retardation: an inevitable consequence of current recommendations in preterm infants? | nutrient intakes meeting recommended dietary intakes (rdis) take time to establish and once established are rarely maintained throughout hospital stay in preterm infants. a nutrient deficit, therefore, accrues. rdi are based on needs for maintenance and growth, with no provision to replace this deficit. we, therefore, hypothesized that postnatal malnutrition and growth retardation were inevitable in infants fed current rdi. | 2001 | 11158457 |
| philosophy: a key to open the door to critical thinking. | it has been suggested that philosophy is a bit like manure: pile it high and it rots and stinks, but spread it around and it becomes surprisingly useful. philosophical enquiry, used sparingly, can provide a means to develop critical and analytical ability in nurses. a key principle of philosophical enquiry is the development of skills to rigorously examine and debate ideas or explanations about, for example, the nature of being human. in recent years nurses have been exhorted to critically exami ... | 2001 | 11162260 |
| fluoride concentrations at and near the neonatal line in human deciduous tooth enamel obtained from a naturally fluoridated and a non-fluoridated area. | this study sought to obtain a precise profile of fluoride concentrations at and near the neonatal line in deciduous incisors and canines from the naturally fluoridated area (1.0--1.3 parts/10(6) f in drinking water) of west hartlepool and the non-fluoridated area (less than 0.1 parts/10(6) f in drinking water) of leeds in england. an abrasive microsampling method was used to determine the distribution of fluoride and phosphorus concentrations. the profile of fluoride concentrations in 100-microm ... | 2001 | 11163322 |
| contamination of milk-bank samples with pseudomonas aeruginosa during pasteurization by penetration of organisms through the screw lid during cooling. | | 2000 | 11170766 |
| regulating human body parts and products. | this special volume of health care analysis is dedicated to a consideration of the status of body parts and products and the role of law in regulating them. we argue that such a discussion is timely given the conflation of technological and academic concerns posed by the complex legal framework within which these issues are currently addressed and in the light of debates such as those regarding the storage of children's organs addressed by inquiries at alder hay and bristol, united kingdom. the ... | 2000 | 11183447 |
| influenza vaccination. shot down. | the government's policy to give everyone over 65 a flu vaccination this winter lacks detail on implementation. a study of vaccination in nine general practices in england last year suggests much greater organisation is required to achieve high take-up rates. although all practices were computerised and had an age-sex register, they did not use these to plan their vaccination programmes. on its own, computerisation is not a sufficient basis for organising a comprehensive programme. most practices ... | 2000 | 11186030 |
| [a current exhibit in london. the fantastic human body]. | | 2000 | 11187383 |
| a bsr bi polymorphism in exon 1c of the human interleukin-1 receptor type i (il-1ri) gene. | we have identified a single nucleotide polymorphism in the 5' region of the human interleukin-1 receptor type i (il-1ri) gene, a c-->a transversion at position 52 in exon 1c (genbank accession number af172151) which creates a bsr bi restriction endonuclease site. allele frequencies in a caucasian population were 0.72 (c allele) and 0.28 (a allele). | 2000 | 11196719 |
| is childhood allergy more common amongst an island population? | a rise in the prevalence of childhood asthma has been reported in both the uk and in several overseas countries during recent years. wide geographical variations have also been demonstrated in the distribution of hay fever, atopic eczema and other allergic symptoms. it is the impression of many parents and some clinicians that allergic symptoms may be even higher amongst children in an island environment compared with a similar population on the mainland. to test this hypothesis, guernsey and je ... | 2000 | 11197451 |
| embedding ergonomics in hospital culture: top-down and bottom-up strategies. | in england there has been increasing emphasis on the use of ergonomics to tackle manual handling problems for the last seven years (mho, 1992, 1998; hsac, 1998). at nottingham city hospital nhs trust, i have tried to incorporate an ergonomic approach throughout a wide range of activities since 1994. this paper does not seek to report a research project, simply to share the experience of trying to tackle hospital manual handling risks by taking an ergonomic approach. it will explain what this has ... | 2001 | 11209833 |
| presentation of in-vitro fertilisation results. | | 2001 | 11211032 |
| verocytotoxin-producing escherichia coli (vtec) o157 and other vtec from human infections in england and wales: 1995-1998. | a total of 3429 isolations of verocytotoxin-producing escherichia coli o157 (vtec o157) was confirmed from human sources in england and wales during the period 1995-1998. the largest annual total was 1087 in 1997. most infections occurred in the third quarter of each year. the overall rate of infection ranged from 1.28 to 2.10/100,000 population and showed regional variation. the highest incidence was in children aged 1-4 years. annually, between 5% and 11% of strains were from patients who had ... | 2001 | 11211220 |
| paraplegin gene analysis in hereditary spastic paraparesis (hsp) pedigrees in northeast england. | to identify the frequency and characterize the phenotype of paraplegin mutations in the hereditary spastic paraparesis (hsp) population in the northeast of england. | 2001 | 11222789 |
| incidence of mycobacterium paratuberculosis in raw sheep and goats' milk in england, wales and northern ireland. | a blind survey of 104 raw sheep and goats' milk samples (90 goat, 14 sheeps) from bulk tanks on farms throughout england, wales and northern ireland was carried out over a 5-month period (january-may 1998) in order to determine the incidence of mycobacterium paratuberculosis. each milk sample (100 ml) was divided into two 50ml portions. one portion was decontaminated with 0.75% hexadecylpyridinium chloride for 5h before culture on slopes of herrold's egg yolk medium and in bactec radiometric med ... | 2001 | 11230934 |
| unusual cryptosporidium species recovered from human faeces: first description of cryptosporidium felis and cryptosporidium 'dog type' from patients in england. | dna was extracted from faecal samples collected from 1680 patients in which cryptosporidium oocysts were recognised by light microscopy. dna from faeces from five of these patients failed to amplify by pcr three gene fragments--the cryptosporidium oocyst wall protein (cowp) gene, the thrombospondin-related adhesive protein of cryptosporidium-1 (trap-c1) gene and the thrombospondin-related adhesive protein of cryptosporidium-2 (trap-c2) gene--with primers designed from c. parvum sequences. howeve ... | 2001 | 11232777 |
| wartime research on malaria chemotherapy. | malaria was a major problem for the opposing forces in world war ii. during the first year of operations in the south west pacific the casualties caused by this disease greatly exceeded the numbers of battle casualties. in response to this situation comprehensive research and development programs to discover new antimalarial drugs were undertaken in the united states and britain. in both countries compounds synthesised by co-operating chemical laboratories were screened against bird malaria and ... | 2000 | 11234330 |
| nursing development units: factors influencing their progress. | nursing development units (ndus) have long been advocated as 'test-beds' for pioneering leading-edge practice development. this article reports on the findings of a study examining factors influencing the development of ndus, and, more recently, established multidisciplinary practice development units (pdus). individual and focus group interviews were undertaken with key stakeholders involved in six ndus/pdus accredited by the university of leeds. the findings from the study highlight a number o ... | 2000 | 11235272 |
| frederick knox, younger brother and assistant of dr robert knox: his contribution to "knox's catalogues". | analysis of the material written in the two manuscript volumes known as the "old" and "new" knox catalogues has revealed that most of their contents are in the hand of frederick knox, younger brother of dr robert knox. frederick was employed by dr knox as his research assistant, and prepared detailed lists of the items in his brother's museum collection. he also dissected and prepared human and non-human specimens, many of which were described by dr knox in his numerous publications. as relative ... | 2001 | 11242743 |
| highly epidemic strains of methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus not distinguished by capsule formation, protein a content or adherence to hep-2 cells. | in order to investigate whether highly epidemic methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus (emrsa) strains possess special properties that favour their dissemination and survival, a study was undertaken that examined methicillin-sensitive and methicillin-resistant strains of staphylococcus aureus isolated in the uk. included in the study were emrsa types 1, 2, 3, 15 and 16. phage types emrsa-15 and -16, in particular, have emerged as significant hospital pathogens in the uk, resisting standard ... | 2001 | 11245319 |
| public health response to an incident of secondary chemical contamination at a beach in the united kingdom. | to gather enough data from a large scale investigation involving two health authorities, to assess the possible concentrations and routes of exposure and the consequent health implications. to use the data to decide whether a polluted beach should remain open to the public. in spring 1997, a chemical incident came to light at a beach on the south coast of england when a local resident reported a sulphurous smell, visible signs of oil, and reduced numbers of fishing bait. the beach was situated a ... | 2001 | 11245739 |
| ernest starling and the discovery of secretin. | the demonstration by bayliss and starling that acid liberates a chemical messenger from the cells of the duodenal and jejunal mucosa and that this, by traveling through the blood, excites the pancreas to secrete revolutionized physiology. it subsequently provided the impetus to establish endocrinology as a specialist field in medicine. together, their contributions to physiology covered a vast sphere of knowledge, ranging from hormones to the heart and from enzymes to osmotic forces. every subje ... | 2001 | 11246341 |
| characterization of oxytetracycline-resistant heterotrophic bacteria originating from hospital and freshwater fishfarm environments in england and ireland. | this ecotaxonomic study compared the antibiotic tolerance among culturable oxytetracyline-resistant (ot(r)) heterotrophic strains isolated from two aquatic environments representing human activities in health care and aquaculture, namely hospital effluents and freshwater fishfarms. using a standardized methodology, samples taken in england and ireland were analyzed to determine the antibiotic tolerance profiles of two groups of culturable ot(r) bacterial isolates at the intergeneric and intragen ... | 2000 | 11249032 |
| the development and evaluation of a programme to teach cultural diversity to medical undergraduate students. | this paper describes the design (of process and content), implementation and evaluation of a component of the human diversity module developed to teach cultural diversity to undergraduate medical students. the objectives of the teaching were to enable students to gain factual and practical information about other cultures and also for them to examine their own attitudes. | 2001 | 11260446 |
| antenatal screening for hiv: time to embrace change. | in august 1999 the government set a national objective of reducing the numbers of children acquiring human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) infection from their mothers by 80%. the key policy change towards achieving this objective was that hiv testing was to be recommended as a routine and integral part of antenatal care. the uk has fallen behind other western industrialized countries in the uptake of antenatal testing and reduction in mother-to-child transmission. this article examines the backgro ... | 2000 | 11261026 |
| migration and schizophrenia. | since the beginning of the human race, individuals have migrated alone or in groups. this process of migration has often been considered to be an aetiological factor in the genesis of many mental disorders. | 2000 | 11261645 |
| an assessment of screening strategies for fragile x syndrome in the uk. | fragile x syndrome is an inherited form of learning disability that was defined in the late 1970s by cytogenetic detection of an associated fragile site on the x chromosome (xq27.3). cytogenetic estimates of the prevalence of fragile x syndrome were as high as 1 in 1039 males but have since been revised downwards. fragile x syndrome is associated with few medical problems and the subtle physical features make clinical diagnosis difficult. the unusual pattern of inheritance, delineated in the 198 ... | 2001 | 11262423 |
| oestrogens and oestrogenic activity in raw and treated water in severn trent water. | sewage effluent discharged to surface water has been shown to contain human hormones, particularly oestrogens, and synthetic chemicals which may be able to disrupt the endocrine system. since many surface waters which receive sewage effluent are subsequently used as drinking water sources, it is important to demonstrate that treated drinking water is not contaminated. oestrogenic activity in rivers and drinking water in the region of severn trent water was studied using a combination of bioassay ... | 2001 | 11268844 |
| antimicrobial drug resistance in non-typhoidal salmonellas from humans in england and wales in 1999: decrease in multiple resistance in salmonella enterica serotypes typhimurium, virchow, and hadar. | in 1999 the incidence of multiple drug resistance (to four or more antimicrobials) in non-typhoidal salmonellas from humans in england and wales fell in isolations of salmonella enterica serotypes typhimurium, virchow, and hadar. this fall has been most noticeable in s. typhimurium, where 59% of isolates were multiresistant compared to 81% in 1996. the main reason for this has been a 75% decline in isolations of multiply-resistant s. typhimurium definitive phage type (dt) 104 (mr dt104) since 19 ... | 2000 | 11272261 |
| paleopathological and biomolecular study of tuberculosis in a medieval skeletal collection from england. | nine human skeletons of medieval date from a rural english burial site show signs of skeletal tuberculosis. they were subject to polymerase chain reaction (pcr) assays aimed at detecting traces of dna from infecting mycobacteria, with the purpose both of confirming the paleopathological diagnosis of tuberculosis and determining in individual cases whether disease was due to m. tuberculosis or m. bovis. in all nine cases, evidence for m. tuberculosis complex dna was found, and in all instances it ... | 2001 | 11275959 |
| stfa '98: an international conference on slipping, tripping and falling accidents. | | 2001 | 11277502 |
| identification of risk factors and countermeasures for slip, trip and fall accidents during the delivery of mail. | risk factors for slip, trip and fall accidents (stfa) during the delivery of mail were identified using a range of accident-centred and accident-independent methods. key factors included slippery underfoot conditions, non-weather related environmental hazards (e.g., uneven paving, steps, inadequate lighting), poor slip resistance from footwear, unsafe working practices, management safety practices, and underlying organisational influences. intervention measures were recommended that target stfa ... | 2001 | 11277504 |
| an investigation of underfoot accidents in a maim (merseyside accident information model) database. | underfoot accidents taken from a study of patient interviews have been analysed to investigate factors that may be implicated in the causes of the accidents. within the sample of patients in this study women holding items are more at risk than men from underfoot accidents. carrying items such as shopping and handbags may obstruct the line of sight to underfoot hazards, affect balance and adversely affect reflex corporal movements that may help prevent injury. | 2001 | 11277506 |
| influenza surveillance in england and wales: october 1999 to may 2000. | the period of increased influenza activity in england and wales in the winter of 1999/2000 was associated with considerable morbidity and mortality and well-publicized pressure on hospital services. the influenza activity coincided with the regular annual increase in respiratory syncytial virus infections and the christmas and new year holiday period. consultation rates with general practitioners for influenza-like illness did not reach 'epidemic' levels but were higher than seen in many winters ... | 2000 | 11280255 |
| inaugural ormrod lecture. | | 2000 | 11281348 |
| use of the mental health act criteria in the decision-making process for compulsory admissions: a study of psychiatrists in south london. | this study investigates the decision-making process for admitting patients compulsorily under the mental health act 1983 of england and wales. we used three case-vignettes describing different clinical situations: 1) a man with depression and psychotic symptoms; 2) a woman with a possible first episode of psychosis; and 3) a man with a history of substance abuse and bipolar disorder. the vignettes were administered to a group of psychiatrists working at the bethlem royal and maudsley hospitals i ... | 2000 | 11281356 |
| geographical distribution of variant creutzfeldt-jakob disease in great britain, 1994-2000. | geographical variation in the distribution of variant creutzfeldt-jakob disease (vcjd) might indicate the transmission route of the infectious agent to man. we investigated whether regional incidences of vcjd were correlated with regional dietary data. | 2001 | 11293592 |
| excess hospital admissions for pneumonia and influenza in persons > or = 65 years associated with influenza epidemics in three english health districts: 1987-95. | to study the association between community influenza activity and acute hospital admissions for pneumonia and influenza among elderly persons. | 2001 | 11293684 |
| the epidemiology of hepatitis c in a uk health regional population of 5.12 million. | the epidemiology and natural history of hepatitis c virus (hcv) infection in the uk are uncertain. previous reports are from small or selected populations such as blood donors or tertiary referral centres. | 2001 | 11302973 |
| a high-density transcript map of the human dominant optic atrophy opa1 gene locus and re-evaluation of evidence for a founder haplotype. | dominant optic atrophy (doa, gene opa1) is the commonest form of inherited optic atrophy. linkage studies have shown that a locus for this disease lies in a 1.4-cm region at chromosome 3q28-->q29 and have suggested a founder haplotype for as many as 95% of the linked families. to aid the identification of candidate genes for this disease, we have constructed a bacterial artificial chromosome (bac) contig covering approximately 3.3 mb and encompassing the opa1 critical region (flanking markers d3 ... | 2001 | 11306804 |
| a preliminary investigation of dental disease in children with hiv infection. | to establish the levels of dental caries and gingivitis in a group of hiv-positive children. | 2000 | 11310121 |
| watch out guinea pigs, here i come. | we live in an age of increasing emphasis of do-it-yourself, as a mere glance at the tv schedule will prove. why not apply this same principle to your research? by becoming the guinea pig of your own experimentation you will be following a noble precedent--though maybe not a sane one! | 2001 | 11313542 |
| victor horsley on "trephining in pre-historic times". | victor horsley was intrigued by newly discovered, ancient trepanned skulls, especially those that revealed that the operation was performed on living patients. he examined the man-made openings as an expert on the locus of the primate motor cortex and as a surgeon who had successfully removed parts of the motor cortex to treat jacksonian epilepsy. he postulated that trepanation originated as a way to treat pain and epilepsy caused by depressed cranial fractures over the motor cortex. like broca ... | 2001 | 11322452 |
| mutations in the 5' region of the myotubularin-related protein 2 (mtmr2) gene in autosomal recessive hereditary neuropathy with focally folded myelin. | focally folded myelin has been recognized as a distinctive feature in some individuals with severe inherited demyelinating neuropathy, with an onset in childhood. such cases have been shown to be genetically heterogeneous. alterations in the myotubularin-related protein 2 (mtmr2) gene on chromosome 11q22 have recently been shown to give rise to this phenotype. mutations have been identified in the 3' region of the mtmr2 gene in four unrelated families, in two of whom the disorder had been mapped ... | 2001 | 11335693 |
| inquiry set up into porton down nerve-gas death. | | 2001 | 11346753 |
| familial steroid-responsive nephrotic syndrome and hla antigens in bengali children. | we investigated the major histocompatibility complex class i and ii loci in three bengali families with nine children affected with steroid-sensitive nephrotic syndrome (ssns). a sequence-specific primer (ssp) of dna typing method was used to detect human leukocyte antigens (hla). the unaffected siblings and their parents were also studied. similar to previous reports, there was a high frequency of hla-dr7.1 (drb1*0701), dr53 (dr b4*01011-0104) and dq2 (dqb2*0201-3) antigens in the affected chil ... | 2001 | 11354779 |
| non-typhoidal salmonellosis: emerging problems. | two major changes in the epidemiology of non-typhoidal salmonellosis have occurred during the second half of the 20th century. first, salmonella typhimurium strains resistant to multiple antibiotics have emerged and spread within populations of food animals. secondly, salmonella enteritidis has emerged as a major egg-associated pathogen. this article reviews available data on the origins of the human epidemics. | 2001 | 11358718 |
| changing rates of adenocarcinoma and adenosquamous carcinoma of the cervix in england. | a recent analysis showed little or no effect of screening on the incidence of adenocarcinoma of the cervix between 1971 and 1992. we have used additional data on cancers diagnosed in 1993-94 in england and up to 1997 in five english cancer registries to investigate more recent trends. | 2001 | 11377601 |
| growth of permanent mandibular teeth of british children aged 4 to 9 years. | the aim of this study was to investigate ethnic differences and describe tooth formation of mandibular permanent teeth in a group of london children. | 2001 | 11393333 |
| interstitial deletion of 3p22.2-p24.2: the first reported case. | | 2001 | 11403048 |
| use of strain typing to provide evidence for specific interventions in the transmission of vtec o157 infections. | transmission of verocytotoxin (vt)-producing escherichia coli (vtec) occurs by three main routes. these comprise food- or water-borne infections, acquisition of disease by direct or indirect contact with animals and person-to-person spread. phenotypic typing of vtec belonging to serogroup o157 is achieved by phage typing and identification of vt type. these properties quickly provide evidence for the linkage of human cases and their association to potential sources. dna-based subtyping methods s ... | 2001 | 11407546 |
| delayed cerebral edema and fatal coma after minor head trauma: role of the cacna1a calcium channel subunit gene and relationship with familial hemiplegic migraine. | trivial head trauma may be complicated by severe, sometimes even fatal, cerebral edema and coma occurring after a lucid interval ("delayed cerebral edema"). attacks of familial hemiplegic migraine (fhm) can be triggered by minor head trauma and are sometimes accompanied by coma. mutations in the cacna1a calcium channel subunit gene on chromosome 19 are associated with a wide spectrum of mutation-specific episodic and chronic neurological disorders, including fhm with or without coma. we investig ... | 2001 | 11409427 |
| why did the 5th earl of derby die? | the unexpected death of ferdinando stanley, 5th earl of derby, on april 16, 1594 was an event of major political importance in the later years of queen elizabeth i of england. when he had succeeded his father at the age of 38 he became head of one of the most influential families in the country. he also had a claim to the throne if elizabeth died without naming a successor. yet within seven months of entering into his inheritance, this previously fit man was suddenly taken ill and died a fortnig ... | 2001 | 11410215 |
| ancient chemistry fuels new biology. | an enormous new greenhouse project in southern britain aims to heighten awareness of the human relationship with plants and the growing potential of plant-derived compounds to find new uses, reports nigel williams | 2001 | 11413009 |
| of microbes, mice and man. | this chapter reviews my 18 years of research in anne's unit including studies on temporal and spatial aspects of x-chromosome inactivation and imprinting and the role of methylation in x-inactivation in these processes during female mouse embryo development. to enable molecular studies of embryos, we developed a plethora of single cell assays for specific enzyme activity, gene mutation and methylation, and rna transcription. while in anne's unit, i used these same single cell assays to pioneer t ... | 2001 | 11417891 |
| the case of the midwife scientist. | genes controlling both testis determining and expression of the male-specific transplantation antigen, hy, are located on the short arm of the mouse y chromosome, and on the x and y-linked translocation, sxr(a). a mutation of sxr(a) was discovered in a cross between an sxr carrier male and a t16h/x female. this was designated sxr(b) and found to affect both the expression of hy and spermatogenesis, but not testis differentiation, thereby disproving ohno's hypothesis that hy controlled testis det ... | 2001 | 11417893 |