| evaluation of the incidence of the g143a mutation and cytb intron presence in the cytochrome bc-1 gene conferring qoi resistance in botrytis cinerea populations from several hosts. | previous studies have shown that resistance of botrytis cinerea to qoi fungicides has been attributed to the g143a mutation in the cytochrome b (cytb) gene, while, in a part of the fungal population, an intron has been detected at codon 143 of the gene, preventing qoi resistance. during 2005-2009, 304 grey mould isolates were collected from strawberry, tomato, grape, kiwifruit, cucumber and apple in greece and screened for resistance to pyraclostrobin and for the presence of the cytb intron, usi ... | 2011 | 21702077 |
| flux of nitric oxide between the necrotrophic pathogen botrytis cinerea and the host plant. | nitric oxide (no) production by botrytis cinerea and the effect of externally supplied no were studied during saprophytic growth and plant infection. fluorescence analysis with 4,5-diaminofluorescein diacetate and electrochemical studies were conducted in vitro between 4 and 20 h of incubation and in planta between 15 and 75 h post-inoculation. the production of no by b. cinerea in vitro was detected inside the germinating spores and mycelium and in the surrounding medium. in planta production o ... | 2011 | 21722298 |
| the botrytis cinerea phytotoxin botcinic acid requires two polyketide synthases for production and has a redundant role in virulence with botrydial. | the grey mould fungus botrytis cinerea produces two major phytotoxins, the sesquiterpene botrydial, for which the biosynthesis gene cluster has been characterized previously, and the polyketide botcinic acid. we have identified two polyketide synthase (pks) encoding genes, bcpks6 and bcpks9, that are up-regulated during tomato leaf infection. gene inactivation and analysis of the secondary metabolite spectra of several independent mutants demonstrated that both bcpks6 and bcpks9 are key enzymes ... | 2011 | 21722295 |
| a permeable cuticle is associated with the release of reactive oxygen species and induction of innate immunity. | wounded leaves of arabidopsis thaliana show transient immunity to botrytis cinerea, the causal agent of grey mould. using a fluorescent probe, histological staining and a luminol assay, we now show that reactive oxygen species (ros), including h(2)o(2) and o(2) (-), are produced within minutes after wounding. ros are formed in the absence of the enzymes atrboh d and f and can be prevented by diphenylene iodonium (dpi) or catalase. h(2)o(2) was shown to protect plants upon exogenous application. ... | 2011 | 21829351 |
| botrytis pseudocinerea, a new cryptic species causing grey mould in french vineyards in sympatry with botrytis cinerea. | botrytis cinerea is a major crop pathogen infesting more than 220 hosts worldwide. a cryptic species has been identified in some french populations, but the new species, botrytis pseudocinerea, has not been fully delimited and established. the aim of this study was to distinguish between the two species, using phylogenetic, biological, morphological and ecological criteria. multiple gene genealogies confirmed that the two species belonged to different, well supported phylogenetic clades. none of ... | 2011 | 21830954 |
| stability and fitness of pyraclostrobin- and boscalid-resistant phenotypes in field isolates of botrytis cinerea from apple. | phenotype stability, fitness and competitive ability of pyraclostrobin- and boscalid-resistant isolates of botrytis cinerea from apple were investigated. stability of resistance was determined after consecutive transfers on potato dextrose agar (pda) or being cycled on apple fruit. in vitro fitness components mycelial growth, osmotic sensitivity, conidial germination, and sporulation were evaluated on agar media. pathogenicity, virulence and sporulation on apple fruit were evaluated at both 20-¦ ... | 2011 | 21692646 |
| the small gtpase bccdc42 affects nuclear division, germination and virulence of the gray mold fungus botrytis cinerea. | the small gtpase cdc42 plays a central role in various processes in eukaryotic cells including growth, differentiation and cytoskeleton organization. whereas it is essential in the yeast saccharomyces cerevisiae, its role in filamentous fungi differs, due to the complementing, partly overlapping function of rac. we analyzed the role of the cdc42 homologue in the necrotrophic, broad host range pathogen botrytis cinerea. deletion mutants of bccdc42 showed various growth abnormalities; the mutants ... | 2011 | 21839848 |
| influence of over-expression of cytosolic aspartate aminotransferase on amino acid metabolism and defence responses against botrytis cinerea infection in arabidopsis thaliana. | arabidopsis possesses several genes encoding aspartate aminotransferase, which catalyzes the bidirectional conversion of aspartate into glutamate. these amino acids together with asparagine and glutamine play an important role in n storage and distribution. in addition, they act as precursors for other amino acids. the gene encoding cytosolic aspartate aminotransferase, asp2, was found to be induced upon infection with the necrotrophic pathogen botrytis cinerea in arabidopsis. asp2 over-expressi ... | 2011 | 21676488 |
| bcspl1, a cerato-platanin family protein, contributes to botrytis cinerea virulence and elicits the hypersensitive response in the host. | ôçó proteins belonging to the cerato-platanin family are small proteins with phytotoxic activity. a member of this family, bcspl1, is one of the most abundant proteins in the botrytis cinerea secretome. ôçó expression analysis of the bcspl1 gene revealed that the transcript is present in every condition studied, showing the highest level in planta at the late stages of infection. expression of a second cerato-platanin gene found in the b. cinerea genome, bcspl2, was not detected in any condition ... | 2011 | 21707620 |
| insecticidal activity and fungitoxicity of plant extracts and components of horseradish (armoracia rusticana) and garlic (allium sativum). | to avoid environmental pollution and health problems caused by the use of traditional synthetic pesticides, there is a trend to search for naturally occurring toxicants from plants. among the compounds discussed for anti-fungal and insecticidal activity, the natural extracts from garlic and horseradish have attracted considerable attention. the objective of this study is to determine the insecticidal and anti-fungal activity of armoracia rusticana and allium sativum l. extracts against larvae of ... | 2011 | 21726146 |
| production of the phytoalexins trans-resveratrol and delta-viniferin in two economy-relevant grape cultivars upon infection with botrytis cinerea in field conditions. | leaves, shoots and flowers from two different economy-relevant grape cultivars, merlot and cabernet sauvignon, were examined to assess the distribution of phytoalexins upon inoculation with botrytis cinerea at pre-bloom, bloom, and post-bloom stages. mass spectrometric analysis evidenced considerable levels of trans-resveratrol (3,5,4'-trihydroxystilbene), albeit higher in cabernet sauvignon, in leaves from both grape cultivars following fungal infection at all the examined stages of development ... | 2011 | 21821423 |
| the synthetic strigolactone gr24 influences the growth pattern of phytopathogenic fungi. | strigolactones that are released by plant roots to the rhizosphere are involved in both plant symbiosis with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi and in plant infection by root parasitic plants. in this paper, we describe the response of various phytopathogenic fungi to the synthetic strigolactone gr24. when gr24 was embedded in the growth medium, it inhibited the growth of the root pathogens fusarium oxysporum f. sp. melonis, fusarium solani f. sp. mango, sclerotinia sclerotiorum and macrophomina phase ... | 2011 | 21688170 |
| a novel function for a redox-related lea protein (sag21/atlea5) in root development and biotic stress responses. | sag21/atlea5 belongs to the late embryogenesis-associated (lea) protein family. although it has been implicated in growth and redox responses, its precise roles remain obscure. to address this problem, we characterized root and shoot development and response to biotic stress in sag21/atlea5 over-expressor (oex) and antisense (as) lines. as lines exhibited earlier flowering and senescence and reduced shoot biomass. primary root length was reduced in as lines, as was the number of laterals relativ ... | 2011 | 21736589 |
| the frp1 f-box gene has different functions in sexuality, pathogenicity and metabolism in three fungal pathogens. | plant-pathogenic fungi employ a variety of infection strategies; as a result, fungi probably rely on different sets of proteins for successful infection. the f-box protein frp1, only present in filamentous fungi belonging to the sordariomycetes, leotiomycetes and dothideomycetes, is required for nonsugar carbon catabolism and pathogenicity in the root-infecting fungus fusarium oxysporum. to assess the role of frp1 in other plant-pathogenic fungi, frp1 deletion mutants were generated in fusarium ... | 2011 | 21722294 |
| molecular phylogeny and evolution of monilinia (sclerotiniaceae) based on coding and noncoding rdna sequences. | the nuclear internal transcribed spacers, the 5.8s subunit, ~560 bp of the small subunit, and ~320 bp of the large subunit of the nuclear ribosomal dna repeat from 17 species of monilinia and eight species of closely related genera were sequenced. phylogenies were constructed using maximum parsimony. the results support the hypothesis that monilinia is not monophyletic. a fundamental distinction was found between the section junctoriae and the section disjunctoriae. four evolutionary lineages we ... | 1997 | 21708621 |
| bimolecular fluorescence complementation as a tool to study interactions of regulatory proteins in plant protoplasts. | protein-protein interactions are an important aspect of the gene regulation process. the expression of a gene in response to certain stimuli, within a specific cell type or at a particular developmental stage, involves a complex network of interactions between different regulatory proteins and the cis-regulatory elements present in the promoter of the gene. a number of methods have been developed to study protein-protein interactions in vitro and in vivo in plant cells, one of which is bimolecul ... | 2011 | 21720953 |
| ganoderma lucidum: a source for novel bioactive lectin. | ganoderma lucidum is known for its high medicinal value, clinically used in treatment for various diseases. we have selected this mushroom for isolation of novel bioactive lectin. the isolation procedure comprised of ion-exchange chromatography on deae- cellulose and affinity chromatography on affi-gel blue gel. purified lectin was monomer with a molecular mass of 15 kda, determined by sds-page, gel filtration, maldi-tof. it showed hemagglutinating activity against both human and animal erythroc ... | 2011 | 21728991 |
| The d-galacturonic acid catabolic pathway in Botrytis cinerea. | d-galacturonic acid is the most abundant component of pectin, one of the major polysaccharide constituents of plant cell walls. Galacturonic acid potentially is an important carbon source for microorganisms living on (decaying) plant material. A catabolic pathway was proposed in filamentous fungi, comprising three enzymatic steps, involving d-galacturonate reductase, l-galactonate dehydratase, and 2-keto-3-deoxy-l-galactonate aldolase. We describe the functional, biochemical and genetic characte ... | 2011 | 21683149 |
| dsrna-free transmissible hypovirulence associated with formation of intra-hyphal hyphae in botrytis cinerea. | a spontaneous mutant canbc-3hv and its parental strain canbc-3 of botrytis cinerea were investigated in terms of pathogenicity, colony morphology, hypovirulence transmissibility, presence of double-stranded rna (dsrna), and formation of intra-hyphal hyphae (ih). results showed that inoculation of canbc-3hv on detached leaves of brassica napus did not produce any visible necrotic lesions (20°c, 72h), whereas inoculation of canbc-3 caused necrotic leaf lesions. compared to canbc-3, canbc-3hv grew ... | 2011 | 21724172 |
| Role of the 4-phosphopantetheinyl transferase of Trichoderma virens in secondary metabolism, and induction of plant defense responses. | Trichoderma virens is a ubiquitous soil fungus successfully used as a biological control due to its efficient colonization of plant roots. In fungi, 4-phosphopantetheinyl transferases (PPTases) activate enzymes involved in primary and secondary metabolism. Therefore, we cloned the PPTase gene ppt1 from T. virens and generated PPTase-deficient (Ôêåppt1) and overexpressing strains to investigate the role of this enzyme in biocontrol and induction of plant defense responses. Ôêåppt1 mutants were au ... | 2011 | 21830953 |
| Two promoter rearrangements in a drug efflux transporter gene are responsible for the appearance and spread of multidrug resistance phenotype MDR2 in B. cinerea isolates in French and German vineyards. | In French and German vineyards, B. cinerea isolates with multiple fungicide resistance (MDR) phenotypes have been observed with increasing frequencies. MDR results from mutations that lead to constitutive overexpression of genes encoding drug efflux transporters. In MDR2 and MDR3 strains, overexpression of the major facilitator superfamiliy transporter gene mfsM2 has been found to result from a rearrangement in the mfsM2 promoter (type A), caused by insertion of a retroelement (RE)-derived seque ... | 2011 | 21679037 |
| characterization of new alternaria alternata-specific rat monoclonal antibodies. | in this study, three different rat hybridoma cell lines secreting monoclonal antibodies (mabs) recognizing the spores from alternaria alternata, a plant pathogenic fungus, contaminant of food products and important cause of both allergic rhinitis and asthma, have been characterized. these three mabs are all of igm isotype. two antibodies, a1 and f10, were cross-reactive antibodies recognizing spores from alternaria, cladosporium, penicillium, aspergillus and stachybotrys genera, but not the yeas ... | 2011 | 21892786 |
| L-amino acid oxidase-induced apoptosis in filamentous Botrytis cinerea. | As opposed to single-cell yeast and mammalian cell lines, apoptosis has not been greatly investigated in filamentous fungi because antibodies to the relevant fungal apoptosis-related proteins are not available commercially and because multicellular organisms cannot be studied using flow cytometry. Here we demonstrate how antibodies from a nonfungal source could be used to investigate this pathway. We show that apoptosis in the filamentous fungus Botrytis cinerea is triggered by the mitochondria- ... | 2012 | 21951783 |
| influence of various host plants on the consumption and utilization of food by pieris brassicae (linn.). | pieris brassicae (linn.) is a destructive cosmopolitan pest of cruciferous crops. it is present wherever its host plants occur, and it is considered to be one of the most widely distributed of all the lepidoptera. we investigated the affect of various host plants on the food consumption and utilization by p. brassicae. we quantified consumption of food, larval duration, pupal duration and weight on cabbage (brassica oleracea var. capitata), cauliflower (brassica oleracea var. botrytis), radish ( ... | 2011 | 22030306 |
| the in-vitro evaluation of antibacterial, antifungal and cytotoxic properties of marrubium vulgare l. essential oil grown in tunisia. | in order to validate its antiseptic and anticancer properties with respect to traditional uses, we have screened for the first time the antimicrobial activity of aerial parts of m. vulgare l. essential oil against different pathogenic microorganisms and the cytotoxic activity against hela cell lines. | 2011 | 21936887 |
| malus hupehensis npr1 induces pathogenesis-related protein gene expression in transgenic tobacco. | most commercially grown apple cultivars are susceptible to fungal diseases. malus hupehensis has high resistance to many diseases affecting apple cultivars. understanding innate defence mechanisms would help to develop disease-resistant apple crops. non-expressor of pathogenesis-related genes 1 (npr1) plays a key role in regulating salicylic acid (sa)-mediated systemic acquired resistance (sar). mhnpr1 cdna, corresponding to genomic dna and its 5' flanking sequences, was isolated from m. hupehen ... | 2011 | 21973266 |
| [Studi "priming" callose accumulation in Allium cepa when processing biotic inducers]. | Effect of salicylic and caproic acids as an inducters of plant resistance was studied using three onion cultivars differed in resistance to Botrytis spp. Salicylic and caproic acids were shown to prime callose accumulation in Allium cepa varieties resistant to B. allii and B. cinerea. The results obtained sugest that protection of onion against necrotrophs involves the priming of callose accumulation which is important mechanical barrier against invading pathogens. | 2011 | 21950143 |
| treating seeds with activators of plant defence generates long-lasting priming of resistance to pests and pathogens. | • priming of defence is a strategy employed by plants exposed to stress to enhance resistance against future stress episodes with minimal associated costs on growth. here, we test the hypothesis that application of priming agents to seeds can result in plants with primed defences. • we measured resistance to arthropod herbivores and disease in tomato (solanum lycopersicum) plants grown from seed treated with jasmonic acid (ja) and/or β-aminobutryric acid (baba). • plants grown from ja-treated se ... | 2011 | 22142268 |
| Antimicrobial action effect and stability of nanosized silica hybrid Ag complex. | Nanosized silica hybrid silver complex (NSS) showing strong antifungal activity, in which nanosilver (nano-Ag) was bound to silica (SiO2) molecules, was synthesized via gamma-irradiation at room temperature. NSS was characterized via field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDXS), ultraviolet-visible (UV-Vis) spectrophotometer, and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). The FESEM images and EDXS data showed that well-dispersed 3-to-10-nm Ag nanopartic ... | 2011 | 22121607 |
| Cerinolactone, a Hydroxy-Lactone Derivative from Trichoderma cerinum. | A novel metabolite, 3-hydroxy-5-(6-isopropyl-3-methylene-3,4,4a,5,6,7,8,8a-octahydronaphthalen-2-yl)dihydrofuran-2-one, trivially named cerinolactone (1), has been isolated from culture filtrates of Trichoderma cerinum together with three known butenolides containing the 3,4-dialkylfuran-2(5H)-one nucleus, harzianolide (2), T39butenolide (3), and dehydroharzianolide (4). The structure of 1 was determined by spectroscopic methods, including UV, MS, and 1D and 2D NMR analyses. In vitro tests with ... | 2011 | 22196692 |
| Modelling the inhibitory effect of copper sulfate on the growth of Penicillium expansum and Botrytis cinerea. | This study aimed to investigate the effect of copper sulfate (from 0 to 8 mmol kg(-1)) on radial growth rate and lag time of two moulds responsible for vine grapes spoilage: Penicillium expansum strain 25·03 and Botrytis cinerea, strains BC1 and BC2. | 2011 | 21899581 |
| a chloride tolerant laccase from the plant pathogen ascomycete botrytis aclada expressed at high levels in pichia pastoris. | fungal laccases from basidiomycetous fungi are thoroughly investigated in respect of catalytic mechanism and industrial applications, but the number of reported and well characterized ascomycetous laccases is much smaller although they exhibit interesting catalytic properties. we report on a highly chloride tolerant laccase produced by the plant pathogen ascomycete botrytis aclada, which was recombinantly expressed in pichia pastoris with an extremely high yield and purified to homogeneity. in a ... | 2011 | 22178779 |
| transcriptome analysis of ectopic chloroplast development in green curd cauliflower (brassica oleracea l. var. botrytis). | abstract: background: chloroplasts are the green plastids where photosynthesis takes place. the biogenesis of chloroplasts requires the coordinate expression of both nuclear and chloroplast genes and is regulated by developmental and environmental signals. despite extensive studies of this process, the genetic basis and the regulatory control of chloroplast biogenesis and development remain to be elucidated. results: green cauliflower mutant causes ectopic development of chloroplasts in the cur ... | 2011 | 22112144 |
| antifungal metabolites from the roots of diospyros virginiana by overpressure layer chromatography. | a preparative overpressure layer chromatography (oplc) method was successfully used for the separation of two new natural compounds, 4-hydroxy-5,6-dimethoxynaphthalene-2-carbaldehyde (1) and 12,13-didehydro-20,29-dihydrobetulin (2) together with nine known compounds, including 7-methyljuglone (3), diospyrin (4), isodiospyrin (5), shinanolone (6), lupeol (7), betulin (8), betulinic acid (9), betulinaldehyde (10), and ursolic acid (11) from the acetone extract of the roots of diospyros virginiana. ... | 2011 | 22162171 |
| Identification and expression analysis of CBF/DREB1 and COR15 genes in mutants of Brassica oleracea var. botrytis with enhanced proline production and frost resistance. | Frost resistant mutants of Brassica oleracea var. botrytis were investigated for the presence of CBF/DREB1 and COR15a gene products and induced frost resistance. Total RNA of clones was isolated after 3 h, 6 h, 24 h and 14 d acclimation at 4 °C and proteins and free proline were isolated after 14 d acclimation. cDNA was produced using RT-PCR and the first CBF gene in B. oleracea detected and did quantify. Through SDS-PAGE and Western blotting, the COR15a protein was detected for the first time i ... | 2011 | 22000056 |
| ph modulation differs during sunflower cotyledon colonization by the two closely related necrotrophic fungi botrytis cinerea and sclerotinia sclerotiorum. | during pathogenesis on sunflower cotyledons, botrytis cinerea and sclerotinia sclerotiorum show a striking resemblance in symptom development. based on ph change profiles, the colonization process of both fungi can be divided into two stages. the first stage is associated with a ph decrease, resulting from an accumulation of citric and succinic acids. the second stage is correlated with a ph increase, resulting from an accumulation of ammonia. in this article, we also report that oxalic acid is ... | 2011 | 22171786 |
| Antifungal saponins from bulbs of white onion, Allium cepa L. | Three saponins, named ceposide A, ceposide B, and ceposide C were isolated from the bulbs of white onion, Allium cepa L. Elucidation of their structure was carried out by comprehensive spectroscopic analyses, including 2D NMR spectroscopy and mass spectrometry, and chemical evidences. The structures of the compounds were identified as (25R)-furost-5(6)-en-1ß,3ß,22a,26-tetraol 1-O-ß-d-xylopyranosyl 26-O-a-d-rhamnoyranosyl-(1?2)-O-ß-d-galactopyranoside (ceposide A), (25R)-furost-5(6)-en-1ß,3ß,22a, ... | 2011 | 22169018 |
| biochemical and genetic requirements for function of the immune response regulator botrytis-induced kinase1 in plant growth, ethylene signaling, and pamp-triggered immunity in arabidopsis. | arabidopsis thaliana botrytis-induced kinase1 (bik1) regulates immune responses to a distinct class of pathogens. here, mechanisms underlying bik1 function and its interactions with other immune response regulators were determined. we describe bik1 function as a component of ethylene (et) signaling and pamp-triggered immunity (pti) to fungal pathogens. bik1 in vivo kinase activity increases in response to flagellin peptide (flg22) and the et precursor 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid (acc) ... | 2011 | 21862710 |
| Overexpression of arginase in Arabidopsis thaliana influences defence responses against Botrytis cinerea. | Arabidopsis possesses two arginase-encoding genes, ARGAH1 and ARGAH2, catalysing the catabolism of arginine into ornithine and urea. Arginine and ornithine are both precursors for polyamine biosynthetic pathways. We observed an accumulation of ARGAH2 mRNA in Arabidopsis upon inoculation with the necrotrophic pathogen Botrytis cinerea. Transgenic lines displaying either overexpression of ARGAH2 or simultaneous silencing of both Arabidopsis arginase-encoding genes were created and their resistance ... | 2011 | 22188168 |
| LongSAGE gene-expression profiling of Botrytis cinerea germination suppressed by resveratrol, the major grapevine phytoalexin. | The ascomycetes Botrytis cinerea is one of the most studied necrotrophic phytopathogens and one of the main fungal parasites of grapevine. As a defense mechanism, grapevine produces a phytoalexin compound, resveratrol, which inhibits germination of the fungal conidium before it can penetrate the plant barriers and lead to host cell necrotrophy. To elucidate the effect of resveratrol on transcriptional regulation in B. cinerea germlings, two LongSAGE (long serial analysis of gene expression) libr ... | 2011 | 21872179 |
| the microbial ecology of wine grape berries. | grapes have a complex microbial ecology including filamentous fungi, yeasts and bacteria with different physiological characteristics and effects upon wine production. some species are only found in grapes, such as parasitic fungi and environmental bacteria, while others have the ability to survive and grow in wines, constituting the wine microbial consortium. this consortium covers yeast species, lactic acid bacteria and acetic acid bacteria. the proportion of these microorganisms depends on th ... | 2011 | 22189021 |
| A jacalin-related lectin-like gene in wheat is a component of the plant defence system. | Jacalin-related lectins (JRLs) are a subgroup of proteins with one or more jacalin-like lectin domains. Although JRLs are often associated with biotic or abiotic stimuli, their biological functions in plants, as well as their relationships to plant disease resistance, are poorly understood. A mannose-specific JRL (mJRL)-like gene (TaJRLL1) that is mainly expressed in stem and spike and encodes a protein with two jacalin-like lectin domains was identified in wheat. Pathogen infection and phytohor ... | 2011 | 21862481 |
| Heterologous Expression of the CYP51 Gene of the Obligate Fungus Blumeria graminis in the Necrotrophic Fungus Botrytis cinerea. | ABSTRACT. As it is extremely difficult to make DNA transformation for the obligate fungus, Blumeria graminis f. sp. tritici (Bgt), we developed a heterologous expression system for characterization of a Bgt gene, CYP51, which encodes 14a-demethylase. The CYP51 gene from Bgt was transformed into the necrotrophic fungus, Botrytis cinerea. Reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction showed that the Bgt CYP51 was transcribed in B. cinerea. Green fluorescence was observed in the transformants of ... | 2011 | 21895843 |
| Antifungal activity of resveratrol against Botrytis cinerea is improved using 2-furyl derivatives. | The antifungal effect of three furyl compounds closely related to resveratrol, (E)-3,4,5-trimethoxy-ß-(2-furyl)-styrene (1), (E)-4-methoxy-ß-(2-furyl)-styrene (2) and (E)-3,5-dimethoxy-ß-(2-furyl)-styrene (3) against Botrytis cinerea was analyzed. The inhibitory effect, at 100 µg ml(-1) of compounds 1, 2, 3 and resveratrol on conidia germination, was determined to be about 70%, while at the same concentration pterostilbene (a dimethoxyl derivative of resveratrol) produced complete inhibition. Th ... | 2011 | 22022392 |
| Constitutive expression of a grapevine polygalacturonase-inhibiting protein affects gene expression and cell wall properties in uninfected tobacco. | ABSTRACT: | 2011 | 22078230 |
| silencing and heterologous expression of ppo-2 indicate a specific function of a single polyphenol oxidase isoform in resistance of dandelion (taraxacum officinale) against pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato. | dandelion (taraxacum officinale) possesses an unusually high degree of disease resistance. as this plant exhibits high polyphenol oxidase (ppo) activity and ppo have been implicated in resistance against pests and pathogens, we analyzed the potential involvement of five ppo isoenzymes in the resistance of dandelion against botrytis cinerea and pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato. only one ppo (ppo-2) was induced during infection, and ppo-2 promoter and β-glucuronidase marker gene fusions revealed st ... | 2011 | 22026646 |
| polyamines attenuate ethylene-mediated defense responses to abrogate resistance to botrytis cinerea in tomato. | transgenic tomato (solanum lycopersicum) lines over-expressing yeast spermidine synthase (yspdsyn), an enzyme involved in polyamine (pa) biosynthesis, were developed. these transgenic lines accumulate higher levels of spermidine (spd) than the wild type plants and were examined for responses to the fungal necrotrophs botrytis cinerea and alternaria solani, bacterial pathogen pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato dc3000, and larvae of the chewing insect tobacco hornworm manduca sexta. the spd-accumul ... | 2011 | 22128140 |
| synthetic molecular mimics of naturally occurring cyclopentenones exhibit antifungal activity towards pathogenic fungi. | the naturally occurring reactive electrophilic species 12-oxo-phytodienoic acid (12-oxo-pda) is a potent antifungal agent, whereas the plant growth regulator jasmonic acid, which is synthesized from 12-oxo-pda, is ineffective. to address what structural features of the molecule endow it with antifungal activity, we synthesized a series of molecular mimics of 12-oxo-pda varying in the length of the alkyl chain at its c-4 ring position. the octyl analogue (4-octyl cyclopentenone) was the most effe ... | 2011 | 21921102 |
| anti-apoptotic machinery protects the necrotrophic fungus botrytis cinerea from host-induced apoptotic-like cell death during plant infection. | necrotrophic fungi are unable to occupy living plant cells. how such pathogens survive first contact with living host tissue and initiate infection is therefore unclear. here, we show that the necrotrophic grey mold fungus botrytis cinerea undergoes massive apoptotic-like programmed cell death (pcd) following germination on the host plant. manipulation of an anti-apoptotic gene bcbir1 modified fungal response to pcd-inducing conditions. as a consequence, strains with reduced sensitivity to pcd w ... | 2011 | 21876671 |
| reduction of nectarine decay caused by rhizopus stolonifer, botrytis cinerea and penicillium digitatum with aloe vera gel alone or with the addition of thymol. | two nectarine cultivars ('flavela' and 'flanoba') were treated with aloe vera gel alone, or with the addition of thymol, and then inoculated with rhizopus stolonifer, botrytis cinerea and penicillium digitatum. both treatments were effective in reducing the decay incidence caused by the 3 fungi species, although the addition of thymol did not generally improve the efficacy of aloe vera gel on reducing the infection damage. the coatings were clearly effective in reducing the postharvest ripening ... | 2011 | 21974979 |
| arabidopsis sigma factor binding proteins are activators of the wrky33 transcription factor in plant defense. | necrotrophic pathogens are important plant pathogens that cause many devastating plant diseases. despite their impact, our understanding of the plant defense response to necrotrophic pathogens is limited. the wrky33 transcription factor is important for plant resistance to necrotrophic pathogens; therefore, elucidation of its functions will enhance our understanding of plant immunity to necrotrophic pathogens. here, we report the identification of two wrky33-interacting proteins, nuclear-encoded ... | 2011 | 21990940 |
| ecological responses to uv radiation: interactions between the biological effects of uv on plants and on associated organisms. | solar ultraviolet (uv)-b radiation (280-315 nm) has a wide range of effects on terrestrial ecosystems, yet our understanding of how uv-b influences the complex interactions of plants with pest, pathogen and related microorganisms remains limited. here, we report the results of a series of experiments in lactuca sativa which aimed to characterize not only key plant responses to uv radiation in a field environment but also consequential effects for plant interactions with a sap-feeding insect, two ... | 2011 | 22150399 |
| Cytological evaluation of the effect of azoxystrobin and alternative oxidase inhibitors in Botrytis cinerea. | Azoxystrobin (AZ), a strobilurin-derived fungicide, is known to inhibit mitochondrial respiration in fungi by blocking the electron transport chain in the inner mitochondrial membrane. Germination was strongly inhibited when Botrytis cinerea spore suspension was treated with AZ and the alternative oxidase (AOX) inhibitors, salicylhydroxamic acid (SHAM) and n-propyl gallate. However, chemical death indicators trypan blue and propidium iodide showed that those spores were still alive. When the spo ... | 2012 | 22092932 |
| four plant defensins from an indigenous south african brassicaceae species display divergent activities against two test pathogens despite high sequence similarity in the encoding genes. | abstract: | 2011 | 22032337 |
| botrytized wines. | botrytized wines are natural sweet wines, produced from grapes that are affected by botrytis cinerea under particular conditions. this rare and special form of fungal infection, called noble rot, includes complex enzymatic conversions and concurrent dehydration of the grape berry and results in a highly concentrated final product. the main characteristics of the noble rotted grapes involve high sugar, acid, glycerol and mineral contents, special polysaccharides, and particular aroma composition, ... | 2011 | 21867895 |
| Establishing the occurrence of major and minor glucosinolates in Brassicaceae by LC-ESI-hybrid linear ion-trap and Fourier-transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry. | Glucosinolates (GLSs) are sulfur-rich plant secondary metabolites which occur in a variety of cruciferous vegetables and among various classes of them, genus Brassica exhibits a rich family of these phytochemicals at high, medium and low abundances. Liquid chromatography (LC) with electrospray ionization in negative ion mode (ESI-) coupled to a hybrid quadrupole linear ion trap (LTQ) and Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometer (FTICRMS) was employed for the selective and sens ... | 2012 | 22030302 |
| identification of pathogenesis associated genes by t-dna-mediated insertional mutagenesis in botrytis cinerea: a type 2a phosphoprotein phosphatase and a spt3 transcription factor have significant impact on virulence. | agrobacterium tumefaciens - mediated transformation (atmt) was used to generate an insertional mutant library of the grey mould fungus botrytis cinerea. from a total of 2,367 transformants, 68 mutants showing significant reduction in virulence on tomato and bean plants were analyzed in detail. as reported for other fungal atmt libraries, integrations were mostly single copy, occurred preferentially in non-coding (regulatory) regions, and were frequently accompanied by small deletions of the targ ... | 2011 | 22112214 |
| biological control of botrytis cinerea using the antagonistic and endophytic burkholderia cepacia cs5 for vine plantlet protection. | antifungal activity of the burkholderia cepacia cs5 was tested in vitro and in vivo for the control of botrytis cinerea . bacterial biomass was significantly improved by the amendment of znso(4), mo(7)(nh(4))(6)o(24), and mannitol to the nby medium; consequently, the amount of the secreted fungicides was increased. the quantification of b. cinerea inhibition, in liquid and solid conditions, showed an important sensitivity of this fungus to the strain cs5 fungicides. microscopic monitoring impact ... | 2011 | 22004162 |
| alkamides activate jasmonic acid biosynthesis and signaling pathways and confer resistance to botrytis cinerea in arabidopsis thaliana. | alkamides are fatty acid amides of wide distribution in plants, structurally related to n-acyl-l-homoserine lactones (ahls) from gram-negative bacteria and to n- acylethanolamines (naes) from plants and mammals. global analysis of gene expression changes in arabidopsis thaliana in response to n-isobutyl decanamide, the most highly active alkamide identified to date, revealed an overrepresentation of defense-responsive transcriptional networks. in particular, genes encoding enzymes for jasmonic a ... | 2011 | 22076141 |
| apoptosis-like programmed cell death in the grey mould fungus botrytis cinerea: genes and their role in pathogenicity. | a considerable number of fungal homologues of human apoptotic genes have been identified in recent years. nevertheless, we are far from being able to connect the different pieces and construct a primary structure of the fungal apoptotic regulatory network. to get a better picture of the available fungal components, we generated an automatic search protocol that is based on protein sequences together with a domain-centred approach. we used this protocol to search all the available fungal database ... | 2011 | 21936840 |
| genetic diversity of a botrytis cinerea cryptic species complex in hungary. | botrytis cinerea has been described as a species complex containing two cryptic species, referred to as groups i and ii. the first b. cinerea group i strains outside of western europe were collected in hungary in 2008 from strawberry and rape plants. sympatric b. cinerea cryptic species were analyzed using a population genetic approach and phenotypic markers. statistically significant, but moderate population differentiation was found between the two groups in hungary. group i was originally typ ... | 2011 | 22130648 |
| genomic analysis of the necrotrophic fungal pathogens sclerotinia sclerotiorum and botrytis cinerea. | sclerotinia sclerotiorum and botrytis cinerea are closely related necrotrophic plant pathogenic fungi notable for their wide host ranges and environmental persistence. these attributes have made these species models for understanding the complexity of necrotrophic, broad host-range pathogenicity. despite their similarities, the two species differ in mating behaviour and the ability to produce asexual spores. we have sequenced the genomes of one strain of s. sclerotiorum and two strains of b. cin ... | 2011 | 21876677 |
| expression of brassica oleracea ftsz1-1 and mind alters chloroplast division in nicotiana tabacum generating macro- and mini-chloroplasts. | ftsz1-1 and mind plastid division-related genes were identified and cloned from brassica oleracea var. botrytis. transgenic tobacco plants expressing boftsz1-1 or bomind exhibited cells with either fewer but abnormally large chloroplasts or more but smaller chloroplasts relative to wild-type tobacco plants. an abnormal chloroplast phenotype in guard cells was found in bomind transgenic tobacco plants but not in boftsz1-1 transgenic tobacco plants. transgenic tobacco plants bearing the macro-chlo ... | 2011 | 22193339 |
| Four potato (Solanum tuberosum) ABCG transporters and their expression in response to abiotic factors and Phytophthora infestans infection. | Pleiotropic drug resistant (PDR/ABCG) genes are involved in plant response to biotic and abiotic stresses. In this work, we cloned, from Solanum tuberosum, four PDR/ABCG transporter genes named StPDR1, StPDR2, StPDR3 and StPDR4, which were differentially expressed in plant tissues and cell cultures. A number of different chemically unrelated compounds were found to regulate the transcript levels of the four genes in cultured cells. In particular, StPDR2 was highly up-regulated in the presence of ... | 2011 | 21908070 |
| transformation of botrytis cinerea by direct hyphal blasting or by wound-mediated transformation of sclerotia. | abstract: background: botrytis cinerea is a haploid necrotrophic ascomycete which is responsible for 'grey mold' disease in more than 200 plant species. broad molecular research has been conducted on this pathogen in recent years, resulting in the sequencing of two strains, which has generated a wealth of information toward developing additional tools for molecular transcriptome, proteome and secretome investigations. nonetheless, transformation protocols have remained a significant bottleneck ... | 2011 | 22188865 |
| Enhancing plant disease suppression by Burkholderia vietnamiensis through chromosomal integration of Bacillus subtilis chitinase gene chi113. | Burkholderia vietnamiensis P418 is a plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria. A chitinase gene from Bacillus subtilis was cloned and stably integrated into the chromosome of using the transposon delivery vector, pUTkm1. Chitinase activity was detected in recombinant P418-37 but not in wild type P418. Recombinant P418-37 retained the in vitro growth rate, N(2)-fixation and phosphate and potassium-solubilizing characteristics of the wild type. P418-37 significantly (P < 0.05) inc ... | 2011 | 21972146 |
| Constitutive expression of MKS1 confers susceptibility to Botrytis cinerea infection independent of PAD3 expression. | Signal transduction through MAPK cascades is essential for eukaryotic cell response to various extracellular stimuli, such as the induction of innate immune responses. Arabidopsis thaliana relies in particular on three of its 20 MAPKs, MPK3,-4,-6, for a proper immune response. Recently we showed that one MPK4-substrate, MKS1, is required for basal resistance against the virulent Pseudomonas syringae and the oomycete Hyaloperonospora arabidopsidis. Overexpression of MKS1 (35S-MKS1) led to increas ... | 2011 | 21900742 |
| HbMyb1, a Myb transcription factor from Hevea brasiliensis, suppresses stress induced cell death in transgenic tobacco. | Tapping panel dryness (TPD) is a complex physiological syndrome found widely in rubber tree (Hevea brasiliensis) plantations that causes severe yield loss in natural rubber-producing countries. In an earlier study, we confirmed that there is a negative correlation between HbMyb1 expression and TPD severity. To further investigate the function of HbMyb1 in TPD, HbMyb1 was over-expressed in tobacco controlled by a CaMV 35S promoter. In transgenic plants expressing HbMyb1, cell death induced by UV- ... | 2011 | 22078380 |
| development of an indirect competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay applied to the botrytis cinerea quantification in tissues of postharvest fruits. | botrytis cinerea is a phytopathogenic fungus responsible for the disease known as gray mold, which causes substantial losses of fruits at postharvest. this fungus is present often as latent infection and an apparently healthy fruit can deteriorate suddenly due to the development of this infection. for this reason, rapid and sensitive methods are necessary for its detection and quantification. this article describes the development of an indirect competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (eli ... | 2011 | 21970317 |
| strong resistance to the fungicide fenhexamid entails a fitness cost in botrytis cinerea, as shown by comparisons of isogenic strains. | background: fenhexamid, a sterol biosynthesis inhibitor effective against botrytis, inhibits the 3-ketoreductase (erg27) involved in c-4 demethylation. several fenhexamid-resistant phenotypes have been detected in botrytis cinerea populations from french vineyards. the field isolates with the highest resistance levels display amino acid changes in erg27 (f412s, f412i or f412v). results: fenhexamid-resistant mutants were generated by site-directed mutagenesis of the erg27 gene in a sensitive reci ... | 2011 | 22045588 |
| Contribution of proteomics to the study of plant pathogenic fungi. | Phytopathogenic fungi are one of the most damaging plant parasitic organisms, and can cause serious diseases and important yield losses in crops. The study of the biology of these microorganisms and the interaction with their hosts has experienced great advances in recent years due to the development of moderm, holistic and high-throughput -omic techniques, together with the increasing number of genome sequencing projects and the development of mutants and reverse genetics tools. We highlight am ... | 2011 | 22085090 |
| development and characterization of antimicrobial poly(l-lactic acid) containing trans-2-hexenal trapped in cyclodextrins. | trans-2-hexenal, a naturally occurring plant volatile with antimicrobial capacity, was encapsulated into β-cyclodextrins (β-cds), enzymatically modified starch, and shown effective to control main microorganisms causing food spoilage (alternaria solani, aspergillus niger, botrytis cinerea, colletotrichum acutatum, penicillium sp). loaded β-cds were incorporated into a poly(l-lactic acid) (pla) matrix by extrusion and casting, and yielded antimicrobial polymers made from natural resources. a mast ... | 2011 | 22177713 |
| molecular characterization of pyraclostrobin resistance and structural diversity of the cytochrome b gene in botrytis cinerea from apple. | botrytis cinerea isolates obtained from apple orchards were screened for resistance to the quinone outside inhibitor (qoi) pyraclostrobin. of the 220 isolates tested, 43 (19.5%) were resistant to pyraclostrobin. analysis of partial sequences of the cytochrome b gene (cyt b) in five pyraclostrobin-resistant (pr) and five pyraclostrobin-sensitive (ps) isolates showed that pr isolates harbored the point mutation leading to the substitution of glycine by alanine at codon position 143 in cyt b (g143a ... | 2011 | 22085296 |
| freezing and freeze-drying of the bacterium rahnella aquatilis bnm 0523: study of protecting agents, rehydration media and freezing temperatures. | the aim of the present study was to evaluate and compare freezing and freeze-drying treatments for conserving rahnella aquatilis (bnm 0523) with the goal to achieve an adequate commercial formulation of this biocontrol agent. | 2011 | 21913947 |
| trichoderma-induced plant immunity likely involves both hormonal- and camalexin-dependent mechanisms in arabidopsis thaliana and confers resistance against necrotrophic fungi botrytis cinerea. | filamentous fungi belonging to the genus trichoderma have long been recognized as agents for the biocontrol of plant diseases. in this work, we investigated the mechanisms involved in the defense responses of arabidopsis thaliana seedlings elicited by co-culture with trichoderma virens and trichoderma atroviride. interaction of plant roots with fungal mycelium induced growth and defense responses, indicating that both processes are not inherently antagonist. expression studies of the pathogenesi ... | 2011 | 21931272 |
| Activity-based protein profiling of infected plants. | Activity-based protein profiling (ABPP) is a powerful analytical method to detect and compare the activity of proteins in proteomes. This is achieved using specific activity-based probes that are often derived from inhibitors and are linked to reporter groups like rhodamine or biotin for fluorescence detection and/or affinity purification, respectively. The probes react with the active site residue of proteins and become covalently and irreversibly attached, facilitating the separation, detectio ... | 2012 | 22183646 |
| Activation of the Arabidopsis thaliana mitogen-activated protein kinase MPK11 by the flagellin-derived elicitor peptide, flg22. | Mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) mediate cellular signal transduction during stress responses, as well as diverse growth and developmental processes in eukaryotes. Pathogen infection or treatments with conserved pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) such as the bacterial flagellin-derived flg22 peptide are known to activate three Arabidopsis thaliana MAPKs, MPK3, MPK4 and MPK6. Several stresses, including flg22 treatment, are known to increase MPK11 expression but activation of ... | 2011 | 22204645 |
| Comparison of wood-inhabiting myxomycetes in subalpine and montane coniferous forests in the Yatsugatake Mountains of Central Japan. | To demonstrate altitudinal gradients (and resulting temperatures) that affect myxomycete biodiversity and species composition, we statistically compared myxomycete assemblages between a subalpine coniferous forest and a montane pine forest within the region of the Yatsugatake Mountains, Nagano Prefecture, Central Japan. In summer and autumn field surveys during 2003-2010, 53 myxomycete taxa (with varieties treated as species) were observed from 639 records of fruiting bodies in the subalpine for ... | 2011 | 21904875 |
| First report of a bifunctional chitinase/lysozyme produced by Bacillus pumilus SG2. | Bacillus pumilus SG2 isolated from high salinity ecosystem in Iran produces two chitinases (ChiS and ChiL) and secretes them into the medium. In this study, chiS and chiL genes were cloned in pQE-30 expression vector and were expressed in the cytoplasm of Escherichia coli strain M15. The recombinant proteins were purified using Ni-NTA column. The optimum pH and optimum temperature for enzyme activity of ChiS were pH 6, 50°C; those of ChiL were pH 6.5, 40°C. The purified chitinases showed antifun ... | 2011 | 22112904 |
| a role in immunity for arabidopsis cysteine protease rd21, the ortholog of the tomato immune protease c14. | secreted papain-like cys proteases are important players in plant immunity. we previously reported that the c14 protease of tomato is targeted by cystatin-like epic proteins that are secreted by the oomycete pathogen phytophthora infestans (pinf) during infection. c14 has been under diversifying selection in wild potato species coevolving with pinf and reduced c14 levels result in enhanced susceptibility for pinf. here, we investigated the role c14-epic-like interactions in the natural pathosyst ... | 2012 | 22238602 |
| arabidopsis histidine kinase 5 regulates salt sensitivity and resistance against bacterial and fungal infection. | • the ability of plants to adapt to multiple stresses imposed by the natural environment requires cross-talk and fine-tuning of stress signalling pathways. the hybrid histidine kinase arabidopsis histidine kinase 5 (ahk5) is known to mediate stomatal responses to exogenous and endogenous signals in arabidopsis thaliana. the purpose of this study was to determine whether the function of ahk5 in stress signalling extends beyond stomatal responses. • plant growth responses to abiotic stresses, tiss ... | 2012 | 22256998 |
| synthesis, structure and antifungal activity of new 3-[(5-aryl-1,3,4-oxadiazol-2-yl)methyl]benzo[d]thiazol-2(3h)-ones. | a series of new 3-[(5-aryl-1,3,4-oxadiazol-2-yl)methy])benzo[d]thiazol-2(3h)-ones were synthesized by reaction of (5-substituted-2-oxobenzothiazolin-3-yl)-acetohydrazide with various aromatic acids in pocl(3) under reflux conditions. the structures of the title compounds were confirmed by 1h-nmr, 13c-nmr, ir, ms and elemental analysis. furthermore, the structure of compound 4i was determined by single-crystal x-ray diffraction. the preliminary bioassy results indicated that some of them showed m ... | 2012 | 22258343 |
| antimicrobial activity of ulopterol isolated from toddalia asiatica (l.) lam.: a traditional medicinal plant. | aim of the study: the leaves of toddalia asiatica (l.) lam. (rutaceae) are widely used in folk medicine in india to treat various ailments. in our earlier communication we have reported the antimicrobial study on the various extracts of the leaves and the isolation and identification of flindersine, a quinolone alkaloid as the major active principle. in the present study, we report the antibacterial and antifungal activities of ulopterol, a coumarin isolated as another major active antimicrobial ... | 2012 | 22265751 |
| the rna silencing enzyme rna polymerase v is required for plant immunity. | rna-directed dna methylation (rddm) is an epigenetic control mechanism driven by small interfering rnas (sirnas) that influence gene function. in plants, little is known of the involvement of the rddm pathway in regulating traits related to immune responses. in a genetic screen designed to reveal factors regulating immunity in arabidopsis thaliana, we identified nrpd2 as the overexpressor of cationic peroxidase 1 (ocp1). nrpd2 encodes the second largest subunit of the plant-specific rna polymera ... | 2011 | 22242006 |