| trends in hepatitis a virus infection with reference to the process of urbanization in the greater madrid area (spain). | hepatitis a is an infection transmitted by the fecal-oral route. endemicity within a specific country is directly related to sanitation and hygienic standards, while being inversely related to socioeconomic conditions. we studied how the process of urbanization witnessed in madrid had influenced the transmission of hepatitis a infection. in the madrid autonomous region, this process first began in the early sixties and was not brought to a close until the late seventies. catalytic models were us ... | 1995 | 8549732 |
| an outbreak of hepatitis a among irish haemophiliacs. | an outbreak of hepatitis a (hav) occurred in 1992 in irish haemophilia a patients treated with high purity solvent-detergent (sd) treated factor viii. similar outbreaks were reported in italy, germany and belgium. the aim of this study was to investigate the outbreak, and to test the hypothesis that it was caused by exposure to sd-treated factor viii. | 1995 | 8550281 |
| pathogenesis of hepatitis a in orally inoculated owl monkeys (aotus trivirgatus). | the pathogenesis of hepatitis a virus (hav) infection was studied in owl monkeys following oral administration of the wild-type hm-175 strain of hav. stools were collected daily and blood and pharyngeal swabs twice weekly for viral isolation, and animals were necropsied at various intervals after inoculation. organs were examined for the presence of virus by isolation in cell culture and for viral antigens by immunofluorescence. monkeys excreted hav in the stools for 1-4 days after inoculation, ... | 1995 | 8551278 |
| mutations within the 5' nontranslated rna of cell culture-adapted hepatitis a virus which enhance cap-independent translation in cultured african green monkey kidney cells. | mutations in the 5' nontranslated rna (5'ntr) of an attenuated, cell culture-adapted hepatitis a virus (hav), hm175/p16, enhance growth in cultured african green monkey kidney (bs-c-1) cells but not in fetal rhesus monkey kidney (frhk-4) cells (s. p. day, p. murphy, e. a. brown, and s. m. lemon, j. virol. 66: 6533-6540, 1992). to determine whether these mutations enhance cap-independent translation directed by the hav internal ribosomal entry site (ires), we compared the translational activities ... | 1996 | 8551562 |
| [the screening of hepatitis virus and its efficacy]. | 1. infection of hepatitis a virus (hav) was prevented with hepatitis a vaccine. high risk groups of hav infection should be inoculated this vaccine because japanese peoples less than 40 years old didn't have immunity for hav. 2. infection of hepatitis e virus (hev) was scarcely observed in japan. 3. infection of hepatitis b virus (hbv) by blood transfusion was eradicated after the screening with anti-hbc antibody for blood donors. and maternal transmissions of hbv and infections of hbv in hospit ... | 1995 | 8551671 |
| hepatitis c virus rna in patients with anti-hcv on hemodialysis. relationship to transaminase levels. | this study was performed in patients with hepatitis c virus (hcv) who were treated with hemodialysis to determine the relationships among alanine amino-transferase (alt) levels, immunoglobulin (ig) g anti-hcv, igm anti-hcv core, and hcv rna. of 107 patients on hemodialysis, 27 had positive igg anti-hcv. eight of the patients who had hcv were evaluated every 8 months during a period of 2 years, using the following selection criteria: positive igg against c-22, c33-c, 5-1-1, and c100-3 viral pepti ... | 1994 | 8555556 |
| seroprevalence of hepatitis a virus antibodies in a pediatric population of southern spain. | | 1995 | 8557393 |
| safety and immunogenicity of an inactivated hepatitis a vaccine in children 2 to 5 years old. | the reactogenicity and immunogenicity of an inactivated hepatitis a vaccine were assessed. seventy healthy children aged between 2 and 5 years old, who lacked antibodies against the hepatitis a virus, were enrolled in this study. with a 0-, 1-, and 6-month vaccination schedule, the children received three doses of 360 enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa) units of hepatitis a vaccine intramuscularly (deltoid). safety parameters were recorded in standardized diary cards by the parents on the ... | 1995 | 8557400 |
| food safety: review and implications for dietitians and dietetic technicians. | section 103 (d) of the americans with disabilities act directs the secretary of health and human services to identify, publish, and annually review a list of pathogens transmitted via food contaminated by infected food handlers. the secretary is also directed to publish means by which diseases on the list are transmitted. the intent of the list is to protect disabled food handlers when they become ill and to provide managers with information for determining when to remove or reassign disabled fo ... | 1996 | 8557943 |
| [prospective study of the incidence of post-transfusion hepatitis after the exclusion of donors positive for anti-hcv elisa 2]. | the incidence of post transfusional hepatitis (pth) after the exclusion of anti-hcv elisa 2 positive donors is not well known. the aim of this study was to determine the incidence and type of pth in 113 post transfused patients. | 1995 | 8558961 |
| preventing hepatitis a infections in travelers to endemic areas. | in 1995, 24 million travelers from the united states are anticipated to visit developing countries where hepatitis a is endemic. passive immunization with immune globulin, before exposure or within two weeks following exposure to the hepatitis a virus, protects against clinical disease in < 70-90% of immunized individuals. the duration of protection, measured in months, is relatively short. active immunization with a single dose of inactivated hepatitis a virus vaccine appears to provide greater ... | 1995 | 8561258 |
| [sero-epidemiology of hepatitis a: alcoholic patients are a group at risk]. | the possibility of "community-acquired" viral infection has been suggested in alcoholics. in order to assess this hypothesis, we evaluated the prevalence of antibodies against hepatitis a virus, a oro-fecally transmitted virus, in heavy drinkers. | 1995 | 8566556 |
| anti-hepatitis a virus antibody response elicited in mice by different forms of a synthetic vp1 peptide. | peptide vp1 (11-25) of the capsid of hepatitis a virus was synthesized by the fmoc-polyamide solid phase method, and administered to mice in different forms: (1) free, (2) encapsulated in multilamellar liposomes, (3) coupled to keyhole limpet hemocyanin (khl), and (4) incorporated into a tetrameric branched lysine core. the highest anti-vp1 peptide responses were generated by synthetic peptides entrapped into liposomes and coupled to klh. no anti-hav response was generated with the free peptide, ... | 1995 | 8569533 |
| "in vitro" and in animal model studies on a double virus-inactivated factor viii concentrate. | to improve the safety of plasma derived factor viii (fviii) concentrate, we introduced a final super heat treatment (100 degrees c for 30 min) as additional virus inactivation step applied to a lyophilized, highly purified fviii concentrate (100 iu/mg of proteins) already virus inactivated using the solvent/detergent (s/d) method during the manufacturing process. the efficiency of the super heat treatment was demonstrated in inactivating two non-lipid enveloped viruses (hepatitis a virus and pol ... | 1995 | 8571312 |
| serum antibody to lipopolysaccharide antigens of shigella species among u.s. military personnel deployed to saudi arabia and kuwait during operations desert shield and desert storm. | during operations desert shield and desert storm, u.s. troops were at high risk of diarrheal disease due to shigella spp., particularly shigella sonnei. in order to better understand the serologic response to shigella infection, 830 male u.s. combat troops were evaluated before and after the deployment to saudi arabia and kuwait for immunoglobulin a (iga) and igg anti-shigella lipopolysaccharide (lps) (antibody to s. sonnei form i and shigella flexneri serotypes 1a, 2a, and 3a) in serum. just be ... | 1995 | 8574833 |
| recombinant vaccinia viruses expressing hepatitis a virus structural polypeptides: detection of an anti-vp0 response in convalescent-phase sera. | we have generated a number of recombinant vaccinia viruses which expressed the hepatitis a virus (hav) structural polypeptides vp1, vp2, vp3, and vp4, either alone or in combination. the relevant sequences encoding these polypeptides were amplified from cloned cdna by pcr and then cloned into the insertion vector pgs62. the presence of the hav structural polypeptide-encoding sequences in the recombinant viruses was confirmed by southern blot analysis, whilst their transcription and translation w ... | 1995 | 8574835 |
| risk of hepatitis a in dutch hemophilia patients. | recently, clotting factor preparations transmitted hepatitis a virus (hav) to hemophilia patients. to study the risk of hav infection in dutch hemophilia patients, serum samples of 341 patients with hemophilia were tested for hav antibodies (anti-hav). 197/341 patients (group 1) were treated with clotting factor concentrates produced from large plasma pools, 144/341 patients (group 2) were treated with small pool cryoprecipitate. the test results were compared to those of healthy blood donors (n ... | 1995 | 8584994 |
| virosomes as carriers for combined vaccines. | immunopotentiating reconstituted influenza virosomes (iriv) are liposomes which carry the two glycoproteins of the influenza virus on their surface. a hepatitis a vaccine using iriv as carrier has very good immunogenicity and is well tolerated. the objective of this study was to produce a fivefold combined vaccine against hepatitis a and b, diphtheria, tetanus and influenza a/b, and to show that in principle irivs can serve as carriers for multiple antigens which have good immunogenicity and are ... | 1995 | 8585285 |
| antiviral activity of recombinant interferon-alpha on hepatitis a virus replication in human liver cells. | human recombinant interferon-alpha (ifn-alpha) was assayed for its antiviral effect on hepatitis a virus (hav) replication in the human hepatoma cell line plc/prf/5. ifn-alpha resulted in concentration-dependent reduction of hav antigen expression and hav replication. ifn-alpha had a prophylactic effect, but was still effective when it was added after the infection, even at the end of the first replication cycle. an important increase in 2',5'-oligoadenylate synthetase activity in the ifn-treate ... | 1995 | 8585761 |
| status of hepatitis viral markers in patients with acute and chronic liver diseases in northern india. | the present study describes the frequency of hepatitis viral markers in patients with uncomplicated acute viral hepatitis (avh; n = 32) and in patients with severe liver diseases, including those with fulminant hepatic failure (fhf; n = 110), subacute hepatic failure (sahf; n = 65), and chronic active hepatitis (cah; n = 33). the results indicate that hepatitis a virus infection is quite rare, whereas hepatitis b virus (hbv) and hepatitis c virus (hcv) infections are the predominant causes of ac ... | 1994 | 8586538 |
| risk factors for hepatitis a, b and c virus infection among swedish expatriates. | the influence of different risk factors for viral hepatitis a, b and c, particularly if sexual contact with the indigenous population was related to an increased risk of having hepatitis b virus (hbv) markers, was assessed by multivariate analysis in a logistic regression model in a prospectively enrolled series of 563 adult swedish expatriates. the most frequently reported recognised risk factors for the acquisition of viral hepatitis (as reported in a self-administered questionnaire) were havi ... | 1995 | 8586840 |
| hepaxpert-iii: knowledge-based interpretation of serologic tests for hepatitis a, b, c, and d. | 1. the hepaxpert-iii system. hepaxpert-iii--the successor of hepaxpert-i[1] and hepaxpert-ii [2]--is a routinely-used, integrated medical database and knowledge-based system that stores and interprets the results of serologic tests for infection with hepatitis a, b, c, and d viruses. the following tests are included: anti-hav, igm anti-hav, and hav in stool; hbsag, anti-hbs, anti-hbc, igm anti-hbc, hbeag, anti-hbe, and anti-hbs titre; anti-hcv, hcv-immunoblot, and hcv-pcr; delta-ag and anti-delt ... | 1995 | 8591543 |
| changes ahead in childhood immunization. | | 1996 | 8594229 |
| increased igm class circulating immune complexes in acute hepatitis a virus infection. | for assessing the role of circulating immune complexes (cic) in acute hepatitis a, igm- and igg-specific cic were determined, by c1q and conglutinin (k) assays, in 205 patients with acute hepatitis a and 60 healthy controls. the concentration of each type of cic in patients was higher than healthy controls (p=0.0001). cic was a common feature of acute hepatitis a with 95.6% of cases having at least one abnormal test result. the prevalence of abnormal igm class cic was significantly higher than i ... | 1996 | 8605705 |
| pattern of hepatitis a and hepatitis b virus markers in cases of acute sporadic hepatitis and in healthy school children from north west india. | the pattern of viral markers in acute sporadic hepatitis in 329 children and those in 334 healthy school children from north west india were studied. hepatitis a was found to be the commonest infection in sporadic cases (78 per cent). of these, 86 per cent were under 10 years and 50 per cent less than 5 years of age. hepatitis b was positive in 8 per cent, non-a non-b in 13 per cent, a as well as b in 1 per cent, and none had delta virus infection. viral markers in healthy school children showed ... | 1995 | 8606437 |
| hepatitis a vaccine. | hepatitis a continues to cause sporadic cases, epidemics, and occasional deaths in the united states. a killed virus vaccine for immunization against hepatitis a has recently been approved by the food and drug administration. one hundred percent seroconversion occurs after a series consisting of a primary dose and a second booster shot 6-12 months later. co-administration of immune-globulin and hepatitis a vaccine lowers ultimate antibody levels 50% compared with vaccine alone. targets for immun ... | 1996 | 8607483 |
| active immunization against hepatitis a is now warranted in glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase-deficient subjects. | | 1996 | 8607537 |
| auxiliary liver transplantation: regeneration of the native liver and outcome in 30 patients with fulminant hepatic failure--a multicenter european study. | auxiliary liver transplantation (lt) is a special procedure of lt which could be proposed to patients with fulminant hepatic failure (fhf) and has for aim that complete regeneration of the native liver (nl) left in place will allow the graft recipient to resume normal liver function after allograft withdrawal. we report 30 cases of auxiliary lt performed for fhf in 12 european centers. twenty-five of 30 patients were younger than 50 years. the cause of fhf was hepatitis a virus (hav) in 4 patien ... | 1996 | 8621143 |
| a simian strain of hepatitis a virus, agm-27, functions as an attenuated vaccine for chimpanzees. | the agm-27 strain of hepatitis a virus (hav) was originally isolated from an african green monkey with hepatitis and appears to represent a true simian strain. the virus caused acute hepatitis after intravenous inoculation into african green monkeys, rhesus monkeys, and marmosets. cynomolgus monkeys inoculated with the virus did not develop hepatitis, probably because of prior exposure to hav. chimpanzees inoculated with a high dose of the virus did not develop signs of hepatitis, although the v ... | 1996 | 8627022 |
| identification of hepatitis a virus non-structural protein 2b and its release by the major virus protease 3c. | the rna genome of hepatitis a virus (hav) encodes a giant polyprotein that is putatively cleaved proteolytically into four structural and seven non-structural proteins. so far, most of the proposed non-structural proteins and their respective cleavage sites have not been identified. a vaccinia virus recombinant (vrgorf) containing the complete hav orf under the control of the bacteriophage t7 promoter was used to express hav in recombinant animal cells (bt7-h) that constitutively expressed t7 dn ... | 1996 | 8627228 |
| rna-protein interactions at the 3' end of the hepatitis a virus rna. | the regulative cis-acting terminal rna structures and the proteins involved in the amplification of the hepatitis a virus (hav) genome are unknown. by uv cross-linking/label transfer experiments, we have analyzed sequences of the 3'-nontranslated region (3'ntr) and preceding domains of the viral genome for their ability to interact with host proteins. a series of cdna constructs were used to create genomic- and antigenomic-sense transcripts. the results show that the 3'-ntr-poly(a) interacted wi ... | 1996 | 8627714 |
| mutational analysis of the mengovirus poly(c) tract and surrounding heteropolymeric sequences. | previously, we described three mengovirus mutants derived from cdna plasmids, containing shortened poly(c) tracts (c8, c12, and c13uc10), that exhibited strong attenuation for virulence in mice yet grew like wild-type virus in hela cells. thirteen additional mutants hav now been constructed and characterized. five of these differ only in poly(c) length, including one with a precise deletion of the tract. the other mutants bear deletions into the regions juxtaposing poly(c). studies with hela cel ... | 1996 | 8627731 |
| replication of hepatitis a viruses with chimeric 5' nontranslated regions. | the role of the 5' nontranslated region in the replication of hepatitis a virus (hav) was studied by analyzing the translation and replication of chimeric rnas containing the encephalomyocarditis virus (emcv) internal ribosome entry segment (ires) and various lengths (237, 151, or 98 nucleotides [nt]) of the 5'-terminal hav sequence. translation of all chimeric rnas, truncated to encode only capsid protein sequences, occurred with equal efficiency in rabbit reticulocyte lysates and was much enha ... | 1996 | 8627760 |
| immunogenicity and safety of an inactivated hepatitis a vaccine amongst singaporeans. | the immunogenicity and reactogenicity of an inactivated hepatitis a virus (hav) vaccine was studied in healthy singaporean adult volunteers. one hundred and forty healthy volunteers with normal alanine (alt) and aspartate (ast) transaminases and no previous exposure to hav, received three 1 ml doses (720 elisa units) of an inactivated hav vaccine (smithkline beechams biologicals) following a 0, 1, 6 months vaccination schedule. all subjects were asked to record and grade the severity of any reac ... | 1995 | 8629058 |
| amplification of the full-length hepatitis a virus genome by long reverse transcription-pcr and transcription of infectious rna directly from the amplicon. | the genetic study of rna viruses is greatly facilitated by the availability of infectious cdna clones. however, their construction has often been difficult. while exploring ways to simplify the construction of infectious clones, we have successfully modified and applied the newly described technique of "long pcr" to the synthesis of a full-length dna amplicon from the rna of a cytopathogenic mutant (hm 175/24a) of the hepatitis a virus (hav). primers were synthesized to match the two extremities ... | 1996 | 8633073 |
| seroepidemiology of hepatitis e virus in the egyptian nile delta. | the seroendemicity of hepatitis e virus (hev) in an entire village population located in the egyptain nile delta is described. serum specimens were obtained from 68% of the total population of 1,850 villagers. the lack of serum specimen was greatest in the youngest age group (< 5). commercially available enzyme immunoassays (eia) for antibody to hepatitis a virus (anti-hav), to hepatitis b virus core antigen (anti-hbc), to second-generation hepatitis c virus (anti-hcv) core and nonstructural ant ... | 1995 | 8636709 |
| molecular epidemiology of an outbreak of hepatitis a in italy. | the relationship of hepatitis a virus (hav) isolates associated with an outbreak in genoa, italy, in 1993 was examined using direct sequencing of amplicons derived by antigen capture pcr (ac/pcr) from faecal samples of the infected persons. forty samples recovered from 38 primary and two secondary cases were examined. the latter were household contacts of the primary cases. in addition, faecal material of 2 unrelated persons infected simultaneously with hepatitis a in genoa were tested. the pcr ... | 1995 | 8636721 |
| viral hepatitis in east asia. | viral hepatitis has a high prevalence in east asia and is an important problem. identification of the individual hepatitis viruses. a-e, has enabled researches to investigate the epidemiology and pathogenesis of viral hepatitis and its sequelae, and possible means of prevention. because of improvement in hygiene in east asia in recent decades, hepatitis a virus infection has decreased markedly. however, this has resulted in the younger population being susceptible to hepatitis a. fortunately, ef ... | 1996 | 8640098 |
| [new hepatitis viruses "e, gb, etc."]. | some cases of hepatitis were non a, non b, non c, non d. hepatitis e virus (calicivirus) transmission is fecal-oral similar to that of the hepatitis a virus. viral hepatitis e is endemic and frequently epidemic in many developing countries, but exceptionally observed in france. a high mortality rate was observed in pregnant women. recently, elisa assays for igm anti-hcv are available. many hepatitis cases (acute and chronic) are not caused by known viruses (non a-non e). four flavivirus like hav ... | 1996 | 8640310 |
| annulate lamellae and lytic hav infection in vitro. | the aim of this study was to examine the relationship between viral infection and annulate lamellae (al) production by using quantitative and qualitative electron microscopy to document the size and numbers of al in bs-c-1 cells infected with a lytic strain of hepatitis a virus (hav). the progress of the hav infection was found to occur in two phases. in phase 1, cell proliferation and cell death were roughly the same as that of the mock infected control, but there was an increase with time in t ... | 1996 | 8650673 |
| optimization of poly(ethylene glycol) precipitation of hepatitis a virus used to prepare vaqta, a highly purified inactivated vaccine. | poly(ethylene glycol) precipitation has been successfully used to concentrate and purify hepatitis a virus from crude lysate preparations for production of vaqta, a highly purified, formalin-inactivated hepatitis a vaccine. initial results showed that nucleic acids present in the starting material were problematic for the performance of the poly(ethylene glycol) precipitation step. extensive experiments were carried out to identify processing conditions suitable for vaccine manufacture which wou ... | 1996 | 8652125 |
| [immunity against hepatitis a in younger age groups and the basis for an immunization program]. | the naturally acquired immunity to hepatitis a virus (hav) in a sample of 305 children, aged up to 15 years, in the municipality of ivanić-grad amounted to 18.7%. the study was conducted in september 1989. of those 305 children, 16.8% of the boys and 20.7% of the girls were positive. no statistically significant difference was observed with regard to sex (p < 0.01) (chi 2 = 1.4). of the children aged up to two years, 47.4% were exposed to the hepatitis a virus. seropositive for anti-hav were 8.3 ... | 1995 | 8656973 |
| [evaluation of reactivity and immunogenicity of a cultured concentrated inactivated vaccine against hepatitis a "hep-a-in-vak"]. | clinical trials of inactivated hepatitis a vaccine hep-a-in-vac demonstrated its specific safety and moderate reactogenicity, manifesting by short-term fibrillar twitching of musculus deltoideus at the site of injection. after a course of three immunizations 87.5% seronegative vaccines developed a high level of specific antibodies to hepatitis a virus with at least 100 reverse values of titers. in controls antibody titers remained seronegative in 90% cases. these data indicate evident immunologi ... | 1995 | 8659177 |
| specific interaction of glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase with the 5'-nontranslated rna of hepatitis a virus. | initiation of translation of hepatitis a virus (hav) rna occurs by internal entry and is likely to involve the interaction of trans-acting cellular protein factors with cis-acting structural elements of an internal ribosomal entry segment (ires) within the 5'-nontranslated rna. to characterize interactions between african green monkey kidney (bs-c-1) cell proteins and the predicted stem-loop iiia (nucleotides 155-235) located at the 5' border of the hav ires, we utilized an electrophoresis mobil ... | 1996 | 8662893 |
| [seroepidemiology of hepatitis a virus infection in medical and nursing students. the role of vaccination]. | recent seroepidemiologic studies have demonstrated a decrease in the prevalence of hepatitis a virus infection (hav) in relation with an improvement in hygienic conditions. the prevalence of anti-hav in a group of health care students was studied and a vaccination program initiated in this collective. | 1996 | 8665357 |
| fulminant hepatitis in a tropical population: clinical course, cause, and early predictors of outcome. | the profiles of patients with fulminant hepatic failure (fhf) from developing countries have not been reported earlier. the current study was conducted prospectively, at a single tertiary care center in india, to document the demographic and clinical characteristics, natural course, and causative profile of patients with fhf as well as to define simple prognostic markers in these patients. four hundred twenty-three consecutive patients with fhf admitted from january 1987 to june 1993 were includ ... | 1996 | 8675163 |
| prevention of hepatitis a virus infection. | hepatitis a virus infection is major cause of acute hepatitis in the united states, accounting for approximately 75,000 cases of clinical illness each year. these infections occur among persons in every age group and are associated with a variety of exposures related to fecal-oral transmission. recently, the u.s. food and drug administration approved licensure of two inactivated hepatitis a vaccines. both vaccines are highly immunogenic and have been licensed in pediatric and adult formulations. ... | 1996 | 8677827 |
| single dose-inactivated hepatitis a vaccination schedule for susceptible youngsters. | to investigate the feasibility of a single-dose primary hepatitis a vaccination for young travelers. | 1996 | 8677995 |
| use of nuclease enzyme in the purification of vaqta, a hepatitis a vaccine. | the development of the purification process for vaqta, which results in a highly purified inactivated hepatitis a vaccine, was driven by modifications in the cell-culture and harvest methods which permit hepatitis a virus propagation to support large-scale manufacture. the starting material for the purification was initially a concentrated cell pellet scraped from roller bottles. however, when the cell-culture method was scaled up to use high-surface-area nunc cell factories or costar cubes, the ... | 1996 | 8679106 |
| [immune response to a single dose of a novel kind of hepatitis a vaccine following splenectomy]. | the immune response to parenteral antigens is reduced in persons without spleen. the seroconversion rate was measured after application of a new type of vaccine against hepatitis a (immunopotentiating reconstituted influenza virus virosome [iriv]) in patients who had undergone a splenectomy after trauma. | 1996 | 8681712 |
| [hepatitis a vaccine]. | | 1995 | 8684338 |
| [comparative study of the immunogenicity of the inactivated hepatitis a vaccine hep-a-in-vac from experimental and clinical data]. | comparative analysis of the specific activities of various batches of hep-a-in-vac vaccine showed that the immunologic efficacy of the agent directly depended on the content of hepatitis a virus antigen in the vaccine dose. the results of studying the immunogenicity of the agent on volunteers are compatible with the results of experimental studies and indicate that the test of guinea pigs adequately assesses this characteristic. assessment of the immunogenic properties of hep-a-in-vac prepared u ... | 1995 | 8686264 |
| [adaptation of hepatitis a virus to nonprimate cells]. | hepatitis a virus (hav) was adapted to nonprimate bhk-21 cell line (syrian hamster kidney). enzyme immunoassay, immunoblotting, and slot hybridization demonstrated the capacity of hm175 culture strain to stable reproduction in this cell line. more than 50 passages of adapted hav were carried out, which showed no changes in the basic cultural characteristics of the virus. the data permit a conclusion on the possibility of hav reproduction in nonprimate cells. | 1996 | 8686273 |
| high seroprevalence of hepatitis a, b, c, and e viruses in residents in an egyptian village in the nile delta: a pilot study. | hepatitis c virus (hcv) infection is hyperendemic in egypt, with seroprevalence rates of 10-20% among volunteer blood donors, and even higher rates reported among segments of the general population. we attempted to confirm the high seroprevalence of hcv and to compare it with the age-specific seroprevalence rates for hepatitis a, hepatitis b, and hepatitis e among 155 nonrandomly selected residents of a semiurban village in the nile river delta. of the two orally transmitted viruses (hav and hev ... | 1996 | 8686770 |
| seroepidemiologic study of anti-hav igg in health-care workers. | the seroprevalence of hepatitis a virus igg antibody (anti-hav igg) was assessed in 410 health-care workers, included 97 physicians, 174 nurses, 57 auxiliary staff, 23 cleaning staff, and 59 from various professions. the overall seroprevalence rate was 50.2% with a mean age of 38.2 years, physicians 41.9%, nurses 48.6%, auxiliary staff 47.4% cleaning staff 87.0%, various professions 57.6%. a low seroprevalence was found in young employees, while a high seroprevalence increasing with age was demo ... | 1995 | 8689086 |
| [detection of hepatitis a virus in serum by pcr method]. | | 1996 | 8690956 |
| hepatitis a vaccines. | | 1996 | 8691546 |
| acute pancreatitis in hepatitis a infection. | a 13 year old boy who was admitted for acute viral hepatitis due to hepatitis a virus developed acute pancreatitis which resolved completely with conservative treatment. extensive evaluation did not reveal any other cause of pancreatitis and it was presumed that hepatitis a may result in acute pancreatitis. | 1996 | 8693583 |
| viral safety of a new highly purified factor viii (octate). | the inactivation of both transfusion-relevant and model viruses by modified pasteurisation (10 hours at 63 degrees c in solution) has been evaluated following the established guidelines of the eu cpmp ad hoc working party on biotechnology/pharmacy. this heat treatment was introduced into the manufacturing process of octavi, a very high purity factor viii concentrate stabilized only by von willebrand factor, in the presence of a proprietary mixture of low molecular weight stabilizers. both envelo ... | 1996 | 8699169 |
| [an epidemiometric model of viral hepatitis a and its use]. | the mathematical model of viral hepatitis a has been developed. the model is the system of 7 boundary differential equations which describe changes occurring in the course of time in the main epidemiological groups of the population. on the basis of the proposed model quantitative experiments on the epidemiological effects of a hypothetic program of immunization at hypothetic power of infection have been carried out. | 1996 | 8701653 |
| prevalence of antibodies to hepatitis a, b, c, and e viruses in a healthy population in leon, nicaragua. | a cross-sectional survey of the seroprevalence of hepatitis a virus (hav), b (hbv), c (hcv), and e (hev) antibodies in a healthy population in leon, nicaragua was conducted and associated with demographic data. the overall prevalence of antibodies to hav was 94.6%, to hbv 6.5% and to hev between 4.6% and 8.0%, whereas none of 399 tested subjects showed confirmed seropositivity to hcv. a high hav seropositivity rate (72.7%) was observed even in the lowest age groups tested (2-4 years of age). in ... | 1996 | 8702016 |
| supplementary statement on hepatitis a prevention. laboratory centre for disease control. | | 1996 | 8705911 |
| prolonged fecal excretion of hepatitis a virus in adult patients with hepatitis a as determined by polymerase chain reaction. | in hepatitis a virus (hav) infection, fecal excretion of the virus has been reported to cease shortly after symptoms occur. although there have been several reports on detection of hav in feces using polymerase chain reaction (pcr), the duration of fecal hav shedding in human adult hepatitis a has not been well described. in the present study, we applied the reverse-transcription (rt)-pcr system to the detection of fecal hav rna in 10 patients with sporadic hepatitis a. the viral genomic rna was ... | 1996 | 8707246 |
| causes of acute exacerbations of chronic hepatitis b. | the authors analyzed acute exacerbations of chronic hepatitis b in 24 chronic hbsag carriers (20 with positive hbeag, 4 with anti-hbe), more than half of whom were treated with glucocorticoids, by examining specific antigens and antibodies of the hepatitis a virus (hav), hepatitis b virus (hbv), hepatitis delta virus (hdv), epstein-barr virus (ebv) and cytomegalovirus (cmv). of 38 observed exacerbations of the disease they found in 7 (18%) deterioration after discontinuation of glucocorticoids, ... | 1995 | 8718791 |
| risk factors and prevalence of antibodies against hepatitis a virus (hav) in children from day-care centers, in goiania, brazil. | a seroepidemiologic survey about hepatitis a virus (hav) infection was carried out in a group comprising 310 children, ranging in age from 3 months to 9 years, from day-care centers, in goiania, a middle sized city in the central region of brazil. the biomarkers employed in the investigation of previous infection include total igg and igm anti-hav antibodies, and for the detection of more recent infection, igm anti-hav antibodies were analyzed. the study was performed in 1991 and 1992. according ... | 1995 | 8729753 |
| determination of the inactivation kinetics of hepatitis a virus in human plasma products using a simple tcid50 assay. | the transmission of hepatitis a virus (hav) associated with use of fviii concentrates has been reported in a number of european countries. all of these cases were associated with products inactivated by use of solvent detergent treatment. these reports have emphasized the necessity of evaluating virus inactivation methodologies for their ability to inactivate hav. such studies had previously been hampered by the difficulties associated with titration of hav, because of the minimal cytopathic eff ... | 1996 | 8732864 |
| [seroprevalence of viral hepatitis a in at the amiens university hospital]. | the epidemiology of viral hepatitis a has been evolved in the past few years, resulting in an increasing number of people without immunity to this virus. health care workers are usually considered to be a group at risk of contamination by hepatitis a. a sero-epidemiologic study was performed in 525 members of the pediatry, gastroenterology, internal medicine, digestive radiology, kitchen and maintenance department staffs in the amiens university hospital. the aim of this study was to describe th ... | 1996 | 8734310 |
| [viral hepatitis a with prolonged course in adults]. | the aim of this study was to determine the clinical and virological characteristics of patients with type a viral hepatitis and a protracted course. | 1996 | 8734311 |
| quantitative determination of immune response against hepatitis a virus capsids after natural infection. | | 1996 | 8744565 |
| viral hepatitis. | the list of hepatitis viruses is increasing over the years. now the viruses range from a to g. hepatitis a virus is a short incubation rna virus which is transmitted oro-faecally. it does not cause chronic illness but may be fatal in a few cases especially in pregnancy. it can now be prevented by vaccination. hepatitis b virus is a long incubation dna virus which is transmitted mainly through blood and blood products. it causes chronic illness and can lead to liver cancer in some cases. it can b ... | 1996 | 8756033 |
| [extrahepatic manifestations of hepatitis a virus infection]. | | 1996 | 8758500 |
| enterically transmitted hepatitis in saudi arabia: an epidemiological study. | rates of exposure to two, enterically transmitted viruses, hepatitis e virus (hev) and hepatitis a virus (hav), were investigated among the populations of two areas of saudi arabia: gizan (a rural area) and riyadh (an urban area, with relatively good sanitation). in riyadh, 24.7% and 1.2% of children were seropositive for hav and hev, respectively, by the age of 12 years. there was a sharp increase in exposure to hav between 13 and 20 years of age (to 63.5%) and most (80.0%) of the subjects aged ... | 1996 | 8762410 |
| [viral hepatitis type a. who should be vaccinated?]. | in order to find out the variations in the prevalence of hav ab and identify the persons who should be vaccinated against hepatitis a virus, we assessed hav ab to 200 patients without any occupational risk. they were classified by their socioeconomic status; in the following categoris: high (level i n = 0); medium-high (level ii n = 50); medium-low (level iii, n = 50); low (level iv, n = 50); and very low (level v, n = 50). the percentage of positivity ofr serum hav ab was: level ii: 12%, level ... | 1995 | 8762654 |
| [seroepidemiologic study of the prevalence of anti-hav antibodies in children in rome]. | the authors evaluated the incidence of infection by hepatitis a virus (hav) in a paediatric population through a seroepidemiological investigation in a group of 278 children (0-12 years old), apparently healthy. the determination of anti-hav antibodies was carried out by elisa-test. of the 287 examined sera, 27 cases turned out hav positive antibodies (9.7%), with the following distribution, according to the groups of age: 0-3 months: 2 of 6 children were positive (mother's antibodies); 3 months ... | 1996 | 8766776 |
| [transmission of pathogenic human viruses by foods: hepatitis a epidemic caused by baked goods in the euskirchen district)]. | in the last few years many reports have documented that human pathogenic viruses are transmitted via food and can cause epidemics. between november 1994 and february 1995 a hav epidemic was recorded in the village and agricultural area of euskirchen (germany). 49 persons with hav infections were registered. it seems that the epidemic started in a bakery and was caused by an employee who had spent his holidays in the dominican republic and came back already excreting the virus via his faeces. two ... | 1996 | 8766849 |
| [chronic viral hepatitis: diagnosis and treatment]. | hbv and hcv cause most of chronic hepatitis; the hdv is a co-infectious virus and it rend the help of hbv to duplicate; hav and hev do not induce chronic hepatitis. etiology is not the same, without apparent reasons, in all the world and the distinction between persistent chronic hepatitis and active idiopathic chronic hepatitis is meaningless, because one can shift in the other. diagnosis is possible using serologic tests and by determination of the dna of the hbv and rna of the hcv. interferon ... | 1996 | 8767973 |
| prevalence of hepatitis b or c virus infection in patients with fulminant viral hepatitis. an analysis using polymerase chain reaction. | the cause of fulminant hepatitis is still not fully understood. we studied 23 patients with fulminant hepatitis, using polymerase chain reaction to detect hepatitis virus genomes. tests for hbsag and igm anti-hav and igm anti-hbc were performed in all patients. serum samples were stored at -70 degrees c for later analysis of anti-hcv and hepatitis virus genomes such as hepatitis b virus, hepatitis c virus and hepatitis d virus. | 1996 | 8778190 |
| hepatitis a-vaccines: a comparison between three methods of antigen determination. | | 1996 | 8785942 |
| a virion concentration method for detection of human enteric viruses in oysters by pcr and oligoprobe hybridization. | this article reports the development of a method to purify and concentrate intact virions from oyster extracts to volume and quality compatible with viral genomic nucleic acid amplification by reverse transcriptase pcr (rt-pcr) and confirmation by oligonucleotide probe hybridization. fifty-gram oyster samples were processed by an adsorption-elution -precipitation method and then seeded with 10(1) to 10(5) pfu of poliovirus type 1 (pv1) or hepatitis a virus (hav). seeded viruses in oyster extract ... | 1996 | 8787405 |
| anti-hepatitis a virus (hav) vaccination: guidelines for an immunization strategy in italy. workshop consensus conference--rome, may 2-3, 1995. | | 1996 | 8789832 |
| the seroepidemiology of hepatitis a virus infection in south african chinese people. | the age-specific prevalence of antibody to hepatitis a virus (anti-hav) was determined in 949 chinese people residing in south africa in 1983-1985. this small community is comprised of original settlers from the mainland china province of guandong, where hepatitis a virus infection is endemic, and their south african-born descendants. the overall anti-hav prevalence (by radioimmunoassay) in south african chinese people was 57.8%, was lowest in children aged 0-9 and 10-19 years (10.0% and 12.8%, ... | 1994 | 8790570 |
| hepatitis a: from epidemic jaundice to a vaccine-preventable disease. | hepatitis a probably causes an identifiable illness in less than 5% of individuals who are infected with the virus. nonetheless, it has been an important cause of morbidity throughout history. hepatitis a remains endemic in some developing nations, and cyclical epidemics still occur in developed nations, including the united states. because infections are less common in children in developed nations, the pattern of infection has shifted toward older age groups. this shift is a concern because th ... | 1996 | 8792141 |
| a novel cytopathic microtitre plate assay for hepatitis a virus and anti-hepatitis a neutralizing antibodies. | the slow growth of hepatitis a virus (hav) has made tissue culture assay for infectious virus difficult. strains of the virus of greater cytopathogenicity have been selected for use in plaque cytopathic assays. however, in our hands, this assay has been difficult to reproduce consistently due to problems in maintaining intact cell monolayers over the long incubations involved. this report describes the development of a cytopathic tcid50 assay for hav. from the results of repeated assay of one pr ... | 1996 | 8793842 |
| transfusion-transmitted disease. | many patients with haemophilia are infected with viruses, due to treatment with blood products--particularly from large pool clotting factor concentrates before 1985. aids in haemophilic patients was first described in 1982 and it has significantly reduced the life expectancy of these patients. although no new sero-conversions have occurred since 1986, management of hiv in haemophilia remains a clinical challenge. transfusion-associated hepatitis was recognized in 1943, and it is now an importan ... | 1996 | 8800511 |
| acute viral hepatitis types e, a, and b singly and in combination in acute liver failure in children in north india. | the aetiological agents responsible for, and the outcome of, acute liver failure were investigated prospectively in 44 children (29 males, 15 females) attending a tertiary health care facility in india. the children were between the ages of 2 months and 13 years. studies for viral infections and other etiologies could be carried out in 40 patients. specific aetiological labels were possible in 35 (87.5%) patients. thirty (75%) had evidence of acute viral hepatitis. acute hepatitis e virus (hev) ... | 1996 | 8801280 |
| hepatitis a and vaccination. | | 1994 | 8801857 |
| hepatitis vaccines. | the past two decades have seen a series of breakthroughs in the understanding, prevention, and treatment of viral hepatitis. developed countries have an increasing number of adults who are susceptible to hepatitis a virus (hav) infection. the licensing of an effective hepatitis a vaccine presents new opportunities for prevention in persons at risk for hav infection. hepatitis b virus infection is an important cause of chronic liver disease throughout the world. although a hepatitis b vaccine has ... | 1996 | 8804380 |
| helicobacter pylori transmission: evidence from a comparison with hepatitis a virus. | to assess the possibility that faecal-oral contact might play a role in the transmission of helicobacter pylori. | 1996 | 8804871 |
| a community prevalence study of antibodies to hepatitis a and e in inner-city london. | the seroprevalence of antibodies to hepatitis e virus (hev) and hepatitis a virus (hav) was determined in a community-based sample in innercity london where socioeconomic conditions were expected to result in a high prevalence of antibodies to hav, and in which the presence of immigrants from the developing world pose a risk of imported infection of both hav and hev. the seroprevalence of anti-hav was 45.1% in uk born subjects and 69.7% in non-uk born subjects and each group showed differing pat ... | 1996 | 8818970 |
| duration of protection from clinical hepatitis a disease after vaccination with vaqta. | recent papers examining the expected persistence of anti-hepatitis a virus antibody following vaccination with inactivated hepatitis a vaccine have estimated that geometric mean antibody levels will remain above cut-off levels for 10-30 years. however, the methodology used in these papers did not take into account any estimates of variability between subjects. in this paper data from the persistence of antibody after the administration of another vaccine, vaqta (hepatitis a vaccine, inactivated; ... | 1996 | 8818971 |
| prevalence of helicobacter pylori antibodies in normal children. | | 1996 | 8822294 |
| risk of infection with hepatitis a, b or c, cytomegalovirus, varicella or measles among child care providers. | employment as a child care provider has been suggested as an indication for hepatitis a virus (hav) immunization; however, whether this occupational group is at increased risk of hav infection is not well-defined. | 1996 | 8823851 |
| supplementary statement on hepatitis a prevention. | in a recent statement on the prevention of infections caused by hepatitis a virus (hav), naci described the usual indications for use of immune serum globulin (ig) and the newly available inactivated hepatitis a vaccine (havrix, smithkline beecham). subsequently, a more potent vaccine formulation was licensed, permitting a single dose primary immunization of adults. this supplementary statement addresses this development and comments on vaccine use in children. | 1996 | 8825660 |
| virus validation studies of immunoglobulin preparations. | a validation study of the viral safety of a new polyvalent intravenous immunoglobulin (octagam) according to eu-guideline iii/8115/89-en and the requirements of the federal agency for sera and vaccines in germany was undertaken in may 1994. the following processing steps were analyzed: cohn-oncley fractionation, solvent/detergent (sd) treatment, ph 4 exposure, storage of the final product at low ph and immune neutralisation. | 1996 | 8828948 |
| transient positivity of antinuclear and anti-smooth muscle antibodies in hepatitis a virus infection. | | 1996 | 8834036 |
| hepatitis c infection and autoimmunity. | since the first tests for antibodies to components of the hepatitis c virus became widely available there has been considerable interest in evidence linking hcv infection with autoimmune liver diseases and other autoimmune conditions. with respect to autoimmune hepatitis, it is now clear that the early tests were quite non-specific and that it was the abnormalities in serum globulins in autoimmune hepatitis which led to such high positivity rates in this disease. careful surveys across europe ha ... | 1996 | 8836890 |
| inhibition of the expression of hepatitis a and b viruses (hav and hbv) proteins by interferon in a human hepatocarcinoma cell line (plc/prf/5). | plc/prf/5 is a continuous human hepatocarcinoma cell line whose genome contains integrated hbv dna and which secretes two of the hepatitis b virus envelope proteins (hbs and pres2). this line is also susceptible to infection by hepatitis a virus and was therefore used to compare the effects of interferon on protein synthesis of these two viruses and to assess the interactions which occur between them during infection. | 1996 | 8836896 |
| detection of human enteric viruses in oysters by in vivo and in vitro amplification of nucleic acids. | this study describes the detection of enteroviruses and hepatitis a virus in 31 naturally contaminated oyster specimens by nucleic acid amplification and oligonucleotide probing. viruses were extracted by adsorption-elution-precipitation from 50-g oyster samples harvested from an area receiving sewage effluent discharge. ninety percent of each extract was inoculated into primate kidney cell cultures for virus isolation and infectivity assay. viruses in the remaining 10% of oyster extract that wa ... | 1996 | 8837433 |
| intrauterine transmission of hepatitis a virus. | hepatitis a is a common, self-limited disease transmitted by fecal-oral contamination. | 1996 | 8841254 |
| new and improved vaccines. promising weapons against varicella, hepatitis a, and typhoid fever. | the initial motives behind development of vaccines were to protect against life-threatening infections (eg, rabies, diphtheria), to eradicate sweeping outbreaks of serious diseases (eg, paralytic poliomyelitis, smallpox), and to prevent diseases in a vulnerable population by the immunization of surrogates (eg, rubella immunization to prevent congenital rubella syndrome). now a fourth motive emerges: prevention of less serious infections to improve quality of life. the advantages of new vaccines ... | 1996 | 8858086 |