| clinical profile of aids: a study at a referral hospital. | the present study describes the clinical and epidemiological features of 74 patients with human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) infection who presented to a referral hospital. sixty two patients (83.7%) were diagnosed to have acquired immune deficiency syndrome (aids). mean age of the patients was 34.9 +/- 12 years and male to female ratio was 3:1. majority of patients (80%) were from lower socio-economic class. multiple unprotected heterosexual contact with commercial sex workers in metropolitan c ... | 1998 | 11229245 |
| pig-tailed macaques infected with human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) type 2gb122 or simian/hiv89.6p express virus in semen during primary infection: new model for genital tract shedding and transmission. | characterizing human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) expression in semen during primary infection remains essential to understanding the risk of sexual transmission. this investigation represents the first systematic evaluation of male genital tract shedding to use a nonhuman primate model, including the impact of exposure route and viral virulence. male macaques were inoculated with either a chronic disease-causing virus (hiv-2(gb122); n=4 intravenous; n=4 intrarectal) or an acutely pathogenic sim ... | 2001 | 11237826 |
| inhibition of hiv type 1 replication by simultaneous infection of peripheral blood lymphocytes with human immunodeficiency virus types 1 and 2. | a productive infection of peripheral blood lymphocytes by hiv-1 was severely inhibited by the simultaneous infection of these cells with hiv-2. a similar reciprocal effect on hiv-2 infection was not observed. the extent of virus replication was determined by virus-specific antigen capture assays of the supernatants of the infections. the inhibitory effect was observed with t cell-tropic, dual-tropic, as well as with primary hiv-1 isolates from different subtypes (a, b, c, e, f, and o). infection ... | 2001 | 11242517 |
| cloning and sequencing of cynomolgus macaque ccr3, gpr15, and strl33: potential coreceptors for hiv type 1, hiv type 2, and siv. | the characterization of several seven-transmembrane g protein-coupled receptors, which function as coreceptors for hiv-1, hiv-2, and/or siv, has opened up a whole new area of aids research. animal models that have played a central role in the understanding of lentivirus pathogenesis and the design of novel vaccine strategies may also be invaluable in studying the role of these secondary receptors in infection and disease progression. however, since it is known that minor species-specific sequenc ... | 2001 | 11242524 |
| increasing prevalence of hiv-2 and dual hiv-1-2 infections among patients attending various outdoor patient departments in mumbai (bombay). | between 1993-96, a serological study was carried out for differentially identifying hiv-1 and hiv-2 infections among the high risk group persons attending the various outdoor patient departments of byl nair municipal hospital, mumbai. this study indicates that although hiv-1 is still the predominant virus among the high risk hiv infected persons in mumbai, dual hiv-1-2 infections are increasing especially among promiscuous heterosexuals and female commercial sex workers. increases in hiv-2 infec ... | 1999 | 11243075 |
| low levels of hiv-1 plasma viral load in patients infected with hiv-1 subtype b and advanced immunosuppression. | some hiv-1 infected patients show low levels of viraemia despite having advanced immunosuppression. cases with falsely undetectable viraemia by conventional pcr have been reported when patients were infected with non-b subtypes. the aim of this study was to investigate whether this immunovirological discordance can be due to the presence of hiv-1 non-b subtypes, and whether a modified pcr procedure can yield different hiv viraemia values in these cases. | 2001 | 11243746 |
| cyclophilin a regulates hiv-1 infectivity, as demonstrated by gene targeting in human t cells. | the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1) gag polyprotein binds most members of the cyclophilin family of peptidyl-prolyl isomerases. of 15 known human cyclophilins, cyclophilin a (cypa) has been the focus of investigation because it was detected in hiv-1 virions. to determine whether cypa promotes hiv-1 replication, we deleted the gene encoding cypa (ppia) in human cd4(+) t cells by homologous recombination. hiv-1 replication in ppia(-/-) cells was decreased and not inhibited further by c ... | 2001 | 11250896 |
| effects of mutant vpr/vpx on hiv-2 assembly demonstrated by immunoelectron microscopy. | the virion-associated accessory proteins vpr and vpx of human immunodeficiency virus type 2 (hiv-2) are required for efficient viral replication. vpr could be important for vpx assembly. to investigate the interaction of vpr and vpx with respect to the effects of reverse transcriptase (rt) activity, viral particle information and vpx expression site directed mutagenesis was carried out to construct vpr, vpx and double vpr/vpx hiv-2 mutants. these mutants were used for infection of peripheral blo ... | 2001 | 11254173 |
| human immunodeficiency viruses types 1 and 2 infection among replacement blood donors in mumbai (bombay). | between 1993-96, blood donated by 12,235 replacement blood donors was screened by various enzyme linked immunosorbent assays for detecting antibodies to human immunodeficiency viruses types 1 and 2 according to the guidelines specified by indian--food and drug administration. 222 replacement blood donors (1.81%) were found to be seropositive for antibodies to human immunodeficiency virus types 1 and 2. furthermore, the immunocomb ii hiv 1 & 2 bispot rapid sandwich elisa in a comb format was used ... | 2000 | 11271723 |
| human immunodeficiency virus infection in a tertiary care hospital--clinical and microbiological profile. | infection with the human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) has an increasing, direct and significant impact on the hospital, especially the emergency services. out of a total of 39,876 patients screened, 1061 patients were reactive for anti-hiv antibodies. the incidence of the infection showed a remarkable progression from 0.89% in 1992-1993 to 5.6% in 1997, among the seropositive patients. the number of patients with signs and symptoms related to hiv infection has also shown a 2 fold rise (from 42% ... | 1998 | 11273318 |
| interactions of the human t-cell leukemia virus type-ii integrase with the conserved ca in the retroviral long terminal repeat end. | retroviral integrases (ins) interact with termini of retroviral dna in the conserved 5'-c(a/g)t. for most integrases, modifications of critical moieties in the major and minor grooves of these sequences decrease 3'-processing. however, for human immunodeficiency virus type-2 (htlv-2) in, the replacement of the guanine with 6-methylguanine or hypoxanthine not only reduced 3'-processing, but also promoted cleavage at a second site. this novel cleavage activity required an upstream aca, unique to t ... | 2001 | 11278363 |
| down-modulation of tcr/cd3 surface complexes after hiv-1 infection is associated with differential expression of the viral regulatory genes. | we have investigated the mechanism(s) involved in progressive abrogation of cd3-gamma gene expression after hiv-1 or hiv-2 infection. a comparison of intracellular virus expression with t cell receptor surface density, revealed both high and low levels of viral p24 antigen in the tcr/cd3(hi), tcr/cd3(lo), and tcr/cd3(-) cells. furthermore, in non-productively infected cells expressing the multiply spliced, virally encoded tat, rev, and nef regulatory gene transcripts, the same progressive loss o ... | 2001 | 11298321 |
| 4'-ethynyl nucleoside analogs: potent inhibitors of multidrug-resistant human immunodeficiency virus variants in vitro. | a series of 4'-ethynyl (4'-e) nucleoside analogs were designed, synthesized, and identified as being active against a wide spectrum of human immunodeficiency viruses (hiv), including a variety of laboratory strains of hiv-1, hiv-2, and primary clinical hiv-1 isolates. among such analogs examined, 4'-e-2'-deoxycytidine (4'-e-dc), 4'-e-2'-deoxyadenosine (4'-e-da), 4'-e-2'-deoxyribofuranosyl-2,6-diaminopurine, and 4'-e-2'-deoxyguanosine were the most potent and blocked hiv-1 replication with 50% ef ... | 2001 | 11302824 |
| synthesis of 1-(2-deoxy-beta-d-ribofuranosyl)-2,4-difluoro-5-substituted-benzene thymidine mimics, some related alpha-anomers, and their evaluation as antiviral and anticancer agents. | a group of unnatural 1-(2-deoxy-beta-d-ribofuranosyl)-2,4-difluorobenzenes having a variety of c-5 substituents (h, me, f, cl, br, i, cf3, cn, no2, nh2), designed as thymidine mimics, were synthesized for evaluation as anticancer and antiviral agents. the coupling reaction of 3,5-bis-o-(p-chlorobenzoyl)-2-deoxy-alpha-d-ribofuranosyl chloride with an organocadmium reagent [(2,4-difluorophenyl)2cd] afforded a mixture of the alpha- and beta-anomeric products (alpha:beta = 3:1 to 10:1 ratio). treatm ... | 2001 | 11303557 |
| synthesis of 1-(2-deoxy-beta-d-ribofuranosyl)-2,4-difluoro-5-substituted-benzenes: "thymine replacement" analogs of thymidine for evaluation as anticancer and antiviral agents. | a group of unnatural 1-(2-deoxy-beta-d-ribofuranosyl)-2,4-difluorobenzenes having a variety of c-5 two-carbon substituents [-c...c-x, x = i, br; -c...ch; (e)-ch=ch-x, x = i, br; -ch=ch2; -ch2ch3; -ch(n3) ch2br], designed as nucleoside mimics, were synthesized for evaluation as anticancer and antiviral agents. the 5-substituted (e)-ch=ch-i and -ch2ch3 compounds exhibited negligible cytotoxicity in a mtt assay (cc50 = 10(-3) to 10(-4)m range), relative to thymidine (cc50 = 10(-3) to 10(-5)m range) ... | 2001 | 11303562 |
| dc-sign interactions with human immunodeficiency virus type 1 and 2 and simian immunodeficiency virus. | dendritic cells (dcs) efficiently bind and transmit human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) to cocultured t cells and so may play an important role in hiv transmission. dc-sign, a novel c-type lectin that is expressed in dcs, has recently been shown to bind r5 hiv type 1 (hiv-1) strains and a laboratory-adapted x4 strain. to characterize the interaction of dc-sign with primate lentiviruses, we investigated the structural determinants of dc-sign required for virus binding and transmission to permissiv ... | 2001 | 11312337 |
| investigation of rna transcripts containing hiv-1 packaging signal sequences as hiv-1 antivirals: generation of cell lines resistant to hiv-1. | based on the success of rna decoy approaches using rre and tar sequences to inhibit hiv-1 replication, we studied the ability of hiv-1 packaging signal sequences to interfere with viral rna encapsidation and formation of infectious particles. we made a variety of plasmid constructs in which the sequence context or number of repeats of the viral packaging signal was varied, and investigated the ability of these transcripts to inhibit replication of hiv-1 in stably transfected jurkat t lymphocytes ... | 2001 | 11313785 |
| protein phosphatase 2a activates the hiv-2 promoter through enhancer elements that include the pets site. | human immunodeficiency virus type 2 (hiv-2) gene expression is regulated by upstream promoter elements, including the peri-ets (pets) site, which mediate enhancer stimulation following treatment with the phorbol ester 12-o-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (tpa). we previously showed that the oncoprotein dek binds to the pets site in a site-specific manner. in this report, we show that binding to the hiv-2 pets site is modulated by treatment of u937 monocytic cells with tpa, an activator of protei ... | 2001 | 11320078 |
| human immunodeficiency virus type-1 and chemokines: beyond competition for common cellular receptors. | the chemokines and their receptors have been receiving exceptional attention in recent years following the discoveries that some chemokines could specifically block human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1) infection and that certain chemokine receptors were the long-sought coreceptors which, along with cd4, are required for the productive entry of hiv-1 and hiv-2 isolates. several chemokine receptors or orphan chemokine receptor-like molecules can support the entry of various viral strains, b ... | 2001 | 11325604 |
| sensitivity and specificity of human immunodeficiency virus rapid serologic assays and testing algorithms in an antenatal clinic in abidjan, ivory coast. | to evaluate serologic testing algorithms for human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) based on a combination of rapid assays among persons with hiv-1 (non-b subtypes) infection, hiv-2 infection, and hiv-1-hiv-2 dual infections in abidjan, ivory coast, a total of 1,216 sera with known hiv serologic status were used to evaluate the sensitivity and specificity of four rapid assays: determine hiv-1/2, capillus hiv-1/hiv-2, hiv-spot, and genie ii hiv-1/hiv-2. two serum panels obtained from patients recentl ... | 2001 | 11325995 |
| the role of stavudine in the management of adults with hiv infection. | combinations of two nucleoside analogue reverse transcriptase inhibitors plus a third agent represent the current standard for antiretroviral therapy. stavudine is a nucleoside analogue that demonstrates in vitro activity against human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1) and hiv-2 within an acceptable therapeutic index in a range of t lymphocyte and haematopoietic precursor cell lines. it is additive or synergistic in vitro with a number of other antiretrovirals including protease inhibitors i ... | 1997 | 11327440 |
| functional characterization of chimeric reverse transcriptases with polypeptide subunits of highly divergent hiv-1 group m and o strains. | human immunodeficiency virus (hiv)-1 strains have been divided into three groups: main (m), outlier (o), and non-m non-o (n). biochemical analyses of hiv-1 reverse transcriptase (rt) have been performed predominantly with enzymes derived from hiv-1 group m:subtype b laboratory strains. this study was designed to optimize the expression and to characterize the enzymatic properties of hiv-1 group o rts as well as chimeric rts composed of group m and o p66 and p51 subunits. the dna-dependent dna po ... | 2001 | 11353775 |
| update: hiv-2 infection among blood and plasma donors--united states, june 1992-june 1995. | human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1) and type 2 (hiv-2) both cause acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (aids). following the licensure of combination hiv-1/hiv-2 screening enzyme immunoassays (eia), the food and drug administration (fda) recommended that beginning in june 1992 all donated whole blood, blood components, and source plasma be screened for antibody to hiv-2 because not all persons infected with hiv-2 can be detected by hiv-1 testing. this report describes the first two cases o ... | 1995 | 11361466 |
| virus reaches u.s. | the centers for disease control and prevention (cdc) announced that hiv-2 infection, previously isolated to western africa, has been found in the u.s. of the 62 people diagnosed with hiv-2 in the u.s., more than two-thirds are native africans. those born in the u.s. reported traveling to or having a sex partner from africa. since 1992, hiv-2 has been detected in blood and plasma donations twice. | 1995 | 11362808 |
| another undectectable viral load: hiv-2. | a case study is presented of a pregnant woman from ghana whose prenatal screening indicated that she was hiv-positive. she was given azt and 3tc to prevent transmitting the virus to her newborn, but declined to take the drugs, thinking they were unnecessary. the baby tested positive, and further testing of the mother revealed that they were infected with hiv-2, not hiv-1 for which they had been tested. hiv-2 is a lentivirus capable of causing the same clinical syndrome as hiv-1 with regard to cd ... | 1999 | 11366503 |
| evaluation of a simultaneous hiv antigen and antibody detection test in korean population. | current diagnosis of human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) infection relies on the detection of anti-hiv antibodies by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa). recently, kits detecting both p24 antigenemia and anti-hiv/anti-hiv2 antibodies have been developed. thus, it is necessary to compare those kits developed as such. the aim of this study was to evaluate the diagnostic efficiency of a simultaneous detection test of p24 antigen and anti-hiv1/2 antibodies in a low prevalence area. eight hundre ... | 2001 | 11371105 |
| basic amino acid residues in the v3 loop of simian immunodeficiency virus envelope alter viral coreceptor tropism and infectivity but do not allow efficient utilization of cxcr4 as entry cofactor. | in contrast to human immunodeficiency viruses type 1 and type 2 (hiv-1 and hiv-2, respectively), simian immunodeficiency virus (sivmac) rarely uses cxcr4 (x4) for efficient entry into target cells. basic amino acid residues in the v3 loop of hiv env allow efficient coreceptor utilization of x4. therefore, we investigated if similar changes in the sivmac env protein also mediate a coreceptor switch from ccr5 (r5) to x4. functional analysis revealed that none of eight sivmac variants, containing v ... | 2001 | 11384227 |
| on the origin and evolution of the human immunodeficiency virus (hiv). | the human aids viruses--hiv-1 and hiv-2--impose major burdens on the health and economic status of many developing countries. surveys of other animal species have revealed that related viruses--the sivs are widespread in a large number of african simian primates where they do not appear to cause disease. phylogenetic analyses indicate that these sivs are the reservoirs for the human viruses, with sivsm from the sooty mangabey monkey the most likely source of hiv-2, and sivcpz from the common chi ... | 2001 | 11396848 |
| the dimer initiation site hairpin mediates dimerization of the human immunodeficiency virus, type 2 rna genome. | the untranslated leader of retroviral rna genomes encodes multiple structural signals that are critical for virus replication. in the human immunodeficiency virus, type 1 (hiv-1) leader, a hairpin structure with a palindrome-containing loop is termed the dimer initiation site (dis), because it triggers in vitro rna dimerization through base pairing of the loop-exposed palindromes (kissing loops). controversy remains regarding the region responsible for hiv-2 rna dimerization. different studies h ... | 2001 | 11397802 |
| a single amino acid change at leu-188 in the reverse transcriptase of hiv-2 and siv renders them sensitive to non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors. | non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (nnrtis) are selective for human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1) and generally not effective on hiv-2 or simian immunodeficiency virus (siv). only sivagm was found to be sensitive to nnrtis. when the amino acid differences in rt between sivmac and sivagm were compared with the known amino acid substitutions of nnrti-resistance variants of hiv-1, we came to consider that the amino acid residue leu-188 of hiv-2 and sivmac might be related to th ... | 2001 | 11402860 |
| the origins of acquired immune deficiency syndrome viruses: where and when? | in the absence of direct epidemiological evidence, molecular evolutionary studies of primate lentiviruses provide the most definitive information about the origins of human immunodeficiency virus (hiv)-1 and hiv-2. related lentiviruses have been found infecting numerous species of primates in sub-saharan africa. the only species naturally infected with viruses closely related to hiv-2 is the sooty mangabey (cercocebus atys) from western africa, the region where hiv-2 is known to be endemic. simi ... | 2001 | 11405934 |
| serial human passage of simian immunodeficiency virus by unsterile injections and the emergence of epidemic human immunodeficiency virus in africa. | there is compelling evidence that both human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) types emerged from two dissimilar simian immunodeficiency viruses (sivs) in separate geographical regions of africa. each of the two hivs has its own simian progenitor and specific genetic precursor, and all of the primates that carry these sivs have been in close contact with humans for thousands of years without the emergence of epidemic hiv. to date no plausible mechanism has been identified to account for the sudden em ... | 2001 | 11405938 |
| mutation of asp(171) and asp(262) of the chemokine receptor cxcr4 impairs its coreceptor function for human immunodeficiency virus-1 entry and abrogates the antagonistic activity of amd3100. | the bicyclam amd3100 is a highly potent and selective cxcr4 antagonist with strong antiviral activity against human immunodeficiency virus (hiv)-1 and hiv-2, which use cxcr4 as coreceptor for host cell entry. here, we investigated the interaction of amd3100 with cxcr4 at the molecular level by mutational analysis. we established a set of stably transfected u87.cd4 cell lines expressing different mutant forms of cxcr4 (i.e., cxcr4[wt], cxcr4[d171n], cxcr4[d262n], cxcr4[d171n,d262n], and cxcr4[h28 ... | 2001 | 11408611 |
| cross-protection against mucosal simian immunodeficiency virus (sivsm) challenge in human immunodeficiency virus type 2-vaccinated cynomolgus monkeys. | in this study we compared the efficacy of live attenuated human immunodeficiency virus type 2 (hiv-2) vaccine alone versus boosting with live non-pathogenic hiv-2 following priming with alvac hiv-2 (recombinant canarypox virus expressing hiv-2 env, gag and pol). six monkeys were first inoculated intravenously with live hiv-2(sbl-6669) and 7 to 10 months later were challenged intrarectally with 10 mid(50) of cell-free simian immunodeficiency virus (siv) strain sivsm. one monkey was completely pro ... | 2001 | 11413371 |
| a peptide enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (elisa) for the detection of human immunodeficiency virus type-2 (hiv-2) antibodies: an evaluation on polymerase chain reaction (pcr) confirmed samples. | hiv-1 and hiv-2 infections differ in prognosis, and may also require different prevention and/or treatment approaches. thus, estimating the true prevalence of hiv-1 and hiv-2 infections, as well as co-infections, is a critical step in controlling the disease. there are a few commercial elisa and immunoblot kits, which can differentiate between hiv-1 and hiv-2 infections. however, some of these assays overestimate the prevalence of dual infection. hence, it is necessary to develop assays capable ... | 2001 | 11418351 |
| [strip immunoblot assay (sia) with recombinant antigens and synthetic peptide for detection of anti hiv-1 and hiv-2 antibodies]. | the serodiagnosis of human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) infection has widely been established by the screening test and the confirmatory test. at present, western blot (wb) assay is mostly used as the confirmatory test. however, this method has the problem in that the sensitivity and the specificity are not enough. a new confirmatory test "chiron riba hiv-1/hiv-2 sia" developed by chiron corporation uses an immunoblot enzyme immunoassay technique for detection of anti hiv-1 and/or hiv-2 antibodi ... | 2001 | 11424486 |
| fourth-generation enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for the simultaneous detection of human immunodeficiency virus antigen and antibody. | the vidas hiv duo ultra, a fourth-generation immunoassay under development for the simultaneous detection of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1) p24 antigen and antibodies to hiv-1 and hiv-2, was evaluated. the enzyme-linked fluorescence immunoassay, performed on the automated vidas instrument, is claimed to detect early and established hiv infection. the assay was challenged with a total of 2,847 samples that included 74 members of 10 seroconversion panels, 9 p24 antigen-only-reactive m ... | 2001 | 11427563 |
| suitability of a rapid immunochromatographic test for detection of antibodies to human immunodeficiency virus in ghana, west africa. | in west african countries such as ghana, efficient human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) testing is a priority in the fight against aids. a new immunochromatographic rapid test, determine hiv-1/2 (abbott diagnostics, north chicago, ill.), that detects antibodies against hiv type 1 (hiv-1) and/or hiv-2 was evaluated using ghanaian blood samples. two hundred four serum and/or plasma specimens were tested. hiv screening was done by a particle agglutination test and confirmed by a western blot (wb) tes ... | 2001 | 11427570 |
| initiation of hiv-2 reverse transcription: a secondary structure model of the rna-trna(lys3) duplex. | human immunodeficiency virus type 2 (hiv-2) reverse transcription is initiated from cellular trna(lys3) partially annealed to the rna viral genome at the primer binding site (pbs). this annealing involves interactions between two highly structured rna molecules. in contrast to hiv-1, in which the reverse transcription initiation complex has been thoroughly studied, there is still little information regarding a possible model to describe the secondary structure of the template-primer complex in h ... | 2001 | 11433020 |
| characterization of a late entry event in the replication cycle of human immunodeficiency virus type 2. | certain human cell lines and primary macrophage cultures are restricted to infection by some primary isolates of human immunodeficiency virus type 2 (hiv-2), although early steps of the viral life cycle such as fusion at the plasma membrane and reverse transcription are fully supported. the late postintegration events, transcription, translation, assembly, budding, and maturation into infectious virions are functional in restrictive cells. apart from primary macrophages, the restrictive cell typ ... | 2001 | 11435571 |
| synthetic peptide strategy for the detection of and discrimination among highly divergent primate lentiviruses. | we developed a simple, rapid, inexpensive, and highly sensitive and specific strategy for the detection and lineage differentiation of primate lentiviruses (piv-elisa). it is based on the use of two indirect elisa methods using synthetic peptides mapping the gp41/36 region (detection component) and the v3 region (differentiation component) of four lentivirus lineages, namely sivcpz/hiv-1 (groups m, o, n, and sivcpz-gab), sivmnd, sivagm, and sivsm/sivmac/hiv-2. this strategy was evaluated with pa ... | 2001 | 11461679 |
| simian immunodeficiency virus infections in vervet monkeys (clorocebus aethiops) at an australian zoo. | a number of monkey species, including african green monkeys and african vervet monkeys (chlorocebus aethiops), are frequently infected in the wild and in captivity with a simian immunodeficiency virus strain, sivagm, a primate lentivirus. up to 50% of african green monkeys are estimated to be infected with sivagm. siv strains are very closely related to hiv-2 strains, which are a cause of aids in humans, predominantly in western africa, although cases in australia have also been reported. it is ... | 2001 | 11491218 |
| comparison of the frequency of interleukin (il)-2-, interferon-gamma-, and il-4-producing t cells in 2 diseases, human immunodeficiency virus types 1 and 2, with distinct clinical outcomes. | human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) type 2 infection is associated with a better clinical outcome, slower rates of cd4 t cell decline, and lower viremia than is hiv-1. this study compares hiv-1 and hiv-2 in regard to the percentages of interleukin (il)-2-, interferon (ifn)-gamma-, and il-4-producing cells at the single-cell level, as determined by flow cytometry. at a given degree of cd4 t cell depletion, the frequency of t cells able to produce il-2 is better preserved in hiv-2 than in hiv-1 inf ... | 2001 | 11494161 |
| characterization of a maternal-fetal hiv transmission model using pregnant macaques infected with hiv-2(287). | to study mechanisms involved in mother-to-fetus transmission of human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) in utero, we have developed a chronically catheterized pregnant macaque model that permits simultaneous and sequential determination of virus in maternal and fetal blood and amniotic fluid during pregnancy. in this report, we have characterized this model using three groups of pregnant macaques designed to sample: (1) maternal blood, fetal blood, and amniotic fluid (n = 6); (2) maternal blood and a ... | 2001 | 11515668 |
| a divergent simian immunodeficiency virus from sooty mangabey with an atypical tat-tar structure. | sivsm, the simian immunodeficiency virus that naturally infects sooty mangabeys in west africa, is the closest lentiviral relative of human immunodeficiency virus type 2 (hiv-2). to determine the genetic characteristics of sivsm in its natural host, we sequenced the full-length genome of sivsmsl92b, a primary isolate obtained from a pet sooty mangabey in sierra leone. sivsmsl92b proved to be the most divergent member of the hiv-2/sivsm lineage found thus far, having as much as 35% nucleotide div ... | 2001 | 11522185 |
| systemic and intestinal immune responses to hiv-2287 infection in macaca nemestrina. | nonhuman primate models of human aids have been used successfully to evaluate candidate vaccines and infection intervention therapies. successes of pathogenicity studies in primate models have been limited because of the varied infection outcomes and characteristic low number of study animals. the acutely pathogenic hiv-2(287)--macaca nemestrina model has shown promise both in antiviral drug evaluation and in pathogenicity studies. here we describe virus replication, spread, and host responses d ... | 2001 | 11522188 |
| seven human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) antigen-antibody combination assays: evaluation of hiv seroconversion sensitivity and subtype detection. | in this study, we evaluated the performance of two prototype human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) antigen-antibody (ag-ab) combination assays, one from abbott laboratories (axsym hiv ag-ab) and the other from biomerieux (vidas hiv duo ultra), versus five combination assays commercially available in europe. the assays were enzygnost hiv integral, genscreen plus hiv ag-ab, murex hiv ag-ab combination, vidas hiv duo, and vironostika hiv uniform ii ag-ab. all assays were evaluated for the ability to d ... | 2001 | 11526139 |
| antiretroviral therapy for hiv-2 infected patients. | to evaluate clinical and rna load response to antiretroviral therapy amongst patients infected with hiv-2 and to study the development of drug resistance. | 2001 | 11531319 |
| advantages of the rapid hiv-1 test in occupational accidents with potentially contaminated material among health workers. | in occupational accidents involving health professionals handling potentially contaminated material, the decision to start or to continue prophylactic medication against infection by human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) has been based on the elisa test applied to a blood sample from the source patient. in order to rationalize the prophylactic use of antiretroviral agents, a rapid serologic diagnostic test of hiv infection was tested by the enzymatic immunoabsorption method (suds hiv 1+2, murex) an ... | 2001 | 11557998 |
| production and characterization of a mouse monoclonal antibody against the gag p26 protein of human immunodeficiency virus type 2: identification of a new antigenic epitope. | one anticapsid (p26) mouse monoclonal antibody was developed after immunization with recombinant p26 gag protein and was tested for reactivity with different hiv-1 and hiv-2 isolates by elisa and western blot analysis. this antibody, named r26.1, reacted with all hiv-2 isolates tested and with recombinant p26 proteins, but no hiv-1 isolates. the epitope of antibody r26.1 was mapped to residues 50-71 in the n-terminal domain of the capsid protein, a highly conserved region in all hiv-2 isolates s ... | 2001 | 11559428 |
| v3 serological subtyping of human immunodeficiency virus type 2 infection is not relevant. | v3 enzyme immunoassays have been shown to discriminate effectively between human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1) subtypes. the aim of this study was to investigate the feasibility of v3 serotyping for hiv-2 infection. we serotyped 29 sera with three peptides, corresponding to the v3 loop of subtypes a, b, and d of hiv-2. sera were collected from hiv-2-infected patients, whose infecting strains were sequenced and subjected to phylogenetic analysis. our results indicate that hiv-2 serotyping ... | 2001 | 11574625 |
| functional and antigenic characterization of human, rhesus macaque, pigtailed macaque, and murine dc-sign. | dc-sign, a type ii membrane protein with a c-type lectin binding domain that is highly expressed on mucosal dendritic cells (dcs) and certain macrophages in vivo, binds to icam-3, icam-2, and human and simian immunodeficiency viruses (hiv and siv). virus captured by dc-sign can be presented to t cells, resulting in efficient virus infection, perhaps representing a mechanism by which virus can be ferried via normal dc trafficking from mucosal tissues to lymphoid organs in vivo. to develop reagent ... | 2001 | 11581396 |
| prevalence of infectious diseases in bangladeshi women living adjacent to a truck stand: hiv/std/hepatitis/genital tract infections. | little is known about infection rates for human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) and other diseases that can be transmitted sexually in bangladeshi women who may be at intermediate levels of risk--that is, women who are not commercial sex workers (csws) but whose sexual contacts may include men at high risk for std. this study examines hiv/hepatitis/std and other genital tract infections in women living near tejgaon truck stand in dhaka, bangladesh. | 2001 | 11588280 |
| structural basis of hiv-1 and hiv-2 protease inhibition by a monoclonal antibody. | since the demonstration that the protease of the human immunodeficiency virus (hiv pr) is essential in the viral life cycle, this enzyme has become one of the primary targets for antiviral drug design. the murine monoclonal antibody 1696 (mab1696), produced by immunization with the hiv-1 protease, inhibits the catalytic activity of the enzyme of both the hiv-1 and hiv-2 isolates with inhibition constants in the low nanomolar range. the antibody cross-reacts with peptides that include the n termi ... | 2001 | 11591344 |
| cd4-independent use of rhesus ccr5 by human immunodeficiency virus type 2 implicates an electrostatic interaction between the ccr5 n terminus and the gp120 c4 domain. | envelope glycoproteins (envs) of human immunodeficiency virus type 2 (hiv-2) are frequently able to use chemokine receptors, cxcr4 or ccr5, in the absence of cd4. however, while these envs are commonly dual-tropic, no isolate has been described to date that is cd4 independent on both cxcr4 and ccr5. in this report we show that a variant of hiv-2/nihz, termed hiv-2/vcp, previously shown to utilize cxcr4 without cd4, is also cd4 independent on rhesus (rh) ccr5, but requires cd4 to fuse with human ... | 2001 | 11602718 |
| genetic analyses of cis-acting sequences controlling expression of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 coreceptor-ccr5 gene in rabbits and cxcr4 gene in monkeys. | human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1), hiv-2, and simian immunodeficiency virus all use chemokine receptors (ccr5, cxcr4, and minor receptors) to gain entry into a susceptible cell and establish infection successfully by way of membrane fusion. many such chemokine receptors that can act as entry cofactors under in vitro conditions have been identified, but the roles of ccr5 and cxcr4 chemokine receptors in infection, tropism, and pathogenesis have been studied in greater detail. the promot ... | 2001 | 11694846 |
| anti-hiv effects of chloroquine: mechanisms of inhibition and spectrum of activity. | to investigate the mechanisms and spectrum of the anti-hiv activity of chloroquine. | 2001 | 11698694 |
| hepatitis b and c infections, human immunodeficiency virus and other sexually transmitted infections among women of childbearing age in côte d'ivoire, west africa. | few studies have been conducted in developing countries to estimate the prevalence of hepatitis c virus (hcv) infection and its association with human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) and other sexually transmitted diseases (stds). we have screened for hepatitis b virus (hbv) and hcv markers 200 hiv-1-positive, 23 hiv-2-positive and 206 hiv-negative women attending gynaecology clinics in 1995/96 in abidjan, côte d'ivoire, a sample selected among 2198 consecutive consultants. taking into account the ... | 2001 | 11706657 |
| the major human immunodeficiency virus type 2 (hiv-2) packaging signal is present on all hiv-2 rna species: cotranslational rna encapsidation and limitation of gag protein confer specificity. | deletion of a region of the human immunodeficiency virus type 2 (hiv-2) 5' leader rna reduces genomic rna encapsidation to about 5% that of wild-type virus with no defect in viral protein production but severely limits virus spread in jurkat t cells, indicating that this region contains a major cis-acting encapsidation signal, or psi (psi). being upstream of the major splice donor, it is present on all viral transcripts. we have shown that hiv-2 selects its genomic rna for encapsidation cotransl ... | 2001 | 11711596 |
| quantification of proviral load of human immunodeficiency virus type 2 subtypes a and b using real-time pcr. | we have developed and evaluated a new method to quantify human immunodeficiency virus type 2 (hiv-2) proviral dna based on lightcycler real-time pcr. the assay has a detection limit of 5 copies/10(5) peripheral blood mononuclear cells (pbmc) and is insensitive to hiv-2 strain variability: hiv-2 subtypes a and b are both recognized and quantified. the intra- and interassay coefficients of variation range from 16 to 40% for high provirus concentrations (5 x 10(5) copies) and from 41 to 39% for low ... | 2001 | 11724830 |
| hormone receptor regulation of the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 and type 2 long terminal repeats. | both host cell and viral transcription factors regulate the long terminal repeat (ltr) of human immuno-deficiency virus (hiv) activity and viral replication. using transient transfection, ligand-activated thyroid hormone and 9-cis-retinoic acid receptors (t(3)r and rxr) were found to stimulate hiv-1 and hiv-2 ltr activities. they also stimulated hiv-1 viral production. drosophila sl2 cells that lack sp1 and t(3)r were used to study hiv-1 and hiv-2 ltr activities. both activities were stimulated ... | 1996 | 11725114 |
| rnas selected in vitro by the hiv-2 tat protein. | the tat proteins of human immunodeficiency virus types 1 (hiv-1) and 2 (hiv-2), termed tat-1 and tat-2, respectively, are essential for efficient viral replication. tat proteins activate viral transcription by binding to the tar rna stem-loop structure at the 5' end of viral transcripts. we used an in vitro selection procedure to identify rnas present in a large sequence pool that are able to bind to purified tat-2 protein. the sequences of the selected rnas demonstrated a consensus feature: 20 ... | 1997 | 11725130 |
| envelope glycoprotein cytoplasmic domains from diverse lentiviruses interact with the prenylated rab acceptor. | lentivirus envelope glycoproteins have unusually long cytoplasmic domains compared to those of other retroviruses. to identify cellular binding partners of the simian immunodeficiency virus (siv) envelope transmembrane protein (gp41) cytoplasmic domain (cd), we performed a yeast two-hybrid screen of a phytohemagglutinin-activated human t-cell cdna library with the siv gp41 cd. the majority of positive clones (50 of 54) encoded the prenylated rab acceptor (pra1). pra1 is a 21-kda protein associat ... | 2002 | 11739697 |
| conserved cxcr4 usage and enhanced replicative capacity of hiv-2/287, an isolate highly pathogenic in macaca nemestrina. | to investigate viral properties that contribute to the pathogenic potential of hiv-2 in macaques. | 2001 | 11740185 |
| in vitro evidence for a long range pseudoknot in the 5'-untranslated and matrix coding regions of hiv-1 genomic rna. | the 5'-untranslated leader region of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1) rna contains multiple signals that control distinct steps of the viral replication cycle such as transcription, reverse transcription, genomic rna dimerization, splicing, and packaging. it is likely that fine tuned coordinated regulation of these functions is achieved through specific rna-protein and rna-rna interactions. in a search for cis-acting elements important for the tertiary structure of the 5'-untranslated ... | 2002 | 11744696 |
| planning a hepatitis c postexposure management program for health care workers. issues and challenges. | 1. approximately 4 million individuals in the united states are infected with hepatitis c virus (hcv), many of whom are unaware of this infection. thus, health care workers are faced with the potential for needlestick and blood exposure to another bloodborne pathogen in addition to hepatitis b and hiv. 2. the centers for disease control and prevention recommended that health care facilities follow guidelines from the u.s. public health service for prevention and control of hcv infection. 3. hosp ... | 2000 | 11760299 |
| baboons as an animal model for human immunodeficiency virus pathogenesis and vaccine development. | baboons (papio cynocephalus) provide a valuable animal model for the study of human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) pathogenesis because hiv-2 infection of baboons causes a chronic viral disease that progresses over several years before clinical signs of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (aids) appear. since hiv-2-infected baboons develop a chronic viral infection, insights into the immuno-biology of viral latency, clinical stages of disease, virus infection of lymphatic tissue and hiv transmissio ... | 2001 | 11782253 |
| inhibition of the integrases of human immunodeficiency viruses type 1 and type 2 by reverse transcriptases. | we present evidence that the integrases (ins) of hiv types 1 and 2 are inhibited in vitro by the reverse transcriptases (rts) of hiv-1, hiv-2 and murine leukaemia virus. both 3'-end processing and 3'-end joining (strand transfer) activities of in were affected by the rts. full inhibitions were accomplished with most rt and in combinations tested at around equimolar rt/in ratios. the disintegration activity of in was also inhibited by rts. neither dna synthesis nor the ribonuclease h (rnase h) do ... | 2002 | 11802785 |
| cellular injury associated with renal thrombotic microangiopathy in human immunodeficiency virus-infected macaques. | pigtailed macaques infected with a virulent human immunodeficiency virus-2 (hiv-2) strain develop renal thrombotic microangiopathy (tma), which morphologically resembles aspects of human hiv-associated tma. apoptotic cell death of microvascular endothelial cells might be a pathogenetic clue to this disease. for defining further the pattern of cellular injury in this model, serial kidney sections of 58 macaques infected with hiv-2 and 7 uninfected controls were studied by routine microscopy, term ... | 2002 | 11805164 |
| chimeric human immunodeficiency virus type 1 and feline immunodeficiency virus reverse transcriptases: role of the subunits in resistance/sensitivity to non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors. | non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (nnrtis) are specific for human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1) reverse transcriptase (rt) and do not inhibit hiv-2. given that the amino acids lining the nnrti-specific pocket of hiv-1 rt display higher similarity to the corresponding feline immunodeficiency virus (fiv) rt amino acids than to hiv-2 rt, the susceptibility of fiv rt and chimeric hiv-1/fiv rts to nnrtis and the role of the p51 subunit in the inhibitory action of nnrtis were inv ... | 2002 | 11809865 |
| the enantiomers of carbocyclic 5'-norguanosine: activity towards epstein-barr virus. | (-)-5'-noraristeromycin (1) has shown antiviral activity towards, particularly cytomegalovirus, vaccinia virus and measles while its (+)-enantiomer (2) is effective towards hepatitis b virus. to determine if the antiviral characteristics of 1 and 2 extended to the guanine analogues (3 and 4), these enantiomers were prepared and evaluated against herpes simplex virus type 1 (hsv-1) and type 2 (hsv-2), cytomegalovirus (cmv), varicella zoster virus (vzv), epstein-barr virus (ebv), human herpes viru ... | 2002 | 11836094 |
| ccr5 or cxcr4 is required for efficient infection of peripheral blood mononuclear cells by promiscuous human immunodeficiency virus type 2 primary isolates. | primary human immunodeficiency virus type 2 (hiv-2) isolates are characterized by their ability to use a broad range of coreceptors, including ccr5, cxcr4, and several alternative coreceptors. however, the in vivo relevance of this in vitro promiscuity in coreceptor usage remains unclear. we set out to evaluate the relative importance of ccr5 and cxcr4 for infection of activated peripheral blood mononuclear cells (pbmc). pbmc from donors homozygous for wild-type ccr5 (ccr5(+/+) or ccr5delta32 (c ... | 2002 | 11839153 |
| evaluation of a rapid test for the detection of antibodies to human immunodeficiency virus type 1 and 2 in the setting of multiple transmitted viral subtypes. | rapid hiv testing is an appealing strategy in the approach to hiv diagnosis in developing countries. concern has been raised about the use of these tests in the setting of multiple transmitted hiv subtypes. we sought to compare the oraquick(tm) hiv-1/2 test, a qualitative immunochromatographic test for the detection of antibodies to hiv-1 and hiv-2 using stored sera, with a conventional enzyme immunoassay (eia)/western blot (wb) algorithm. the study design used was a blinded retrospective study. ... | 2002 | 11860693 |
| molecular basis of the interactions between herpes simplex viruses and hiv-1. | herpes simplex virus types 1 and 2 (hsv-1 and -2) are two of the major opportunistic agents involved in the pathogenesis of aids, which is caused by human immunodeficiency virus types 1 and 2 (hiv-1 and hiv-2). a body of evidence suggests that they can also act as co-factors by interacting with hiv-1, thereby influencing disease progression. indeed, the hiv-1 life cycle can be affected by hsv at different levels of interaction, both in vitro and in vivo: (i) transactivation of the hiv-1 long ter ... | 2001 | 11867019 |
| constitutive and induced expression of dc-sign on dendritic cell and macrophage subpopulations in situ and in vitro. | dc-sign is a c-type lectin, highly expressed on the surface of immature dendritic cells (dcs), that mediates efficient infection of t cells in trans by its ability to bind hiv-1, hiv-2, and siv. in addition, the ability of dc-sign to bind adhesion molecules on surfaces of naïve t cells and endothelium also suggests its involvement in t-cell activation and dc trafficking. to gain further insights into the range of expression and potential functions of dc-sign, we performed a detailed analysis of ... | 2002 | 11867682 |
| quantitative evaluation of hiv-1 coreceptor use in the ghost3 cell assay. | the utility of the ghost(3) cell assay has been evaluated for testing coreceptor use of primary human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1) isolates. ghost(3) cells were derived from the human osteosarcoma cell line, hos, and have been engineered to stably express cd4 and one or another of the chemokine receptors ccr3, ccr5, cxcr4, bonzo, or the orphan receptor bob. the indicator cell line carries the hiv-2 long terminal repeat-driven green fluorescence protein (gfp) gene, which becomes activate ... | 2001 | 11878871 |
| coreceptor usage of sequential isolates from cynomolgus monkeys experimentally infected with simian immunodeficiency virus (sivsm). | sequential isolates from eight cynomolgus monkeys experimentally infected with simian immunodeficiency virus (sivsm, of sooty mangabey origin) were tested for coreceptor use in the human osteosarcoma indicator cell line, ghost(3), expressing cd4 and one or another of the chemokine receptors ccr3, ccr5, cxcr4, bob, or the orphan receptor bonzo. the indicator cell line carries the human immunodeficiency virus type 2 long terminal repeat-driven green fluorescence protein gene that becomes activated ... | 2001 | 11878872 |
| nontemplated base addition by hiv-1 rt can induce nonspecific strand transfer in vitro. | after minus-strand strong-stop dna (-sssdna) synthesis, the rna template is degraded by the rnase h activity of reverse transcriptase (rt), generating a single-stranded dna. the genomes of some retroviruses contain sequences that could lead to self-priming of their minus signsssdna. self-priming was prevented by annealing a dna oligonucleotide to the 3' end of model dnas that corresponded to the 3' ends of the -sssdnas (-r ssdna) from human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1), type 2 (hiv-2), ... | 2002 | 11886271 |
| an estimate of the current risk of transmitting blood-borne infections through blood transfusion in italy. | we conducted a retrospective cohort study to estimate the incidence of major blood-borne agents among italian blood donors and calculated the risk of infection among blood recipients using the 'incidence/window period model'. the study was conducted among 46 180 blood donors enrolled in six blood centres between 1994 and 1999. during follow-up, seven new infections were confirmed: three donors seroconverted for anti-human immunodeficiency virus (hiv); two for anti-hepatitis c virus (hcv); and tw ... | 2002 | 11918558 |
| equal plasma viral loads predict a similar rate of cd4+ t cell decline in human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) type 1- and hiv-2-infected individuals from senegal, west africa. | human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) type 2 infection is characterized by slower disease progression to acquired immunodeficiency syndrome than results from hiv-1 infection. to better understand the biological factors underlying the different natural histories of infection with these 2 retroviruses, we examined the relationship between hiv rna and dna levels and the rate of cd4(+) t cell decline among 472 hiv-1- and 114 hiv-2-infected individuals from senegal. the annual rate of cd4(+) t cell decl ... | 2002 | 11920314 |
| rapid particle agglutination test for human immunodeficiency virus: hospital-based evaluation. | the performance of a rapid particle agglutination test for human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) (capillus hiv type 1 [hiv-1]/hiv-2) on hospital samples is compared with enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays. the test had a sensitivity and specificity of 99 and 98.9%, respectively. in addition, the test was reactive on plasma samples from all individuals infected with hiv-1 subtype c. this test can safely be used for voluntary counseling and testing in india. | 2002 | 11923395 |
| specific incorporation of heat shock protein 70 family members into primate lentiviral virions. | to determine if any heat shock proteins are incorporated into human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1) virions in a manner similar to that of the peptidyl-prolyl isomerase cyclophilin a, we probed purified virions with antibodies against heat shock proteins hsp27, hsp40, hsp60, hsp70, hsc70, and hsp90. of these proteins, hsp60, hsp70, and hsc70 associated with virions purified based on either particle density or size and were shown to be incorporated within the virion membrane, where they wer ... | 2002 | 11932435 |
| hiv-1 vif-derived peptide inhibits drug-resistant hiv proteases. | vif, one of the six accessory genes expressed by hiv-1, is essential for the productive infection of natural target cells. previously we suggested that vif acts as a regulator of the viral protease (pr): it prevents the autoprocessing of gag and gag-pol precursors until virus assembly, and it may control the pr activity in the preintegration complex at the early stage of infection. it was demonstrated before that vif, and specifically the 98 amino acid stretch residing at the n'-terminal part of ... | 2002 | 11944889 |
| toxic epidermal necrolysis in a patient infected with human immunodeficiency virus-2. | | 2002 | 11952307 |
| ordinary and opportunistic enteropathogens associated with diarrhea in senegalese adults in relation to human immunodeficiency virus serostatus. | a survey was conducted in dakar, senegal, to identify major types and prevalences of bacteria, parasites, fungi, and rotaviruses associated with diarrhea in relation to human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) serostatus with the goal to provide guidance to physicians for case management. | 2001 | 11953215 |
| 6-[2-(phosphonomethoxy)alkoxy]pyrimidines with antiviral activity. | 6-hydroxypyrimidines substituted at positions 2 and 4 by hydrogen, methyl, amino, cyclopropylamino, dimethylamino, methylsulfanyl, or hydroxyl group afford by the reaction with diisopropyl 2-(chloroethoxy)methylphosphonate in the presence of nah, cs(2)co(3), or dbu a mixture of n(1)- and o(6)-[2-(diisopropylphosphorylmethoxy)ethyl] isomers which were converted to the free phosphonic acids by treatment with bromotrimethylsilane followed by hydrolysis. analogously, 2,4-diamino-6-hydroxypyrimidine ... | 2002 | 11960502 |
| differential dependence of the infectivity of hiv-1 group o isolates on the cellular protein cyclophilin a. | the cellular protein cyclophilin a (cyp a) is packaged into human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1) particles through a specific interaction with the capsid domain of the gag polyprotein. inhibition of cyp a incorporation by mutagenesis or cyclosporin treatment severely affects infectivity of all hiv-1 m subtypes tested. in contrast, the closely related lentiviruses hiv-2 and simian immunodeficiency virus (siv) do not package cyp a and are not inhibited by cyclosporin. for the hiv-1 group o ... | 2002 | 12009870 |
| in vitro activity of polyhydroxycarboxylates against herpesviruses and hiv. | the antiviral activity of 17 polyhydroxycarboxylates derived from phenolic compounds was evaluated against herpesviruses and hiv. when present during virus adsorption several of the polymers exhibited potent activity against herpes simplex virus type 1 (hsv-1), hsv-2, thymidine kinase deficient hsv-1, human cytomegalovirus (hcmv) and hiv-1 and hiv-2 at concentrations that were not toxic to the host cells. a close correlation was found between the 50% inhibitory concentrations of the polyhydroxyc ... | 2001 | 12018678 |
| human immunodeficiency virus type 2. | | 2002 | 12029140 |
| multicenter evaluation of a new automated fourth-generation human immunodeficiency virus screening assay with a sensitive antigen detection module and high specificity. | fourth-generation assays for the simultaneous detection of human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) antigen and antibody that were available on the international market until now have antigen detection modules with relatively poor sensitivity and produce a higher rate of false-positive results than third-generation enzyme immunoassays (eias). the new cobas core hiv combi eia with an improved sensitivity for hiv p24 antigen was compared to alternative fourth- and third-generation assays, the p24 antige ... | 2002 | 12037046 |
| acute ethanol administration downregulates human immunodeficiency virus-1 glycoprotein 120-induced kc and rantes production by murine kupffer cells and splenocytes. | glycoprotein 120 from hiv-1, hiv-2 and siv is known to stimulate secretion of chemokines by mononuclear cells. thus, this work tests the hypothesis that acute ethanol intoxication suppresses hiv-1 gp120-induced chemokine production by murine kupffer cells and splenocytes. male balb/c mice were given ethanol (1.70 g/kg) by intragastric gavage in 0.1 ml volume of saline. five minutes after ethanol administration, mice received an intravenous injection of hiv-1 gp120 (5 microg/kg). after 24 hr, ser ... | 2002 | 12044837 |
| effects of l- and d-rekr amino acid-containing peptides on hiv and siv envelope glycoprotein precursor maturation and hiv and siv replication. | the aim of the present study was to evaluate the capacity of synthetic l- and d-peptides encompassing the hiv-1(bru) gp160 rekr cleavage site to interfere with hiv and simian immuno-deficiency virus (siv) replication and maturation of the envelope glycoprotein (env) precursors. to facilitate their penetration into cells, a decanoyl (dec) group was added at the n-terminus. the sequences synthesized included dec5d or dec5l (decrekrv), dec9d or dec9l (decrvvqrekrv) and dec14d or dec14l (tkakrrvvqre ... | 2002 | 12071862 |
| purification and reactiongenicity of human immunodeficiency virus type 2 total external glycoprotein expressed in pichia pastoris. | the purification of human immunodeficiency virus type 2 total external glycoprotein gp105 expressed in pichia pastoris was investigated. expression conditions were optimized by an orthogonal test. the results from tests of variance analyses showed that the most important parameter for efficient expression of total gp105 in p. pastoris is adequate aeration during methanol induction. the optimum induction conditions for gp105 expression were: more than 85% aeration, induction for 3 days, the initi ... | 2002 | 12088826 |
| effect of gamma irradiation on human cortical bone transplants contaminated with enveloped and non-enveloped viruses. | in the production of bone grafts intended for transplantation, basic safety measures to avoid the transmission of pathogens are selection and serological screening of donors for markers of virus infections. as an additional safety tool we investigated the effect of gamma irradiation on the sterility of human bone diaphysis transplants and evaluated its impact on the virus safety of transplants. model viruses were included in the study to determine the dose necessary to achieve a reduction factor ... | 2002 | 12127314 |
| durban declaration on hiv and aids. | over 5,000 scientists including 11 nobel prize winners have signed a statement that "the evidence that aids is caused by hiv-1 or hiv-2 is clear-cut, exhaustive and unambiguous, meeting the highest standards of science," and that testing for hiv is as reliable as testing for any other virus. | 2000 | 12170978 |
| new class of hiv integrase inhibitors that block viral replication in cell culture. | to improve the existing combination therapies of infection with the human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) and to cope with virus strains that are resistant to multiple drugs, we initiated a search for effective inhibitors of hiv integrase, the enzyme responsible for inserting the viral cdna into the host cell chromosome. | 2002 | 12176326 |
| epidemiology of aids in africa--part 2. | a recently completed study involving over 10,000 people from 6 central african countries found seroprevalence rates generally under 1% for the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (aids); however, rates were significantly higher for urban residents, prostitutes and their sexual contacts, and patients attending sexually transmitted disease clinics. the 4 major modes of transmission of aids in africa are sexual contact, perinatal transmission, transfusion of infected blood or blood products, and th ... | 1988 | 12179872 |
| c-terminal gp40 peptide analogs inhibit feline immunodeficiency virus: cell fusion and virus spread. | the envelope glycoprotein of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1), gp160, is synthesized as a protein precursor that when proteolytically cleaved yields two subunits, gp120 and gp41. gp120 is the surface glycoprotein on hiv-1 responsible for binding to cd4, and gp41 is the transmembrane glycoprotein involved in the membrane fusion process. gp41 is divided into the n-terminal fusion peptide, the heptad repeat 1 (hr1) and hr2 regions, and the c-terminal transmembrane region, which are colle ... | 2002 | 12186891 |
| intravirion processing of the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 vif protein by the viral protease may be correlated with vif function. | the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1) vif protein is specifically packaged into virus particles through an interaction with viral genomic rna in which it associates with the viral nucleoprotein complex. we now demonstrate for the first time that virus-associated vif is subject to proteolytic processing by the viral protease (pr). pr-dependent processing of vif was observed both in vivo and in vitro. in vivo processing of vif was cell type independent and evident by the appearance of a ... | 2002 | 12186895 |
| blockade of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 expression by caveolin-1. | caveolin-1 (cav-1) is a major protein constituent of caveolae, a type of plasma membrane raft. we observed that coexpression of human cav-1 with human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1) blocked virion production from cells that are ordinarily highly permissive. further investigation showed that this effect is specific, occurs at low ratios of cav-1 to hiv-1 dna, depends on expression of cav-1 protein, and involves severely impaired expression of hiv-1 proteins. cav-1 also blocked hiv-2 expres ... | 2002 | 12186899 |