| [outbreak of influenza b virus infections in summer season]. | | 1999 | 10222673 |
| a novel mammalian cell (vero) derived influenza virus vaccine: development, characterization and industrial scale production. | influenza virus for vaccine production are presently produced in embryonated chicken eggs. this conventional standard methodology is extremely cumbersome; it requires a huge amount of eggs and an extensive purification to reduce the amount of contaminating egg proteins and to minimize the risk of allergies against egg albumin. the shortage of eggs in a pandemic situation, the selection of egg-adapted variants and the presence of adventitious viruses has emphasized the necessity for production of ... | 1999 | 10226351 |
| influenza vaccination in heart transplant recipients. | seventy-nine heart transplant recipients were vaccinated with a trivalent influenza virus vaccine 1996/97 containing the strains a/singapore/6/86 (h1n1), a/wuhan/395/95 (h3n2), and b/beijing/184/93. the proportions of patients with protective levels of antibody (hi > or = 40) after vaccination ranged from 100% (a/singapore [h1n1]) to 31.6% (b/beijing) and their mean fold titer increases were lower than those recorded for vaccination of 109 healthy subjects with the same batch of vaccine. the vac ... | 1999 | 10328147 |
| rapid detection and identification of two lineages of influenza b strains with monoclonal antibodies. | monoclonal antibodies (mabs) against influenza b virus were obtained by immunizing mice with b/nagasaki/1/87, one of the strains of the b/victoria group. immunoprecipitation analysis revealed that individual mabs precipitated the nucleoprotein (np), the matrix protein (m) or the hemagglutinin protein (ha). by using these mabs by the peroxidase-antiperoxidase (pap) staining method, a rapid detection and identification method for influenza b virus was established. monolayers of madin-darby canine ... | 1999 | 10328540 |
| coinfection with influenza b virus does not affect association of neisseria meningitidis with human nasopharyngeal mucosa in organ culture. | there is an epidemiological association between influenza virus infection and meningococcal disease. proposed mechanisms are the destruction of the normal epithelial barrier function of the upper respiratory tract by influenza virus or the expression of human or viral surface-exposed proteins that enhance bacterial adherence and/or invasion. to test these hypotheses, human nasopharyngeal mucosa specimens from a total of 19 individual donors were successfully infected with influenza b virus and t ... | 1999 | 10338524 |
| prevention and control of influenza: recommendations of the advisory committee on immunization practices (acip). | this report updates 1998 recommendations by the advisory committee on immunization practices (acip) on the use of influenza vaccine and antiviral agents (mmwr 1998;47[no. rr-6]:1-26). the principal changes include a) information on the influenza virus strains included in the 1999-2000 trivalent vaccine; b) discussion of the potential expanded use of influenza vaccine; c) new background information on live-attenuated influenza vaccines (laivs), neuraminidase-inhibitor drugs, and rapid diagnostic ... | 1999 | 10366138 |
| effects of egg-adaptation on the receptor-binding properties of human influenza a and b viruses. | propagation of human influenza viruses in embryonated chicken eggs (ce) results in the selection of variants with amino acid substitutions near the receptor-binding site of the hemagglutinin (ha) molecule. to evaluate the mechanisms by which these substitutions enable human virus growth in ce, we studied the binding of 10 human influenza a (h1n1, h3n2) and b strains, isolated and propagated solely in mdck cells, and of their egg-adapted counterparts to preparations of cellular membranes, ganglio ... | 1999 | 10366560 |
| update: influenza activity--united states and worldwide, 1998-99 season, and composition of the 1999-2000 influenza vaccine. | in collaboration with the world health organization (who), the who international network of collaborating laboratories, and state and local health departments, cdc conducts surveillance to monitor influenza activity and to detect antigenic changes in the circulating strains of influenza viruses. this report summarizes surveillance for influenza in the united states and worldwide during the 1998-99 influenza season and describes the composition of the 1999-2000 influenza vaccine. | 1999 | 10369578 |
| antiviral activities of marine pseudomonas polysaccharides and their oversulfated derivatives. | : a marine pseudomonas species wak-1 strain simultaneously produces extracellular glycosaminoglycan and sulfated polysaccharide. among the antiviral activities tested for these polysaccharides, the latter showed anti-hsv-1 activity in rpmi 8226 cells (50% effective concentration is 1.4 µg/ml). oversulfated derivatives of these polysaccharides prepared by dicyclohexylcarbodiimide-mediated reaction for both polysaccharides showed antiviral activities against influenza virus type a (for glycosamino ... | 1999 | 10373612 |
| from the centers for disease control and prevention. update: influenza activity--united states and worldwide, 1998-99 season, and composition of the 1999-2000 influenza vaccine. | | 1999 | 10376556 |
| intranasal administration of peptide vaccine protects human/mouse radiation chimera from influenza infection. | influenza virus is characterized by frequent and unpredictable changes of the surface glycoproteins which enable the virus to escape the immune system. approved vaccines which consist of the whole virus or the surface glycoproteins fail to induce broad specificity protection. we have previously reported that a peptide-based experimental recombinant vaccine which includes conserved epitopes of b and t lymphocytes was efficient in mice, leading to cross-strain, long-term protection. in the present ... | 1999 | 10383936 |
| potent inhibition of influenza sialidase by a benzoic acid containing a 2-pyrrolidinone substituent. | on the basis of the lead compound 4-(n-acetylamino)-3-guanidinobenzoic acid (bana 113), which inhibits influenza a sialidase with a ki of 2.5 microm, several novel aromatic inhibitors of influenza sialidases were designed. in this study the n-acetyl group of bana 113 was replaced with a 2-pyrrolidinone ring, which was designed in part to offer opportunities for introduction of spatially directed side chains that could potentially interact with the 4-, 5-, and/or 6-subsites of sialidase. while th ... | 1999 | 10395473 |
| efficacy and safety of the neuraminidase inhibitor zanamivirin the treatment of influenza a and b virus infections. | the efficacy and safety of zanamivir, administered 2x or 4x daily over 5 days, was evaluated in the treatment of influenza infections. a total of 1256 patients entered the study; 57% of those randomized had laboratory-confirmed influenza infection. the primary end point, "alleviation of major symptoms," was created to evaluate differences in clinical impact. in the overall population with or without influenza infection, zanamivir reduced the median number of days to reach this end point by 1 day ... | 1999 | 10395837 |
| synthesis and evaluation of 1,4,5,6-tetrahydropyridazine derivatives as influenza neuraminidase inhibitors. | 1,4,5,6-tetrahydropyridazine derivative 15 and its c-5 epimer 19, which possessed side chains similar to gs4071, were synthesized via a hetero diels-alder reaction, and evaluated as influenza neuraminidase inhibitors. compounds 15 and 19 exhibited a microm range of influenza neuraminidase inhibitory activity. | 1999 | 10406636 |
| identification of a novel ha conformational change inhibitor of human influenza virus. | stachyflin is a novel compound having h1 and h2 subtype-specific anti-influenza a virus activity. stachyflin has no inhibition on h3 subtype influenza a or influenza b viruses. the susceptibility of the reassortant viruses between h1 and h3 subtype influenza a viruses to stachyflin indicated that its target was virus-encoded hemagglutinin (ha). the results of the timing of stachyflin addition against in vitro virus infection and virus-mediated hemolysis assay suggested that the drug inhibited th ... | 1999 | 10416371 |
| zanamivir. a potent and selective inhibitor of influenza a and b viruses. | | 1999 | 10429834 |
| reassortment and insertion-deletion are strategies for the evolution of influenza b viruses in nature. | the evolution of influenza b viruses is poorly understood. reassortment of influenza b viruses in nature as a means of genetic variation has not been considered to be a major contributor to their evolution. however, the current practice of assigning evolutionary relationships by antigenic analysis of the hemagglutinin of influenza b viruses would fail to detect reassortants. in this study, influenza b viruses isolated within the past 10 years from sites in the united states and china were studie ... | 1999 | 10438823 |
| conventional respiratory viruses recovered from immunocompromised patients: clinical considerations. | lower respiratory tract infection is the most common complication in the immunocompromised patient. from january 1991 to december 1995, 785 consecutive patients with suspected respiratory tract infections were studied. one hundred ninety-nine viruses were isolated from 182 (23%) of 785 bronchoalveolar lavage fluid specimens. cytomegalovirus was isolated from 131 patients, herpes simplex virus was recovered from 31, and conventional respiratory viruses (crvs) were recovered from 36. there were 9 ... | 1999 | 10452632 |
| mucosal immunogenicity and adjuvant activity of the recombinant a subunit of the escherichia coli heat-labile enterotoxin. | the escherichia coli heat-labile enterotoxin (lt) is an exceptionally effective mucosal immunogen and mucosal immunoadjuvant towards coadministered antigens. although, in general, the molecular basis of these properties is poorly understood, both the toxic adp-ribosylation activity of the lta subunit and the cellular toxin receptor, ganglioside, gm1-binding properties of the ltb-pentamer have been suggested to be involved. in recent studies we found that gm1-binding is not essential for the adju ... | 1999 | 10457227 |
| genetic characterization of the hemagglutinin of two strains of influenza b virus co-circulated in taiwan. | two isolates of influenza b virus were obtained in the spring of 1997. one strain, b/taiwan/21706/97, was isolated from a patient who had acute tonsillitis. the other, b/taiwan/3143/97, was isolated from a patient who was diagnosed with meningoencephalitis. this implies that the influenza b viruses not only cause respiratory symptoms but may also cause inflammation of the nervous system. sequence analysis of the hemagglutinin (ha) gene, ha1 domain, indicated that there were remarkable amino acid ... | 1999 | 10459158 |
| safety and immunogenicity of mf59-adjuvanted influenza vaccine in the elderly. | safety and immunogenicity of the influenza vaccine adjuvanted with mf59 (fluad) were compared to those of a non adjuvanted subunit vaccine in elderly subjects during three consecutive influenza seasons. geometric mean titres and proportions of subjects with either a > or = four-fold increase in antibody titres or with an hi titre > or = 128 after immunisation were higher in fluad recipients. the adjuvant effect on the magnitude of the responses was most pronounced in subjects with pre-vaccinatio ... | 1999 | 10462245 |
| synthesis of bromoindolyl 4,7-di-o-methyl-neu5ac: specificity toward influenza a and b viruses. | n-acetylneuraminic acid (neu5ac) was converted into the methyl ester methyl ketoside-8,9-epoxy derivative (8). methylation of 8 followed by deprotection gave 4,7-di-o-methyl-neu5ac (10). compound 10 was converted into the corresponding methyl ester-chloroacetate derivative, which was subsequently coupled to 5-bromo-indol-3-ol to give the chromogenic product (13). deprotection of 13 gave 5-bromo-indol-3-yl 4,7-di-o-methyl-neu5ac (5). the product 5 was specifically cleaved by sialidase from either ... | 1999 | 10466215 |
| learning from our foes: a novel vaccine concept for influenza virus. | concerted efforts to study the molecular biology of influenza viruses and the ability to genetically engineer them have dramatically advanced our understanding of the functions of influenza viral genes and gene products. the only nonstructural protein (ns1) coded for by the influenza virus was shown to possess interferon antagonist activity and thus to play an important role in countering the interferon (antiviral) response of the host following infection. influenza a and b virus mutants with "w ... | 1999 | 10470274 |
| annual report of the national influenza surveillance scheme, 1998. | the national influenza surveillance scheme includes data from sentinel general practice consultations for influenza-like illness, laboratory reports of influenza and absenteeism rates from a national employer. the 1998 season was dominated by an increase in influenza a in all states and territories and low influenza b activity. all influenza a isolates were characterised as influenza a (h3n2). peak activity in 1998 was recorded in july and august. data are coordinated, analysed and disseminated ... | 1999 | 10476607 |
| respiratory viral antigens in autopsy lung tissue specimens from patients with cancer or myocardial infarction. | using immunoenzyme histochemical analysis, we retrospectively examined lung tissue specimens obtained at autopsy from 118 patients with cancer who had received chemotherapy and 20 patients who had died after myocardial infarction. respiratory viral antigens were demonstrated in lung tissue specimens from eight of 118 cancer patients and two of 20 myocardial infarction patients. most of the patients with demonstrable viral antigens were febrile and had signs of pulmonary infection, but in no case ... | 1999 | 10476756 |
| suppression of endothelin system in vero cells latently infected with influenza virus b/lee/40. | in vero cells latently infected with influenza virus b/lee/40 (l/v cells), the endothelin (et) system was examined as a possible mediator in pathogenesis of latent viral infection by radioimmunoassay (ria) and quantitative reverse transcription polymerase reaction (rt-pcr). during viral latency of more than two months, et secretion, preproendothelin-1 (ppet-1) mrna, and endothelin receptor subtype a (etar) mrna within the cells remained suppressed. our data indicate that not only the release of ... | 1999 | 10481748 |
| inhibition of influenza virus replication by nitric oxide. | nitric oxide (no) has been shown to contribute to the pathogenesis of influenza virus-induced pneumonia in mouse models. here we show that replication of influenza a and b viruses in mabin darby canine kidney cells is severely impaired by the no donor, s-nitroso-n-acetylpenicillamine. reduction of productively infected cells and virus production proved to correlate with inhibition of viral rna synthesis, indicating that no affects an early step in the replication cycle of influenza viruses. | 1999 | 10482647 |
| non-influenza respiratory viruses may overlap and obscure influenza activity. | to report the number and timing of influenza a isolates, as well as overlapping respiratory viruses. co-circulating respiratory viruses may obscure the determination of influenza activity. | 1999 | 10484251 |
| clinical characteristics of acute viral lower respiratory tract infections in hospitalized children in seoul, 1996-1998. | this study was performed to investigate the etiologic agents, age distribution, clinical manifestations and seasonal occurrence of acute viral lower respiratory tract infections in children. we confirmed viral etiologies using nasopharyngeal aspirates in 237 patients of the ages of 15 years or younger who were hospitalized for acute lower respiratory tract infection (alri) from march 1996 to february 1998 at samsung seoul hospital, seoul, korea. the overall isolation rate was 22.1%. the viral pa ... | 1999 | 10485620 |
| diagnosis of respiratory tract viruses in 24 h by immunofluorescent staining of shell vial cultures containing madin-darby canine kidney (mdck) cells. | nine hundred and seventy-eight clinical specimens were examined taken from patients with respiratory tract viruses (rv)-like syndrome between november 1996 and july 1998. the study was undertaken to evaluate the effectiveness of centrifuge-enhanced shell vial cultures (svc) containing madin-darby canine kidney (mdck) cells, combined with immunofluorescent (if) staining in 24 h. this technique rapidly detects and identifies respiratory tract viruses. the conventional tube culture system with mult ... | 1999 | 10488764 |
| selection of receptor-binding variants of human influenza a and b viruses in baby hamster kidney cells. | cultivation of human influenza viruses in the allantoic cavity of embryonated chicken eggs leads to a selection of receptor-binding variants with amino acid substitutions on the globular head of the hemagglutinin (ha) molecule. such selection can be avoided by growing the human viruses in madin darby canine kidney (mdck) cells. in the present study, we tested whether baby hamster kidney (bhk) cells select receptor-binding mutants of human influenza viruses. after isolating h1n1, h3n2, and type b ... | 1999 | 10489338 |
| suitability of mdck cells grown in a serum-free medium for influenza virus production. | mdck cells have been adapted to grow in a serum-free environment using ultra-mdck medium (biowhittaker). the growth of adapted u-mdck cells was maintained for over a year without any reduction in growth rate or modification of cell karyotype; cells were scaled up to spinner culture using several microcarriers. the cells were shown to be a very good host for influenza a and b virus replication in both the presence and absence of trypsin in the infection medium. trypsin-independent viruses replica ... | 1999 | 10494956 |
| growth and immunogenicity of influenza viruses cultivated in vero or mdck cells and in embryonated chicken eggs. | vero cells, mdck cells and embryonated chicken eggs (eggs) were used to evaluate influenza virus growth characteristics and immunogenicity induced by inactivated influenza b vaccines. both cell lines produced comparable quantities of total viral and haemagglutinin (ha) proteins. sequence analysis indicated genetic identity of the ha of vero- and mdck-grown virus counterparts with maintenance of antigenic characteristics of viruses derived from humans. the egg-grown influenza b/memphis/1/93 varia ... | 1999 | 10494958 |
| evaluation of immune responses to inactivated influenza vaccines prepared in embryonated chicken eggs and mdck cells in a mouse model. | this study was initiated with the isolation of influenza a and b viruses from clinical throat swabs in both fertile chicken eggs (egg) and mdck cells, which were used in subsequent vaccine production in the above two hosts. on the basis of haemagglutination-inhibiting (hi) tests, immune mouse sera from mice vaccinated with mdck cell-derived vaccines revealed antigenic similarities among h3n2 or b viruses isolated in mdck cells or eggs. similarly, antiserum prepared by immunization with egg-deriv ... | 1999 | 10494959 |
| influvac: a safe madin darby canine kidney (mdck) cell culture-based influenza vaccine. | influenza vaccine production technology based on large scale cell culture technology has been developed. from the characterization of the continuous cell line mdck as well as drug safety studies we conclude that this cell line and the cell culture system are suitable for biological production. the down stream process (dsp) of the virus-containing harvest fluids guarantees sufficient inactivation of influenza viruses and adequate removal or inactivation of putative adventitious or endogenous viru ... | 1999 | 10494962 |
| safety, reactogenicity and immunogenicity of madin darby canine kidney cell-derived inactivated influenza subunit vaccine. a meta-analysis of clinical studies. | | 1999 | 10494964 |
| a phase i, randomized controlled clinical trial to study the reactogenicity and immunogenicity of a new split influenza vaccine derived from a non-tumorigenic cell line. | we have found that our mdck-derived cell line (bv-5f1) is non-tumorigenic in tests conducted in accordance with fda guidelines, and thus may be suitable for producing live, attenuated or inactivated vaccine. the cell line has been extensively tested for the presence of contaminating microorganisms. no infectious agents of viral or other microbial origin were present. using the bv-5f1 cell line, we have now designed a process for the large-scale production of influenza virus for the manufacture o ... | 1999 | 10494965 |
| difficulties in standardizing the neuraminidase content of influenza vaccines. | to achieve better standardization of influenza vaccines, an elisa immunocapture assay was developed for n2 neuraminidase quantification. this sensitive and highly specific assay was successfully applied to vaccine preparations produced in embryonated hens' eggs from 1992 to 1997 and to antigenically related viral suspensions produced in mdck cells. a study of the neuraminidase activity of prototype a/h3n2 strains stored at 4 degrees c showed the gradual development of enzymatic instability from ... | 1999 | 10494973 |
| prevention of influenza in long-term-care facilities. long-term-care committee of the society for healthcare epidemiology of america. | influenza is a frequent cause of epidemic and endemic respiratory illness in long-term-care facilities (ltcfs), resulting in considerable morbidity and mortality. detection of influenza outbreaks in this setting can be difficult, because the clinical presentation in older adults is atypical and other pathogens also cause influenza-like illness (ili) during the influenza season. use of the standard case definition for influenza has not been effective in detecting episodes in residents of ltcfs. a ... | 1999 | 10501266 |
| isolation and characterization of a transfectant influenza b virus altered in rna segment 6. | this report describes the successful generation of an influenza b transfectant virus altered in rna segment 6, which encodes the neuraminidase (na) protein. the procedure for selection of the transfectant virus relies on the use of strain-specific anti-na monoclonal antibodies to inhibit growth of the helper virus within the system. a transfectant virus has been engineered which has a coding change in the na protein. this change resulted in attenuated growth in vitro that could be rescued by add ... | 1999 | 10501487 |
| influenza. | influenza is the most frequent cause of acute respiratory illness requiring medical intervention because it affects all age groups and because it can recur in any individual. during the past three decades, efforts to prevent and control influenza have focused primarily on the use of inactivated influenza vaccines in elderly people and in individuals with chronic medical conditions that put them at risk for complications. however, the continuing impact of influenza in these and other population g ... | 1999 | 10520648 |
| acute lower respiratory infections in hospitalized children over a 6 year period in tokyo. | acute lower respiratory infections are major causes of hospitalization in children and are mainly caused by respiratory viruses. in the present study, we investigated the etiologic agents responsible for acute lower respiratory infections from the period november 1986 to october 1992 in order to determine the seasonal pattern and different characteristics of age distribution of respiratory infectious agents, mainly virus infections. | 1999 | 10530065 |
| etiology of serious infections in young gambian infants. | despite improvements in infant mortality rates in many developing countries including the gambia, neonatal mortality remains high and many neonatal deaths are caused by infection. the study described in this paper was conducted to determine the bacterial and viral etiology of serious infections in gambian infants younger than 91 days old. | 1999 | 10530572 |
| respiratory viruses in adult liver transplant recipients. | the contribution of respiratory viruses to respiratory disease in adult liver transplant (lt) recipients has not been studied. we performed a prospective audit to document the incidence of respiratory syncytial viruses ([rsvs], parainfluenza virus, influenza virus, and adenovirus) after lt, and to determine their contribution to respiratory disease in this setting. | 1999 | 10532538 |
| [influenza season 1998/99; composition of vaccine for 1999/2000]. | the first indication of influenza activity in the netherlands in the 1998/'99 season was the isolation of an influenza b virus in week 47 of 1998. in subsequent weeks influenza activity slowly increased, reaching a peak in week 6 of 1999. after a gradual decline for three weeks a second peak was reached in week 8 of 1999. the first wave of influenza activity was primarily caused by influenza b viruses, whereas during the second wave predominantly influenza a viruses of the a/h3n2 subtype were is ... | 1999 | 10535060 |
| use of the selective oral neuraminidase inhibitor oseltamivir to prevent influenza. | safe and effective antiviral agents are needed to prevent infection with influenza a and b virus. oseltamivir (gs4104), which can be administered orally, is the prodrug of gs4071, a potent and selective inhibitor of influenzavirus neuraminidases. we studied the use of oseltamivir for long-term prophylaxis against influenza in two placebo-controlled, double-blind trials at different u.s. sites during the winter of 1997-1998. | 1999 | 10536125 |
| uk government not convinced by claims for flu drug. | | 1999 | 10537096 |
| novel aromatic inhibitors of influenza virus neuraminidase make selective interactions with conserved residues and water molecules in the active site. | the active site of type a or b influenza virus neuraminidase is composed of 11 conserved residues that directly interact with the substrate, sialic acid. an aromatic benzene ring has been used to replace the pyranose of sialic acid in our design of novel neuraminidase inhibitors. a bis(hydroxymethyl)pyrrolidinone ring was constructed in place of the n-acetyl group on the sialic acid. the hydroxymethyl groups replace two active site water molecules, which resulted in the high affinity of the nano ... | 1999 | 10547289 |
| influenza vaccines: present and future. | immunization is the most feasible method for preventing influenza. vaccination against influenza is recommended for everyone 65 years of age and older and for persons less than 65 years of age who are at risk for developing complications of influenza. immune correlates of protection have been established, and a global network is in place to monitor the appearance and circulation of antigenic variants of influenza viruses, as well as the appearance of novel subtypes of influenza a. antigenic and ... | 1999 | 10547679 |
| update: influenza activity--worldwide, may-september 1999. | in collaboration with the world health organization (who), the who international network of collaborating laboratories, and state and local health departments, cdc conducts surveillance to monitor influenza activity and to detect antigenic changes in the circulating strains of influenza viruses. from october 1998 through april 1999, influenza activity was moderate to severe in the northern hemisphere. influenza a(h3n2) viruses predominated but influenza type b viruses were isolated more frequent ... | 1999 | 10550039 |
| evolutionary pattern of influenza b viruses based on the ha and ns genes during 1940 to 1999: origin of the ns genes after 1997. | phylogenetic analysis was carried out for genes encoding hemagglutinin (ha) (24 new and 25 previously reported sequences) and nonstructural proteins (ns) (22 new and 14 previously reported sequences) of influenza b virus isolates obtained from 1940 to 1999. two antigenically and genetically distinct ha lineages are presently known to exist. divergence into these two lineages was estimated to have occurred around 1969. phylogenetic analysis of ns genes revealed that their phylogenetic relationshi ... | 1999 | 10550663 |
| caspase-dependent n-terminal cleavage of influenza virus nucleocapsid protein in infected cells. | the nucleocapsid protein (np) (56 kda) of human influenza a viruses is cleaved in infected cells into a 53-kda form. likewise, influenza b virus np (64 kda) is cleaved into a 55-kda protein with a 62-kda intermediate (o. p. zhirnov and a. g. bukrinskaya, virology 109:174-179, 1981). we show now that an antibody specific for the n terminus of influenza a virus np reacted with the uncleaved 56-kda form but not with the truncated np53 form, indicating the removal of a 3-kda peptide from the n termi ... | 1999 | 10559331 |
| a prospective study of infections with atypical pneumonia organisms in acute exacerbations of chronic bronchitis. | the objective of this paper was to study the incidence of 6 atypical pneumonia pathogens or atypical organisms in local patients admitted for acute exacerbation of chronic bronchitis. this is a prospective observational study. over a period of 3 years (1995 to 1997), 90 patients admitted to a large general hospital in singapore for acute exacerbation of chronic bronchitis were tested for the following infections: legionella, mycoplasma, chlamydia, influenza a, influenza b and parainfluenza virus ... | 1999 | 10561756 |
| influenza type b neuraminidase can replace the function of type a neuraminidase. | influenza a and b viruses do not form reassortants with each other, presumably due to selection at either the rna or protein level. although differences in the promoter sequences of type a and b viruses have been studied, selection at the protein level has not been addressed. in this paper we describe experiments to determine whether differences in structure and/or function of the neuraminidase (na) protein preclude formation of a/b na reassortants. influenza type a (n9) na or b/lee/40 na expres ... | 1999 | 10562491 |
| [efficacy of influenza vaccine among geriatric inpatients: effect of previous vaccination and antibody induction by single and twice injections]. | to investigate the effect of previous influenza vaccination and the difference in antibody induction by single and twice injection of influenza vaccine in the elderly, hemagglutination inhibition (hi) antibody titers of the three types of influenza viruses were measured. influenza vaccination was done for 217 inpatients. for the patients who had influenza vaccination in the year prior to the study, influenza vaccine was administered once to 77 patients and twice to another 70 patients. influenza ... | 1999 | 10565120 |
| [use of a rapid detection assay for influenza virus, on nasal aspirate specimens]. | we investigated the usefulness of a rapid antigen detection kit using optical immunoassay for influenza virus (flu oia, biostar, usa). nasal aspirates were taken from 92 influenza suspected outpatients between march to april of 1999. compared with virus isolation and pcr, the sensitivity of flu oia was 88.5% and 81.6%, and the specificity was 65.2% and 72.2%. all isolated viruses were influenza type b virus. it was difficult to differentiate the weak-positive and negative cases, leading to the r ... | 1999 | 10565123 |
| [optical immunoassay test for rapid detection of influenza a and b viruses: an evaluation]. | the optical immunoassay test (flu oia, biostar, usa) for rapid detection of influenza a and b viral antigens was compared with viral isolation in cell culture. a total of 103 respiratory specimens were tested on 75 pediatric patients with acute respiratory illnesses. influenza viruses were recovered in 40 specimens (type a: 5, type b: 35). flu oia demonstrated 80.0% sensitivity and 68.8% specificity for nasopharyngeal aspirates and 36.7% sensitivity and 83.9% specificity for throat swabs. we als ... | 1999 | 10565124 |
| [evaluation of rapid detection kit using neuraminidase activity of influenza virus]. | | 1999 | 10565128 |
| comparison of four clinical specimen types for detection of influenza a and b viruses by optical immunoassay (flu oia test) and cell culture methods. | although laboratory diagnosis of respiratory viruses has been widely studied, there is a relative insufficiency of literature examining the impact of specimen type on the laboratory diagnosis of influenza a and b. in a clinical study comparing the flu oia test with 14-day cell culture, clinical specimens from nasopharyngeal swabs, throat swabs, nasal aspirates, and sputum were obtained from patients experiencing influenza-like symptoms. a total of 404 clinical specimens were collected from 184 p ... | 1999 | 10565916 |
| the impact of winter epidemics of influenza and respiratory syncytial virus on paediatric admissions to an urban general hospital. | to demonstrate the impact of influenza epidemics on pediatric hospital admissions, admissions that were attributable to influenza and respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) infection to the pediatric ward of an urban general hospital in japan were followed-up during a 4-month period from december to march 1991 through 1998. during the 1997-1998 influenza type a (h3n2) epidemic, a diagnosis of influenza type a (h3n2) was made in 26.3% of all patients admitted aged 15 years or lower. during the peak of ... | 2000 | 10568771 |
| variable efficacy of repeated annual influenza vaccination. | conclusions have differed in studies that have compared vaccine efficacy in groups receiving influenza vaccine for the first time to efficacy in groups vaccinated more than once. for example, the hoskins study [hoskins, t. w., davis, j. r., smith, a. j., miller, c. l. & allchin, a. (1979) lancet i, 33-35] concluded that repeat vaccination was not protective in the long term, whereas the keitel study [keitel, w. a., cate, t. r., couch, r. b., huggins, l. l. & hess, k. r. (1997) vaccine 15, 1114-1 ... | 1999 | 10570188 |
| the bm2 protein of influenza b virus is synthesized in the late phase of infection and incorporated into virions as a subviral component. | the influenza b virus genome rna segment 7 encodes the m1 and bm2 proteins. the bm2 protein is synthesized by a coupled translational termination-reinitiation mechanism at the overlapping stop-start pentanucleotide in a bicistronic mrna transcribed from rna segment 7. however, features and functions of this protein remain unclear. in this study the bm2 protein was characterized by using an antiserum raised to the bm2 protein of influenza virus strain b/yamagata/1/73. in cells infected with b/yam ... | 1999 | 10573149 |
| the development of live attenuated cold-adapted influenza virus vaccine for humans. | a procedure to attenuate live influenza virus of type a and type b was developed using adaptation of the virus to grow at 25 degrees c (cold adaptation; ca). through a series of stepwise passages, two stable mutants were obtained and designated as 'master' strains, one for type a influenza virus (a/ann arbor/6/60-h2n2) and one for type b influenza virus (b/ann arbor/1/66). these mutants were used in genetic reassortment using either the classical method or more recently described reverse genetic ... | 1999 | 10578119 |
| an analysis of the role of neuraminidase in the receptor-binding activity of influenza b virus: the inhibitory effect of zanamivir on haemadsorption. | we analysed the role of neuraminidase (na) on haemadsorption by the haemagglutinin (ha) protein of influenza b virus. the influenza b virus mutant ts-7 has a temperature-sensitive mutation in the na protein. at high temperature, cells infected with this virus did not exhibit haemadsorption activity, but the addition of bacterial neuraminidase (bna) restored haemadsorption activity. cos cells transfected with ha cdnas of b/kanagawa/73 or b/lee/40 virus showed no evidence of haemadsorption. howeve ... | 1999 | 10580059 |
| evaluation of trivalent, live, cold-adapted (caiv-t) and inactivated (tiv) influenza vaccines in prevention of virus infection and illness following challenge of adults with wild-type influenza a (h1n1), a (h3n2), and b viruses. | trivalent, live, cold-adapted influenza vaccine (caiv-t) is highly effective in the prevention of influenza in children, and a variety of monovalent and bivalent cold-adapted influenza vaccines have been efficacious in adults. in order to determine the efficacy of caiv-t in healthy adults, we administered caiv-t, trivalent inactivated influenza vaccine (tiv) or placebo to 103 adults in randomized double-blind fashion, and then challenged those subjects who had pre-screening serum hemagglutinatio ... | 1999 | 10580204 |
| oseltamivir. | oseltamivir is the oral prodrug of gs4071, a selective inhibitor of influenza a and b viral neuraminidase. after absorption from the gastrointestinal tract oseltamivir is efficiently converted to gs4071, which is maintained at high and sustained concentrations in plasma. based on studies in rats and ferrets, gs4071 appears to be effectively distributed to all tissues, including major sites of infection in the upper and lower respiratory tracts. oral oseltamivir was an effective treatment in natu ... | 1999 | 10595865 |
| [new vaccines against influenza via inhalation]. | | 1999 | 10596220 |
| [vaccination against influenza in the elderly. experience with adjuvant vaccines]. | | 1999 | 10596424 |
| benign acute childhood myositis: laboratory and clinical features. | benign acute myositis of childhood is a disorder of midchildhood, typically affecting boys. symptoms include calf pain and difficulty walking after a viral illness. there is an epidemiologic association with influenza. | 1999 | 10599793 |
| in vitro selection and characterisation of influenza b/beijing/1/87 isolates with altered susceptibility to zanamivir. | we describe the in vitro selection and characterisation of virus derived from b/beijing/1/87 passaged in the presence of zanamivir. during zanamivir passage, the phenotype of virus isolates was either drug dependent or drug resistant in plaque reduction assays. the susceptibility of the neuraminidase of the drug-dependent isolates was unchanged from that of the wild-type enzyme. the drug-dependent isolates contained two mutations in the viral haemagglutinin: v90a, close to the proposed secondary ... | 1999 | 10600600 |
| comparative analysis of the ability of the polymerase complexes of influenza viruses type a, b and c to assemble into functional rnps that allow expression and replication of heterotypic model rna templates in vivo. | influenza viruses type a, b, and c are human pathogens that share common structural and functional features, yet they do not form natural reassortants. to determine to what extent type-specific interactions of the polymerase complex with template rna contribute to this lack of genotypic mixing, we investigated whether homotypic or heterotypic polymerase complexes support the expression and replication of model type a, b, or c rna templates in vivo. a plasmid-based expression system, as initially ... | 1999 | 10600605 |
| intranasal, cold-adapted, live, attenuated influenza vaccine. | | 1999 | 10608635 |
| mortality following isolation of various respiratory viruses in nursing home residents. | to compare mortality following isolation of influenza a to mortality following isolation of other respiratory viruses in a nursing home. | 1999 | 10614604 |
| 1998-1999 influenza season: canadian laboratory diagnoses and strain characterization. | | 1999 | 10624033 |
| neuraminidase inhibitors for treatment of influenza a and b infections. | influenza epidemics are responsible for an average of approximately 20,000 deaths per year in the united states. the main method for preventing influenza and its severe complications is influenza vaccination. influenza-specific antiviral drugs are an important adjunct to vaccine but are not a substitute for vaccine. in the united states, four antiviral agents are approved for preventing or treating influenza: amantadine, rimantadine, zanamivir, and oseltamivir. amantadine was approved for prophy ... | 1999 | 10632443 |
| [influenza a, b and c viruses]. | | 1999 | 10635840 |
| influenza. | | 1999 | 10647327 |
| early changes in peripheral blood t cell subsets induced by antiretroviral treatment of human immunodeficiency virus-1 positive individuals. | human immunodeficiency virus (hiv)-1 infection causes a gradual decline in peripheral blood cd4+ t cells. shortly after the primary infection, an expansion of the activated memory cd8+ t-cell pool is also observed paralleling increased levels of plasma viraemia. in the present study we investigated the immediate effects of zidovudine therapy on peripheral blood t-cell subsets during the first 3 weeks of therapy in a group of hiv-1 positive individuals receiving influenza vaccine. hiv-1 positive ... | 2000 | 10652164 |
| monitoring of viral susceptibility: new challenges with the development of influenza na inhibitors. | with the clinical development of anti-viral agents, monitoring for the continued susceptibility of wild-type strains has become important in disease management. various methods have been used to monitor viral susceptibility; the advantages and disadvantages of which depend on the virus, the target and the scale of the research being undertaken. the plaque-reduction assay is valuable for measuring susceptibility of most viruses but is not ideal for large-scale monitoring. yield-reduction, measuri ... | 2000 | 10654004 |
| simulfluor respiratory screen for rapid detection of multiple respiratory viruses in clinical specimens by immunofluorescence staining. | a new rapid direct immunofluorescence assay (dfa) respiratory screen reagent for detection of seven common respiratory viruses (respiratory syncytial virus [rsv], influenza a and b viruses, parainfluenza virus types 1 to 3, and adenovirus) was compared with standard single or dual dfa reagents and culture. in total, 1,531 respiratory samples were adequate for testing with both simulfluor respiratory screen (rs) reagent (chemicon international, temecula, calif.) and single or dual dfa reagents. t ... | 2000 | 10655371 |
| genotypic stability of cold-adapted influenza virus vaccine in an efficacy clinical trial. | an investigational live influenza virus vaccine, flumist, contains three cold-adapted h1n1, h3n2, and b influenza viruses. the vaccine viruses are 6/2 reassortants, in which the hemagglutinin (ha) and neuraminidase (na) genes are derived from the circulating wild-type viruses and the remaining six genes are derived from the cold-adapted master donor strains. the six genes from the cold-adapted master donor strains ensure the attenuation, and the ha and na genes from the wild-type viruses confer ... | 2000 | 10655394 |
| [evaluation of an optical immunoassay test for rapid detection of influenza a and b viral antigen]. | an optical immunoassay test, flu oia (biostar, usa), was evaluated for the diagnosis of influenza viral infection. the reactivity of the flu oia test was evaluated using 42 influenza strains (25 human influenza a, 12 human influenza b, 2 swine influenza a and 3 avian influenza a strains). the flu oia test showed positive results for all influenza strains. there was no evidence that cross-reactivity occurred with non-influenza viruses. the detection limit of the flu oia test was found to be 3.0-6 ... | 1999 | 10655680 |
| efficacy of vaccination with live attenuated, cold-adapted, trivalent, intranasal influenza virus vaccine against a variant (a/sydney) not contained in the vaccine. | to determine the safety, immunogenicity, and efficacy of revaccination of children with live attenuated influenza vaccine. | 2000 | 10657821 |
| [critical review of anti-influenza drugs]. | neuraminidase inhibitors such as zanamivir and oseltamivir belong to a new class of antiviral drugs for the treatment and prevention of influenza. as yet however, the therapeutic efficacy of these drugs (shortening of recovery time by approximately one day) has only been demonstrated in healthy adults affected by influenza a, but not in risk groups and in influenza b disease, whereas studies of prophylactic efficacy are still going on. neither do these drugs impact on viral spread, a public heal ... | 2000 | 10668542 |
| comparison of the safety, vaccine virus shedding, and immunogenicity of influenza virus vaccine, trivalent, types a and b, live cold-adapted, administered to human immunodeficiency virus (hiv)-infected and non-hiv-infected adults. | fifty-seven human immunodeficiency virus (hiv)-infected (cdc class a1-2) and 54 non-hiv-infected adults, not prescreened for influenza susceptibility, were randomized to receive trivalent live attenuated influenza vaccine (laiv) or placebo intranasally. laiv was safe and well tolerated with no serious adverse events attributable to vaccine. reactogenicity rates were similar in laiv and placebo recipients except that runny nose/nasal congestion was significantly more common in laiv recipients reg ... | 2000 | 10669363 |
| antiviral effects of rhifn-alpha 1 against seven influenza viruses. | to study the antiviral effects of rhifn-alpha 1 (chinese silkworm gene recombinant interferon alpha 1) on 7 influenza viruses in mdck cells and in mouse pneumonia caused by pr8 virus. | 1999 | 10678103 |
| evaluation of a neuraminidase detection assay for the rapid detection of influenza a and b virus in children. | a prototype version of a new diagnostic assay for influenza a and b (zstat flutrade mark) based on detection of viral neuraminidase was evaluated and compared to culture in 196 clinical samples. children with respiratory illnesses were prospectively evaluated at a pediatrician's office and at a large children's hospital using the neuraminidase assay and viral culture performed on respiratory secretions. influenza virus was isolated from 51 samples and 83 were positive by the neuraminidase assay. ... | 2000 | 10679035 |
| th cell-deficient mice control influenza virus infection more effectively than th- and b cell-deficient mice: evidence for a th-independent contribution by b cells to virus clearance. | the notion that mhc class i- restricted cd8+ t (tc) cells are capable of resolving autonomously infections with influenza virus is based largely on studies testing virus strains of low pathogenicity in cd4+ t (th) cell-deficient/depleted mice. to test whether this holds also for pathogenic strains and to exclude possible contributions by b cells, we analyzed pr8 infection in th cell-depleted b cell-deficient (mumt) mice. these mice, termed mumt (-cd4), showed 80% mortality after infection with a ... | 2000 | 10679103 |
| antiviral agents for treating influenza. | the new neuraminidase inhibitors zanamivir and oseltamivir are important additions to the treatment of influenza, being the first class of agents active against both influenza a and influenza b. the decision to use these agents rather than amantadine or rimantadine, which are effective only against influenza a, should be based on the age of the patient, antiviral activity, side effect profile, ease of administration, drug interactions, and cost. all of these agents are effective only when starte ... | 2000 | 10680275 |
| from the centers for disease control and prevention. update: influenza activity--united states, 1999-2000 season. | | 2000 | 10685702 |
| [evaluation of the rapid detection test for influenza a and b viruses using neuraminidase activity]. | the zstatflu test (zymetx, usa) is a rapid detection kit for influenza a and b viruses. this test is based upon the reaction between viral neuraminidase from influenza viruses and a chromogenic substrate. the clinical performance of the zstatflu test was determined by comparison with viral isolation in cell culture. a total of 176 respiratory specimens from 172 pediatric patients with influenza like illnesses during the 1998/99 season were tested. influenza viruses were recovered from 97 specime ... | 2000 | 10695289 |
| [the efficacy of influenza vaccine among geriatric inpatients]. | to investigate the efficacy of influenza vaccine in the elderly, hemagglutination inhibition (hi) antibody titer for the three types of influenza viruses were measured and the influenza infection rate was determined serologically in geriatric inpatients. influenza vaccination was done for inpatients. for patients who had influenza vaccination in the year prior to the study, influenza vaccine was administered once or twice, and the number of injections were determined randomly. influenza vaccine ... | 2000 | 10695290 |
| [antibody induction and frequency of adverse reactions to influenza vaccines in the elderly]. | a total of 1,223 elderly people in nursing homes in niigata prefecture, japan, were immunized with one or two doses of commercial trivalent split vaccine formulation, against strains including a/hn, a/h3n2 and b for three seasons (1996-1999). the frequencies of adverse reactions and antibody induction were assessed. frequent side effects of vaccination were local reactions such as redness and tenderness at the site of injection, but there were no serious reactions, suggesting that the vaccine wa ... | 2000 | 10695292 |
| comparison of a new neuraminidase detection assay with an enzyme immunoassay, immunofluorescence, and culture for rapid detection of influenza a and b viruses in nasal wash specimens. | the performance of a new, rapid, easy-to-perform assay based on neuraminidase enzyme activity for detection of influenza virus types a and b was compared to detection by culture, indirect immunofluorescence, and enzyme immunoassay in 479 nasal wash specimens from children with respiratory infections. compared to isolation of influenza virus by culture, the neuraminidase assay had a sensitivity of 70.1%, specificity of 92.4%, positive predictive value of 76.3%, and negative predictive value of 89 ... | 2000 | 10699013 |
| estimation of the efficacy of live, attenuated influenza vaccine from a two-year, multi-center vaccine trial: implications for influenza epidemic control. | the authors provide an analysis of data from a two-year (1996-1998), multicenter (ten us cities), double-blinded, placebo-controlled influenza vaccine trial in children. the vaccine was the trivalent cold-adapted influenza vaccine. estimates are made of the vaccine efficacy for susceptibility to culture-confirmed influenza (ve(s)) while taking inter-center variability in the risk of infection into account. our overall estimate of ve(s) against influenza is 0.92 (95% confidence interval (ci) 0.89 ... | 2000 | 10699339 |
| inactivation of human type a and b influenza viruses by tea-seed saponins. | the effects of a mixture of tea-seed saponins obtained from the seeds of camellia sinensis var. sinesis on human influenza viruses types a and b were investigated. at the concentrations of 60, 80, and 100 micrograms/ml, respectively, the mixture inactivated viruses a/memphis/1/71 (h3n2), b/lee/40, and a/pr/8/34 (h1n1) almost completely. the mixture also inactivated type a virus a/pr/8/34 after inoculation at concentrations of 1-30 micrograms/ml dose-dependently. | 2000 | 10705466 |
| influenza virus immunization effectivity in kidney transplant patients subjected to two different triple-drug therapy immunosuppression protocols: mycophenolate versus azathioprine. | due to possible complications and treatment limitations, the prevention of influenza in renal transplant (rt) patients is highly indicated. | 2000 | 10706057 |
| influenza virus inhibits lysozyme secretion by sputum neutrophils in subjects with chronic bronchial sepsis. | neutrophils are central to the control of infection within the bronchial mucosa. to determine whether the link between bacterial and viral infection in the respiratory tract can be partly explained by acute reduction of neutrophil function, we examined the influence of influenza virus on lysozyme secretion by sputum neutrophils obtained from patients with bronchiectasis. sputum neutrophils infected with influenza a virus had a significantly reduced capacity to secrete lysozyme but not myeloperox ... | 2000 | 10712313 |
| preservative-free influenza vaccine. | to investigate the immunogenicity of and tolerance towards the preservative-free inactivated influenza vaccine begrivac. | 2000 | 10714435 |
| correlates of immune protection induced by live, attenuated, cold-adapted, trivalent, intranasal influenza virus vaccine. | the authors conducted a 2-year, multicenter, double-blind, placebo-controlled efficacy field trial of live, attenuated, cold-adapted, trivalent influenza vaccine administered by nasal spray to children 15-71 months old. overall, vaccine was 92% efficacious at preventing culture-confirmed infection by influenza a/h3n2 and influenza b. because influenza a/h1n1 did not cause disease during the years in which this study was conducted, the authors sought to determine vaccine efficacy and correlates o ... | 2000 | 10720541 |