| copying hierarchical leaders' voices? acoustic plasticity in female japanese macaques. | it has been historically claimed that call production in nonhuman primates has been shaped by genetic factors, although, recently socially-guided plasticity and cortical control during vocal exchanges have been observed. in humans, context-dependent vocal convergence with relatives, friends or leaders' voices can be found. comparative studies with monkeys and apes presenting tolerant social organizations have demonstrated that affiliative bonding is the determining factor of convergence. we test ... | 2016 | 26880673 |
| a multidisciplinary view on cultural primatology: behavioral innovations and traditions in japanese macaques. | cultural primatology (i.e., the study of behavioral traditions in nonhuman primates as a window into the evolution of human cultural capacities) was founded in japan by kinji imanishi in the early 1950s. this relatively new research area straddles different disciplines and now benefits from collaborations between japanese and western primatologists. in this paper, we return to the cradle of cultural primatology by revisiting our original articles on behavioral innovations and traditions in japan ... | 2016 | 26860933 |
| immunopathology of japanese macaque encephalomyelitis is similar to multiple sclerosis. | japanese macaque encephalomyelitis (jme) is an inflammatory demyelinating disease that occurs spontaneously in a colony of japanese macaques (jm) at the oregon national primate research center. animals with jme display clinical signs resembling multiple sclerosis (ms), and magnetic resonance imaging reveals multiple t2-weighted hyperintensities and gadolinium-enhancing lesions in the central nervous system (cns). here we undertook studies to determine if jme possesses features of an immune-media ... | 2016 | 26857488 |
| draft genome sequences of sarcina ventriculi strains isolated from wild japanese macaques in yakushima island. | we report the draft genome sequences of sarcina ventriculi strains 14 and 17, both isolated from feces of wild yakushima macaques (macaca fuscata yakui). these genomic sequences will be helpful for the phylogenetic consideration of the family clostridiaceae and understanding of the contribution of intestinal microbiota to the survival of yakushima macaques. | 2016 | 26847899 |
| molecular identification of oesophagostomum spp. from 'village' chimpanzees in uganda and their phylogenetic relationship with those of other primates. | oesophagostomum spp. are parasitic nematodes of mammals, including humans and other primates. to identify species and determine phylogeny, we analysed dna sequences of adult and larval oesophagostomum from wild chimpanzees in bulindi, uganda, which inhabit degraded forest fragments amid villages. oesophagostome larvae and/or eggs from baboons in tanzania and south africa and from a japanese macaque were also sequenced. based on the internal transcribed spacer 2 (its2) of nuclear ribosomal dna an ... | 2015 | 26716002 |
| social network and decision-making in primates: a report on franco-japanese research collaborations. | sociality is suggested to evolve as a strategy for animals to cope with challenges in their environment. within a population, each individual can be seen as part of a network of social interactions that vary in strength, type and dynamics (sueur et al. 2011a). the structure of this social network can strongly impact upon not only on the fitness of individuals and their decision-making, but also on the ecology of populations and the evolution of a species. our franco-japanese collaboration allowe ... | 2016 | 26691746 |
| allelic variation of the comt gene in a despotic primate society: a haplotype is related to cortisol excretion in macaca fuscata. | sequence variations in genes of the monoamine neurotransmitter system and their common function in human and non-human primate species are an ongoing issue of investigation. however, the comt gene, coding for the catechol-o-methyltransferase, has not yet attracted much scientific attention regarding its functional role in non-human primates. considering that a polymorphism of the human comt gene affects the enzyme activity and cortisol level in response to a social stressor, this study investiga ... | 2016 | 26657779 |
| hygienic tendencies correlate with low geohelminth infection in free-ranging macaques. | parasites are ubiquitous in nature and can be costly to animal fitness, so hosts have evolved behavioural counter-strategies to mitigate infection risk. we investigated feeding-related infection-avoidance strategies in japanese macaques via field-experimentation and observation. we first examined risk sensitivity during foraging tasks involving faecally contaminated or debris-covered food items, and then investigated individual tendencies to manipulate food items during natural foraging bouts. w ... | 2015 | 26538539 |
| grooming-at-a-distance by exchanging calls in non-human primates. | the 'social bonding hypothesis' predicts that, in large social groups, functions of gestural grooming should be partially transferred to vocal interactions. hence, vocal exchanges would have evolved in primates to play the role of grooming-at-a-distance in order to facilitate the maintenance of social cohesion. however, there are few empirical studies testing this hypothesis. to address this point, we compared the rate of contact call exchanges between females in two captive groups of japanese m ... | 2015 | 26510675 |
| endozoochorous seed dispersal by japanese macaques (macaca fuscata): effects of temporal variation in ranging and seed characteristics on seed shadows. | variation in seed shadows generated by frugivores is caused by daily, seasonal, and inter-annual variation in ranging, as well as inter-specific variability in gut passage times according to seed characteristics. we studied the extent to which seed weight, specific gravity, and daily (morning, afternoon, and evening) and inter-annual (2004 vs. 2005) variation in ranging affected seed shadows generated by wild japanese macaques (macaca fuscata) in northern japan. the macaques ingested fleshy frui ... | 2016 | 26469699 |
| distribution of glutamatergic, gabaergic, and glycinergic neurons in the auditory pathways of macaque monkeys. | macaque monkeys use complex communication calls and are regarded as a model for studying the coding and decoding of complex sound in the auditory system. however, little is known about the distribution of excitatory and inhibitory neurons in the auditory system of macaque monkeys. in this study, we examined the overall distribution of cell bodies that expressed mrnas for vglut1, and vglut2 (markers for glutamatergic neurons), gad67 (a marker for gabaergic neurons), and glyt2 (a marker for glycin ... | 2015 | 26391919 |
| experimental evaluation of the zoonotic infection potency of simian retrovirus type 4 using humanized mouse model. | during 2001-2002 and 2008-2011, two epidemic outbreaks of infectious hemorrhagic disease have been found in japanese macaques (macaca fuscata) in kyoto university primate research institute, japan. following investigations revealed that the causative agent was simian retrovirus type 4 (srv-4). srv-4 was isolated by using human cell lines, which indicates that human cells are potently susceptible to srv-4 infection. these raise a possibility of zoonotic infection of pathogenic srv-4 from japanese ... | 2015 | 26364986 |
| ultrastructural and immunocytochemical characterization of ameloblast-enamel adhesion at maturation stage in amelogenesis in macaca fuscata tooth germ. | maturation-stage ameloblasts are firmly bound to the tooth enamel by a basal lamina-like structure. the mechanism underlying this adhesion, however, remains to be fully clarified. the goal of this study was to investigate the mechanism underlying adhesion between the basal lamina-like structure and the enamel in monkey tooth germ. high-resolution immunogold labeling was performed to localize amelotin and laminin 332 at the interface between ameloblasts and tooth enamel. minute, electron-dense st ... | 2015 | 26357954 |
| emotional states after grooming interactions in japanese macaques (macaca fuscata). | in animal societies, the effect of grooming interactions on anxiety reduction is unclear. this study examined the effects of giving and receiving grooming on anxiety reduction in free ranging female japanese macaques (macaca fuscata) by measuring rates of self-scratching as an index of anxiety. in this study, the authors used a focal-animal sampling method, targeting 17 females at katsuyama, okayama prefecture, japan. they evaluated affiliative relationships, which were defined by standard proxi ... | 2015 | 26348969 |
| multimodal advertisement of pregnancy in free-ranging female japanese macaques (macaca fuscata). | the role of multiple sexual signals in indicating the timing of female ovulation, and discrimination of this timing by males, has been particularly well studied among primates. however the exhibition of pregnancy signals, and how such signals might modulate male post-conception mating decisions, is still poorly understood. here we aimed to determine if japanese macaque males use changes in female sexual signals (behavioral, visual and auditory) to discriminate pregnancy and adjust their socio-se ... | 2015 | 26308441 |
| a structural comparison of female-male and female-female mounting in japanese macaques (macaca fuscata). | in certain populations, female japanese macaques (macaca fuscata) mount both males and females. vasey (2007) proposed that female-female sexual mounting in japanese macaques may be a neutral evolutionary by-product of a purported adaptation, namely, female-male mounting. in this study, we aim to further examine the proposed link between female-male and female-female mounting in japanese macaques by comparing the structural characteristics that define both forms of mounting. we do so using eshkol ... | 2015 | 26232264 |
| rapid expansion of phenylthiocarbamide non-tasters among japanese macaques. | bitter taste receptors (tas2r proteins) allow mammals to detect and avoid ingestion of toxins in food. thus, tas2rs play an important role in food choice and are subject to complex natural selection pressures. in our previous study, we examined nucleotide variation in tas2r38, a gene expressing bitter taste receptor for phenylthiocarbamide (ptc), in 333 japanese macaques (macaca fuscata) from 9 local populations in japan. we identified a ptc "non-taster" tas2r38 allele in japanese macaques that ... | 2015 | 26201026 |
| identification of tool use acquisition-associated genes in the primate neocortex. | japanese macaques are able to learn how to use rakes to take food after only a few weeks of training. since tool-use training induced rapid morphological changes in some restricted brain areas, this system will be a good model for studying the neural basis of plasticity in human brains. to examine the mechanisms of tool-use associated brain expansion on the molecular and cellular level, here, we performed comprehensive analysis of gene expressions with microarray. we identified various transcrip ... | 2015 | 26173833 |
| influence of high fat diet and resveratrol supplementation on placental fatty acid uptake in the japanese macaque. | adequate maternal supply and placental delivery of long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (lcpufa) is essential for normal fetal development. in humans, maternal obesity alters placental fa uptake, though the impact of diet remains uncertain. the fatty fetal liver observed in offspring of japanese macaques fed a high fat diet (hfd) was prevented with resveratrol supplementation during pregnancy. we sought to determine the effect of hfd and resveratrol, a supplement with insulin-sensitizing prope ... | 2015 | 26145226 |
| androgen metabolites impact csf amines and axonal serotonin via mao-a and -b in male macaques. | a number of studies have shown that mutations or deletions of the monoamine oxidase-a (mao-a) gene cause elevated cns serotonin and elevated impulsive aggression in humans and animal models. in addition, low cerebrospinal fluid (csf) 5-hydroxyindole acetic acid (5hiaa) has been documented in a limited number of violent criminal populations and in macaques that exhibit impulsive aggression. to reconcile these different analyses, we hypothesized that csf 5hiaa reflected degradation of serotonin by ... | 2015 | 26086546 |
| asbestosis in a japanese macaque (macaca fuscata). | asbestosis is a chronic lung disease caused by inhalation of asbestos, a fibrous mineral. it is one of the most severe diseases resulting from environmental contamination. we found asbestosis in a female japanese macaque over 25 years of age that died from senility. clear needle-like crystals were deposited throughout the lung lobes, particularly in the perivascular areas. asbestos bodies were observed in some of these crystals. fibrosis without inflammation was observed in the periarterial and ... | 2015 | 26056144 |
| personality structure and social style in macaques. | why regularities in personality can be described with particular dimensions is a basic question in differential psychology. nonhuman primates can also be characterized in terms of personality structure. comparative approaches can help reveal phylogenetic constraints and social and ecological patterns associated with the presence or absence of specific personality dimensions. we sought to determine how different personality structures are related to interspecific variation in social style. specif ... | 2015 | 26030054 |
| chemoarchitecture of glial fibrillary acidic protein (gfap) and glutamine synthetase in the optic nerve of the monkey (macaca fuscata): an immunohistochemical study. | an immunohistochemical analysis of the chemoarchitecture of glial fibrillary acidic protein (gfap) and glutamine synthetase (gs) was conducted in the monkey optic nerve. the optic nerve has been divided into 3 regions: the prelaminar, lamina cribrosa, and retrolaminar regions. however, it currently remains unclear whether the chemoarchitecture of gfap and gs is homogeneously organized, especially in the retrolaminar region. strong-to-moderate gfap immunoreactivity was observed in all 3 regions. ... | 2014 | 26004073 |
| different target-discrimination times can be followed by the same saccade-initiation timing in different stimulus conditions during visual searches. | the neuronal processes that underlie visual searches can be divided into two stages: target discrimination and saccade preparation/generation. this predicts that the length of time of the prediscrimination stage varies according to the search difficulty across different stimulus conditions, whereas the length of the latter postdiscrimination stage is stimulus invariant. however, recent studies have suggested that the length of the postdiscrimination interval changes with different stimulus condi ... | 2015 | 25995344 |
| comparison of feeding behavior between two different-sized groups of japanese macaques (macaca fuscata yakui). | group-living animals face intragroup scramble and intergroup contest competitions. many studies have shown that larger groups bear the costs of intragroup scramble competition, which negatively affects the reproductive success of females. unlike most primate species, japanese macaques in the yakushima coastal forest show increased reproductive success with group size. however, it remains unclear how group size affects the behavior of macaques. the present study examined the effects of group size ... | 2015 | 25974315 |
| spectrocolourimetry visualized differences in sexual skin colouration in macaques. | the females of some catarrhines develop conspicuous sexual skin transformations in their hind limbs. among macaques (one of the radiated and adapted catarrhine groups with diversified sexual skin transformations), differences in sexual skin colouration between the japanese macaque macaca fuscata and the rhesus macaque m. mulatta have not been quantitatively analysed. in this study, the sexual skin colouration of these macaques was spectrocolourimetrically measured in the non-mating season (nms) ... | 2015 | 25968071 |
| visual responsiveness of neurons in the secondary somatosensory area and its surrounding parietal operculum regions in awake macaque monkeys. | previous neurophysiological studies performed in macaque monkeys have shown that the secondary somatosensory cortex (sii) is essentially engaged in the processing of somatosensory information and no other sensory input has been reported. in contrast, recent human brain-imaging studies have revealed the effects of visual and auditory stimuli on sii activity, which suggest multisensory integration in the human sii. to determine whether multisensory responses of the sii also exist in nonhuman prima ... | 2015 | 25962920 |
| effect of female-biased sex ratios on female homosexual behavior in japanese macaques: evidence for the "bisexual preference hypothesis". | we aimed to explain the frequent and prevalent female homosexual behavior in the context of female-biased operational sex ratios (osr) and qualified sex ratios (q) in a free-ranging group of japanese macaques (macaca fuscata) living at arashiyama-kyoto, japan. our data included the average availability of sexually mature males during females' putative fertile period (osr), the ratio of sexually mature males to sexually mature females (q), as well as heterosexual and female homosexual solicitatio ... | 2015 | 25946902 |
| localization and regulation of reproductive steroid receptors in the raphe serotonin system of male macaques. | we previously showed that tryptophan hydroxylase 2 (tph2) and serotonin reuptake transporter (sert) mrnas are increased by the androgens, testosterone (t) and dihydrotestosterone (dht) in serotonin neurons of male macaques. in addition, we observed that serotonin in axons of a terminal region were markedly decreased by aromatase inhibition and lack of estradiol (e) from metabolism of t. these observations implicated androgen receptors (ar) and estrogen receptors (er) in the transduction of stero ... | 2016 | 25908331 |
| depth perception from moving cast shadow in macaque monkey. | in the present study, we investigate whether the macaque monkey can perceive motion in depth using a moving cast shadow. to accomplish this, we conducted two experiments. in the first experiment, an adult japanese monkey was trained in a motion discrimination task in depth by binocular disparity. a square was presented on the display so that it appeared with a binocular disparity of 0.12 degrees (initial position), and moved toward (approaching) or away from (receding) the monkey for 1s. the mon ... | 2015 | 25882723 |
| effects of seasonal changes in dietary energy on body weight of captive japanese macaques (macaca fuscata). | food availability varies seasonally for wild animals, and body weight fluctuates accordingly in the wild. in contrast, controlling availability of diet under captive condition is difficult from keepers' standpoint, and monotonous diet often causes health problems in captive animals. we evaluated the effects of a seasonally controlled diet on body weight of captive japanese macaques (macaca fuscata) in an outside enclosure at ueno zoo, tokyo, japan. we fed a high-energy diet in spring and fall, a ... | 2015 | 25823966 |
| short-term costs and benefits of grooming in japanese macaques. | this study investigated the short-term consequences of giving grooming in japanese macaques (macaca fuscata) in order to obtain information on its immediate costs and benefits. giving grooming was associated with increased aggression received from groomees and decreased aggression received from third parties (but only as long as the groomer maintained proximity to the groomee). grooming was also associated with decreased scratching rates. these results emphasize the unpredictable outcome of indi ... | 2015 | 25822665 |
| gadolinium chelate contrast material in pregnancy: fetal biodistribution in the nonhuman primate. | to determine the extent to which gadolinium chelate is found in nonhuman primate fetal tissues and amniotic fluid at 19-45 hours after intravenous injection of a weight-appropriate maternal dose of the contrast agent gadoteridol. | 2015 | 25763829 |
| preliminary examination of olanzapine and diet interactions on metabolism in a female macaque. | clinical data suggest that atypical antipsychotics such as olanzapine (olz) induce significant metabolic changes that are serious side effects of their primary use. since controlled human studies are problematic and rodent data may be poorly translatable, we have initiated development of a macaque model of olz-induced metabolic disease. in this preliminary feasibility study, we examined some metabolic effects of olz in a female macaque in the context of a standard low-calorie/fat monkey chow die ... | 2017 | 25621305 |
| simian retrovirus 4 induces lethal acute thrombocytopenia in japanese macaques. | in 2001-2002, six of seven japanese macaques (macaca fuscata) died after developing hemorrhagic syndrome at the kyoto university primate research institute (kupri). while the cause of death was unknown at the time, we detected simian retrovirus 4 (srv-4) in samples obtained from a similar outbreak in 2008-2011, during which 42 of 43 japanese macaques died after exhibiting hemorrhagic syndrome. in this study, we isolated srv-4 strain pri-172 from a japanese macaque showing severe thrombocytopenia ... | 2015 | 25609821 |
| influence of sexual competition and social context on homosexual behavior in adolescent female japanese macaques. | we explored the role that sexual and social partners play in the expression of female homosexual behavior among adolescent female japanese macaques at arashiyama, japan. our data fully or partially supported all the predictions related to four non-mutually exclusive hypotheses, namely the "adult male disinterest in adolescent females" hypothesis, the "numerous homosexual adult females" hypothesis, the "safer homosexual interactions" hypothesis and the "same-sex sexual interactions" hypothesis. o ... | 2015 | 25597406 |
| monkey pulvinar neurons fire differentially to snake postures. | there is growing evidence from both behavioral and neurophysiological approaches that primates are able to rapidly discriminate visually between snakes and innocuous stimuli. recent behavioral evidence suggests that primates are also able to discriminate the level of threat posed by snakes, by responding more intensely to a snake model poised to strike than to snake models in coiled or sinusoidal postures (etting and isbell 2014). in the present study, we examine the potential for an underlying ... | 2014 | 25479158 |
| comparative development of heterosexual and homosexual behaviors in free-ranging female japanese macaques. | we used cross-sectional focal data collected in adolescent and adult females to elucidate the comparative development of heterosexual and homosexual behaviors in female japanese macaques (macaca fuscata) living at arashiyama, japan, in a group where adult females routinely exhibit sexual interactions with both males and females. our data fully or partially supported most of our predictions (20 out of 30) related to the "learning hypothesis," which postulated that adolescence would serve to provi ... | 2015 | 25420900 |
| sporadic premature aging in a japanese monkey: a primate model for progeria. | in our institute, we have recently found a child japanese monkey who is characterized by deep wrinkles of the skin and cataract of bilateral eyes. numbers of analyses were performed to identify symptoms representing different aspects of aging. in this monkey, the cell cycle of fibroblasts at early passage was significantly extended as compared to a normal control. moreover, both the appearance of senescent cells and the deficiency in dna repair were observed. also, pathological examination showe ... | 2014 | 25365557 |
| stable and artifact-resistant decoding of 3d hand trajectories from ecog signals using the generalized additive model. | the key criterion for reliability of brain-computer interface (bci) devices is their stability and robustness in natural environments in the presence of spurious signals and artifacts. | 2014 | 25341256 |
| how the physical properties of food influence its selection by infant japanese macaques inhabiting a snow-covered area. | dietary differences exist between infant and adult female non-human primates. these differences are considered to be related to the low ability of infants to bite, handle, and obtain food items. this study aimed to provide a comprehensive examination of how the physical properties of food items (fracture toughness, size, processing, and height) influence food selection by infant primates. in this study, four mother-infant japanese macaque (macaca fuscata) pairs were investigated in a snow-covere ... | 2015 | 25283532 |
| inter-annual variation in characteristics of endozoochory by wild japanese macaques. | endozoochory is important to the dynamics and regeneration of forest ecosystems. despite the universality of inter-annual variation in fruit production, few studies have addressed the sign (seed predation versus seed dispersal) and strength (frequency and quantity) of fruit-frugivore interaction and the effectiveness of endozoochory in response to the long-term temporal context. in this study i evaluated the characteristics of endozoochorous dispersal by wild japanese macaques macaca fuscata inh ... | 2014 | 25272286 |
| age-related changes in osteometry, bone mineral density and osteophytosis of the lumbar vertebrae in japanese macaques. | the age-related changes in lumbar vertebrae were studied in 77 young/full adult japanese macaques (macaca fuscata) (40 females, 37 males), in terms of their morphometry, density and osteophytosis, and the interrelationship between these three aspects. the most common age-related pattern of morphometric changes was an initial increase during young adulthood until reaching the peak and then a subsequent decrease with age. most of the peaks were in the age group 15-20 and 10-15 years in females and ... | 2015 | 25248843 |
| the complete mitochondrial genome of japanese macaque, macaca fuscata fuscata (macaca, cercopithecinae). | in this study, the complete mitochondrial genome sequence of japanese macaque, macaca fuscata fuscata, with the total length of 16,565 bp, is determined for the first time. this mitogenome harbors 13 protein-coding genes, 22 transfer rna genes, 2 ribosomal rna genes, and 1 control region (d-loop). the overall base composition is a (31.7%), c (30.5%), g (12.9%), and t (24.9%), so the slight a-t bias (56.6%) was detected. most of the genes are distributed on h-strand, except for the nd6 subunit ge ... | 2016 | 25242185 |
| female homosexual behavior and inter-sexual mate competition in japanese macaques: possible implications for sexual selection theory. | in this paper, we review research related to female homosexual behavior in japanese macaques (macaca fuscata), including our 20-year program of research on this species. multiple lines of evidence indicate that female homosexual behavior in this species is sexually motivated. in contrast, many sociosexual hypotheses have been tested in relation to female homosexual behavior in japanese macaques, but none have been supported. female japanese macaques sometimes engage in same-sex sexual activity e ... | 2014 | 25242104 |
| effective spatial scales for evaluating environmental determinants of population density in yakushima macaques. | population densities of wildlife species tend to be correlated with resource productivity of habitats. however, wildlife density has been greatly modified by increasing human influences. for effective conservation, we must first identify the significant factors that affect wildlife density, and then determine the extent of the areas in which the factors should be managed. here, we propose a protocol that accomplishes these two tasks. the main threats to wildlife are thought to be habitat alterat ... | 2015 | 25231752 |
| contribution of the maxillary sinus to the modularity and variability of nasal cavity shape in japanese macaques. | the nasal cavity is essential for conditioning of inspired air, and its form likely impacts its function. since humans and other anthropoids have reduced nasal turbinates when compared to other mammals, variation in relative surface area is mainly brought about by changes to overall nasal architecture. previous studies of modern humans suggest that variation in the transverse dimensions of the nasal cavity is likely possible because of the presence of the maxillary sinuses. to understand the evo ... | 2015 | 25099364 |
| ultrastructural immunolocalization of laminin 332 (laminin 5) at dento-gingival interface in macaca fuscata monkey. | although laminin 332 (laminin 5), an extracellular matrix molecule involved in cell adhesion and migration, has been localized at the interface between the tooth enamel and junctional epithelium, its ultrastructural localization remains to be fully clarified. the purpose of the present study was to investigate the ultrastructural distribution of laminin 332 at the dento-gingival interface in japanese monkey (macaca fuscata) using pre- and post-embedding immunoelectron microscopy. pre-embedding i ... | 2015 | 25055992 |
| relationships between androgens, serotonin gene expression and innervation in male macaques. | androgen administration to castrated individuals was purported to decrease activity in the serotonin system. however, we found that androgen administration to castrated male macaques increased fenfluramine-induced serotonin release as reflected by increased prolactin secretion. in this study, we sought to define the effects of androgens and aromatase inhibition on serotonin-related gene expression in the dorsal raphe, as well as serotonergic innervation of the lc. male japanese macaques (macaca ... | 2014 | 24909896 |
| male homosexual behavior in a free-ranging all-male group of japanese macaques at minoo, japan. | we documented nine male homosexual consortships within three different male-male dyads in a free-ranging all-male group of japanese macaques (macaca fuscata), at minoo, japan. a total of 63 male-male mounts were observed during these consortships. male homosexual interactions shared most of the behavioral components that have been reported to characterize heterosexual and female homosexual consortships in this species. convergent behavioral data, including analysis of male-male solicitations, mo ... | 2014 | 24867180 |
| high-fat maternal diet during pregnancy persistently alters the offspring microbiome in a primate model. | the intestinal microbiome is a unique ecosystem and an essential mediator of metabolism and obesity in mammals. however, studies investigating the impact of the diet on the establishment of the gut microbiome early in life are generally lacking, and most notably so in primate models. here we report that a high-fat maternal or postnatal diet, but not obesity per se, structures the offspring's intestinal microbiome in macaca fuscata (japanese macaque). the resultant microbial dysbiosis is only par ... | 2014 | 24846660 |
| consumption of a western-style diet during pregnancy impairs offspring islet vascularization in a japanese macaque model. | children exposed to a maternal western-style diet in utero have an increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes. understanding the mechanisms and an investigation of possible interventions are critical to reversing this phenomenon. we examined the impact of maternal western-style diet consumption on the development of islet vascularization and innervation, both of which are critical to normal islet function, in fetal and juvenile offspring. furthermore, we assessed whether improved dietary intak ... | 2014 | 24844258 |
| measuring cone density in a japanese macaque (macaca fuscata) model of age-related macular degeneration with commercially available adaptive optics. | the aim of this study was to assess the feasibility of using a commercially available high-resolution adaptive optics (ao) camera to image the cone mosaic in japanese macaques (macaca fuscata) with dominantly inherited drusen. the macaques examined develop drusen closely resembling those seen in humans with age-related macular degeneration (amd). for each animal, we acquired and processed images from the ao camera, montaged the results into a composite image, applied custom cone-counting softwar ... | 2014 | 24664712 |
| impact assessment of dam construction and forest management for japanese macaque habitats in snowy areas. | japanese macaques (macaca fuscata) in their northernmost habitats represent a keystone species and play a central role in heavy snowfall ecosystems. however, distributions have been restricted by pre-war hunting, and populations are facing issues of natural forest losses caused by new dam constructions and massive conifer plantations. in the present study, we predicted the influences of these environmental conditions on macaque habitats during each season, and evaluated the effect of natural for ... | 2014 | 24532181 |
| functions of an unreported "rocking-embrace" gesture between female japanese macaques (macaca fuscata) in kinkazan island, japan. | recently, research has focused on the effects of the concurrence of multimodal signals and their efficacy and meaning. we observed an unreported behaviour, a ventro-ventral "rocking-embrace" gesture that is always accompanied by lip smacking as the facial expression and sometimes by a girney call, in wild japanese macaques (macaca fuscata) living in kinkazan island, northern japan. this study examined the form and contexts of the occurrence of such multimodal signals in order to elucidate its fu ... | 2014 | 24519610 |
| maintaining social cohesion is a more important determinant of patch residence time than maximizing food intake rate in a group-living primate, japanese macaque (macaca fuscata). | animals have been assumed to employ an optimal foraging strategy (e.g., rate-maximizing strategy). in patchy food environments, intake rate within patches is positively correlated with patch quality, and declines as patches are depleted through consumption. this causes patch-leaving and determines patch residence time. in group-foraging situations, patch residence times are also affected by patch sharing. optimal patch models for groups predict that patch residence times decrease as the number o ... | 2014 | 24515524 |
| social consequences of disability in a nonhuman primate. | debates about the likelihood of conspecific care for disabled individuals in ancestral hominins rely on evidence from extant primates, yet little is known about social treatment (positive, neutral or negative) of physically disabled individuals in nonhuman primates. a group of free-ranging japanese macaques (macaca fuscata) at the awajishima monkey center (amc) in japan presents a unique opportunity to investigate the relationships between physical impairment and social behavior, in the context ... | 2014 | 24508353 |
| activity and social factors affect cohesion among individuals in female japanese macaques: a simultaneous focal-follow study. | understanding cohesion among individuals within a group is necessary to reveal the social system of group-living primates. japanese macaques (macaca fuscata) are female-philopatric primates that reside in social groups. we investigated whether individual activity and social factors can affect spatio-temporal cohesion in wild female japanese macaques. we conducted behavioral observation on a group, which contained 38 individuals and ranged over ca. 60 ha during the study period. two observers car ... | 2014 | 24500736 |
| congenital malformations in japanese macaques (macaca fuscata) at takasakiyama. | from the late 1960s to the early 1970s, many congenitally malformed infants were born into provisioned japanese macaque troops. although the exact cause of this problem was not determined, the occurrence of malformations decreased thereafter. we examined possible factors such as total population size, number of adult females, birth rate, and volume of provisioned food. agrichemicals attached to provisioned food are suspected as the main cause, as other factors were found to have no influence. ma ... | 2014 | 24474604 |
| development of sexual behavior in free-ranging female japanese macaques. | we studied the development of sexual behaviors in female japanese macaques (macaca fuscata) living at arashiyama, japan, in a group where adult females routinely exhibit sexual interactions with both males and females. our cross-sectional data on juvenile, adolescent, and adult females supported most of our predictions related to the learning hypothesis, which holds that adolescence serves to provide females with a period in which to practice adult female-like sexual behavioral patterns, includi ... | 2014 | 24435589 |
| problems associated with the seed-trap method when measuring seed dispersal in forests inhabited by japanese macaques. | despite the widespread use of seed/litter traps in seed dispersal ecology, several problems have arisen when using this method in forests inhabited by semi-terrestrial monkeys. the first issue is the height of the trap relative to the location where macaques spit seeds and/or defecate. for japanese macaques in the lowland forests of yakushima island, southern japan, 30-50% of the seeds emitted from cheek pouches and faeces will not be caught by seed traps, leading to underestimation of seed fall ... | 2014 | 24378823 |
| ecosystem impacts of folivory and frugivory by japanese macaques in two temperate forests in yakushima. | comparing animal consumption to plant primary production provides a means of assessing an animal's impact on the ecosystem and an evaluation of resource limitation. here, we compared annual fruit and leaf consumption by japanese macaques (macaca fuscata) relative to the annual production of these foods in the lowlands and highlands of yakushima island, japan. we estimated consumption by macaques by the direct observation of macaque groups for 1 year in each habitat. we estimated leaf production ... | 2014 | 24375432 |
| mycophagy among japanese macaques in yakushima: fungal species diversity and behavioral patterns. | mycophagy (fungus-feeding) by japanese macaques (macaca fuscata yakui) in yakushima has been observed by many researchers, but no detailed information is available on this behavior, including which fungal species are consumed. to provide a general description of mycophagy and to understand how and whether macaques avoid poisonous fungi, we conducted behavioral observation of wild japanese macaques in yakushima and used molecular techniques to identify fungal species. the results indicate that th ... | 2014 | 24338126 |
| short-term separation from groups by male japanese macaques: costs and benefits in feeding behavior and social interaction. | to expand our understanding of fission-fusion behavior and determine its variability among primates, studies of both individual-based and group-based fission-fusion are necessary. we conducted a parallel tracking study of male and female japanese macaques (macaca fuscata yakui) during the non-mating season to clarify the general features of separate ranging by males of this species, an example of fission-fusion behavior, and to reveal its associated costs and benefits. males frequently engaged i ... | 2014 | 24323447 |
| a morphological study of the multi infraorbital canals of the maxilla in the japanese macaque by cone-beam computed tomography. | the infraorbital canal in the japanese macaque is composed of main and accessory canals. however, the morphological features of the infraorbital canal, such as the canal course and the supply of infraorbital vessels and nerves in the maxilla, are poorly characterized. in this study, we show the structure of the infraorbital canal of the japanese macaque (adults; 10 male, 9 female), including the distribution of these vessels and nerves, using cone-beam computed tomography and a macroscopic appar ... | 2014 | 24271504 |
| sleep duration is affected by social relationships among sleeping partners in wild japanese macaques. | co-sleeping behaviour, such as sharing a sleeping site or bed, should play an important role in determining sleep structure in mammals by mitigating predation pressure and harsh abiotic conditions during sleep. although environmental factors surrounding sleeping sites have been studied, there is very little information on the effects of the social environment within the site on sleep in animals other than humans. here, we quantified the duration of nighttime sleep of wild primates during behavio ... | 2014 | 24216082 |
| non-invasive collection and analysis of semen in wild macaques. | assessments of primate male fertility via semen analyses are so far restricted to captivity. this study describes a non-invasive method to collect and analyse semen in wild primates, based on fieldwork with yakushima macaques (macaca fuscata yakui). over nine mating seasons between 1993 and 2010, 128 masturbatory ejaculations were recorded in 21 males of 5 study troops, and in 11 non-troop males. in 55%, ejaculate volume was directly estimated, and in 37%, ph-value, sperm vitality, numbers, morp ... | 2014 | 24193510 |
| the effect of solicitations on grooming exchanges among female japanese macaques at katsuyama. | in group-living primates, individuals often exchange grooming with not only kin but also non-kin. we investigated the effect of soliciting behaviors on grooming exchanges in a free-ranging japanese macaque (macaca fuscata) group at katsuyama. in this study, we used a focal animal sampling method, targeting 14 females. data were collected for 15.75 ± 2.67 (mean ± sd) hours per focal female. we classified female-female pairs into three pair types: kin pairs, affiliated non-kin pairs, and unaffilia ... | 2014 | 23857145 |
| intraspecies variation in dominance style of macaca fuscata. | knowledge of intraspecific variation is important to test the evolutionary basis of covariation in primate social systems, yet few reports have focused on it, even in the best-studied species of the macaca genus. we conducted a comparative study of the dominance styles among three provisioned, free-ranging groups of japanese macaques at shodoshima island, takasakiyama mountain and shiga heights, and collected standard data on aggressive and affiliative behavior during a period of 5 years. our da ... | 2014 | 23797620 |
| postweaning exposure to a high-fat diet is associated with alterations to the hepatic histone code in japanese macaques. | expression of circadian gene, npas2, is altered in fetal life with maternal high-fat (hf) diet exposure by virtue of alterations in the fetal histone code. we postulated that these disruptions would persist postnatally. | 2013 | 23788059 |
| the influence of age and season on fecal dehydroepiandrosterone-sulfate (dheas) concentrations in japanese macaques (macaca fuscata). | dehydroepiandrosterone (dhea) and its sulfate, dheas, are the most abundant steroid hormones in primates, providing a large reservoir of precursors for the production of androgens. dheas levels decline with age in adult humans and nonhuman primates, prompting its consideration as a biomarker of senescence. however, the mechanisms responsible for this age-related decrease and its relationship to reproduction remain elusive. this research investigated dheas concentrations in fecal samples in order ... | 2013 | 23751811 |
| differences in the morphology of the maxillary sinus and roots of teeth between macaca fuscata and macaca fuscata yakui determined using cone beam computed tomography. | the japanese macaque is an endemic species consisting of two subspecies: macaca fuscata fuscata (mff) and macaca fuscata yakui (mfy). the mfy is indigenous to yakushima island and represents a subspecies of mff that lives from honshu to shikoku and kyushu, japan. however, the differences in the skulls of the mfy and mff are unknown, despite these subspecies having different skull sizes. the maxillary sinus (ms) indicates that the features of the frontal view reflect the transversal growth of the ... | 2013 | 23614985 |
| deep brain stimulation reduces tic-related neural activity via temporal locking with stimulus pulses. | a neurosurgical intervention that has shown potential for treating basal ganglia (bg) mediated motor tics involves high-frequency deep brain stimulation (hf-dbs) targeted to the output nucleus of the bg: the globus pallidus internus (gpi). this study used a nonhuman primate (macaca fuscata) model of bg-meditated motor tics, and investigated the short-term neuronal mechanism that might underlie the beneficial effects of gpi-hf-dbs. in parallel with behavioral tic expressions, phasic alterations o ... | 2013 | 23575855 |
| effects of aromatase inhibition and androgen activity on serotonin and behavior in male macaques. | aggression in humans and animals has been linked to androgens and serotonin function. to further our understanding of the effect of androgens on serotonin and aggression in male macaques, we sought to manipulate circulating androgens and the activity of aromatase; and to then determine behavior and the endogenous availability of serotonin. male japanese macaques (macaca fuscata) were castrated for 5-7 months and then treated for 3 months with (a) placebo; (b) testosterone (t); (c) t + dutasterid ... | 2013 | 23506438 |
| developmental anatomy in the zonular connection with lens capsule in macaque eye. | morphological analyses of zonule conjugated with lens capsule were performed on the developmental change in eyes from the age of fetus to 7 years old of the rhesus macaques (macaca fuscata). the zonule was filamentous network in late fetus. after birth, the zonular microfibrils originated from the nonpigmented epithelium of the ciliary process. on the extending path toward the lens capsule through the chamber, microfibril assembled with neighbor fibril and also cohered with one another forming b ... | 2013 | 23468417 |
| characteristics of stable isotope signature of diet in tissues of captive japanese macaques as revealed by controlled feeding. | we determined the magnitude of isotopic fractionation of carbon and nitrogen stable isotope ratios (as enrichment factors, δδ(13)c and δδ(15)n, respectively) between the tissues and diets of captive japanese macaques (macaca fuscata) using a controlled feeding experiment, to provide basic data for reconstructing their feeding habits. the δδ(13)c and δδ(15)n values, respectively, were 0.9 ± 0.2 ‰ (mean ± standard deviation, sd) and 3.0 ± 0.3 ‰ for whole blood, 1.3 ± 0.2 ‰ and 4.3 ± 0.3 ‰ for plas ... | 2013 | 23463020 |
| age- and sex-dependent contact call usage in japanese macaques. | the question of the flexibility of nonhuman primate vocal communication remains open today, especially due to early evidence of innately guided vocal production. however, socially determined flexibility can be found when the debate is moved from vocal structure to vocal usage. while increasing evidence shows that the audience quality influences the vocal behaviour of nonhuman primates, the impact of the caller's characteristics has been far less studied. here, we tested the influence of an indiv ... | 2013 | 23455845 |
| influence of heavy snow on the feeding behavior of japanese macaques (macaca fuscata) in northern japan. | natural disasters can degrade primate habitat and alter feeding behavior. here, we examined the influence of unusually heavy snow on diet and feeding-site use by japanese macaques (macaca fuscata) in northern japan. to compare the winter-feeding behavior under different snow conditions, we recorded the plant species foraged on by macaques in multiple transects of the shirakami mountains from 2008 to 2012 (excluding 2011). we used cluster analysis to describe foraged plant assemblages, and applie ... | 2013 | 23436304 |
| perception of the motion trajectory of objects from moving cast shadows in infant japanese macaques (macaca fuscata). | the shadows cast by moving objects enable human adults and infants to infer the motion trajectories of objects. nonhuman animals must also be able to discriminate between objects and their shadows and infer the spatial layout of objects from cast shadows. however, the evolutionary and comparative developmental origins of sensitivity to cast shadows have not been investigated. in this study, we used a familiarity/novelty preferential looking procedure to assess the ability of infant macaques, age ... | 2013 | 23432832 |
| the three-dimensional microanatomy of the pancreatic duct system in the japanese monkey, macaca fuscata, with special reference to fine proximal passages of a high species-specificity. | we have previously shown the duct system in the rat pancreas to consist of two parts: a fine proximal (intercalated) duct and thicker distal (intralobular and interlobular) duct, with the latter part displaying morphological signs indicative of a bicarbonate-rich fluid secretion. in this study the pancreatic duct system in the japanese monkey macaca fuscata was observed by scanning electron microscopy after the hydrolytic exposure of cell surfaces as well as by transmission electron microscopy o ... | 2013 | 23428980 |
| pancreatic inflammation and increased islet macrophages in insulin-resistant juvenile primates. | chronic high caloric intake has contributed to the increased prevalence of pediatric obesity and related morbidities. most overweight or obese children, however, do not present with frank metabolic disease but rather insulin resistance or subclinical precursors. the innate immune system plays a role in the pathophysiology of type 2 diabetes but how it contributes to early metabolic dysfunction in children on chronic high-fat diet (hfd) is unclear. we hypothesize that such inflammation is present ... | 2013 | 23420316 |
| resource use of japanese macaques in heavy snowfall areas: implications for habitat management. | populations of japanese macaque (macaca fuscata) that inhabit the northernmost distribution of any nonhuman primates have been listed as endangered in japan; however, macaques are widely known for being pests that cause agricultural damage. this study identified priority areas for the conservation and management of macaque habitats, by comparing the resource use of troops occupying remote mountains (montane troops) against troops inhabiting disturbed forests adjacent to settlements (rural troops ... | 2013 | 23400822 |
| spontaneous synchronization of arm motion between japanese macaques. | humans show spontaneous synchronization of movements during social interactions; this coordination has been shown to facilitate smooth communication. although human studies exploring spontaneous synchronization are increasing in number, little is known about this phenomenon in other species. in this study, we examined spontaneous behavioural synchronization between monkeys in a laboratory setting. synchronization was quantified by changes in button-pressing behaviour while pairs of monkeys were ... | 2013 | 23359601 |
| isolation and dna characterization of a simian retrovirus 5 from a japanese monkey (macaca fuscata). | an srv-like virus was isolated from a colony-born japanese monkey. to identify this srv-like virus, we designed universal primers at regions that were conserved among the reported srv sequences in the 5'-ltr and the short orf and we obtained plasmid clones containing the complete gag, prt, pol and env genes. the full-length sequences of the isolate were determined from the plasmids and by direct sequencing. sequence comparisons and phylogenetic analyses indicated that this srv-like virus had a s ... | 2013 | 23324469 |
| goal-oriented, flexible use of numerical operations by monkeys. | previous studies have shown that elementary aspects of numerical abilities have developed in non-human primates. in the present study, we explored the potential for the development of a novel ability in the use of numerical operations by macaque monkeys (macaca fuscata): adequate selection of a series of numerical actions toward achieving a behavioral goal. we trained monkeys to use a pair of devices to selectively add or subtract items to/from a digital array in order to match a previously view ... | 2013 | 23299224 |
| structure, gene expression, and evolution of primate copper chaperone for superoxide dismutase. | copper chaperone for superoxide dismutase (ccs) is essential for transporting copper ion to cu,zn-superoxide dismutase (cu,zn-sod). we cloned cdnas for six primate species' ccss. the total number of amino acid residues of primate ccss is 274. similarities between primates were over 96%. important residues for the ccs function were well conserved. a phylogenetic tree of ccss and cu,zn-sods from various organisms showed that these two proteins were derived from a common ancestor, diverging very ea ... | 2013 | 23235117 |
| monkeys in the middle: parasite transmission through the social network of a wild primate. | in wildlife populations, group-living is thought to increase the probability of parasite transmission because contact rates increase at high host densities. physical contact, such as social grooming, is an important component of group structure, but it can also increase the risk of exposure to infection for individuals because it provides a mechanism for transmission of potentially pathogenic organisms. living in groups can also create variation in susceptibility to infection among individuals b ... | 2012 | 23227246 |
| grooming-related feeding motivates macaques to groom and affects grooming reciprocity and episode duration in japanese macaques (macaca fuscata). | allogrooming is considered as an altruistic behavior wherein primates exchange grooming as a tradable commodity for reciprocal grooming or other commodities such as support during aggression and tolerance during co-feeding. first, we report a case of the grooming relationships of the lowest-ranking adult female in a group of japanese macaques (macaca fuscata). the female (lp) had lost a portion of the fur and was groomed by higher-ranking individuals without providing reciprocal grooming or othe ... | 2013 | 23206904 |
| perinatal exposure to a high-fat diet is associated with reduced hepatic sympathetic innervation in one-year old male japanese macaques. | our group recently demonstrated that maternal high-fat diet (hfd) consumption is associated with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, increased apoptosis, and changes in gluconeogenic gene expression and chromatin structure in fetal nonhuman primate (nhp) liver. however, little is known about the long-term effects that a hfd has on hepatic nervous system development in offspring, a system that plays an important role in regulating hepatic metabolism. utilizing immunohistochemistry and real-time pc ... | 2012 | 23118937 |
| the effect of long-term ovariectomy on midbrain stress systems in free ranging macaques. | communication between the serotonin system and the crf system plays a pivotal role in the mediation of stress and stress reactivity. crf appears to be inhibitory of serotonin neurotransmission through the crf receptor type 1 (crf-r1). serotonin neurons also detect the urocortins, which are thought to be anxiolytic. components of the crf system in the serotonergic dorsal raphe region were examined in macaques that were ovary-intact or ovariectomized for 3 years living in a relatively natural envi ... | 2012 | 23036275 |
| social relationships of nulliparous young adult females beyond the ordinary age of the first birth in a free-ranging troop of japanese macaques (macaca fuscata). | we describe the social relationships of young adult female japanese macaques (macaca fuscata) in a free-ranging troop in arashiyama, kyoto, japan, who remained nulliparous beyond the ordinary age of first birth because of contraceptive administration. we observed 12 young nulliparous adult females (6-9 years old) for 270 h and 10 min from 2 february to 5 october 2010. the majority maintained close relationships with their mothers through proximity and grooming, whereas a few had very infrequent ... | 2013 | 22926656 |
| genetic dissection of the circuit for hand dexterity in primates. | it is generally accepted that the direct connection from the motor cortex to spinal motor neurons is responsible for dexterous hand movements in primates. however, the role of the 'phylogenetically older' indirect pathways from the motor cortex to motor neurons, mediated by spinal interneurons, remains elusive. here we used a novel double-infection technique to interrupt the transmission through the propriospinal neurons (pns), which act as a relay of the indirect pathway in macaque monkeys (mac ... | 2012 | 22722837 |
| investigation of cadmium contamination using hair of the japanese macaque, macaca fuscata, from shimokita peninsula, aomori prefecture in japan. | the cadmium (cd) contents in hair of macaques (n = 45, macaca fuscata) living on the shimokita peninsula were investigated. the mean cd contents in the hair of japanese (n = 34, 5.01 μg/g) and macaques (3.05 μg/g) tendency to be higher than those of animals living other areas. the cd contents of hair of wild macaques were significantly (p < 0.01) lower than that of humans, although three were no significant difference between cd contents of humans and that of the macaque in captivity. the hair o ... | 2012 | 22684399 |
| ogmocotyle ailuri (price, 1954) (digenea: notocotylidae) found in the japanese monkey, macaca fuscata. | several dozens of small trematodes were found in the small intestine of a japanese monkey, macaca fuscata, that was captured in sendai city, miyagi prefecture, japan. the trematode was identified as ogmocotyle ailuri. this is the first case of a japanese monkey infected with ogmocotyle trematodes, and a new host record for o. ailuri. | 2012 | 22673494 |
| possible use of heterospecific food-associated calls of macaques by sika deer for foraging efficiency. | heterospecific communication signals sometimes convey relevant information for animal survival. for example, animals use or eavesdrop on heterospecific alarm calls concerning common predators. indeed, most observations have been reported regarding anti-predator strategies. use of heterospecific signals has rarely been observed as part of a foraging strategy. here, i report empirical evidence, collected using playback experiments, showing that japanese sika deer, cevus nippon, use heterospecific ... | 2012 | 22641112 |
| decoding continuous three-dimensional hand trajectories from epidural electrocorticographic signals in japanese macaques. | brain–machine interface (bmi) technology captures brain signals to enable control of prosthetic or communication devices with the goal of assisting patients who have limited or no ability to perform voluntary movements. decoding of inherent information in brain signals to interpret the user’s intention is one of main approaches for developing bmi technology. subdural electrocorticography (secog)-based decoding provides good accuracy, but surgical complications are one of the major concerns for t ... | 2012 | 22627008 |
| evaluation of the predictive performance of a pharmacokinetic model for propofol in japanese macaques (macaca fuscata fuscata). | propofol is a short-acting intravenous anesthetic used for induction/maintenance anesthesia. the objective of this study was to assess a population pharmacokinetic (ppk) model for japanese macaques during a step-down infusion of propofol. five male japanese macaques were immobilized with ketamine (10 mg/kg) and atropine (0.02 mg/kg). a bolus dose of propofol (5 mg/kg) was administrated intravenously (360 mg/kg/h) followed by step-down infusion at 40 mg/kg/h for 10 min, 20 mg/kg/h for 10 min, and ... | 2013 | 22568878 |
| disability, compensatory behavior, and innovation in free-ranging adult female japanese macaques (macaca fuscata). | little is known about consequences of disability in nonhuman primates, yet individuals with disabilities can reveal much about behavioral flexibility, innovation, and the capabilities of a species. the macaca fuscata population surrounding the awajishima monkey center has experienced high rates of congenital limb malformation for at least 40 years, creating a unique opportunity to examine consequences of physical impairment in situ, in a relatively large sample of free-ranging adult monkeys. her ... | 2012 | 22549480 |
| muscle dimensions in the japanese macaque hand. | macaques have been used as an important paradigm for understanding the neural control mechanisms of human precision grip capabilities. therefore, we dissected the forearms and hands of two male japanese macaques to systematically record the muscle mass, fascicle length and physiological cross-sectional area (pcsa). comparisons of the mass fractions and pcsa fractions of the hand musculature among the japanese macaque, chimpanzee, and human demonstrated that the sizes of the thenar and hypothenar ... | 2012 | 22526462 |
| somatostatin-immunoreactive senile plaque-like structures in the frontal cortex and nucleus accumbens of aged tree shrews and japanese macaques. | previously, we demonstrated decreased expression of somatostatin mrna in aged macaque brain, particularly in the prefrontal cortex. to investigate whether or not this age-dependent decrease in mrna is related to morphological changes, we analyzed somatostatin cells in the cerebra of aged japanese macaques and compared them with those in rats and tree shrews, the latter of which are closely related to primates. | 2012 | 22512242 |