| prevalence of cardinium bacteria in planthoppers and spider mites and taxonomic revision of "candidatus cardinium hertigii" based on detection of a new cardinium group from biting midges. | cardinium bacteria, members of the phylum cytophaga-flavobacterium-bacteroides (cfb), are intracellular bacteria in arthropods that are capable of inducing reproductive abnormalities in their hosts, which include parasitic wasps, mites, and spiders. a high frequency of cardinium infection was detected in planthoppers (27 out of 57 species were infected). a high frequency of cardinium infection was also found in spider mites (9 out of 22 species were infected). frequencies of double infection by ... | 2009 | 19734338 |
| bb0323 function is essential for borrelia burgdorferi virulence and persistence through tick-rodent transmission cycle. | borrelia burgdorferi bb0323 encodes an immunogenic protein in mammalian hosts, including humans. an analysis of bb0323 expression in vivo showed variable transcription throughout the spirochete infection cycle, with elevated expression during tick-mouse transmission. deletion of bb0323 in infectious b. burgdorferi did not affect microbial survival in vitro, despite considerable alterations in growth kinetics and cell morphology. the bb0323 mutants were unable to infect either mice or ticks and w ... | 2009 | 19754308 |
| toll-like receptors 1 and 2 heterodimers alter borrelia burgdorferi gene expression in mice and ticks. | borrelia burgdorferi, the agent of lyme disease, is recognized by toll-like receptor (tlr) 1 and 2 heterodimers. microarray analysis of in vivo b. burgdorferi gene expression in murine skin showed that several genes were altered in tlr1/2-deficient animals compared with wild-type mice. for example, expression of bbe21 (a gene involved in b. burgdorferi lp25 plasmid maintenance) and bb0665 (a gene encoding a glycosyl transferase) were higher in tlr1/2-deficient mice than in control animals. in co ... | 2009 | 19754309 |
| efficacy of a nonadjuvanted, outer surface protein a, recombinant vaccine in dogs after challenge by ticks naturally infected with borrelia burgdorferi. | in a blinded, controlled study, thirty purpose-bred, borrelia burgdorferi negative, mixed-breed dogs 10 to 12 weeks of age were randomly divided into three groups of ten animals each for the purpose of evaluating a recombinant nonadjuvanted b. burgdorferi ospa vaccine (recombitek lyme [merial limited]) for efficacy and safety. two groups received two doses of two different lots ofa nonadjuvanted, ospa, recombinant vaccine; the third group served as nonvaccinated controls. all dogs were challenge ... | 2000 | 19757556 |
| precipitation and temperature as predictors of the local abundance of ixodes scapularis (acari: ixodidae) nymphs. | populations of ixodes scapularis say nymphs were surveyed at a lyme disease- endemic area for 8 consecutive yr (1998-2005) to characterize annual changes in abundance. precipitation and temperature were also monitored over the period 1998-2004 to determine their potential value as predictors of tick abundance. although both parameters showed annual variation, no statistical differences in the annual abundance of i. scapularis nymphs were observed over the 8-yr period. our results suggest that pr ... | 2009 | 19769032 |
| bbk07, a dominant in vivo antigen of borrelia burgdorferi, is a potential marker for serodiagnosis of lyme disease. | one of the recently identified borrelia burgdorferi immunogens, bbk07, is characterized for its expression in the spirochete infection cycle and evaluated for its potential use as a serodiagnostic marker for lyme disease. we show that the bbk07 gene is expressed at extremely low levels in vitro and in ticks but is dramatically induced by spirochetes once introduced into the host and is highly expressed throughout mammalian infection. in contrast, the expression of bbk12, a paralog of bbk07 with ... | 2009 | 19776192 |
| anaplasmosis and ehrlichiosis - maine, 2008. | anaplasmosis and ehrlichiosis are rickettsial tickborne diseases that have had at least a twofold increase in prevalence in the united states since 2000. despite similar clinical presentations, the causative organisms are carried by different ticks with distinct geographic and ecologic associations. surveillance efforts are complicated by ambiguous terminology and serologic testing with antibody cross-reactivity. although anaplasmosis historically has been reported in maine, ehrlichiosis has bee ... | 2009 | 19779398 |
| population structure of the lyme borreliosis spirochete borrelia burgdorferi in the western black-legged tick (ixodes pacificus) in northern california. | factors potentially contributing to the lower incidence of lyme borreliosis (lb) in the far-western than in the northeastern united states include tick host-seeking behavior resulting in fewer human tick encounters, lower densities of borrelia burgdorferi-infected vector ticks in peridomestic environments, and genetic variation among b. burgdorferi spirochetes to which humans are exposed. we determined the population structure of b. burgdorferi in over 200 infected nymphs of the primary bridging ... | 2009 | 19783741 |
| anaplasma phagocytophilum and ehrlichia muris induce cytopenias and global defects in hematopoiesis. | | 2009 | 19793126 |
| detection of novel sequences related to african swine fever virus in human serum and sewage. | the family asfarviridae contains only a single virus species, african swine fever virus (asfv). asfv is a viral agent with significant economic impact due to its devastating effects on populations of domesticated pigs during outbreaks but has not been reported to infect humans. we report here the discovery of novel viral sequences in human serum and sewage which are clearly related to the asfarvirus family but highly divergent from asfv. detection of these sequences suggests that greater genetic ... | 2009 | 19812170 |
| blood feeding by the rocky mountain spotted fever vector, dermacentor andersoni, induces interleukin-4 expression by cognate antigen responding cd4+ t cells. | abstract: | 2009 | 19814808 |
| a typhus group-specific protease defies reductive evolution in rickettsiae. | phylogenomics reveals extreme gene loss in typhus group (tg) rickettsiae relative to the levels for other rickettsial lineages. we report here a curious protease-encoding gene (ppce) that is conserved only in tg rickettsiae. as a possible determinant of host pathogenicity, ppce warrants consideration in the development of therapeutics against epidemic and murine typhus. | 2009 | 19820087 |
| characterization of the highly regulated antigen bba05 in the enzootic cycle of borrelia burgdorferi. | dramatic alteration of surface lipoprotein profiles is a key strategy that borrelia burgdorferi, the lyme disease pathogen, has evolved for adapting to the diverse environments of arthropod and mammalian hosts. several of these differentially expressed lipoproteins have been shown to play important roles in the enzootic cycle of b. burgdorferi. the bba05 protein is a previously identified putative lipoprotein (p55 or s1 antigen) that elicits antibody responses in mammals. recent microarray analy ... | 2010 | 19822648 |
| passage through ixodes scapularis ticks enhances the virulence of a weakly pathogenic isolate of borrelia burgdorferi. | lyme disease is the most common tick-borne illness in the united states. in this paper we explore the contribution of ixodes scapularis ticks to the pathogenicity of borrelia burgdorferi in mice. previously we demonstrated that an isolate of b. burgdorferi sensu stricto (designated n40), passaged 75 times in vitro (n40-75), was infectious but was no longer able to cause arthritis and carditis in c3h mice. we now show that n40-75 spirochetes can readily colonize i. scapularis and multiply during ... | 2010 | 19822652 |
| searching for new clues about the molecular cause of endomyocardial fibrosis by way of in silico proteomics and analytical chemistry. | endomyocardial fibrosis (emf) -is a chronic inflammatory disease of the heart with related pathology to that of late stage chaga's disease. indeed, both diseases are thought to result from auto-immune responses against myocardial tissue. as is the case that molecular mimicry between the acidic termini of trypanosoma cruzi ribosomal p0, p1 and p2beta (or simply tcp0, tcp1, and tcp2beta) proteins and myocardial tissue causes chaga's disease, excessive exposure to certain infections, toxins includi ... | 2009 | 19823676 |
| two novel neuropeptides in innervation of the salivary glands of the black-legged tick, ixodes scapularis: myoinhibitory peptide and sifamide. | the peptidergic signaling system is an ancient cell-cell communication mechanism that is involved in numerous behavioral and physiological events in multicellular organisms. we identified two novel neuropeptides in the neuronal projections innervating the salivary glands of the black-legged tick, ixodes scapularis (say, 1821). myoinhibitory peptide (mip) and sifamide immunoreactivities were colocalized in the protocerebral cells and their projections terminating on specific cells of salivary gla ... | 2009 | 19824085 |
| structure and mode of action of microplusin, a copper ii-chelating antimicrobial peptide from the cattle tick rhipicephalus (boophilus) microplus. | microplusin, a rhipicephalus (boophilus) microplus antimicrobial peptide (amp) is the first fully characterized member of a new family of cysteine-rich amps with histidine-rich regions at the n and c termini. in the tick, microplusin belongs to the arsenal of innate defense molecules active against bacteria and fungi. here we describe the nmr solution structure of microplusin and demonstrate that the protein binds copper ii and iron ii. structured as a single alpha-helical globular domain, micro ... | 2009 | 19828445 |
| babesiosis as a rare cause of fever in the immunocompromised patient: a case report. | this is the case of a rare and regional disease not often considered in the immunocompromised patient presenting with a chief complaint of fever. | 2009 | 19829959 |
| germination behavior, biochemical features and sequence analysis of the rack1/arca homolog from phaseolus vulgaris. | partial peptide sequence of a 36 kda protein from common bean embryo axes showed 100% identity with a reported beta-subunit of a heterotrimeric g protein from soybean. analysis of the full sequence showed 96.6% identity with the reported soybean g(beta)-subunit, 86% with rack1b and c from arabidopsis and 66% with human and mouse rack1, at the amino acid level. in addition, it showed 85.5, 85 and 83% identities with arca from solanum lycopersicum, arabidopsis (rack1a) and nicotiana tabacum, respe ... | 2009 | 19832940 |
| transformation of anaplasma marginale. | the tick-borne pathogen, anaplasma marginale, has a complex life cycle involving ruminants and ixodid ticks. it causes bovine anaplasmosis, a disease with significant economic impact on cattle farming worldwide. the obligate intracellular growth requirement of the bacteria poses a challenging obstacle to their genetic manipulation, a problem shared with other prokaryotes in the genera anaplasma, ehrlichia, and rickettsia. following our successful transformation of the human anaplasmosis agent, a ... | 2010 | 19837516 |
| destruction of spirochete borrelia burgdorferi round-body propagules (rbs) by the antibiotic tigecycline. | persistence of tissue spirochetes of borrelia burgdorferi as helices and round bodies (rbs) explains many erythema-lyme disease symptoms. spirochete rbs (reproductive propagules also called coccoid bodies, globular bodies, spherical bodies, granules, cysts, l-forms, sphaeroplasts, or vesicles) are induced by environmental conditions unfavorable for growth. viable, they grow, move and reversibly convert into motile helices. reversible pleiomorphy was recorded in at least six spirochete genera (>1 ... | 2009 | 19843691 |
| delineation of a new species of the borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato complex, borrelia americana sp. nov. | analysis of borrelia isolates collected from ticks, birds, and rodents from the southeastern united states revealed the presence of well-established populations of borrelia burgdorferi sensu stricto, borrelia bissettii, borrelia carolinensis, and borrelia sp. nov. multilocus sequence analysis of five genomic loci from seven samples representing borrelia sp. nov. isolated from nymphal ixodes minor collected in south carolina showed their close relatedness to california strains known as genomospec ... | 2009 | 19846628 |
| feeding-associated gene expression in sheep scab mites (psoroptes ovis). | the mite psoroptes ovis is the causative agent of sheep scab. although not usually fatal, the disease can spread rapidly and is a serious animal welfare concern. vaccine development against ectoparasites has primarily focussed on two sources of candidate vaccine antigens - "exposed" antigens that are secreted in saliva during feeding on a host and "concealed" antigens that are usually expressed in the parasite gut and may be involved in digestion. here, we sought to identify genes encoding prote ... | 2010 | 19852923 |
| purification and characterization of a novel salivary antimicrobial peptide from the tick, ixodes scapularis. | a novel antimicrobial peptide was isolated from the saliva of the lyme disease tick vector, ixodes scapularis, henceforth designated as isamp (i. scapularis antimicrobial peptide). isamp was purified using a sequential method including ultra filtration, gel filtration and reverse-phase high performance liquid chromatography. the purified peak had a molecular weight of 5.3kda by maldi/tof-ms and its amino acid sequence, determined by edman degradation was pdxgxpxxvkagrxpxxsi. a blastp search reve ... | 2009 | 19852941 |
| distribution of antibodies reactive to borrelia lonestari and borrelia burgdorferi in white-tailed deer (odocoileus virginianus) populations in the eastern united states. | southern tick-associated rash illness is a lyme-like syndrome that occurs in the southern states. borrelia lonestari, which has been suggested as a possible causative agent of southern tick-associated rash illness, naturally infects white-tailed deer (wtd; odocoileus virginianus) and is transmitted by the lone star tick (amblyomma americanum). to better understand the prevalence and distribution of borrelia exposure among wtd, we tested wtd from 21 eastern states for antibodies reactive to b. lo ... | 2009 | 19874183 |
| prevalence of ehrlichia chaffeensis and ehrlichia ewingii in ticks from tennessee. | human ehrlichiosis is the second most common tick-borne disease reported in tennessee after rocky mountain spotted fever. two closely related ehrlichiae, ehrlichia chaffeensis and ehrlichia ewingii, are both causative agents of human disease and are transmitted by amblyomma americanum, the lone star tick. prevalence rates and distribution patterns of these pathogens among ticks in tennessee are currently unknown. to understand prevalence and exposure risk of ehrlichia spp., we tested 616 ticks ( ... | 2010 | 19877819 |
| granulocytic anaplasmosis in three dogs from saskatoon, saskatchewan. | three dogs from saskatoon, saskatchewan were diagnosed with acute granulocytic anaplasmosis. fever, lethargy, inappetence, vomiting, diarrhea, and lameness were reported. lymphopenia, thrombocytopenia, and splenomegaly were identified in all dogs. inclusions were identified within the cytoplasm of blood neutrophils, and infection with anaplasma phagocytophilum was confirmed by polymerase chain reaction. | 2009 | 19881921 |
| bosr (bb0647) governs virulence expression in borrelia burgdorferi. | summary borrelia burgdorferi (bb), the lyme disease spirochaete, encodes a potential ferric uptake regulator (fur) homologue, bosr (bb0647). thus far, a role for bosr in bb metabolism, gene regulation or pathogenesis has not been determined, largely due to the heretofore inability to inactivate bosr in low-passage, infectious bb isolates. herein, we report the generation of the first bosr-deficient mutant in a virulent strain of bb. whereas the bosr mutant persisted normally in ticks, the mutant ... | 2009 | 19889086 |
| the bosr regulatory protein of borrelia burgdorferi interfaces with the rpos regulatory pathway and modulates both the oxidative stress response and pathogenic properties of the lyme disease spirochete. | summary borrelia burgdorferi, the lyme disease spirochete, adapts as it moves between the arthropod and mammalian hosts that it infects. we hypothesize that bosr serves as a global regulator in b. burgdorferi to modulate the oxidative stress response and adapt to mammalian hosts. to test this hypothesis, a bosr mutant in a low-passage b. burgdorferi isolate was constructed. the resulting bosr::kan(r) strain was altered when grown microaerobically or anaerobically suggesting that bosr is required ... | 2009 | 19906179 |
| interaction of borrelia burgdorferi hbb with the p66 promoter. | borrelia burgdorferi, an agent of lyme disease, encodes the beta(3)-chain integrin ligand p66. p66 is expressed by b. burgdorferi in the mammal, in laboratory media, and as the bacteria are acquired or transmitted by the tick, but is not expressed by the bacterium in unfed ticks. attempts to reveal factors influencing expression revealed that p66 was expressed in all in vitro conditions investigated. candidate regulators identified in a search of the b. burgdorferi genome for homologs to other b ... | 2010 | 19910373 |
| antibodies against a tick protein, salp15, protect mice from the lyme disease agent. | traditionally, vaccines directly target a pathogen or microbial toxin. lyme disease, caused by borrelia burgdorferi, is a tick-borne illness for which a human vaccine is not currently available. b. burgdorferi binds a tick salivary protein, salp15, during transmission from the vector, and this interaction facilitates infection of mice. we now show that salp15 antiserum significantly protected mice from b. burgdorferi infection. salp15 antiserum also markedly enhanced the protective capacity of a ... | 2009 | 19917502 |
| live imaging reveals a biphasic mode of dissemination of borrelia burgdorferi within ticks. | lyme disease is caused by transmission of the spirochete borrelia burgdorferi from ticks to humans. although much is known about b. burgdorferi replication, the routes and mechanisms by which it disseminates within the tick remain unclear. to better understand this process, we imaged live, infectious b. burgdorferi expressing a stably integrated, constitutively expressed gfp reporter. using isolated tick midguts and salivary glands, we observed b. burgdorferi progress through the feeding tick vi ... | 2009 | 19920352 |
| silencing of a putative immunophilin gene in the cattle tick rhipicephalus (boophilus) microplus increases the infection rate of babesia bovis in larval progeny. | abstract: | 2009 | 19930572 |
| identification and characterization of rhipicephalus (boophilus) microplus candidate protective antigens for the control of cattle tick infestations. | the cattle ticks, rhipicephalus (boophilus) spp., affect cattle production in tropical and subtropical regions of the world. tick vaccines constitute a cost-effective and environmentally friendly alternative to tick control. the recombinant rhipicephalus microplus bm86 antigen has been shown to protect cattle against tick infestations. however, variable efficacy of bm86-based vaccines against geographic tick strains has encouraged the research for additional tick-protective antigens. herein, we ... | 2010 | 19943063 |
| who is the bosr around here anyway? | borrelia burgdorferi encodes a novel dna-binding protein in the fur/perr family of transcriptional regulators termed bosr (bb0647). this issue of molecular microbiology contains two molecular genetic studies that help to clarify the function of bb0647 and resolve longstanding controversies. loss of bb0647 appears to have a pronounced effect on borrelial gene expression and, in one study, caused significant in vitro growth defects. bb0647 was also found to be essential for infection of the mammal ... | 2009 | 19943896 |
| burden of tick-borne infections on american companion animals. | this review examines the biology of ticks and tick-borne infections in the united states. the most common tick-borne diseases in dogs and cats are discussed. we demonstrate that there is much interest in tick-borne infections at the level of the lay public (pet owners), describe trends in the distribution and prevalence of tick-borne infections in the united states, summarize some issues in understanding the degree of ill health due to tick-borne infections, and suggest some avenues for research ... | 2009 | 19945085 |
| ecdysis triggering hormone signaling in arthropods. | ecdysis triggering hormones (eths) from endocrine inka cells initiate the ecdysis sequence through action on central neurons expressing eth receptors (ethr) in model moth and dipteran species. we used various biochemical, molecular and blast search techniques to detect these signaling molecules in representatives of diverse arthropods. using peptide isolation from tracheal extracts, cdna cloning or homology searches, we identified eths in a variety of hemimetabolous and holometabolous insects. m ... | 2010 | 19951734 |
| molecular identification of salp15, a key salivary gland protein in the transmission of lyme disease spirochetes, from ixodes persulcatus and ixodes pacificus (acari: ixodidae). | salp15 is a multifunctional protein, vital to the tick in its need to obtain vertebrate host blood without stimulating a host inflammatory and immune response. the salpl5 protein from both ixodes scapularis say and ixodes ricinus (l.), the principal vectors of the lyme disease spirochete in eastern north america and europe, respectively, have been well characterized and found to bind the murine cd4 receptor, dc-sign, and the ospc protein of borrelia burgdorferi. in the current study, we characte ... | 2009 | 19960697 |
| update on powassan virus: emergence of a north american tick-borne flavivirus. | powassan virus (pow) (flaviviridae: flavivirus) is the cause of rare but severe neuroinvasive disease in north america and russia. the virus is transmitted among small- and medium-sized mammals by ixodid ticks. human infections occur via spillover from the main transmission cycle(s). since the late 1990s, the incidence of human disease seems to be increasing. in addition, pow constitutes a genetically diverse group of virus genotypes, including deer tick virus, that are maintained in distinct en ... | 2010 | 19961325 |
| tick-borne agents in rodents, china, 2004-2006. | a total of 705 rodents from 6 provinces and autonomous regions of mainland people's republic of china were tested by pcrs for tick-borne agents (anaplasma phagocytophilum, borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato, spotted fever group rickettsiae, and francisella tularensis). infection rates were 5.5%, 6.7%, 9.1% and 5.0%, respectively. eighteen (2.6%) rodents of 10 species were positive for 2 or 3 agents. sequence analysis of pcr products confirmed the presence and genotypes of detected agents. these fin ... | 2009 | 19961668 |
| endosymbionts of acanthamoeba isolated from domestic tap water in korea. | in a previous study, we reported our discovery of acanthamoeba contamination in domestic tap water; in that study, we determined that some acanthamoeba strains harbor endosymbiotic bacteria, via our molecular characterization by mitochondrial dna restriction fragment length polymorphism (mt dna rflp). five (29.4%) among 17 acanthamoeba isolates contained endosymbionts in their cytoplasm, as demonstrated via orcein staining. in order to estimate their pathogenicity, we conducted a genetic charact ... | 2009 | 19967080 |
| infection of the endothelium by members of the order rickettsiales. | the vascular endothelium is the main target of a limited number of infectious agents, rickettsia, ehrlichia ruminantium, and orientia tsutsugamushi are among them. these arthropod-transmitted obligately-intracellular bacteria cause serious systemic diseases that are not infrequently lethal. in this review, we discuss the bacterial biology, vector biology, and clinical aspects of these conditions with particular emphasis on the interactions of these bacteria with the vascular endothelium and how ... | 2009 | 19967137 |
| anticoagulant activity of a sulfated galactan: serpin-independent effect and specific interaction with factor xa. | an algal sulfated galactan has high anticoagulant and antithrombotic activities. its serpin-dependent anticoagulant action is due to promoting thrombin and factor (f)xa inhibition by antithrombin and heparin cofactor ii. here, we evaluated the anticoagulant effect of the algal sulfated galactan using serpin-free plasma. in contrast to heparin, the sulfated galactan is still able to prolong coagulation time and delay thrombin and fxa generation in serpin-free plasma. we further investigated this ... | 2009 | 19967150 |
| ineffectiveness of tigecycline against persistent borrelia burgdorferi. | the effectiveness of a new first-in-class antibiotic, tigecycline (glycylcycline), was evaluated during the early dissemination (1 week), early immune (3 weeks), or late persistent (4 months) phases of borrelia burgdorferi infection in c3h mice. mice were treated with high or low doses of tigecycline, saline (negative-effect controls), or a previously published regimen of ceftriaxone (positive-effect controls). infection status was assessed at 3 months after treatment by culture, quantitative os ... | 2010 | 19995919 |
| niche partitioning of borrelia burgdorferi and borrelia miyamotoi in the same tick vector and mammalian reservoir species. | the lyme borreliosis agent borrelia burgdorferi and the relapsing fever group species borrelia miyamotoi co-occur in the united states. we used species-specific, quantitative polymerase chain reaction to study both species in the blood and skin of peromyscus leucopus mice and host-seeking ixodes scapularis nymphs at a connecticut site. bacteremias with b. burgdorferi or b. miyamotoi were most prevalent during periods of greatest activity for nymphs or larvae, respectively. whereas b. burgdorferi ... | 2009 | 19996447 |
| central role of the holliday junction helicase ruvab in vlse recombination and infectivity of borrelia burgdorferi. | antigenic variation plays a vital role in the pathogenesis of many infectious bacteria and protozoa including borrelia burgdorferi, the causative agent of lyme disease. vlse, a 35 kda surface-exposed lipoprotein, undergoes antigenic variation during b. burgdorferi infection of mammalian hosts, and is believed to be a critical mechanism by which the spirochetes evade immune clearance. random, segmental recombination between the expressed vlse gene and adjacent vls silent cassettes generates a lar ... | 2009 | 19997622 |
| cd14 signaling restrains chronic inflammation through induction of p38-mapk/socs-dependent tolerance. | current thinking emphasizes the primacy of cd14 in facilitating recognition of microbes by certain tlrs to initiate pro-inflammatory signaling events and the importance of p38-mapk in augmenting such responses. herein, this paradigm is challenged by demonstrating that recognition of live borrelia burgdorferi not only triggers an inflammatory response in the absence of cd14, but one that is, in part, a consequence of altered pi3k/akt/p38-mapk signaling and impaired negative regulation of tlr2. cd ... | 2009 | 20011115 |
| elemol and amyris oil repel the ticks ixodes scapularis and amblyomma americanum (acari: ixodidae) in laboratory bioassays. | the essential oil from amyris balsamifera (rutaceae) and elemol, a principal constituent of the essential oil of osage orange, maclura pomifera (moraceae) were evaluated in in vitro and in vivo laboratory bioassays for repellent activity against host-seeking nymphs of the blacklegged tick, ixodes scapularis, and the lone star tick, amblyomma americanum. both bioassays took advantage of the tendency of these host-seeking ticks to climb slender vertical surfaces. in one bioassay, the central porti ... | 2010 | 20016930 |
| hunchback and ikaros-like zinc finger genes control reproductive system development in caenorhabditis elegans. | here we provide evidence for a c2h2 zinc finger gene family with similarity to ikaros and hunchback. the founding member of this family is caenorhabditis elegans ehn-3, which has important and poorly understood functions in somatic gonad development. we examined the expression and function of four additional hunchback/ikaros-like (hil) genes in c. elegans reproductive system development. two genes, ehn-3 and r08e3.4, are expressed in somatic gonadal precursors (sgps) and have overlapping functio ... | 2010 | 20026024 |
| genome sequence of the endosymbiont rickettsia peacockii and comparison with virulent rickettsia rickettsii: identification of virulence factors. | rickettsia peacockii, also known as the east side agent, is a non-pathogenic obligate intracellular bacterium found as an endosymbiont in dermacentor andersoni ticks in the western usa and canada. its presence in ticks is correlated with reduced prevalence of rickettsia rickettsii, the agent of rocky mountain spotted fever. it has been proposed that a virulent sfg rickettsia underwent changes to become the east side agent. we determined the genome sequence of r. peacockii and provide a compariso ... | 2009 | 20027221 |
| identification and molecular characterization of a cyclic-di-gmp effector protein, plza (bb0733): additional evidence for the existence of a functional cyclic-di-gmp regulatory network in the lyme disease spirochete, borrelia burgdorferi. | the borrelia burgdorferi rrp1 protein is a diguanylate cyclase that controls a regulon consisting of approximately 10% of the total genome. because rrp1 lacks a dna-binding domain, its regulatory capability is most likely mediated through the production of bis-(3'-5')-cyclic dimeric gmp (c-di-gmp). c-di-gmp binds to and activates the regulatory activity of proteins that harbor a pilz domain. the occurrence of a pilz domain within a protein is not in and of itself sufficient to convey c-di-gmp bi ... | 2010 | 20030712 |
| the borrelial fibronectin-binding protein reva is an early antigen of human lyme disease. | previous studies using small numbers of serum samples from human patients and experimentally infected animals identified the frequent presence of antibodies recognizing reva, a borrelial fibronectin-binding outer surface protein. we now demonstrate that most examined lyme disease spirochetes from north america and europe contain genes encoding reva proteins, some with extensive regions of conservation and others with moderate diversity. line blot analyses using recombinant reva from two diverse ... | 2010 | 20032216 |
| rhipicephalus (boophilus) microplus: clotting time in tick-infested skin varies according to local inflammation and gene expression patterns in tick salivary glands. | ticks deposit saliva at the site of their attachment to a host in order to inhibit haemostasis, inflammation and innate and adaptive immune responses. the anti-haemostatic properties of tick saliva have been described by many studies, but few show that tick infestations or its anti-haemostatic components exert systemic effects in vivo. in the present study, we extended these observations and show that, compared with normal skin, bovine hosts that are genetically susceptible to tick infestations ... | 2010 | 20045690 |
| environmental health indicators of climate change for the united states: findings from the state environmental health indicator collaborative. | to develop public health adaptation strategies and to project the impacts of climate change on human health, indicators of vulnerability and preparedness along with accurate surveillance data on climate-sensitive health outcomes are needed. we researched and developed environmental health indicators for inputs into human health vulnerability assessments for climate change and to propose public health preventative actions. | 2009 | 20049116 |
| climate change, its impact on human health in the arctic and the public health response to threats of emerging infectious diseases. | | 2009 | 20052420 |
| severe ehrlichia infection in pediatric oncology and stem cell transplant patients. | ehrlichiosis, a tickborne illness transmitted by tick vectors amblyomma americanum and ixodes scapularis, can be acquired in endemic areas. clinical manifestations range from asymptomatic to fulminant in nature. we report three cases of ehrlichiosis in pediatric oncology patients, one of whom was a stem cell transplant recipient. early symptoms included fever, malaise, and vague gastrointestinal symptoms. laboratory abnormalities were initially attributed to chemotherapy toxicity. illness was se ... | 2010 | 20052776 |
| the immunosuppresive tick salivary protein, salp15. | the interaction between ixodid ticks and their mammalian hosts is a complex relationship. while the mammalian host tries to avoid the completion of the feeding process, the tick has devised strategies to counteract these attempts. tick saliva contains a vast array of pharmacological activities that presumably aid the tick to evade host responses, including anticomplement, oxidative and innate and adaptive immune responses. the characterization of these activities has gained momentum in the last ... | 2009 | 20054980 |
| treatment of lyme borreliosis. | borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato is the causative agent of lyme borreliosis in humans. this inflammatory disease can affect the skin, the peripheral and central nervous system, the musculoskeletal and cardiovascular system and rarely the eyes. early stages are directly associated with viable bacteria at the site of inflammation. the pathogen-host interaction is complex and has been elucidated only in part. b. burgdorferi is highly susceptible to antibiotic treatment and the majority of patients p ... | 2009 | 20067594 |
| ability of two natural products, nootkatone and carvacrol, to suppress ixodes scapularis and amblyomma americanum (acari: ixodidae) in a lyme disease endemic area of new jersey. | we evaluated the ability of the natural, plant-derived acaricides nootkatone and carvacrol to suppress ixodes scapularis say and amblyomma americanum (l.) (acari: ixodidae). aqueous formulations of 1 and 5% nootkatone applied by backpack sprayer to the forest litter layer completely suppressed i. scapularis nymphs through 2 d. thereafter, the level of reduction gradually declined to < or =50% at 28 d postapplication. against a. americanum nymphs, 1% nootkatone was less effective, but at a 5% con ... | 2009 | 20069863 |
| experimental vaccination of sheep and cattle against tick infestation using recombinant 5'-nucleotidase. | limited prior evidence suggests that 5'-nucleotidase, an ectoenzyme principally located in the malpighian tubules of the tick rhipicephalus (boophilus) microplus, could be an effective antigen in an anti-tick vaccine. to assess this, recombinant 5'-nucleotidase was expressed in escherichia coli and used in vaccination trials with both sheep and cattle. vaccinated sheep were challenged with freshly moulted adult ticks. those with high titres of anti-nucleotidase antibodies showed significant prot ... | 2010 | 20070827 |
| functional genomics tool: gene silencing in ixodes scapularis eggs and nymphs by electroporated dsrna. | ticks are blood-sucking arthropods responsible for transmitting a wide variety of disease-causing agents, and constitute important public health threats globally. ixodes scapularis is the primary vector of the lyme disease agent in the eastern and central u.s. rnai is a mechanism by which gene-specific double-stranded rna (dsrna) triggers degradation of homologous mrna transcripts. here, we describe an optimized protocol for effectively suppressing gene expression in the egg and nymphal stages o ... | 2010 | 20074328 |
| a new view on lyme disease: rodents hold the key to annual risk. | | 2006 | 20076583 |
| [ehrlichiosis/anaplasmosis]. | ehrlichiosis and anaplasmosis are zoonoses caused by bacteria from the family anaplasmataceae, including human and animal pathogens. the human pathogens are ehrlichia chaffeensis, the causative agent of human monocytic ehrlichiosis (hme), anaplasma phagocytophilum, the pathogen causing human granulocytic anaplasmosis (hga), e. ewingii and neorickettsia sennetsu, granulocytotropic and monocytotropic ehrlichia species, respectively. ehrlichia spp. are small, gram-negative, obligate intracellular b ... | 2009 | 20077398 |
| a vertebrate gene, ticrr, is an essential checkpoint and replication regulator. | eukaryotes have numerous checkpoint pathways to protect genome fidelity during normal cell division and in response to dna damage. through a screen for g2/m checkpoint regulators in zebrafish, we identified ticrr (for topbp1-interacting, checkpoint, and replication regulator), a previously uncharacterized gene that is required to prevent mitotic entry after treatment with ionizing radiation. ticrr deficiency is embryonic-lethal in the absence of exogenous dna damage because it is essential for n ... | 2010 | 20080954 |
| coinfection of western gray squirrel (sciurus griseus) and other sciurid rodents with borrelia burgdorferi sensu stricto and anaplasma phagocytophilum in california. | overlapping geographic distributions of tick-borne disease agents utilizing the same tick vectors are common, and coinfection of humans, domestic animals, wildlife, and ticks with both borrelia burgdorferi and anaplasma phagocytophilum has been frequently reported. this study was undertaken in order to evaluate the prevalence of both b. burgdorferi sensu stricto (hereinafter referred to as b. burgdorferi) and a. phagocytophilum in several species of sciurid rodents from northern california, usa. ... | 2010 | 20090047 |
| wide dispersal and possible multiple origins of low-copy-number plasmids in rickettsia species associated with blood-feeding arthropods. | plasmids are mobile genetic elements of bacteria that can impart important adaptive traits, such as increased virulence or antibiotic resistance. we report the existence of plasmids in rickettsia (rickettsiales; rickettsiaceae) species, including rickettsia akari, "candidatus rickettsia amblyommii," r. bellii, r. rhipicephali, and reis, the rickettsial endosymbiont of ixodes scapularis. all of the rickettsiae were isolated from humans or north and south american ticks. r. parkeri isolates from b ... | 2010 | 20097813 |
| tick burden on european roe deer (capreolus capreolus). | in our study we assessed the tick burden on roe deer (capreolus capreolus l.) in relation to age, physical condition, sex, deer density and season. the main objective was to find predictive parameters for tick burden. in september 2007, may, july, and september 2008, and in may and july 2009 we collected ticks on 142 culled roe deer from nine forest departments in southern hesse, germany. to correlate tick burden and deer density we estimated deer density using line transect sampling that accoun ... | 2010 | 20099011 |
| rickettsial ompb promoter regulated expression of gfpuv in transformed rickettsia montanensis. | rickettsia spp. (rickettsiales: rickettsiaceae) are gram-negative, obligate intracellular, alpha-proteobacteria that have historically been associated with blood-feeding arthropods. certain species cause typhus and spotted fevers in humans, but others are of uncertain pathogenicity or may be strict arthropod endosymbionts. genetic manipulation of rickettsiae should facilitate a better understanding of their interactions with hosts. | 2010 | 20126457 |
| the mdm2 and p53 genes are conserved in the arachnids. | the p53 protein and its negative regulator the ubiquitin e3 ligase mdm2 have been shown to be conserved from the t. adhaerens to man. in common with d. melanogaster and c. elegans, there is a single copy of the p53 gene in t. adhaerens, while in the vertebrates three p53-like genes can be found: p53, p63 and p73. the mdm2 gene is not present within the fully sequenced and highly annotated genomes of c. elegans and d. melanogaster. however, it is present in placazoanand the presence of multiple d ... | 2010 | 20160485 |
| bba52 facilitates borrelia burgdorferi transmission from feeding ticks to murine hosts. | borrelia burgdorferi, the pathogen of lyme borreliosis, persists in nature through a tick-rodent transmission cycle. a selective assessment of the microbial transcriptome, limited to gene-encoding putative membrane proteins, reveals that bba52 transcription in vivo is strictly confined to the vector-specific portion of the microbial life cycle, with the highest levels of expression noted in feeding ticks and with swift down-regulation noted in mice. bba52 deletion did not affect murine disease a ... | 2010 | 20170377 |
| subolesin expression in response to pathogen infection in ticks. | ticks (acari: ixodidae) are vectors of pathogens worldwide that cause diseases in humans and animals. ticks and pathogens have co-evolved molecular mechanisms that contribute to their mutual development and survival. subolesin was discovered as a tick protective antigen and was subsequently shown to be similar in structure and function to akirins, an evolutionarily conserved group of proteins in insects and vertebrates that controls nf-kb-dependent and independent expression of innate immune res ... | 2010 | 20170494 |
| two immunoregulatory peptides with antioxidant activity from tick salivary glands. | ticks are blood-feeding arthropods that may secrete immunosuppressant molecules, which inhibit host inflammatory and immune responses and provide survival advantages to pathogens at tick bleeding sites in hosts. in the current work, two families of immunoregulatory peptides, hyalomin-a and -b, were first identified from salivary glands of hard tick hyalomma asiaticum asiaticum. three copies of hyalomin-a are encoded by an identical gene and released from the same protein precursor. both hyalomin ... | 2010 | 20178988 |
| extraction of total nucleic acids from ticks for the detection of bacterial and viral pathogens. | ticks harbor numerous bacterial, protozoal, and viral pathogens that can cause serious infections in humans and domestic animals. active surveillance of the tick vector can provide insight into the frequency and distribution of important pathogens in the environment. nucleic-acid based detection of tick-borne bacterial, protozoan, and viral pathogens requires the extraction of both dna and rna (total nucleic acids) from ticks. traditional methods for nucleic acid extraction are limited to extrac ... | 2010 | 20180313 |
| identification of residues within ligand-binding domain 1 (lbd1) of the borrelia burgdorferi ospc protein required for function in the mammalian environment. | borrelia burgdorferi outer surface protein c (ospc) is required for the establishment of infection in mammals. however, its precise function remains controversial. the biologically active form of ospc appears to be a homodimer. alpha helix 1 and 1' of the apposing monomers form a solvent-accessible pocket at the dimeric interface that presents a putative ligand-binding domain (lbd1). here we employ site-directed and allelic-exchange mutagenesis to test the hypothesis that lbd1 is a determinant o ... | 2010 | 20199597 |
| two novel salp15-like immunosuppressant genes from salivary glands of ixodes persulcatus schulze tick. | salp15, a 15-kda tick salivary gland protein, is known for several suppressive activities against host immunity and critical functions for the transmission of lyme borrelia in ixodes scapularis and ixodes ricinus, the major vectors found in north america and western europe. salp15 inhibits the activation of cluster of differentiation (cd)4(+)t-cells through the repression of t-cell receptor (tcr)-triggered calcium fluxes and interleukin (il)-2 production. furthermore, salp15 adheres to the spiro ... | 2010 | 20201978 |
| bartonella spp. transmission by ticks not established. | bartonella spp. infect humans and many animal species. mainly because pcr studies have demonstrated bartonella dna in ticks, some healthcare providers believe that these microorganisms are transmitted by ticks. b. henselae, in particular, is regarded as being present in and transmissible by the ixodes scapularis tick. the presence of a microbial agent within a tick, however, does not imply that the tick might transmit it during the course of blood feeding and does not confer epidemiologic import ... | 2010 | 20202410 |
| potential for tick-borne bartonelloses. | as worldwide vectors of human infectious diseases, ticks are considered to be second only to mosquitoes. each tick species has preferred environmental conditions and biotopes that determine its geographic distribution, the pathogens it vectors, and the areas that pose risk for tick-borne diseases. researchers have identified an increasing number of bacterial pathogens that are transmitted by ticks, including anaplasma, borrelia, ehrlichia, and rickettsia spp. recent reports involving humans and ... | 2010 | 20202411 |
| borrelia, ehrlichia, and rickettsia spp. in ticks removed from persons, texas, usa. | data regarding the type, frequency, and distribution of tick-borne pathogens and bacterial agents are not widely available for many tick species that parasitize persons in the southern united states. we therefore analyzed the frequency and identity of pathogens and bacterial agents in ticks removed from humans and subsequently submitted to the texas department of state health services, zoonosis control program, from october 1, 2004, through september 30, 2008. the data showed associations of bac ... | 2010 | 20202419 |
| anaplasma phagocytophilum aph_1387 is expressed throughout bacterial intracellular development and localizes to the pathogen-occupied vacuolar membrane. | obligate vacuolar pathogens produce proteins that localize to the host cell-derived membranes of the vacuoles in which they reside, yielding unique organelles that are optimally suited for pathogen survival. anaplasma phagocytophilum is an obligate vacuolar bacterium that infects neutrophils and causes the emerging and potentially fatal disease human granulocytic anaplasmosis. here we identified aph_1387 as the first a. phagocytophilum-derived protein that associates with the a. phagocytophilum- ... | 2010 | 20212090 |
| silencing of three amblyomma americanum (l.) insulin-like growth factor binding protein-related proteins prevents ticks from feeding to repletion. | the insulin-like growth factor (igf) binding proteins (igfbp) family is the regulatory arm of the igf signaling system that control mitogenic and anabolic actions of igf peptide hormones. this study describes cloning and biological characterization of three amblyomma americanum (l.) (aam) proteins that show amino-terminal sequence and secondary structure similarity to the igfbp superfamily. the three molecules here provisionally identified as aamigfbp-rp1 and short (s) and long (l) aamigfbp-rp6 ... | 2010 | 20228352 |
| invasion of the lyme disease vector ixodes scapularis: implications for borrelia burgdorferi endemicity. | lyme disease risk is increasing in the united states due in part to the spread of blacklegged ticks ixodes scapularis, the principal vector of the spirochetal pathogen borrelia burgdorferi. a 5-year study was undertaken to investigate hypothesized coinvasion of i. scapularis and b. burgdorferi in lower michigan. we tracked the spatial and temporal dynamics of the tick and spirochete using mammal, bird, and vegetation drag sampling at eight field sites along coastal and inland transects originati ... | 2010 | 20229127 |
| use of the cre-lox recombination system to investigate the lp54 gene requirement in the infectious cycle of borrelia burgdorferi. | borrelia burgdorferi, the causative agent of lyme disease, has a complex genome consisting of a linear chromosome and up to 21 linear and circular plasmids. these plasmids encode numerous proteins critical to the spirochete's infectious cycle and many hypothetical proteins whose functions and requirements are unknown. the conserved linear plasmid lp54 encodes several proteins important for survival in the mouse-tick infectious cycle, but the majority of the proteins are of unknown function and l ... | 2010 | 20231410 |
| one-year duration of immunity induced by vaccination with a canine lyme disease bacterin. | laboratory-reared beagles were vaccinated with a placebo or a bacterin comprised of borrelia burgdorferi s-1-10 and ospa-negative/ospb-negative b. burgdorferi 50772 and challenged after 1 year with b. burgdorferi-infected ixodes scapularis ticks. for the placebo recipients, spirochetes were recovered from 9 (60%) skin biopsy specimens collected after 1 month, and the organisms persisted in the skin thereafter. ten (67%) dogs also developed joint infection (3 dogs), lameness or synovitis (7 dogs) ... | 2010 | 20237200 |
| differential expression of genes in salivary glands of male rhipicephalus (boophilus)microplus in response to infection with anaplasma marginale. | bovine anaplasmosis, caused by the rickettsial tick-borne pathogen anaplasma marginale (rickettsiales: anaplasmataceae), is vectored by rhipicephalus (boophilus)microplus in many tropical and subtropical regions of the world. a. marginale undergoes a complex developmental cycle in ticks which results in infection of salivary glands from where the pathogen is transmitted to cattle. in previous studies, we reported modification of gene expression in dermacentor variabilis and cultured ixodes scapu ... | 2010 | 20298599 |
| sequences essential for transmission of spiroplasma citri by its leafhopper vector, circulifer haematoceps, revealed by plasmid curing and replacement based on incompatibility. | spiroplasma citri gii3 contains highly related low-copy-number plasmids psci1 to -6. despite the strong similarities between their replication regions, these plasmids coexist in the spiroplasma cells, indicating that they are mutually compatible. the psci1 to -6 plasmids encode the membrane proteins known as s. citri adhesion-related proteins (scarps) (psci1 to -5) and the hydrophilic protein p32 (psci6), which had been tentatively associated with insect transmission, as they were not detected i ... | 2010 | 20305023 |
| borrelia carolinensis sp. nov., a novel species of the borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato complex isolated from rodents and a tick from the south-eastern usa. | a group of 16 isolates with genotypic characteristics different from those of known species of the borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato complex were cultured from ear biopsies of the rodents peromyscus gossypinus and neotoma floridana trapped at five localities in south carolina, usa, and from the tick ixodes minor feeding on n. floridana. multilocus sequence analysis of members of the novel species, involving the 16s rrna gene, the 5s-23s (rrf-rrl) intergenic spacer region and the flagellin, ospa an ... | 2011 | 20305062 |
| genome organization of major tandem repeats in the hard tick, ixodes scapularis. | in spite of the global medical and veterinary importance of ixodid ticks, relatively little is known about their genome organization. to address this, we developed the first fluorescence in situ hybridization (fish)-based chromosome markers in the lyme disease vector, ixodes scapularis. shotgun genomic dna (gdna) sequences were used to identify three major tandem repeat families which were localized to specific heterochromatic regions of i. scapularis chromosomes prepared from the mitotic cell l ... | 2010 | 20306126 |
| phagocytosis of the lyme disease spirochete, borrelia burgdorferi, by cells from the ticks, ixodes scapularis and dermacentor andersoni, infected with an endosymbiont, rickettsia peacockii. | tick cell lines were used to model the effects of endosymbiont infection on phagocytic immune responses. the lines tested for their ability to phagocytose the lyme disease spirochete, borrelia burgdorferi (spirochaetales: spirochaetaceae), were ise6 and ide12 from the black-legged tick, ixodes scapularis say (acari: ixodidae) and dae15 from the rocky mountain wood tick, dermacentor andersoni stiles. rickettsia peacockii (rickettsiales: rickettsiaceae), an endosymbiont of d. andersoni, was used a ... | 2007 | 20331397 |
| fucosylation enhances colonization of ticks by anaplasma phagocytophilum. | fucosylated structures participate in a wide range of pathological processes in eukaryotes and prokaryotes. the impact of fucose on microbial pathogenesis, however, has been less appreciated in arthropods of medical relevance. thus, we used the tick-borne bacterium anaplasma phagocytophilum- the agent of human granulocytic anaplasmosis to understand these processes. here we show that a. phagocytophilum uses alpha1,3-fucose to colonize ticks. we demonstrate that a. phagocytophilum modulates the e ... | 2010 | 20331643 |
| identification of a tsetse fly salivary protein with dual inhibitory action on human platelet aggregation. | tsetse flies (glossina sp.), the african trypanosome vectors, rely on anti-hemostatic compounds for efficient blood feeding. despite their medical importance, very few salivary proteins have been characterized and functionally annotated. | 2010 | 20351782 |
| cloning and characterisation of schistosoma japonicum insulin receptors. | schistosomes depend for growth and development on host hormonal signals, which may include the insulin signalling pathway. we cloned and assessed the function of two insulin receptors from schistosoma japonicum in order to shed light on their role in schistosome biology. | 2010 | 20352052 |
| horizontal and vertical movements of host-seeking ixodes pacificus (acari: ixodidae) nymphs in a hardwood forest. | the nymph of the western black-legged tick (ixodes pacificus) is an important bridging vector of the lyme disease spirochete (borrelia burgdorferi) to humans in the far-western united states. the previously unknown dispersal capabilities of this life stage were studied in relation to logs, tree trunks, and adjacent leaf-litter areas in a mixed hardwood forest using mark-release-recapture methods. in two spatially and temporally well-spaced trials involving logs, the estimated mean distances that ... | 2009 | 20352083 |
| an insight into the sialome of glossina morsitans morsitans. | blood feeding evolved independently in worms, arthropods and mammals. among the adaptations to this peculiar diet, these animals developed an armament of salivary molecules that disarm their host's anti-bleeding defenses (hemostasis), inflammatory and immune reactions. recent sialotranscriptome analyses (from the greek sialo = saliva) of blood feeding insects and ticks have revealed that the saliva contains hundreds of polypeptides, many unique to their genus or family. adult tsetse flies feed e ... | 2010 | 20353571 |
| novel technique for quantifying adhesion of metarhizium anisopliae conidia to the tick cuticle. | the present study describes an accurate quantitative method for quantifying the adherence of conidia to the arthropod cuticle and the dynamics of conidial germination on the host. the method was developed using conidia of metarhizium anisopliae var. anisopliae (metschn.) sorokin (hypocreales: clavicipitaceae) and engorged rhipicephalus annulatus (say) (arachnida: ixodidae) females and was also verified for m. anisopliae var. acridum driver et milner (hypocreales: clavicipitaceae) and alphitobius ... | 2010 | 20363785 |
| the bba64 gene of borrelia burgdorferi, the lyme disease agent, is critical for mammalian infection via tick bite transmission. | the spirochetal agent of lyme disease, borrelia burgdorferi, is transmitted by bites of ixodes ticks to mammalian reservoir hosts and humans. the mechanism(s) by which the organism is trafficked from vector to host is poorly understood. in this study, we demonstrate that a b. burgdorferi mutant strain deficient in the synthesis of the bba64 gene product was incapable of infecting mice via tick bite even though the mutant was (i) infectious in mice when introduced by needle inoculation, (ii) acqu ... | 2010 | 20368453 |
| the alveolate perkinsus marinus: biological insights from est gene discovery. | perkinsus marinus, a protozoan parasite of the eastern oyster crassostrea virginica, has devastated natural and farmed oyster populations along the atlantic and gulf coasts of the united states. it is classified as a member of the perkinsozoa, a recently established phylum considered close to the ancestor of ciliates, dinoflagellates, and apicomplexans, and a key taxon for understanding unique adaptations (e.g. parasitism) within the alveolata. despite intense parasite pressure, no disease-resis ... | 2010 | 20374649 |
| emergence of zoonotic arboviruses by animal trade and migration. | abstract: arboviruses are transmitted in nature exclusively or to a major extend by arthropods. they belong to the most important viruses invading new areas in the world and their occurrence is strongly influenced by climatic changes due to the life cycle of the transmitting vectors. several arboviruses have emerged in new regions of the world during the last years, like west nile virus (wnv) in the americas, usutu virus (usuv) in central europe, or rift valley fever virus (rvfv) in the arabian ... | 2010 | 20377873 |
| community ecology and disease risk: lizards, squirrels, and the lyme disease spirochete in california, usa. | vector-borne zoonotic diseases are often maintained in complex transmission cycles involving multiple vertebrate hosts and their arthropod vectors. in the state of california, u.s.a., the spirochete borrelia burgdorferi, which causes lyme disease, is transmitted between vertebrate hosts by the western black-legged tick, ixodes pacificus. several mammalian species serve as reservoir hosts of the spirochete, but levels of tick infestation, reservoir competence, and borrelia-infection prevalence va ... | 2010 | 20380218 |
| coxiella burnetii in humans and ticks in rural senegal. | q fever is a worldwide zoonotic disease caused by coxiella burnetii. epidemiologically, animals are considered reservoirs and humans incidental hosts. | 2010 | 20386603 |
| cold storage and cryopreservation of tick cell lines. | abstract: | 2010 | 20388200 |