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the generation and expression of immunity to trichinella spiralis in laboratory rodents. 19989734294
purification of trichinella spiralis tubulin: comparison of several analytic procedures.this study compares the purity indices found after purifying tubulin obtained from the nematode parasite trichinella spiralis, using different chromatographic and electrophoretic methods. affinity chromatography, using monoclonal antibodies anti-alpha and anti-beta-tubulin fixed to activated sepharosa 4b-cnbr, yields a tubulin purity of 15%. in contrast, by means of interchange-anionic chromatography using a column of deae-sephadex-a50, we obtained an increase in purity of up to 75%. finally, wi ...19989746281
congenital trichinellosis in the rat.57 female rats were divided into four groups according to age and gestation. trichinella spiralis infection was induced by feeding the rats with rat muscle containing about 10000 larvae per gram. the mating and sacrificing of females were done differently for each group. new-born rats were examined by direct trichinoscopy and by peptic digestion of muscle. we found that larvae of t. spiralis which entered the uterus of the pregnant females can pass to the foetus. it was impossible to specify the ...19989746284
il-4-regulated enteropathy in an intestinal nematode infection.the relationship between intestinal pathology and immune expulsion of gastrointestinal nematodes remains controversial. parasite expulsion is associated with intestinal pathology in several model systems and both of these phenomena are t cell dependent. immune expulsion of gastrointestinal helminth parasites is usually associated with th2 responses, but the effector mechanisms directly responsible for parasite loss have not been elucidated. in contrast, the intestinal pathology observed in many ...19989754555
characterization of levamisole binding sites in trichinella spiralis.characterization of the levamisole receptor was performed with total extracts of trichinella spiralis muscle larvae using binding assays with tritiated levamisole ([3h]lev, 291 gbq/mmol). we detected a specific [3h]lev binding activity with a dissociation constant (kd) of 4.76 microm and a receptor density (bmax) of 2.14 pmol/mg of protein. in inhibition studies, only dimethylphenylpiperazinium iodide (dmpp) and hexamethonium were found to be competitive inhibitors of the [3h]lev binding with an ...19989766906
effects of prolonged exposure to morphine and methadone on in vivo parameters of immune function in rats.in rats, two 6-week repeated dose oral toxicity studies were performed with morphine (250 and 500 mg/kg food) and methadone (200 and 400 mg/kg food), respectively. alterations in immune function were studied by assessing primary and secondary immune responses to sheep red blood cells. in addition, the ability to resist challenge with infectious agents was measured in host resistance models employing the parasite trichinella spiralis and the bacterium listeria monocytogenes. the primary and secon ...19989772098
the detection of trichinella with polymerase chain reaction (pcr) primers constructed using sequences of random amplified polymorphic dna (rapd) or sequences of complementary dna encoding excretory-secretory (e-s) glycoproteins.diagnostic pcr primers for trichinella were constructed. twelve pairs of primers were designed based on the sequences of random amplified polymorphic dna, and 4 pairs of primers were designed based on the reported sequences of complementary dna encoding excretory-secretory glycoproteins. with these primers, 31 samples of dna from different strains of trichinella including 5 species (trichinella spiralis, trichinella britovi, trichinella nativa, trichinella nelsoni and trichinella pseudospiralis) ...19989778640
exogenous interleukin-3 enhances il-4 production by splenic cd4+ cells during the early stages of a trichinella spiralis infection.treatment with recombinant interleukin-3 (ril-3) augmented il-4 production of spleen cells in mice infected with trichinella spiralis. in a previous report, we showed that treatment with ril-3 accelerated ige responsiveness in mice. we have examined il-4 and interferon (ifn)-gamma production by spleen cells from both ril-3-treated and untreated mice during the early stages of infection. the results indicated that il-4 production was enhanced in ril-3-treated mice compared to that in untreated mi ...19989784657
a multifocal outbreak of trichinellosis linked to horse meat imported from north america to france in 1993.an outbreak of 538 cases of trichinellosis occurred in france in december 1993. seven cases developed neurotrichinosis and 23 had cardiologic complications. no deaths were recorded. two patients had a positive muscle biopsy showing living trichinella larvae. one of them was typed as trichinella spiralis. a case-control study showed that horse meat was the only meat associated with illness (odds ratio = 80.7). the risk of illness increased with the amount of horse meat eaten and when it was consu ...19989790440
early induction and augmentation of parasitic antigen-specific antibody-producing b lymphocytes in the non-peyer's patch region of the small intestine.in this study, b lymphocytes from the small intestine of immunized rats were examined for their expression of specific antibodies against trichinella spiralis (ts) antigen. the isotypes of the antigen-specific antibodies on b cells were examined via immunofluorescence microscopy. monoclonal mouse anti-rat ige, igg1, igg2a, igg2b, igg2c, iga and igm primary antibodies in conjunction with fitc-conjugated goat anti-mouse ig secondary antibody and xritc-conjugated 9d4 t. spiralis antigen were used t ...19989792905
seroprevalence of toxoplasma gondii and trichinella spiralis in north carolina black bears (ursus americanus).serum samples from 143 hunter-killed black bears were collected during the 1996 and 1997 black bear hunting seasons in eastern north carolina. all samples were tested for antibodies to toxoplasma gondii by the modified agglutination test. antibodies to t. gondii were present in 120 of 143 (84%) bears. females had significantly higher titers than males (wilcoxon rank sums test, p = 0.045), and titers increased with age (jonckheere test, p = 0.01). samples collected during 1996 (n = 79) were teste ...19989794654
rapid purification and characterization of l-dopachrome-methyl ester tautomerase (macrophage-migration-inhibitory factor) from trichinella spiralis, trichuris muris and brugia pahangi.macrophage-migration-inhibition factor (mif) is an essential stimulator of mammalian t-lymphocyte-dependent adaptive immunity, hence mif orthologues might be expressed by infectious organisms as an immunosubversive stratagem. since mif actively catalyses the tautomerization of the methyl ester of l-dopachrome (using dopachrome tautomerase), the occurrence of mif orthologues in several parasitic helminths was investigated by assaying and characterizing such activity. evidence of mif orthologues ( ...19989794786
trichinella spiralis: induction of the basophilic transformation of muscle cells by synchronous newborn larvae. ii. electron microscopy study.the present ultrastructure observations apply to the same experimental groups that were investigated in the first part of the study. the results of electron microscopy investigations correspond to those obtained using light microscopy methods. the ultrastructure data demonstrated that 1-h-old snbl (group i) penetrated into the sarcoplasm of the muscle cells and transformed it basophilically, finally creating the "nurse cell-muscle larva complex." these larvae also caused transformation of the sa ...19989797067
proficiency samples for quality assurance in trichinella digestion tests.a reliable method to produce proficiency samples containing known numbers of trichinella spiralis cysts for use in quality assurance systems for trichinella digestion tests was developed and validated. a filtrate containing trichinella cysts was produced by homogenizing and filtering the muscles of an experimentally infected rat. using a stereomicroscope and micropipette, intact cysts were removed from the filtrate and were transferred onto an agar substrate to allow accurate counting and subseq ...19989798164
immune responses to intestinal parasites: protection, pathology and prophylaxis.aspects of the immune responses made by hosts to infection with intestinal parasites are discussed in relation to data from experimental systems in mice involving infections with the protozoans eimeria vermiformis and cryptosporidium spp., and the nematodes nippostrongylus brasiliensis and trichinella spiralis. the focus of the review is our knowledge and understanding of the roles played by the intestinal mucosa and the epithelial cells of the mucosa in the induction, regulation and expression ...19979802078
functional alterations in jejunal myenteric neurons during inflammation in nematode-infected guinea pigs.intracellular recordings of jejunal myenteric neurons with an afterspike hyperpolarization (ah) from trichinella spiralis-infected animals showed enhanced excitability on days 3, 6, and 10 postinfection (pi) compared with uninfected animals. lower membrane potential, increased membrane input resistance, decreased threshold for action potential discharge, decreased ah amplitude and duration, and increased fast excitatory postsynaptic potential amplitude and duration were characteristic of neurona ...19989815020
t lymphocyte-dependent and -independent intestinal smooth muscle dysfunction in the t. spiralis-infected mouse.we examined the profile of increased intestinal muscle contractility after primary infection with trichinella spiralis in the mouse, correlating it with parasite expulsion. we also examined the extent to which the changes in muscle contraction were t lymphocyte dependent, by infecting athymic and scid mice. infection was accompanied by increased tension development by intestinal muscle. two components of this response were identified, a rapid peak increase in tension generation observed on day 6 ...19989815046
developmental activation of infective trichinella spiralis larvae.the initiation of further development is fundamental to the infectious processes of parasitic nematodes. we have examined early developmental activation of trichinella spiralis larvae during host invasion, with particular emphasis on the timing of events. using a novel approach, we have observed changes in tissue-specific transcriptional activity in live larvae during the infectious process with the fluorescent nucleic acid dyes syto12 and acridine orange. simultaneously, the metabolic switch fr ...19989820858
serological survey of selected canine viral pathogens and zoonoses in grizzly bears (ursus arctos horribilis) and black bears (ursus americanus) from alaska.between 1988 and 1991, 644 serum samples were collected from 480 grizzly bears (ursus arctos horribilis) and 40 black bears (ursus americanus) from alaska, united states of america, and were tested for selected canine viral infections and zoonoses. antibody prevalence in grizzly bears was 0% for parvovirus, 8.3% (40/480) for distemper, 14% (68/480) for infectious hepatitis, 16.5% (79/480) for brucellosis, 19% (93/480) for tularaemia and 47% (225/478) for trichinellosis. in black bears, prevalenc ...19989850547
host nuclear abnormalities and depletion of nuclear antigens induced in trichinella spiralis-infected muscle cells by the anthelmintic mebendazole.infection by the parasitic nematode trichinella spiralis induces cell cycle repositioning (chronic suspension in apparent g2/m) and genetic reprogramming in differentiated mammalian skeletal muscle cells. these changes occur in association with dramatic enlargement of infected host cell nuclei (as large as 17 microm in diameter) and nucleoli. nuclear antigens (na) that colocalize with host chromatin have been detected by antibodies to t. spiralis antigens, but the functions of these na are unres ...19989851602
[neurologic manifestations in trichinosis].neurologic manifestations are present in about 10-20 percent of patients with trichinosis. they could be a serious diagnostic problem in the absence of corresponding epidemiological data and typical symptoms and signs of the disease. in untreated patients the mortality rate is about 50%. several pathogenic mechanisms are responsible for the neurological complications in trichinosis: obstruction of brain blood vessels by larvae, cysts or granulomas, toxic vasculitis with secondary thrombosis and ...19989863383
short report: identification of the likely etiologic agent of human trichinellosis in sicily (italy) between 1933 and 1946.larvae of trichinella sp. collected in 1961 from muscle samples of the last infected domestic pig slaughtered in sicily (italy), and preserved in absolute ethyl alcohol until 1997, have been identified as trichinella spiralis by the polymerase chain reaction. this finding explains the severity of the clinical picture, resulting in death, and the high number of fatal cases (20 of 184, 11%) observed in three sicilian outbreaks between 1933 and 1945, caused by the consumption of sausages from pigs ...19989886198
role of anti-trichinella spiralis antibodies and interferon-gamma in the protection against the enteral phase of experimental trichinosis.expulsion of adult trichinella spiralis is the result of a complex immunologically mediated response. experiments in mice demonstrated that ifn-gamma, released by mesenteric lymph nodes (mln) during infection play a major role. however, the role of mucosal and serum antibody responses is thought to be limited. working on the intestinal phase, this study investigated, the role played by antibodies, transferred from vaccinated infected animals, in the immune response in comparison to that obtained ...19989914684
evaluation of elisa, ifat and trichinoscopy in experimental trichinosis: comparing larval antigens prepared from rat and pig muscles.two antigens were prepared, the first one was crude larval antigens derived from pigs and rats. the two antigens were tested by the enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (elisa). the 2nd one, was two cuticular larval antigens derived from pigs and rats and were tested by the indirect immunofluorescent antibody test (ifat). both tests were used to evaluate the sensitivity and specificity of these different antigens. serum samples from infected rats and pigs were tested with different antigens by elis ...19989914705
trichinella spiralis: proteinases in the larvae.under in vitro conditions, muscle larvae of trichinella spiralis secreted minute amounts of a cysteine proteinase into the outer environment from the stichosome. the proteinase hydrolyzed azocoll at ph 5.0 but not a number of synthetic n-blocked and n-unsubstituted proteinase substrates at this ph. the reducing compound dithioerythritol enhanced the enzyme activity, but the thiol-blocking reagent sodium-p-hydroxymercuribenzoate (0.1 mm) was without effect. phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride (pmsf) (2 ...19999950228
trichinella spiralis: in vitro cytotoxicity of peritoneal cells against synchronous newborn larvae of different age.two different immune sera obtained from mice infected with muscle larvae (ml) of trichinella spiralis (oral infection) or injected with 20-h-old newborn larvae (nbl) via retro-orbital venous plexus (intraocular injection) were compared in antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity test. four synchronous stages of nbl, 0-2 h old, 22 24 h old, 46-48 h old and 6 days old (snbl) were used to study susceptibility of larvae to the cytotoxic reaction of peritoneal cells. peritoneal cells adhered to and d ...19999950229
detection of trichinella infection in slaughter horses by elisa and western blot analysis.in order to determine the presence of trichinella infections in horses slaughtered at an abattoir in mexico, 147 serum samples were examined by two immunoenzymatic methods. specific antibodies were detected by elisa in 7% of the serum samples at a dilution 1:400 and in 10% at lower dilutions (1:20, 1:40) using trichinella spiralis muscle larvae (ml) excretory/secretory (e/s) products. serum samples from four naturally infected horses (confirmed by direct methods) gave negative o.d. values in an ...19999950329
seroprevalence of trichinella infection in domestic swine based on the national animal health monitoring system's 1990 and 1995 swine surveys.swine sera collected by the us department of agriculture's center for animal health monitoring during 1990 and 1995 was tested for antibodies to trichinella spiralis using an enzyme immunoassay. from a total of 3048 sera collected from lactating sows in 1990, five sera tested positive for a prevalence of 0.16%. from a total of 7987 sera collected from both finishing pigs and gestating sows in 1995, one serum was positive for a prevalence of 0.013%. responses to questionnaires administered at the ...19999950336
enhancement of resistance in mice treated with lactobacillus casei: effect on trichinella spiralis infection.the ability of viable lactobacillus casei, administered by an intraperitoneal route, to induce resistance in mice against trichinella spiralis infection was tested. the percent reduction of adult worms in the intestine 5 days after t. spiralis infection observed in l. casei-treated animals, compared with those of the control group, fluctuated between 70.9 and 88.5%; reductions of larvae per gram of muscle tissue, evaluated at 30 days after infection, varied from 46.6 to 84.4% in l. casei-treated ...19999950348
estimation of platelet function state in the course of trichinella spiralis infection.platelets are part of body defence system, especially the antiparasite immunologic response. platelets manifest their functions only after their activation. thrombin activates platelets inducing change of their shape and causing secretion of certain substances. this study was designed to estimate blood platelets morphology as an indicator of their activation and effectiveness of antiparasite therapy. the study was conducted in group of 21 patients infected with t.spiralis before treatment (t1) a ...19989972047
trichinellosis in the united states, 1991-1996: declining but not gone.since the u.s. public health service began recording statistics on trichinellosis in 1947, the number of cases reported by state health departments has decreased steadily. in the late 1940s, health departments reported an average of 400 cases and 10-15 deaths each year. from 1991 to 1996, the period covered in this report, three deaths in 230 cases were reported to the centers for disease control and prevention (an average of 38 cases per year), including 14 multiple case outbreaks from 31 state ...19999988325
influence of parasitization by trichinella spiralis on the levels of heat shock proteins in rat liver and muscle.to examine levels of heat shock proteins (hsps) in host responses to helminth infection, rats were infected with trichinella spiralis. the kinetics of hsp25, hsp60, hsp70 and hsp90 production in the liver and muscle of infected rats was compared with that of non-infected controls. hsps were detected using electrophoretic analysis of fixed amounts of proteins (0.02 mg) and then blotting and incubation of membranes with polyclonal anti-hsp25 antibody, or monoclonal antibody against hsp60, or hsp70 ...199910028535
polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (pcr-rflp) for the identification of trichinella isolates.in the present study, polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (pcr-rflp) analysis was developed to identify 5 species (trichinella spiralis, trichinella britovi, trichinella nativa, trichinella nelsoni and trichinella pseudospiralis) and 3 phenotypes of uncertain taxonomic status (trichinella t5, t6, and t8). eleven restriction endonucleases were used to restrict 3 dna fragments (1) a 2800 bp fragment of the 43 kda excretory-secretory (e-s) protein gene, (2) a 1250 bp ...199910028536
fish oil supplementation does not impair the gut immune response to trichinella spiralis infection in rats.fish oil has been recommended as a source of omega-3 fatty acids for preterm infants and for therapy of some inflammatory diseases.199910067728
[cross reaction of trichinella spiralis larva antigens with sera of schistosomiasis japonica].cross reactions of t. spiralis muscular larva antigens (tsmla) against several sera from patients with other parasitic diseases by elib (enzyme-linked immunoblotting technique) were studied. the proteins of 31-100 kda were recognized by sera of two cases of acute schistosomiasis, while proteins of 44/45, 51/53, 62/64 and 100 kda were recognized by sera of 11 cases of chronic schistosomiasis. the proteins of 60 kda showed varied cross reactions against sera of five kinds of patients with other pa ...199710072982
[antibodies against trichinella spiralis in the rural population of the province of cordillera, bolivia].a seroepidemiological study was conducted to determine the prevalence of antibodies to trichinella spiralis among rural residents of cordillera province, santa cruz department, bolivia. using the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa), 234 serum samples were examined, and antibodies were detected in seven of the samples (3%). the results document for the first time the presence of human infestation with trichinella in bolivia and suggest the need to strengthen trichinelosis surveillance in th ...199910079742
characterization of endonuclease activity from excretory/secretory products of a parasitic nematode, trichinella spiralis.double-stranded endonuclease activity was demonstrated for the first time in the excretory/secretory (es) products of a parasitic nematode, trichinella spiralis, which can reorganize host muscle cells. the endonuclease introduced double-stranded breaks to the native dna. the es double-stranded endonuclease(s) was sequence nonspecific, with a ph optimum below 6, and required divalent cations as a cofactor. its activity was inhibited by the zn2+ ion. it was detected mainly in the es products of th ...199910095784
trichinella spiralis: the infectivity of synchronous newborn larvae of different ages inoculated intraocularly.trichinella spiralis infection results in the transformation of muscle cells into a new, non-muscular cell called the nurse cell, and the nurse cell-muscle larva complex is finally created. to investigate whether t. spiralis infectivity is nbl age-dependent, five groups of synchronous newborn larvae (snbl) were obtained at 1, 9, 24, 48, and 72 h of age and were inoculated into mice by intravenous injection into the retro-orbital venous plexus. when both "young" groups of snbl (1 and 9 h old) wer ...199910099010
interaction of ivermectin with gamma-aminobutyric acid receptors in trichinella spiralis muscle larvae.the value of the gamma-aminobutyric acid (gaba) receptor of nematodes as a target for ivermectin's mode of action remains unclear. using binding assays, we examined extracts from trichinella spiralis muscle larvae for the presence of [3h]-ivermectin and [3h]-gaba binding sites. tissue preparations displayed affinity binding sites for [3h]-ivermectin with a dissociation constant (kd) of 83 nm and a receptor density (bmax) of 145 fmol/mg protein. we also identified a specific [3h]-gaba binding act ...199910099015
[trichinosis; trichinellosis]. 199910201259
rapid anti-helminthic response of b lymphocytes in the intestinal mucosal tissues of rats.b cell response to trichinella spiralis (ts) adult antigen (ag) was studied in rats 1-20 days postinfection. b cell recoveries from the mesenteric lymph node (mln), peyer's patches (pp), thoracic duct lymph (tdl), and the spleen were determined by facs analysis and ag-specific antibody-producing cells (ab-pc) in these tissues were enumerated using the immunoplaque assay. total b cell numbers increased 2-70 times from day 3 postinfection in the mln and tdl obtained from mln-resected rats (mx) and ...199910202113
prevalence and risk association for trichinella infection in domestic pigs in the northeastern united states.to determine trichinella infection in a selected group of farm raised pigs, 4078 pigs from 156 farms in new england and new jersey, employing various management styles, were selected based on feed type (grain, regulated waste, non-regulated waste). the number of pigs bled from each farm were based on detecting infection assuming a 0.05 prevalence rate. serum was tested by enzyme-linked immunoassay for antibodies to trichinella spiralis. seropositive pigs were tested by digestion at slaughter (wh ...199910223350
the role of urocanic acid in uvb-induced suppression of immunity to trichinella spiralis infection in the rat.the naturally occurring trans-isomer of urocanic acid (trans-uca), found in the stratum corneum, absorbs ultraviolet light (uv) and isomerizes to the cis-form. cis-uca has been shown to impair some cellular immune responses, and has been proposed as an initiator of the suppression that follows uv irradiation. uvb exposure leads to an increase in cis-uca in the skin of rats from about 10% to 40% of the total uca. previously it has been demonstrated that uvb lowers immune responses to trichinella ...199910233709
identification and characterization of excreted-secreted products and surface coat antigens of animal and plant-parasitic nematodes.nematode surface coat (sc) proteins and excreted-secreted products (e-s) are likely to play important roles in the host-parasite interaction and considerable similarities can be found in sc proteins and e-s products from certain plant and animal parasitic nematodes. monoclonal antibodies raised to e-s products of plant-parasitic nematodes were shown to cross-react with e-s products and the surface coats of the animal parasites trichinella spiralis and haemonchus contortus. most of the antibodies ...199910340331
structural relationships between immune cells and longitudinal muscle during a trichinella spiralis infection in the rat intestine.a trichinella spiralis infection produces an acute inflammatory reaction and tissue damage in the mucosa, and, in addition, functional changes occur in the external muscle layers. the aim of the present study was to characterize structural changes in the musculature that occur during early infection, and to identify relationships between immune cells and muscle cells, as part of an ongoing investigation into the immune modulation of motor function in the gut. rats were infected with t. spiralis ...199910354343
variability of the intestinal immunoglobulin e response of rats to infection with trichinella spiralis, heligmosomoides polygyrus or nippostrongylus brasiliensis.total intestinal ige level increased in rats infected with trichinella spiralis or heligmosomoides polygyrus (peak levels of 2.6 microg and 3.7 microg, respectively), but not in rats infected with nippostrongylus brasiliensis. intestinal implantation of young adult n. brasiliensis did not stimulate an intestinal immunoglobulin (ig)e response, suggesting that mucosal penetration may be required for local intestinal ige responses in rats. during a t. spiralis infection, total ige levels in the int ...199910354351
the surface coat of infective larvae of trichinella spiralis.the surface coat of the infective larvae of the parasitic nematode trichinella spiralis was characterized with respect to its biophysical properties, morphology and composition. labelling of larvae with the fluorescent surface probe pkh26 was lost after activation (by incubation in mammalian medium containing trypsin and bile), or following pronase treatment. electron microscopical examination revealed that pronase treatment resulted in the loss of an amorphous surface layer only, further demons ...199910363284
factors affecting the efficiency of pooled sample digestion for the recovery of trichinella spiralis from muscle tissue.inspection for trichinella spiralis in pork, horse and game meats is an important part of veterinary public health programmes in many countries. variations of the pooled sample digestion test are the most widely used methods of inspection for this parasite. in this study, several aspects of the test, including sample preparation, reagent concentration and sample processing were examined for effect on test efficiency. current methods using sample blending were equivalent or superior to sample gri ...199910375137
nematode-induced jejunal inflammation in the ferret causes long-term changes in excitatory neuromuscular responses.enteric infections in animals and humans have proven the link between mucosal inflammation and gastrointestinal motor dysfunction. the goal of the present investigation was to study the long-term effects of mucosal inflammation on the neuromuscular functions of the small intestine in a ferret model of primary trichinella spiralis infection. myeloperoxidase activity and isometric contractions of isolated jejunal muscles were studied on days 8, 30, and 60 postinfection (pi). the peak increase in m ...199910381764
cloning and characterization of rab and ran/tc4 cdna clones in trichinella spp.the cloning and characterization of seven rab and three ran/tc4 partial cdna sequences in both cystic (trichinella spiralis and t. britovi) and noncystic species (t. pseudospiralis) are reported. these molecules were cloned by rapid amplification of cdna ends via polymerase chain reaction (race-pcr), using cdna from the aforementioned trichinella spp. coupled to the ap1 adaptor. as primers, ap1 and 5b (derived from the wdtagqe sequence of region 2 specific for rab and ran proteins) sequences wer ...199910382614
igg, igg1 and igm response in trichinella spiralis-infected mice treated with 4-deoxypirydoxine or fed a vitamin b6-deficient diet.the aim of this study was to investigate the effect of pyridoxine (vitamin b6) deficiency on the immunological response of balb/c mice infected with the parasite t. spiralis. specific anti-parasite igm and igg immunoglobulins were detected by elisa method in the serum of treated animals at different periods for 60 days post infection. vitamin b6-deficiency was induced in two separate groups of mice by either (1) maintaining the mice on a vitamin b6-deficient synthetic pellet diet for 40 days bef ...199910391123
[trichinosis in 1997].the decreasing trend in human trichnellosis can be observed during last years in poland, what is the result of proper meat control. the presence of trichinella endemic areas in the north-east part of the country still determines the necessity of the meat survey against trichinella spiralis in poland.199910402862
replacements in the exposed loop of the t15 antibody vh cdr2 affect carrier recognition of pc-containing pathogens.a panel of mutant antibodies of the phosphocholine (pc)-binding antibody, t15, was tested for binding to pc-protein, streptococcus pneumoniae, trichinella spiralis and ascaris suum. relative to wildtype t15, all the mutant antibodies showed differential recognition of the panel of pc-associated antigens. these mutant antibodies contain amino acid replacements in the cdr2 region of the heavy chain variable region, indicating the importance of cdr2 in recognition of carrier determinants. a model o ...199910403486
shock response induced in rat brain and spleen during primary infection with trichinella spiralis larvae.an infection approach was adopted for examining consequential heat shock (hs) or stress response in brain and spleen tissues from wistar rats. stress in this system was due to interactions with the infecting helminth, trichinella spiralis, or its body-dwelling larval stages, or products thereof. it was argued that in the infection model used, elements effecting stress in the brain would differ from those in the spleen. hs responses were measured by quantitation of 4 levels of hs proteins (hsp25, ...199910406039
a panel of antigens of muscle larvae of trichinella spiralis and t. pseudospiralis as revealed by two-dimensional western blot and immunoelectron microscopy.this study characterized antigens of trichinella spiralis and t. pseudospiralis muscle larvae recognized by mice infected with the worms. two-dimensional (2-d) western blot analysis revealed some profile of antigenic peptides including: (1) molecular weight (mw); (2) isoelectric points (pi), (3) reactivity to well-defined monoclonal antibodies (mab) and (4) cross-reactivity between the 2 species. antigenic peptides of t. spiralis consisted of about 100 spots. the mw ranged from 22 to 80 kda, and ...199910406040
trichinella nativa in sylvatic wild boars.of 17 trichinella isolates from domestic pigs and wild boars (sus scrofa) in regions where trichinella nativa is widespread among sylvatic animals, two wild boars from estonia were found to be naturally infected with this trichinella species. the other 15 animals were infected with trichinella spiralis. trichinella nativa is tolerant to freezing when in the muscles of carnivores. the biological characteristics and temperature tolerance of this species in swine need to be further investigated if ...199910431373
the temporal relationship among anti-parasite immune elements expressed during the early phase of infection of the rat with trichinella spiralis.immunological parameters were measured during the first 20 days of infection with trichinella spiralis in the rat. expulsion of adult worms was complete by day 15 postinfection. eosinophil and neutrophil numbers rose in the blood of infected rats above preinfection levels on days 3 and 6, respectively, and remained high to day 20 postinfection. release of cytokines by trichinella-antigen-stimulated mesenteric lymph node cells was measured, and a significant elevation in interferon (ifn)-gamma re ...199910431731
il-5 contributes to worm expulsion and muscle hypercontractility in a primary t. spiralis infection.enteric nematode infections lead to increased interleukin (il)-5 expression, eosinophilic inflammation, and intestinal smooth muscle hypercontractility. although eosinophils release inflammatory mediators that cause smooth muscle contraction, the role of il-5 and eosinophils in enteric smooth muscle hypercontractility is unclear. il-5-deficient mice and their wild-type controls were infected with the nematode trichinella spiralis. intestinal parasites and eosinophils were counted, and jejunal lo ...199910444455
second generation effects of maternal ethanol consumption on immunity to trichinella spiralis in female rats.the deleterious effects of maternal ethanol consumption on neonatal immune development and early immune responses has been well documented. however, the effects of such neonatal exposure to maternally consumed ethanol on the neonates' immune responses in their adult life, especially in combination with additional ethanol exposure, has received little attention. for these experiments, female rats were fed on either 6% ethanol or pair-fed isocaloric control lieber-decarli liquid diets for 30 days ...199910456580
dominance of immunoglobulin g2c in the antiphosphorylcholine response of rats infected with trichinella spiralis.the antibody response to the l1 stage of trichinella spiralis has been described as biphasic. worms resident in the intestine during the first week of infection stimulate an antibody response against a subset of larval proteins. l1 larvae in the muscle at the end stage of infection stimulate a second antibody response against tyvelose-bearing glycoproteins. antityvelose antibodies protect rats against challenge infection with larvae. the aim of this study was to characterize the rat b-cell respo ...199910456913
effects of salmeterol on host resistance to trichinella spiralis in rats.salmeterol is a long-acting beta2-adrenoreceptor agonist. the compound has previously been screened for immunotoxic potential in a repeated dose toxicity study in rats for 28 days. the total serum igg levels were increased at dose levels of 2 and 10 mg/kg/day. presently, salmeterol was studied in an immune function assay addressing the host resistance to trichinella spiralis parasites. rats were daily treated with salmeterol for 28 days at dose levels of 0, 2, 6 and 10 mg/kg/day. on day 29, the ...199910458541
detection of trichinellosis in pigs by artificial digestion and enzyme immunoassay.the objective of this study was to demonstrate the reliability of current and proposed methods for the inspection of swine and other species for infection with the parasite trichinella spiralis. five groups of pigs were infected with doses of 2500, 500, 100, 50, and 20 t. spiralis larvae to establish moderate and low-level infections. pigs were bled periodically during the study for samples to be tested by enzyme immunoassay (eia). at the conclusion of the study, pigs were slaughtered and tissue ...199610463449
heparin is essential for the storage of specific granule proteases in mast cells.all mammals produce heparin, a negatively charged glycosaminoglycan that is a major constituent of the secretory granules of mast cells which are found in the peritoneal cavity and most connective tissues. although heparin is one of the most studied molecules in the body, its physiological function has yet to be determined. here we describe transgenic mice, generated by disrupting the n-deacetylase/n-sulphotransferase-2 gene, that cannot express fully sulphated heparin. the mast cells in the ske ...199910466726
chemokines in inflammatory states.chemokines probably mediate inflammation in asthma by acting on endothelial cells, alveolar cells, neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils, mast cells, monocytes, and lymphocytes, which are inhibited by corticosteroids. in 1995, we found that mcp-1 provokes mast cell aggregation and [3h]5ht-release in cultured mast cells. in another study, mcp-1 and rantes revealed to have a potent chemoattractive effect on basophilic cells originating from the rat skin. in this inflammatory model, rantes also attra ...199910476317
vitamin b6-deficient diet plus 4-deoxypyridoxine (4-dpd) reduces the inflammatory response induced by t. spiralis in diaphragm, masseter and heart muscle tissue of mice.animals fed diets deficient in vitamin b6 develop microcytic anemia, alterations of growth, and other pathologies. 4-deoxypirydoxine is a potent antagonist of vitamin b6 coenzyme which depresses il-1, tnf and il-6 and has anti-inflammatory properties. the aim of this study was to show the anti-inflammatory effects of 4-dpd on chronic inflammation caused by the nematode parasite t. spiralis, specifically on the recruitment and the activation of inflammatory cells. two groups of mice, 6 weeks of a ...199910485327
epidemiological analysis of trichinella spiralis infections of foxes in brandenburg, germany.in a cross-sectional study conducted between march 1993 and february 1995, 7103 indiscriminately collected foxes were examined for trichinella larvae. a total of 3295 serum samples were serologically investigated with an elisa based on excretory-secretory antigen. the proportion of serologically positive animals ranged between 3.3% and 17.6% in random samples from individual counties or towns and resulted in an estimated overall prevalence of 7.7% (95% ci: 6.9-8.7%). trichinella larvae were dete ...199910487650
using heat shock proteins as indicators of the immune function in wistar rats during a secondary trichinella spiralis infection.the muscle, liver, brain and spleen tissues from wistar rats with either a primary trichinella spiralis infection alone, or reinfected 45 days after primary infection, were collected at days 1, 7, 14, 20 and 27 post reinfection. they were then assayed for levels of four heat shock proteins (hsps), i.e. hsp90, hsp70, hsp60 and hsp25. detection and quantitation of the separate hsps in tissue specimens were achieved using western blot and image analysis technique, respectively. the results show tha ...199910488729
characteristics of inflammation-induced hypertrophy of rat intestinal smooth muscle cell.inflammation of the human intestine causes thickening of the smooth muscle layers, and studies in rats infected with trichinella spiralis (tsp) have shown hyperplasia of the intestinal smooth muscle cells (ismc). we have shown that tsp-induced inflammation caused a fivefold increase in total protein per ismc over control, while ismc from the noninflamed distal ileum also showed a threefold increase. the amount of alpha-smooth muscle (sm) actin per ismc increased nearly 500% over control by posti ...199910489904
effects of aging on resistance to trichinella spiralis infection in rodents exposed to 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin.immune function, including resistance to infection, decreases as humans and rodents age. we have shown that preinfection exposure of young (9-11 weeks) mice or rats to tcdd decreased resistance to trichinella spiralis (ts) infection, expressed as delayed onset or completion of parasite elimination and as increased muscle burdens of larvae. it has also been shown that aged mice express lower constitutive levels of resistance to ts infection, compared to young adult animals. this study tested the ...199910499847
trypanosome-induced suppression of responses to trichinella spiralis in vaccinated mice.mice vaccinated against the gastro-intestinal (gi) nematode trichinella spiralis by injection of muscle larval homogenate antigen express a strong immunity to subsequent infection, reflected in earlier expulsion of adult worms from the intestine and reduced female worm fecundity. infection with trypanosoma brucei at the time of vaccination, or at the time of infection with t. spiralis, significantly reduced the level of immunity expressed, the effect being greatest when vaccination and t. brucei ...199910501612
identification of trichinella isolates by polymerase chain reaction--restriction fragment length polymorphism of the mitochondrial cytochrome c-oxidase subunit i gene.we developed a polymerase chain reaction based approach using restriction fragment length polymorphisms of the mitochondrial cytochrome c-oxidase subunit i to identify nine genotypes (trichinella spiralis, trichinella britovi-european strains, trichinella britovi-japanese strains, trichinella nativa, trichinella nelsoni, trichinella t5, trichinella t6, trichinella t8 and trichinella pseudospiralis) in the genus trichinella. partial mitochondrial cytochrome c-oxidase subunit i genes of nine genot ...199910501621
predilection sites of trichinella spiralis larvae in naturally infected horses.a total of 120 muscle tissues from three horses naturally infected with trichinella spiralis were examined. the head was the most infected site. in particular, the muscles harbouring the highest number of larvae were: musculus buccinator (12, 411 and 1183 larvae g-1), the tongue (11, 615 and 1749 larvae g-1), m. levator labii maxillaris (17,582 and 1676 larvae g-1), and the masseter (4.9, 289 and 821 larvae g-1). compared with the diaphragm, the number of larvae per gram was from 3.5 to 6.8 time ...199910526416
influence of infection intensity on predilection sites in swine trichinellosis.the muscular distribution of trichinella spiralis or t. britovi was studied by digestion in 59 experimentally infected pigs and seven wild boars. crus muscle was the predilection site in 89.3% of 28 heavily infected swine with 146-3634 larvae per gram (lpg), but in 51.6% of middle to light infections (0.005-59 lpg) the basis of the tongue showed higher larval densities than the crus muscle. the basis of the tongue was also the predilection site in 71.4% of wild boars. highest counts in other mus ...199910526418
cd4 t cells and major histocompatibility complex class ii expression influence worm expulsion and increased intestinal muscle contraction during trichinella spiralis infection.expulsion of intestinal nematode parasites and the associated increased contraction by intestinal muscle are t cell dependent, since both are attenuated in athymic rodents. the cd4 t-cell subset has been strongly associated with worm expulsion; however, the relationship between these cells, antigen presentation, and worm expulsion is not definitive and the role of these factors in intestinal muscle hypercontractility has not been defined. we infected c57bl/6, athymic, cd4-deficient, cd8alpha-def ...199910531271
modulation by anapsos (polypodium leucotomos extract) of the antibody responses against the nematode parasite trichinella spiralis.the immunomodulant effects of anapsos, an extract of the naturally occurring fern polypodium leucotomos was assessed in balb/c mice immunized with a crude soluble extract (cse) of trichinella spiralis l1 larvae. treatment from day 10 to 1 prior to immunization caused a significant reduction (p < 0.05) in total antibody levels (igg + m) that was evident from week 2 onwards. suppression of the igg1 response was transient, as serum levels were significantly (p < 0. 01) decreased in treated animals ...199910548747
helminthic food-borne infections.the importance of food-borne helminthic infections is not well recognized and has not received the same attention as food-borne bacterial infections. poverty, overpopulation, and cultural practices contribute to conditions that maintain food-borne helminthic infections. the development of better means of transportation and the ease of reaching otherwise inaccessible markets have increased significantly our risk of coming in contact with food containing infectious organisms. the education of indu ...199910549430
gut intraepithelial lymphocytes and immunity to coccidia.little is known about the physiological functions of the intra-epithelial lymphocytes (iels) of mucosal tissues, including their role in immunity to infection. most iels are t cells, but their surface phenotype and activation characteristics are different from those of peripheral t cells. here, vincent mcdonald outlines the distinctive features of iels and presents evidence, particularly from studies of coccidia, that these cells have an important role in the control of intracellular infection a ...199910557148
role of steroid hormones in trichinella spiralis infection among voles.males are generally more susceptible to parasite infection than females. this sex difference may reflect the suppressive effects of testosterone and enhancing effects of estradiol on immune function. this study characterized the role of circulating steroid hormones in sex differences after infection with the nematode trichinella spiralis. because testosterone suppresses immune function and because polygynous males have higher circulating testosterone concentrations than monogamous males, sex dif ...199910564208
trichinosis outbreak after ingestion of barbecued badger. 199910575152
in vitro stress response to elevated temperature, hydrogen peroxide and mebendazole in trichinella spiralis muscle larvae.three stimuli, elevated temperature, hydrogen peroxide and mebendazole, were compared for their ability to induce heat-shock responses in trichinella spiralis muscle larvae (l1). in vitro effectiveness of each 'stressor' was evaluated by viability score, protein content and levels of hsp90, hsp70 and hsp60. detection of the respective heat-shock proteins was done by western blotting and the heat-shock proteins and quantitation of the immunoblots by image analysis. exposure of l1 to elevated temp ...199910579433
human trichinellosis in sourthern spain: serologic and epidemiologic study.an outbreak of trichinellosis caused by wild boar meat occurred in the iruela (jaen) in southern spain in february 1996. thirty-five people were diagnosed on the basis of epidemiologic data, but only 24 patients agreed to participate in this study. twenty-three (96%) had symptoms suggestive of trichinellosis. immunofluorescent and western blot test results for trichinellosis were positive in 18 persons, and 15 had circulating trichinella spiralis antigens. these findings suggest that results of ...199910586921
evaluation of albendazole prodrugs in experimental trichinellosis.two albendazole (abz) prodrugs, n-methoxycarbonyl-n'-[(2-nitro-4-propylthio) phenyl] thiourea (compound 2), and n-methoxycarbonyl-n'-[(2-nitro-5-propylthio) phenyl] thiourea (compound 3) have recently been synthesized. these compounds showed greater solubility than abz itself.199910596455
the distribution of excretory/secretory antigens during the muscle phase of trichinella spiralis and t. pseudospiralis infections.the in situ distribution of excretory/secretory (es) antigens of the infective-stage larvae of trichinella spiralis and t. pseudospiralis was compared at various periods of development by immunofluorescent laser confocal microscopy and the immunoperoxidase method. in the former infection, epitopes of the es antigens were always confined exclusively within the nurse cell, i.e., in the cytoplasmic region, hypertrophic nuclei, stichocytes, and cuticular surface of worms. in the latter infection, as ...199910599922
establishment and growth of trichinella muscle larvae in iron supplemented mice. 199910605134
autochthonous and imported trichinella isolates in germany.the study of trichinella isolates from wildlife in germany revealed the presence of trichinella spiralis and trichinella britovi in wild boars and foxes. t spiralis was detected in meat products imported from spain, which is one of the two endemic areas of domestic trichinellosis in the european union: it was also detected in meat from a grizzly bear marketed in alaska, and trichinella nativa was detected in a polar bear from the berlin zoo. these results stress the importance of examining for t ...200010622607
normal hematopoiesis and inflammatory responses despite discrete signaling defects in galpha15 knockout mice.galpha15 activates phospholipase cbeta in response to the greatest variety of agonist-stimulated heptahelical receptors among the four gq class g-protein alpha subunits expressed in mammals. galpha15 is primarily expressed in hematopoietic cells in fetal and adult mice. we disrupted the galpha15 gene by homologous recombination in embryonic stem cells to identify its biological functions. surprisingly, hematopoiesis was normal in galpha15(-/-) mice, galpha15(-/-) galphaq(-/-) double-knockout mic ...200010629036
suppression of food intake is linked to enteric inflammation in nematode-infected rats.our aim was to investigate the cause-effect relationship between intestinal inflammation induced by infection with enteric stages of trichinella spiralis and decreased host food intake. a suppression of food intake in t. spiralis-infected rats occurred within the first 24 h postinfection (pi) and was maximized by day 6 pi. food intake, cumulated over an 8-day pi period, decreased by 59% compared with uninfected animals. the anti-inflammatory glucocorticoid betamethasone 21-phosphate was orally a ...200010644629
feedback mechanisms between t helper cells and macrophages in the determination of the immune response.the interactions between macrophages and t helper (th) cells are a complex interplay of positive and negative signals. some of the mathematical models of interactions between t helpers have indeed taken the influence of macrophages into account. in this work the macrophage is not considered as an extrinsic agent, that is duly directed by the t cells to be cytotoxic, nor is there consideration of t helper cell populations that are dominantly regulated by extrinsic properties of antigens per se, o ...200010652844
nematocide activity of 6,7-diarylpteridines in three experimental models.the in vitro nematocide activity of seventeen 6,7-diarylpteridines has been tested using three different experimental models, caenorhabditis elegans, nippostrongylus brasiliensis and heligmosomoides polygyrus. the method of evaluation of inhibition in the secretion of acetylcholinesterase by h. polygyrus seems to be the most indicated to avoid false positives. the in vivo activities, against trichinella spiralis, of the most in vitro active pteridines have been assayed. all pteridine derivatives ...199910654402
stat6 signaling promotes protective immunity against trichinella spiralis through a mast cell- and t cell-dependent mechanism.studies in mice infected with the gastrointestinal nematode parasite nippostrongylus brasiliensis demonstrated that il-4/il-13 activation of stat6 suppresses development of intestinal mastocytosis and does not contribute to il-4/il-13 production, but is still essential for parasite expulsion. because expulsion of another gastrointestinal nematode, trichinella spiralis, unlike n. brasiliensis expulsion, is mast cell dependent, these observations suggested that t. spiralis expulsion would be stat6 ...200010657657
inflammation-induced impairment of enteric nerve function in nematode-infected mice is macrophage dependent.trichinella spiralis infection in rodents is associated with suppression of ach release from myenteric plexus that can be mimicked by macrophage-derived cytokines. we verified the presence of a macrophage infiltrate in the intestine during t. spiralis infection and determined the extent to which this cell type is responsible for the neural changes. c57bl/6 mice were infected with 375 t. spiralis larvae by gavage, and the presence of macrophages (f4/80 positive) in the jejunum was determined immu ...200010666050
[serosurveillance of notifiable veterinary diseases in wild boar in the netherlands].during the hunting season 1996-1999, blood samples were collected from wild boar shot in the netherlands. sera were screened for presence of antibodies against classical swine fever virus (csfv), swine vesicular disease virus (svdv), aujeszky's disease virus (adv), and trichinella spiralis. the results indicate that csfv, svdv, and adv are uncommon in the wild boar population. therefore, it seems that csfv, svdv, and adv infection in the wild boar population is not an important reservoir in the ...200010666784
endogenous il-12 synthesis is not required to prevent hyperexpression of type 2 cytokine and antibody responses.endogenous il-12 production is hypothesized to play an essential role preventing spontaneous expression of type 2 responses, acting as a natural inhibitor limiting development of immediate hypersensitivity. here, il-12-deficient p35(- / -) and p40(- / -) mice were used to examine the role of endogenous il-12 and p40 homodimer during in vivo development of exogenous antigen-driven responses. in the absence of deliberate immunization, il-12-deficient mice exhibited greatly reduced serum igg2a but ...200010671189
secretion of il-12 by murine macrophages activated by immunoglobulin receptor-mediated internalization of the surface coat of trichinella spiralis larvae.trichinella spiralis larvae incubated with a rabbit antiserum raised against the larval surface coat bound murine macrophages to the parasite surface. cell binding was not observed without the antisurface coat serum, or with incubation of larvae in normal rabbit serum, or with antibodies to keyhole limpet haemocyanin which identify a cryptic t. spiralis larval antigen. cell adherence to the larval surface was lost by treatment of the cells with the lysosomotropic drug primaquine, implicating a r ...200010672192
costimulatory signal through cd86 is important in th2 response in trichinella spiralis infected mice.in order to study the role of the costimulatory signals in th2 cytokine production, monoclonal antibodies (mabs) against cell adhesion molecules (cams) were added to cultured cells obtained from the mesenteric lymph nodes (mlns) of mice infected with trichinella spiralis, followed by a determination of interleukin (il)-5 and il-4 in the culture supernatant. il-5 production by mln cells stimulated with somatic antigen was significantly reduced by addition of anti-cd86 but not by anti-cd80 mab. co ...200010672193
stat6 regulation of in vivo il-4 responses.although in vitro development of a th2 response from naive cd4+ t cells is stat6 dependent, mice immunized with a goat ab to mouse igd have been reported to produce a normal primary il-4 response in stat6-deficient mice. experiments have now been performed with mice immunized with more conventional ags or inoculated with nematode parasites to account for this apparent discrepancy. the ability of an immunogen to induce a primary in vivo il-4 response in stat6-deficient mice was found to vary dire ...200010679064
[identification of antigens shared between schistosoma japonicum and trichinella spiralis].cross-reactivity was analysed between the antigen of t. spiralis muscular larvae and antigens of cercariae, liver stage schistosomula, 30 day male and female adult worms of s. japonicum by means of eitb technique. the result showed that the antigens of cercariae schistosomula, female worms except male worms, were recognized by sera from rabbits immunized with t. spiralis antigens or by sera from t. spiralis infected rabbits. the molecular weight of recognized antigens ranges from 15 to 100 kd, m ...199810681743
trichinella murrelli n. sp: etiological agent of sylvatic trichinellosis in temperate areas of north america.trichinella t5, collected from sylvatic carnivores in north america, was identified previously as a different phenotype of trichinella, with an uncertain taxonomic level due to the availability of only 2 isolates. cross-breeding experiments carried out with single female and male larvae of 2 strains of trichinella t5, with single female and male larvae of 2 strains of trichinella spiralis, trichinella nativa, trichinella britovi, trichinella pseudospiralis, trichinella nelsoni, and trichinella t ...200010701576
infectivity, persistence, and antibody response to domestic and sylvatic trichinella spp. in experimentally infected pigs.groups of pigs were inoculated with genotypes of trichinella belonging to: trichinella spiralis, trichinella nativa, trichinella britovi, trichinella pseudospiralis (from caucasus), t. pseudospiralis (from usa), trichinella murrelli, trichinella sp. (from north america), and trichinella nelsoni. the pigs were sacrificed between 5 and 40weeks p.i., and the number of muscle larvae per gram (l.p.g.) of tissue was determined as an average of 18 muscles. all trichinella genotypes were infective for p ...200010704604
infections and intoxications associated with animal feed and forage which may present a hazard to human health.animal feed or forage may be the source of a limited number of infections for farm animals that could lead to human illness. likely organisms include salmonella enterica, toxoplasma gondii, trichinella spiralis and possibly the agent of bovine spongiform encephalopathy. the risk to human health from other infectious agents which may contaminate either feed or forage appear to be either negligible, e.g. bacillus anthracis and mycobacterium bovis, or non-existent, e.g. clostridium botulinum toxin ...200010712800
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