| young male with pancytopenia: an unusual cause. | | 2002 | 12151578 |
| bancroftian filariasis infection, disease, and specific antibody response patterns in a high and a low endemicity community in east africa. | bancroftian filariasis infection, disease and specific antibody response patterns in a high and a low endemicity community in east africa were analyzed and compared to assess the relationship between these parameters and community transmission intensity. overall prevalences of microfilaremia and circulating filarial antigenemia were 24.9% and 52.2% in the high and 2.7% and 16.5% in the low endemicity community, respectively. a positive history of acute attacks of adenolymphangitis was given by 1 ... | 2002 | 12201589 |
| the effect of six rounds of single dose mass treatment with diethylcarbamazine or ivermectin on wuchereria bancrofti infection and its implications for lymphatic filariasis elimination. | annual mass treatment with single-dose diethylcarbamazine (dec) or ivermectin (ivm) in combination with albendazole (alb) for 4-6 years is the principal tool of lymphatic filariasis (lf) elimination strategy. this placebo-controlled study examined the potential of six rounds of mass treatment with dec or ivm to eliminate wuchereria bancrofti infection in humans in rural areas in south india. a percentage of 54-75 of the eligible population (> or =15 kg body weight) received treatment during diff ... | 2002 | 12225508 |
| can insecticide resistance status affect parasite transmission in mosquitoes? | | 2002 | 12225925 |
| asymptomatic bacteriuria and concomitant presence of other micro-organisms in urine of pregnant women in dar es salaam -- tanzania. | this study was designed to determine the prevalence of significant bacteriuria in pregnancy in dar es salaam as well as attempt to find out whether bacteriuria has any effects on the mother and baby. of 1007 pregnant women studied for asymptomatic bacteriuria, a significant bacteriuria rate of 6.3% was revealed. escherichia coli was the predominant organism, making up 47.6% of the total organisms isolated. schistosoma hematobium was present in 8.7%, t. vaginalis in 14%, yeast cells were found ... | 1983 | 12340188 |
| treatment of brugia timori and wuchereria bancrofti infections in indonesia using dec or a combination of dec and albendazole: adverse reactions and short-term effects on microfilariae. | filariasis caused by brugia timori and wuchereria bancrofti is an important public health problem on alor island, east nusa tenggara, indonesia. to implement a control programme, adverse reactions and short-term effects on the microfilaria (mf) density were studied following a divided dose of diethylcarbamazine (dec, 6 mg/kg body weight - 100 mg on day 1 and the rest on day 3) or a single dose of dec (6 mg/kg body weight on day 3) and albendazole (alb, 400 mg). in order to define the most approp ... | 2002 | 12358626 |
| an immature filarial worm, probably wuchereria bancrofti, from the anterior chamber of the eye in a patient from sri lanka. | | 2002 | 12375373 |
| the impact of single-dose diethylcarbamazine treatment of bancroftian filariasis in a low-endemicity setting in egypt. | this study was designed to evaluate the effect of a single dose of diethylcarbamazine (dec, 6 mg/kg) on wuchereria bancrofti infections in a low-endemicity setting in egypt (microfilaremia, or mf, 3.7%, median mf 34/ml). subjects with mf or filarial antigenemia were treated and restudied 1 year later. treatment with dec dramatically reduced blood mf counts, with clearance in 69% of subjects. treatment also reduced filarial antigen levels, but low clearance rates suggest that some adult worms sur ... | 2002 | 12389947 |
| prevalence of diurnally subperiodic bancroftian filariasis among the nicobarese in andaman and nicobar islands, india: effect of age and gender. | we conducted a cross-sectional survey to assess the prevalence of disease and microfilaraemia caused by diurnally subperiodic strain of wuchereria bancrofti transmitted by day biting aedes niveus in teressa island, remotely located in the nicobar district of andaman and nicobar islands. lymphatic filariasis is a considerable public health problem on this island with an overall endemicity rate of 16.2%. there was a gradual increase in microfilaraemia prevalence with age, reaching a plateau above ... | 2002 | 12390601 |
| the histopathology of bancroftian filariasis revisited: the role of the adult worm in the lymphatic-vessel disease. | although morphology is generally limited to static images, the histopathological features of bancroftian lymphatic disease are presented here in a way that is as dynamic as possible and closely associated with the clinical, ultrasonographic and surgical characteristics. the protean spectrum of alterations seen in the host's lymphatic vessels is discussed, and the changes caused by the live and dead worms are highlighted, as independent events. evidence of a remodelling process, in which the lymp ... | 2002 | 12396316 |
| the influence of the mass administration of diethylcarbamazine, alone or with albendazole, on the prevalence of filarial antigenaemia. | the current indian campaign for the elimination of lymphatic filariasis is largely based on mass drug administration (mda). as part of this campaign, villagers in the tirukoilur and mugaiyur 'blocks' (i.e. revenue units) of villupuram district, in tamil nadu, india, were treated with diethylcarbamazine (dec), either alone (mugaiyur) or with albendazole (tirukoilur), in march 2001. the efficacy of treatment, in each of the two treatment arms, was evaluated by determining the percentages of the su ... | 2002 | 12396322 |
| microfilaria in a thyroid nodule which resolved on treatment. | | 2002 | 12405321 |
| antibodies in human filariasis sera react with diethylcarbamazine. | we demonstrate by an elisa the presence of antibodies in human filarial sera that react with diethylcarbamazine (dec); they appear to be primarily filarial antibodies cross-reacting with dec skeleton, since affinity-purified dec antibodies strongly react with wuchereria bancrofti microfilariae. these observations indicate a possible antigenic mimicry between the drug and some parasite component. | 1989 | 12412752 |
| protective immune responses with trickle infections of third-stage filarial larvae of wuchereria bancrofti in mice. | groups of inbred balb/c mice were immunized with trickle doses of 20 live third-stage larvae (l3) of wuchereria bancrofti each subcutaneously or with 150 microg of sonicated microfilarial antigens emulsified in freund's adjuvant intramuscularly. an antibody response was distinctly seen after seven trickle doses of l3 and following with the sonicated microfilarial immunization. due to the non-permissive nature of inbred mice to w. bancrofti infections, a novel immunization approach was adopted us ... | 1989 | 12412764 |
| a hypodermally expressed prolyl 4-hydroxylase from the filarial nematode brugia malayi is soluble and active in the absence of protein disulfide isomerase. | the collagen prolyl 4-hydroxylase (p4h) class of enzymes catalyze the hydroxylation of prolines in the x-pro-gly repeats of collagen chains. this modification is central to the synthesis of all collagens. most p4hs are alpha(2)beta(2) tetramers with the catalytic activity residing in the alpha subunits. the beta subunits are identical to the enzyme protein disulfide isomerase. the nematode cuticle is a collagenous extracellular matrix required for maintenance of the worm body shape. examination ... | 2003 | 12417582 |
| an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa) format to diagnose wuchereria bancrofti specific immunoglobulin g4 class in urine samples. | | 2002 | 12452485 |
| [preliminary results in the clinical, epidemiological and parasitological study of bancrofti filariasis in madagascar]. | in 1958, a large study on the distribution of bancroft filariasis was set up in madagascar. in order to update these data, the authors have studied in the same areas the parasitological and clinical prevalence of bancroft filariasis. here are the preliminary results of this study, concerning 1862 people, aged 10 years and more. the mean prevalence rate of microfilaria-carriers was of 22.9%, and the average parasitic density was of 3.6 parasits/20 microliters of blood. the prevalence rate of chro ... | 1996 | 12463009 |
| mass treatment to eliminate filariasis in papua new guinea. | the global initiative to eradicate bancroftian filariasis currently relies on mass treatment with four to six annual doses of antifilarial drugs. the goal is to reduce the reservoir of microfilariae in the blood to a level that is insufficient to maintain transmission by the mosquito vector. | 2002 | 12466508 |
| reading ict filariasis rapid diagnostic card tests under field conditions and issues of good clinical practice in clinical trials. | | 2002 | 12474495 |
| filariasis in a tourist diagnosed by fine needle aspiration cytology. | | 2002 | 12485178 |
| lymphatic filariasis-specific immune responses in relation to lymphoedema grade and infection status. i. cellular responses. | the filariasis-specific cellular responsiveness was assessed in 109 adult individuals from a wuchereria bancrofti-endemic area in north-east tanzania. there were 9 study groups. five groups of individuals were negative for microfilariae (mf) and specific circulating filarial antigen (cfa) and had leg lymphoedema of varying severity ranging from early to more advanced grades (pathology groups 1-5). another group comprised individuals with mixed grades of lymphoedema and positive for mf and/or cfa ... | 2002 | 12497986 |
| lymphatic filariasis-specific immune responses in relation to lymphoedema grade and infection status. ii. humoral responses. | the filarial-specific humoral responses (igg1, igg2, igg3, igg4 and ige) to a brugia pahangi antigen was assessed in 9 groups of adult individuals from a wuchereria bancrofti-endemic area in north-east tanzania. in 5 of the groups, individuals were negative for microfilariae (mf) and circulating filarial antigen (cfa) and had leg lymphoedema of varying severity ranging from early to more advanced grades. a 6th group had mixed grades of lymphoedema and were actively infected with mf and/or cfa. t ... | 2002 | 12497987 |
| transmission dynamics of lymphatic filariasis: density-dependence in the uptake of wuchereria bancrofti microfilariae by vector mosquitoes. | gaining a better understanding of parasite infection dynamics in the vector mosquito (diptera: culicidae) population is central to improving knowledge regarding the transmission, persistence and hence control of lymphatic filariasis. here, we use data on mosquito feeding experiments collated from the published literature to examine the available evidence regarding the functional form of the first component of this parasite-vector relationship for wuchereria bancrofti (filarioidea: onchocercidae) ... | 2002 | 12510894 |
| bancroftian filariasis: clinical parasitologic and serologic evaluation after 4 years applying two antifilarial regimens. | in august 1 997, 124 individuals out ot 1,110 were selected as being seropositive for circulating filarial antigen og4c3 (cfa). ten healthy children proven negative for cfa were used as controls. the patients were classified into: g1 28 patients; 20 asymptomatic microfilaraemic and 8 symptomatic amicrofilaraemic (amf), g2 80 patients, 22 asymptomatic mf, 48 asymptomatic amf and 10 symptomatic amf and g3 16 asymptomatic amf. g1 was treated by single annual dose of diethyl carbamazine (dec) (6mg/k ... | 2002 | 12512817 |
| tolerability and efficacy of single dose albendazole, diethylcarbamazine citrate (dec) or co-administration of albendazole with dec in the clearance of wuchereria bancrofti in asymptomatic microfilaraemic volunteers in pondicherry, south india: a hospital-based study. | background: the tolerability and efficacy of single dose albendazole (400 mg), diethylcarbamazine citrate (dec) (6 mg/kg bodyweight) or co-administration of albendazole (400 mg) + dec (6 mg/kg bodyweight) was studied in 54 asymptomatic wuchereria bancrofti microfilaraemic volunteers in a double blind hospital-based clinical study. results: there was no significant difference in the overall incidence of adverse reactions between the three drug groups [42.1% (albendazole), 52.9% (dec) and 61.1% (a ... | 2002 | 12537598 |
| the use of spatial analysis in mapping the distribution of bancroftian filariasis in four west african countries. | the geographical distribution of human infection with wuchereria bancrofti was investigated in four west african countries (benin, burkina faso, ghana and togo), using a commercial immunochromatographic test for filarial antigen. efforts were made to cover each health-system implementation unit and to ensure no sampling point was >50 km from another, but otherwise the 401 study communities were selected at random. the aim was to enable spatial analysis of the data, to provide a prediction of the ... | 2002 | 12537631 |
| analysis of wuchereria bancrofti infections in a village community in northern nigeria: increased prevalence in individuals infected with onchocerca volvulus. | infections with wuchereria bancrofti causing lymphatic filariasis still represent one of the major health problems in the tropics, with 120 million people infected and over 750 million exposed to this filarial parasite. we have studied lymphatic filariasis infections as part of a multi-parasite survey in a village community in the savannah of northern nigeria. we analysed serum samples from 341 individuals aged 5-70 years, detecting a w. bancrofti circulating antigen using the commercially avail ... | 2003 | 12543143 |
| the pathogenesis of filarial lymphedema: is it the worm or is it the host? | our understanding of the pathogenesis of filarial lymphedema, although evolving, is still limited. recurrent bacterial infections play a major role in the progression of lymphedema to elephantiasis, but the host and parasite factors that trigger disease development are not known. field studies in haiti show that lymphedema and host responses to parasite antigens cluster in families, consistent with the hypothesis that host genes influence lymphedema susceptibility. the recent recognition that fi ... | 2002 | 12543723 |
| seroreactivity of purified brugia malayi microfilarial soluble and excretory-secretory antigens in different clinical presentations of bancroftian filariasis. | brugia malayi microfilarial excretory-secretory (mf es) and phosphate buffer saline soluble (mf s) antigens were fractionated by fast protein liquid chromatography (fplc) on superdex 200 hr 10/30 gel filtration column. the active antigen fractions were identified and explored in comparison with whole mf es and mf s antigens to detect filarial igg antibodies in different groups viz microfilaraemics, acute, chronic and occult filarial cases of wuchereria bancrofti infection and endemic and non-end ... | 2000 | 12557912 |
| serum levels of endothelin-1 (et-1), interleukin-2 (il-2) and amino-terminal propeptide type iii procollagen (piii np) in patients with acute and chronic filariasis. | filariasis, a mosquito-borne parasitic disease, is a worldwide health problem. there is still, some controversial concerning the diagnosis of acute and chronic infections. the serum levels of endothelin-1 (et-1), interleukin-2 (il-2) and amino-terminal propeptide type iii (piii np) was measured in patients with acute and chronic filariasis as compared with controls. the et-1, il-2 and piii np levels were significantly high in chronic cases than in acute. on the other hand, the serum levels of il ... | 2001 | 12557940 |
| value of the quantitative buffy coat capillary tube test (qbc) in the microscopic diagnosis of bancroftian filariasis. | the diagnostic performance of the commerical quantitative buffy coat capillary tube technique was compared with the standard diagnosis of filariasis by microscopical examination of giemsa stained thick blood films. the comparison was conducted among 83 subjects. the qbc test was highly sensitive than the thick blood film in detection of microfilaraemic patients. the percentage of positive cases among 35 subjects with fever and enlarged lymph nodes in the axilla or in the groin was 48.6% versus 4 ... | 1999 | 12561902 |
| [efficacy of surgical treatment of hydrocele in 167 cases with filariasis bancrofti]. | | 2000 | 12567478 |
| [long-term effect of ict application in monitoring filariasis control]. | | 2000 | 12567650 |
| [a staining method for defecting microfilaria in preserved hemolysed smear preparations]. | | 2000 | 12567677 |
| [observation on the persistence period and transmission of residual microfilaremia with medium and higher density]. | to explore the persistence period of medium and higher density of microfilaremia and its role in the transmission of filariasis in areas with filariasis basically eradicated. | 2000 | 12567699 |
| ctla-4 in filarial infections: implications for a role in diminished t cell reactivity. | to determine the role that ctla-4 might play in mediating the diminished parasite ag-specific t cell responsiveness that is characteristically seen in filaria-infected patients, several study populations and methods were used. first, quantitative assessment of mrna expression determined that pbmc from uninfected adolescents exposed in utero to microfilarial (mf) ag demonstrated a strong up-regulation of ctla-4 to the mf stage of the parasite in contrast to that observed in cells from children bo ... | 2003 | 12574361 |
| short communication: concomitant malaria and filariasis infections in georgetown, guyana. | lymphatic filariasis and malaria are endemic in guyana, south america. to determine the prevalence of concomitant infections, we conducted a 1-year survey of febrile patients attending the malaria (day) and filariasis (night) clinics in georgetown. in all, 1278 thick blood smears were collected: 769 for filariasis, of which 103 were positive for wuchereria bancrofti, and three for both w. bancrofti and malaria parasites; and 509 for malaria, 21 of which tested positive for malaria and 17 for bot ... | 2003 | 12581439 |
| setaria cervi: in vitro released collagenases and their inhibition by wuchereria bancrofti infected sera. | in vitro released products of adult setaria cervi females, microfilariae and extracts showed considerable amounts of collagenase activity. on the basis of per mg protein released in vitro, the products of both microfilariae and adult females exhibited comparable activity but this was much higher than that of extract of microfilariae and adult females. two collagenase enzymes with molecular masses of 50 kda and 70 kda were separated using deae-sepharose cl6b and sephadex g-100 column chromatograp ... | 2003 | 12590669 |
| polymerase chain reaction-based detection of lymphatic filariasis. | pcr-based diagnostic assays are promising tools for the monitoring and evaluation of the global programme for elimination of lymphatic filariasis. sensitive and specific assays have been described for the detection of wuchereria bancrofti, brugia malayi, or brugia timori infection in blood, sputum, and vectors. these techniques can be most cost-effective when employed for pool screening, which is important in the later stages of control programs when infection rates of humans and vectors are low ... | 2003 | 12592557 |
| lymphatic filariasis in papua new guinea: prospects for elimination. | lymphatic filariasis is a significant public health problem in several pacific island countries. papua new guinea is one of the most populous countries in this region, and 39% of its residents are estimated to be infected with wuchereria bancrofti. the ministries of health of the 22 islands and territories in the pacific region are committed to taking action against lymphatic filariasis. accordingly, a regional collaborative effort aimed at the control of filariasis has been organized under the ... | 2003 | 12592558 |
| primed peritoneal b lymphocytes are sufficient to transfer protection against brugia pahangi infection in mice. | lymphatic filariasis is a tropical disease caused by the nematode parasites wuchereria bancrofti and brugia malayi. whereas the protective potential of t lymphocytes in filarial infection is well documented, investigation of the role of b lymphocytes in antifilarial immunity has been neglected. in this communication, we examine the role of b lymphocytes in antifilarial immunity, using brugia pahangi infections in the murine peritoneal cavity as a model. we find that b lymphocytes are required fo ... | 2003 | 12595454 |
| filaria dance sign and subclinical hydrocoele in two east african communities with bancroftian filariasis. | during population-wide cross-sectional surveys for wuchereria bancrofti microfilaremia, circulating antigenaemia, and clinical disease in a high and a low endemicity community in east africa in 1998, a portable ultrasound scanner was used simultaneously to examine the scrotal tissue of the male populations (n = 422 and 328, respectively) for signs of adult worms. the overall microfilaria (mf) and circulating filarial antigen (cfa) prevalences in the scanned males were 30.8% and 53.6% in the high ... | 2002 | 12625143 |
| development and standardization of a rapid, pcr-based method for the detection of wuchereria bancrofti in mosquitoes, for xenomonitoring the human prevalence of bancroftian filariasis. | pcr has recently been studied as a promising tool for monitoring the progress of efforts to eliminate lymphatic filariasis. pcr can be used to test concurrently at least 30 pools, with as many as 40 mosquitoes in each pool, for the presence of filarial larvae. the sspi pcr assay for the detection of wuchereria bancrofti dna in pools of mosquitoes has been used since 1994 in a variety of laboratories worldwide. during that time, the original assay has been modified in these different laboratories ... | 2002 | 12625916 |
| field application of pcr-based assays for monitoring wuchereria bancrofti infection in africa. | approximately 50 million people in egypt and sub-saharan africa have bancroftian filariasis and together they represent about a third of all cases of lymphatic filariasis (lf) world-wide. currently, the global programme to eliminate lymphatic filariasis, which was launched by the world health organization (who) in 1998, is largely based on repeated annual cycles of mass drug administration (mda) to endemic populations. also, some countries, including egypt, are taking steps to improve lf vector- ... | 2002 | 12625918 |
| progress towards, and challenges for, the elimination of filariasis from pacific-island communities. | the pacific programme for the elimination of lymphatic filariasis (pacelf) - the first regional campaign to attempt to eliminate filariasis as a public-health problem - is using five, annual, mass drug administrations (mda) of diethylcarbamazine (dec) plus albendazole to stop transmission. in 2001, nine countries and territories covered by the programme had begun annual mda campaigns, with population treatment coverages ranging from 52% to 95%. by the end of 2002, it is anticipated that 11 count ... | 2002 | 12625919 |
| cost-effectiveness of the use of vector control and mass drug administration, separately or in combination, against lymphatic filariasis. | the costs and effects of two intervention strategies for the control of bancroftian filariasis-annual mass drug administrations (mda) with a combination of diethylcarbamazine and ivermectin, with or without integrated vector control (vc)-were estimated in rural villages in south india. the aim was to compare the cost-effectiveness of mda alone with that of mda plus vc. control of the local vector, culex quinquefasciatus, was based on the application of polystyrene beads to cesspits, the treatmen ... | 2002 | 12625921 |
| impact of insecticide-treated materials on filaria transmission by the various species of vector mosquito in africa. | nocturnally periodic bancroftian filariasis is maintained by three mainly endophilic vectors in east africa: culex quinquefasciatus, anopheles funestus and the an. gambiae complex. permethrin-impregnated bednets provide considerable protection against these mosquitoes, but the species respond differently. the degree of protection conferred by treated bednets was determined in kenyan communities where all three vectors actively transmit wuchereria bancrofti. the annual transmission potential in t ... | 2002 | 12625922 |
| use of floating layers of polystyrene beads to control populations of the filaria vector culex quinquefasciatus. | floating layers of polystyrene beads suffocate mosquito larvae and pupae and inhibit egg laying. the layers are very durable in breeding sites with water contained within walls, as in wet pit latrines and soakage pits. in some areas such pits constitute an important breeding site for culex quinquefasciatus. trials have been conducted in communities in zanzibar, tanzania, and in tamil nadu, india, where such mosquito populations were the vectors of wuchereria bancrofti. in each case, treatment of ... | 2002 | 12625923 |
| control of the aedes vectors of the dengue viruses and wuchereria bancrofti: the french polynesian experience. | in most of the 130 islands of french polynesia, the stenotopic mosquitoes aedes aegypti (the main local vector for the viruses causing dengue) and aedes polynesiensis (the main local vector of wuchereria bancrofti) share many breeding sites in water containers such as discarded cans, coconut shells, buckets and water-storage pots and drums. in addition to selective application of insecticides, non-polluting methods of controlling these mosquitoes have been evaluated during the last decade in two ... | 2002 | 12625924 |
| limitation and facilitation in the vectors and other aspects of the dynamics of filarial transmission: the need for vector control against anopheles-transmitted filariasis. | in certain filaria-mosquito combinations, the number of infective, third-stage larvae (l(3)) that develop in a mosquito is not proportional to the number of microfilariae (mff) ingested by that mosquito. as the number of mff ingested increases, the yield of l(3) per microfilaria may either increase (in a process known as 'facilitation') or decrease (in a process known as 'limitation'). each ingested microfilaria that is successful (in terms of reaching the haemocoel) increases (facilitation) or ... | 2002 | 12625927 |
| modelling the epidemiology, transmission and control of lymphatic filariasis. | wuchereria bancrofti transmitted by culex quinquefasciatus accounts for >90% of the global burden of lymphatic filariasis (lf). recent advances in diagnostic and control tools and a better epidemiological understanding of the disease have led to hope that lf is eradicable. the world health organization has helped a number of member countries to launch nation-wide programmes of mass treatment with antifilarial drugs such as diethylcarbamazine, albendazole and ivermectin, for the elimination of th ... | 2002 | 12625928 |
| vector-control synergies, between 'roll back malaria' and the global programme to eliminate lymphatic filariasis, in the african region. | the perspectives and opportunities for controlling the mosquito vectors of wuchereria bancrofti in tropical africa are summarized and discussed. the countries covered by the world health organization's african region have about one third of the world's burden of lymphatic filariasis (lf) as well as large shares of the planet's malaria and of many other vector-borne diseases. african lf is entirely caused by nocturnally periodic w. bancrofti, filarial nematode that is transmitted in urban east af ... | 2002 | 12630402 |
| vector-control synergies, between 'roll back malaria' and the global programme to eliminate lymphatic filariasis, in south-east asia. | the problems of, and opportunities for the control of filarial vectors in the world health organization's south-east asian region are summarized and discussed. together, the countries in this region have more than half of the world's burden of lymphatic filariasis (lf), most of it caused by wuchereria bancrofti transmitted by culex quinquefasciatus. although the vectors and the epidemiology and distribution of lf in this area largely differ from those of malaria, some vector-control methods (suc ... | 2002 | 12630409 |
| animated documentation of the filaria dance sign (fds) in bancroftian filariasis. | background: ultrasonography is able to detect adult wuchereria bancrofti worms in scrotal lymphatic vessels of infected men on account of the characteristic pattern of adult worm movements, known as the filarial dance sign. furthermore, the technique is able to delineate associated pathology, such as hydrocoele and lymphoedema, which can be diagnosed in early stages. ultrasonography is also useful in the assessment of macrofilaricidal effects of antifilarial medication.the purpose of this study ... | 2003 | 12636874 |
| mass treatment of filariasis in new guinea. | | 2003 | 12646679 |
| mass treatment of filariasis in new guinea. | | 2003 | 12647730 |
| doxycycline as a novel strategy against bancroftian filariasis-depletion of wolbachia endosymbionts from wuchereria bancrofti and stop of microfilaria production. | chemotherapy of onchocerciasis by doxycycline, which targets symbiotic wolbachia endobacteria, has been shown to result in a long-term sterility of adult female worms and corresponding absence of microfilariae. it represents an additional chemotherapeutic approach. the aim of this study was to determine whether a similar regimen would also show efficacy against wuchereria bancrofti. ghanaian individuals ( n=93) with lymphatic filariasis and a minimum microfilaremia of 40 microfilariae/ml were in ... | 2003 | 12684759 |
| relationships between wuchereria bancrofti microfilaria counts in human blood and parasite uptake and maturation in culex pipiens, with observations on the effects of diethylcarbamazine treatment on these parameters. | this study examined relationships between blood microfilaria (mf) counts and parasite uptake and maturation in culex pipiens fed on egyptian volunteers with bancroftian filariasis. uptake of mf and production of infective larvae (l3) were more closely correlated with mf counts in finger prick blood than in venous blood. only a minority of ingested mf developed into l3. few mf were ingested, and very few l3 were produced by mosquitoes that fed on infected subjects who were amicrofilaremic by 50 m ... | 2003 | 12685631 |
| a polymerase chain reaction assay for the survey of bancroftian filariasis. | a polymerase chain reaction (pcr) assay based on a highly repeated dna sequence found in wuchereria bancrofti (sspi repeat) has been modified for the survey of bancroftian filariasis in expatriate workers (myamese, karen and mon) from myanmar where human filariasis is endemic. the pcr was very sensitive with the ability to detect the presence of as little as 10 pg of parasite dna. the primers used in this pcr also showed highly specific amplification of parasite dna without the presence of non-s ... | 2002 | 12693583 |
| mapping of lymphatic filariasis in nepal. | background: human infection with wuchereria bancrofti causes a disabling parasitic disease known as lymphatic filariasis, which is a major public health and socio-economic problem in many parts of the world. at the onset of the study, little was known of the distribution of filariasis and its current importance as a public health problem in nepal. methods: epidemiological mapping was undertaken to determine the prevalence of infection by wuchereria bancrofti in 37 districts of nepal between july ... | 2003 | 12694630 |
| red blood cell antioxidant levels in wuchereria bancrofti infection. | the elimination of microfilariae of wuchereria bancrofti is probably mediated by free radicals. red cell catalase (c), glutathione peroxidase (gpx), and superoxide dismutase (sod) activity levels were measured as an indirect method of assessing blood oxidant status in 29 asymptomatic microfilaraemics, 29 "endemic normals", and 29 controls living in a non-endemic area. changes in the activity of these enzymes were also compared over a one month period in 22 asymptomatic microfilaraemics randomise ... | 2002 | 12706743 |
| a simple and rapid dna extraction method for the detection of wuchereria bancrofti infection in the vector mosquito, culex quinquefasciatus by ssp i pcr assay. | a simple, rapid and inexpensive method for the extraction of dna from filarial vector, culex quinquefasciatus, useful in ssp i pcr assay for xenomonitoring of infection with wuchereria bancrofti is presented. the dna extracted by this method was found suitable for pcr detection of w. bancrofti infection in pools of 10-30 mosquitoes. the pcr assay employing the simplified dna extraction method was evaluated for its sensitivity on field caught cx. quinquefasciatus, in comparison with the conventio ... | 2003 | 12711110 |
| management of disability in lymphatic filariasis--an update. | the global lymphatic filariasis elimination programme incorporates disability management along with transmission control, to ensure 'a visible impact' on those who are already affected by the disease. the common manifestations of lymphatic filariasis like lymphoedema; elephantiasis and hydrocele result from irreversible damage caused to the lymphatics by the adult worms. only palliative treatment in the form of physical methods and surgery is available for lymphoedema and elephantiasis. hydrocel ... | 2002 | 12718336 |
| [parasite detection and symptoms of parasitic diseases. 1: blood parasites]. | blood parasites are malaria plasmodia, microfilaria species, trypanosomes (the causative agents of african sleeping sickness and south american changas disease) and the causative agents of schistosomiasis of the bladder and the intestine. their geographical distribution, incubation periods, signs and symptoms, microscopic and serological methods are described. in germany around 1,000 tourists contract malaria every year, mostly travellers to africa. over 70% suffer from the life-threatening p. f ... | 2003 | 12731420 |
| an aspartate aminotransferase of wolbachia endobacteria from onchocerca volvulus is recognized by igg1 antibodies from residents of endemic areas. | wolbachia are intracellular alpha-proteobacteria, closely related to rickettsia, that infect various arthropods and filarial parasites. in the present study, the cdna encoding the aspartate aminotransferase (aspat) of wolbachia from the human pathogenic filarial parasite onchocerca volvulus (ov-wolaspat) was identified. at the amino acid level, the identity of the ov-wolaspat was 56% to rickettsia prowazekii aspat and 54% to the aspat of the nitrogen-fixing bacterium sinorhizobium meliloti, but ... | 2003 | 12743802 |
| no evidence of wolbachia endosymbiosis with loa loa and mansonella perstans. | endosymbiotic wolbachia bacteria from different filarial species, including major pathogens of humans such as wuchereria bancrofti, brugia malayi and onchocerca volvulus, seem to play an important role in the development, viability and fertility of these worms. wolbachia trigger inflammatory host responses as well as adverse reactions against standard treatment regimens and are therefore under investigation as novel treatment targets. we investigated whether wolbachia are also endosymbiotic in l ... | 2003 | 12748849 |
| bmspn2, a serpin secreted by the filarial nematode brugia malayi, does not inhibit human neutrophil proteinases but plays a noninhibitory role. | the filarial nematode, brugia malayi, is a causative agent of lymphatic filariasis. bm-spn-2, one of two serpin genes identified in b. malayi, is expressed only in humans where the encoded protein, bmspn2, is secreted by blood-dwelling microfilariae. previous work reported that bmspn2 could inhibit the activities of elastase and cathepsin g from human neutrophils, despite an atypical amino acid sequence. this did not fit with accepted theories as to the sequence requirements of serpins for prote ... | 2003 | 12755628 |
| relative abundance of culex quinquefasciatus (diptera: culicidae) with reference to infection and infectivity rate from the rural and urban areas of east and west godavari districts of andhra pradesh, india. | this paper describes the seasonal abundance of culex quinquefasciatus in the rural and urban areas of the east and west godavari districts (egdt and wgdt) of andhra pradesh, india. the per man-hour density (pmhd) was collected from seven units in egdt and two units in wgdt, which comprised rural and urban areas. the highest infection and infectivity rates were found in the rural areas of rajahmundry (43.6%) and amalapuram (13.2%) respectively. in urban areas, the highest infection and infectivit ... | 2002 | 12757213 |
| localisation and distribution of wuchereria bancrofti antigens recognised by antisera from tropical pulmonary eosinophilia and from individuals with intestinal helminths. | serological analyses of sera from patients with a typical picture of filarial tropical pulmonary eosinophilia (tpe) and sera from patients from a region non-endemic for filariasis harbouring intestinal helminths, as ascaris lumbricoides and strongyloids stercoralis, revealed equally high titers of igg4, usually considered diagnostic for filariasis. ultrathin sections of adult worms of w. bancrofti embedded in the hydrophilic resin l.r. white were incubated with sera from patients with a typical ... | 2003 | 12762653 |
| reproductive aspects of the mosquito culex quinquefasciatus (diptera:culicidae) infected with wuchereria bancrofti (spirurida: onchocercidae). | this study reports on the relationship between wuchereria bancrofti infection and female body size, intake of blood and fecundity in the mosquito culex quinquefasciatus, vector of this filarial parasite in recife (brazil). adults from field collected larvae were infected via a membrane feeding procedure, using blood with parasitaemia ranging from 724-6,000 mf/ml. a positive correlation was observed between mosquito size (measured by wing length) and egg production in uninfected females. however, ... | 2003 | 12764437 |
| targeting apoptotic signalling pathway and pro-inflammatory cytokine expression as therapeutic intervention in tpe induced lung damage. | tropical pulmonary eosinophilia (tpe) is an occult manifestation of filariasis, brought about by helminth parasites wuchereria bancrofti and brugia malayi. treatment of patients suffering from tpe involves the administration of diethyl carbamazine and ivermectin. although the drugs are able to block acute inflammation, they are not able to alleviate chronic basal inflammation. we have attempted to examine the disease by targeting two important components; namely filarial parasitic sheath protein ... | 2003 | 12788054 |
| antigenemia is associated with low antibody response to carbohydrate determinants of a filarial surface antigen. | the igg response to a filarial surface antigen (dssdi) was evaluated in circulating antigen (og4c3 test) positive and negative individuals from the wuchereria bancrofti endemic region of orissa, india. circulating filarial antigen (cfa) positive individuals exhibited depressed antibody levels to dssdi and individuals with high antibody levels were invariably cfa negative. low igg levels to dssdi are associated with cfa positivity irrespective of microfilaraemia and clinical status. thus asymptom ... | 2003 | 12791107 |
| health research in papua new guinea. | the papua new guinea institute of medical research (pngimr) is one of the most respected health research institutions in the developing world, and its studies of the local health problems of png have consistently had international relevance. this article examines the structural and philosophical factors that have enabled the success of the pngimr, and presents the pngimr approach to research as a potential model for other disease-endemic countries. an overview of pngimr research into malaria and ... | 2003 | 12798079 |
| lymphatic filariasis in papua new guinea: interdisciplinary research on a national health problem. | bancroftian filariasis is a major public health problem in papua new guinea, where the level of transmission by the mosquito vector, human infection rates and clinical morbidity are among the highest in the world. coordinated research efforts within the country, involving the disciplines of epidemiology, vector biology, immunology and genetics, have led to new insights into the ecology and pathogenesis of human lymphatic filariasis. recent work using this knowledge base should be helpful in asse ... | 2003 | 12798083 |
| human infection with wuchereria bancrofti in matara, sri lanka: the use, in parallel, of an elisa to detect filaria-specific igg4 in urine and of ict card tests to detect filarial antigen in whole blood. | the ict card test to detect circulating filarial antigen and an elisa that detects filaria-specific urinary igg(4) were each used to screen 473 subjects from a community in sri lanka where wuchereria bancrofti is endemic. when the ict test was used as the gold standard, the elisa was found to have a sensitivity of 91.2%. however, far more of the subjects were found elisa-positive than ict-positive (76.5% v. 31.1%). the youngest children studied (aged 1-10 years) were similar to the adult subject ... | 2003 | 12803873 |
| evidence against wolbachia symbiosis in loa loa. | background: the majority of filarial nematode species are host to wolbachia bacterial endosymbionts, although a few including acanthocheilonema viteae, onchocerca flexuosa and setaria equina have been shown to be free of infection. comparisons of species with and without symbionts can provide important information on the role of wolbachia symbiosis in the biology of the nematode hosts and the contribution of the bacteria to the development of disease. previous studies by electron microscopy and ... | 2003 | 12816546 |
| incidental detection of microfilariae in aspirates from ewing's sarcoma of bone. | microfilariae have been reported as coincidental findings with various neoplasms. we present a case in which microfilariae were encountered in fine-needle aspiration (fna) smears from a 10-yr-old boy who presented with a lytic lesion in the diaphysis of the right tibial bone. stained aspirates from the swelling were composed of a dispersed population of small round cells with scanty to vacuolated cytoplasm. two sheathed microfilariae with several nuclei and cephalic and caudal clearing were iden ... | 2003 | 12827713 |
| bancroftian filariasis in kwale district, kenya. | to determine the prevalence of wuchereria bancrofti infection in an area designated for filariasis control trial. | 2000 | 12858914 |
| the effects of diethylcarbamazine on the ultrastructure of microfilariae of wuchereria bancrofti. | an ultrastructural study of microfilariae of wuchereria bancrofti was performed after in vitro treatment with diethylcarbamazine. one of the first morphological alterations produced by treatment with 5, 10 or 50 microg/ml of dec was the loss of microfilarial sheaths. drastic effects of dec were only detected when microfilariae were exsheathed. microfilariae treated with 5, 10 or 50 microg/ml dec showed severely affected organelles, formation of several vacuoles mainly in the hypodermis, and cyto ... | 2003 | 12866792 |
| field evaluation of the whole blood immunochromatographic test for rapid bancroftian filariasis diagnosis in the northeast of brazil. | this study evaluated the whole blood immunochromatographic card test (ict card test) in a survey performed in northeastern brazil. 625 people were examined by the thick blood film (tbf) and ict card test. residents of a non-endemic area were also tested by the whole blood card test and og4c3. the sensitivity of the ict card test was 94.7% overall, but lower in females than males, based on the reasonable assumption that tbf is 100% specific. however, since tbf and other methods have unknown sensi ... | 2003 | 12870060 |
| prevalence and levels of filaria-specific urinary igg4 among children less than five years of age and the association of antibody positivity between children and their mothers. | an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa) to detect filaria-specific urinary igg4 was tested in samples from 203 children less than five years old and their parents (165 mothers and 127 fathers) in sri lanka. there were four igg4-positive children within 58 days after birth, suggesting the transfer of the antibody from mothers. no positive children were found between days 65 and 417. after day 1,000, the number of the positive individuals and the level of igg4 increased quickly. the children ... | 2003 | 12875298 |
| immunocytochemical localization of antigens recognized by human antisera in infective larvae of wuchereria bancrofti. | ultrathin sections of l3 of wuchereria bancrofti embedded in hydrophilic resin were incubated with antisera pools from individuals (1) asymptomatic microfilaremic with different microfilaria (mf) densities (1-100, 101-500, and >1,000 mf/ml); (2) chronic with hydrocele or lymphedema; and (3) with no evidence of microfilaremia or clinical filariasis but residing in an endemic area. the groups of microfilaremic subjects studied presented differences relative to the intensity of labeling, with the d ... | 2003 | 12880249 |
| brugia malayi and wuchereria bancrofti: gene comparison and recombinant expression of pi-class related glutathione s-transferases. | the nucleotide sequences for brugia malayi and wuchereria bancrofti gst have been submitted to embl, genbank, and ddbj nucleotide sequence databases under accession nos. y12788 and ay195867. | 2003 | 12880597 |
| influence of infection with non-filarial helminths on the specificity of serological assays for antifilarial immunoglobulin g4. | serological assays based on the detection of immunoglobulin (ig) g4 antibodies to crude filarial extracts are widely used for epidemiological and diagnostic purposes. we tested 195 samples collected in 1998 from an area of brazil where filariasis is not endemic and 13 (6.7%) had levels of antifilarial igg4 antibodies that were defined as positive. both strongyloides infection and the presence of strongyloides antibody responses were associated with higher antifilarial antibody responses. none of ... | 2003 | 12886811 |
| sensitivity and specificity of ultrasound detection and risk factors for filarial-associated hydroceles. | to better understand risk factors for hydrocele as a consequence of wuchereria bancrofti infection, 342 men more than 15 years of age in an endemic area in papua new guinea were evaluated. thirty-four subjects (9.9%) had hydrocele by physical examination. ultrasound examination detected hydroceles in 57 men (16.7%). compared with ultrasonography, the sensitivity of physical examination was 44.3%, the specificity was 98.2%, and the positive predictive value was 73.5%. hydrocele was independently ... | 2003 | 12887019 |
| rapid assessment for lymphatic filariasis in central nigeria: a comparison of the immunochromatographic card test and hydrocele rates in an area of high endemicity. | the rapid immunochromatographic card test (ict) for wuchereria bancrofti circulating filarial antigen is being used to map areas endemic for lymphatic filariasis. however, the ict is expensive; thus, surveys based on this test must be relatively limited. our study was conducted to determine if village-based hydrocele surveys could be used to supplement the ict surveys in the mapping activities. we compared in 144 nigerian villages the two assessment methods, ict and examination for clinical hydr ... | 2003 | 12887020 |
| pcr and mosquito dissection as tools to monitor filarial infection levels following mass treatment. | background: entomological methods may provide important tools for monitoring the progress of lymphatic filariasis elimination programs. in this study, we compared dissection of the vector, culex quinquefasciatus, with the polymerase chain reaction (pcr) to assess filarial infection levels in mosquitoes in the context of a lymphatic filariasis elimination program in leogane, haiti. methods: mosquitoes were collected using gravid traps located in 4 sentinel communities with wuchereria bancrofti mi ... | 2003 | 12890288 |
| acute scrotum secondary to filarial infection: a case report. | a 23-year-old man immigrated from sri lanka came to our observation for an acute painful volume increase of the right scrotum without fever. clinical examination suggested a diagnosis of testis torsion. an exploratory surgical procedure was performed. an inflammatory spermatic cord and epididymis with a purple nodule of the middle portion were found. the nodule was excised and sent to pathologist that diagnosed a filarial infection. the patient was successfully treated with diethylcarbamazine. | 2002 | 12899234 |
| dance of live adult filarial worms is a reliable sign of scrotal filarial infection. | to determine the value of the filarial dance sign as a diagnostic sign of scrotal filarial infection and to recognize unsuspected scrotal filariasis by this sign. | 2003 | 12901402 |
| spatial modelling of individual-level parasite counts using the negative binomial distribution. | we present a spatial model for the mean and correlation of highly dispersed count data, and apply it to individual-level counts of the nematode wuchereria bancrofti, a parasite of humans which causes the disease lymphatic filariasis. our model uses the negative binomial distribution, whose shape parameter is a convenient index of over-dispersion. spatial association is quantified in terms of a characteristic length, which has an intuitive interpretation as the distance over which correlation dec ... | 2000 | 12933567 |
| characterization of antibody responses to wolbachia surface protein in humans with lymphatic filariasis. | symbiotic wolbachia organisms of filarial nematodes have received much attention as possible chemotherapy targets and disease-causing organisms. in order to further investigate the association between anti-wolbachia immune responses and chronic filarial disease in humans, antibody responses to wolbachia surface protein (wsp) were assayed in serum samples collected from 232 individuals living in leogane, haiti, an area where wuchereria bancrofti infection is endemic, and from 67 north americans w ... | 2003 | 12933853 |
| influence of maternal filariasis on childhood infection and immunity to wuchereria bancrofti in kenya. | to determine whether maternal filariasis influences the risk of infection by and immunity to wuchereria bancrofti in children, we performed a cross-sectional study in an area of kenya where filariasis is endemic. residents of 211 households were enrolled; 376 parents and 938 of their offspring between the ages of 2 and 17 years were examined for filarial infection status as determined by blood-borne microfilariae and filarial antigenemia. children of infected mothers had a three- to fourfold inc ... | 2003 | 12933869 |
| bancroftian filariasis in nepal: a survey for circulating antigenemia of wuchereria bancrofti and urinary igg4 antibody in two rural areas of nepal. | serum and urine samples were randomly collected from residents in two rural areas at different altitudes in nepal, and were examined for wuchereria bancrofti antigens and antibodies (igg4) to filarial antigens, respectively. in judigaun, located at 900 m in altitude, 25.2% of 238 serum samples were positive for antigen, and 50.8% of 244 urine samples were positive for antibody. the level of igg4 antibodies was higher among antigen positive individuals than among the antigen negatives. in kotyang ... | 2003 | 12943971 |
| detection of codon for amino acid 200 in isotype 1 beta-tubulin gene of wuchereria bancrofti isolates, implicated in resistance to benzimidazoles in other nematodes. | albendazole, anthelmintic benzimidazole (bz) is being co-administered with an antifilarial drug, diethylcarbamazine (dec), in lymphatic filariasis (lf) elimination programmes. but this drug is known to result in the faster development of drug resistance and hence it is necessary to monitor drug sensitivity among populations of wuchereria bancrofti. in vitro toxicity assays to detect drug sensitivity are not available for this parasite and hence alternative techniques such as pcr assays need to b ... | 2003 | 12943980 |
| a preliminary report on a periodic tendency of microfilariae of wuchereria bancrofti observed in tahita, french oceania. | | 1952 | 12996753 |
| contribution to the geographical pathology of surinam. 9. acute lymphadenitis caused by wuchereria bancrofti. | | 1952 | 13033695 |
| filariasis in american samoa. iii. studies on chemotherapy against the non-periodic form of wuchereria bancrofti. | | 1953 | 13040683 |
| [morphology of wuchereria bancrofti, cobbold, collected in tonkin and in tahiti]. | | 1953 | 13092691 |
| [appearance in ile de région of resistance to ddt among culex fatigans wiedemann, principal vector of wuchereria bancrofti filariasis in ile]. | | 1953 | 13094472 |
| wuchereria bancrofti in the upper eyelid. | | 1953 | 13151031 |