| a rapid test for infectious and inflammatory enteritis. | inflammatory illnesses are an indication for specific diagnostic studies and possible antimicrobial therapy. the presence of fecal leukocytes has been used as a marker of inflammatory diarrhea; however, microscopic examination of the fecal smear is unreliable if the specimen is transported, refrigerated, frozen, or collected by swab. | 1994 | 7993149 |
| clostridium difficile infection: a common clinical problem for the general internist. | considering the current wide use of antimicrobial agents, the general internist is commonly faced with the patient at risk for diarrhea due to c. difficile. the diagnosis should be considered for any patient with diarrhea who has received any type of antibiotic therapy in the preceding 4-6 weeks. symptoms may range from a minor bout of diarrhea to fulminant and fatal colitis. diagnosis usually requires demonstration of the toxin in stool; culture of the organism and fiberoptic endoscopy may play ... | 1994 | 7996299 |
| [identification of toxigenic clostridium difficile strains isolated from alimentary tract of dogs by pcr]. | twenty eight clostridium difficile strains were investigated. eleven strains were toxin a and toxin b gene positive. four strains were negative for both genes. these results correlate with results of cytotoxicity assay. we identified 13 clostridium difficile strains toxin a gene positive and toxin b gene negative. | 1994 | 7996938 |
| genes encoding homologues of three consecutive enzymes in the butyrate/butanol-producing pathway of clostridium acetobutylicum are clustered on the clostridium difficile chromosome. | screening of a clostridium difficile lambda embl3 gene library with antisera raised against c. difficile culture supernatant identified several clones expressing a 31-kda protein. a 1.8-kb hindiii fragment subcloned from one of the clones was sufficient for expression of the 31-kda polypeptide. southern blot analysis showed a region homologous to this fragment to be present in all of 13 different c. difficile strains tested. sequence analysis of the 1.8-kb fragment revealed three adjacent open r ... | 1994 | 8001771 |
| pseudomembranous enterocolitis and hemorrhagic necrotizing enterocolitis in hirschsprung's disease. | from 1977 to 1991, we encountered 67 patients with hirschsprung's disease and 14 of them developed enterocolitis, with 3 cases being fatal. enterocolitis occurred preoperatively in 12 infants, as well as after ileostomy in one and after a pull-through procedure in another. seven infants had severe enterocolitis, including three with pseudomembranous enterocolitis and four with hemorrhagic necrotizing enterocolitis. enterocolitis in hirschsprung's disease mainly occurs due to intestinal obstructi ... | 1994 | 8003864 |
| enterocecocolitis associated with escherichia coli and campylobacter-like organisms in a hamster (mesocricetus auratus) colony. | sporadic diarrhea and weight loss were observed in a breeding colony of syrian hamsters during a 2-year period. thirteen adult hamsters with diarrhea, anorexia, and weight loss were examined. histologic lesions consisted of diffuse nonsuppurative enterocecocolitis and multifocal epithelial proliferation in the cecum and colon. goblet cell hyperplasia was extensive in the colonic mucosa of many hamsters. the hamsters in this colony had not been treated with antibiotics nor was clostridium diffici ... | 1994 | 8007654 |
| use of vancomycin hydrochloride for treatment of clostridium difficile enteritis in syrian hamsters. | as part of an 18-month carcinogenicity study, 680 syrian hamsters (mesocricetus auratus) received daily gavage doses of fenazaquin, an experimental miticide. mortality associated with severe enteritis was noticed beginning when the hamsters were 4 months old and ranged from one to five deaths per month until the hamsters were about 10 months old, when 41 deaths occurred in a 1-month period. ante- and postmortem findings were consistent with those reported for antibiotic-induced enteritis in hams ... | 1994 | 8007657 |
| clostridium difficile-associated diarrhoea in hiv-infected patients. | | 1994 | 8011264 |
| evaluation of an automated system for identification of anaerobic bacteria. | a fully automated computer-assisted system (atb system, biomérieux, france) which uses disposable microenzymatic panels was evaluated for its ability to identify 215 strains of anaerobic bacteria (clinical isolates and reference strains). all strains were examined using conventional identification protocols and by gas chromatographic analysis of short-chain fatty acids. automated reading of rapid id32a test kits (biomérieux, france) by the atb system gave correct identification for 195 strains ( ... | 1994 | 8013485 |
| haemagglutination activity of toxigenic and non-toxigenic strains of clostridium difficile. | cell extract of clostridium difficile strains was fractionated by ammonium sulfate precipitation and sulfated cellulofine column chromatography to detect haemagglutination (ha) activity. ha activity without cytotoxicity was detected in fractions eluted at 0.79-0.91 m nacl in sulfated cellulofine column chromatography of the cell extract in both toxigenic strain vpi 10463 and non-toxigenic strain kz 1678, while toxin a was detected in fractions eluted at 0.27-0.29 m nacl. antisera were prepared w ... | 1994 | 8013869 |
| risk factors for clostridium difficile stool cytotoxin b among critically ill patients: role of sucralfate. | to identify risk factors other than antimicrobial exposure for clostridium difficile stool cytotoxin b, subjects admitted to critical care units over 18 months and who had stool cytotoxin assays were evaluated. twenty-two cases (cytotoxin b-positive) were compared with 125 controls (cytotoxin b-negative). cases and controls were similar with respect to age, sex, therapeutic index severity score, duration of hospitalization before cytotoxin b testing, and antimicrobial exposure. adjusted odds rat ... | 1994 | 8014506 |
| cefepime: a new fourth-generation cephalosporin. | the chemistry, pharmacology, antimicrobial spectrum, pharmacokinetics, clinical efficacy, adverse effects, and dosage of cefepime are reviewed. fourth-generation cephalosporins, such as cefepime, have a quaternary nitrogen that is positively charged at the 3-position, providing the properties of a zwitterion. a 2-aminothiazolyl-acetamido group in the side chain at the 7-position with an alpha-oxyimino substitution may enhance stability against beta-lactamases by preventing the enzymes' approach ... | 1994 | 8017411 |
| fecal clostridium difficile carriage among medical housestaff. | housestaff, physician assistants, and hospitalized patients at a teaching hospital were tested for fecal carriage of clostridium difficile. the test results showed that fecal carriage of c. difficile may not be important in the epidemiology of hospital-acquired diarrhea. | 1994 | 8028813 |
| stopping an epidemic of clostridium difficile diarrhea. | | 1994 | 8037415 |
| characterization of the genetic basis of antibiotic resistance in clostridium difficile. | by using dot blot hybridization, 69 of 102 clostridium difficile isolates (68%) from the united states and other countries hybridized with at least one of nine dna probes for erythromycin (erm), tetracycline (tet) or chloramphenicol (cat) resistance determinants. the distribution of individual determinants in descending order of frequency was: tet m, 32%; erm q, 25%; erm fs, 18%; tet p, 15%; tet k, 15%; cat p, 15%; cat q, 12%; erm bp, 11%; tet l, 7%. this is the first report of tet p being carri ... | 1994 | 8040108 |
| [imaging diagnosis in pseudomembranous colitis]. | pseudomembranous colitis (pc) is a dangerous inflammatory disease which arises as a complication of systemic antibiotic therapy. the colon is the preferred localization of pc, which is caused by the alteration in the bacterial population of the bowel which favors the growth and activation of several germ types--e.g., the clostridium difficile, whose toxins can damage the colonic mucosa deeply. later, the condition may affect extramucosal structures thus causing an actual parietal alteration. cli ... | 1994 | 8041931 |
| clostridium difficile colitis. | | 1994 | 8043060 |
| definition of a fundamental repeating unit in streptococcal glucosyltransferase glucan-binding regions and related sequences. | the c-termini of the glucosyltransferases (gtfs) of oral streptococci are responsible for glucan binding. these glucan-binding domains (gbds) are composed of a series of repeated sequences that have been classified into four different classes (a-d) by virtue of sequence similarity and which, by inference, have been suggested to be of functional importance. in contrast, we propose that repeat sequences evolve in response to selection for an increase in the number of copies of a particular domain ... | 1994 | 8046101 |
| evaluation of a rapid enzyme immunoassay for the detection of clostridium difficile in stools. | | 1994 | 8050446 |
| characterization of six murine monoclonal antibodies specific for toxin b of clostridium difficile. | six murine hybridoma cell lines producing monoclonal antibodies (mabs) specific for toxin b of clostridium difficile have been generated from toxin-immunized female rbf/dnj mice. all six antibodies were reactive in western blots with a > 200-kd protein in the supernatants of the toxigenic strain 10463 and were unreactive with similarly prepared material from the nontoxigenic strain 2037. polyclonal antisera from rabbits immunized with toxin b reacted on western blots primarily with toxin b, a 40 ... | 1994 | 8050780 |
| comparison of four commercially available rapid enzyme immunoassays with cytotoxin assay for detection of clostridium difficile toxin(s) from stool specimens. | rapid (2.5- to 3.5-h) enzyme immunoassays (eias) for the detection of clostridium difficile toxins have been developed. we report the results of simultaneous testing of 700 fresh stool specimens by the tissue culture cytotoxin assay and four eias (bartels prima system c. difficile toxin a eia, cambridge biotech cytoclone a+b eia, meridian diagnostics premier c. difficile toxin a eia, and techlab c. difficile tox-a test eia). in cases of disagreement, culturing for toxigenic c. difficile was perf ... | 1994 | 8051237 |
| comparison of fecal lactoferrin latex agglutination assay and methylene blue microscopy for detection of fecal leukocytes in clostridium difficile-associated disease. | the fecal lactoferrin assay was more sensitive (75%) than methylene blue microscopy (40%) for the detection of leukocytes in clostridium difficile toxin-positive fecal samples. although limited sensitivity and specificity precludes its use as a laboratory screening test, it may be a more useful initial test in an algorithm for clinically suspected c. difficile-associated disease. | 1994 | 8051268 |
| clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea in patients with hiv positivity and aids: a prospective controlled study. | to compare the clinical manifestations and therapeutic responses of clostridium difficile infection in hiv-infected and noninfected individuals. | 1994 | 8053439 |
| aids and the gut. | there are increasing challenges for the practising gastroenterologist in treating aids-related gastrointestinal diseases. the differential diagnoses of dysphagia and odynophagia include cytomegalovirus (cmv) and herpes simplex virus (hsv) infection, non-specific aphthous ulceration and non-aids oesophageal diseases, especially reflux oesophagitis. chronic subacute abdominal pain with nausea, vomiting, early satiety and weight loss is suggestive of an obstructive lesion caused by lymphoma or kapo ... | 1994 | 8054532 |
| clostridium difficile diarrhea: pathogenesis, epidemiology, and treatment. | clostridium difficile, the bacterium responsible for antibiotic-associated diarrhea and colitis, has become a significant cause of morbidity and prolonged hospital stays, largely because of the increasing use of broad-spectrum antibiotics. this gram-positive organism, which can lay dormant in its spore form in the environment for extended periods of time, proliferates in the colon when the normal colonic flora is compromised by antibiotic use. c. difficile produces intestinal inflammation and di ... | 1994 | 8055233 |
| patterns and prognosis of clostridium difficile colitis. | the incidence of clostridium difficile colitis has increased during recent years, presumably because of liberal use of broad-spectrum antibiotic regimens. | 1994 | 8055732 |
| assay of cytopathogenic toxins in cultured cells. | | 1994 | 8057936 |
| gene cloning in clostridium difficile using tn916 as a shuttle conjugative transposon. | a pbr322-based vector, pci195, containing a 4.2-kb region of the conjugative transposon tn919 was used as a vector for gene cloning in clostridium difficile. the plasmid was found to integrate into the chromosome of a bacillus subtilis strain that contained tn916 delta e. southern blot analysis of the recombinant demonstrated that pci195 had inserted into tn916 delta e by a recombination event. the transposon::plasmid structure could be transferred, by filter mating, from b. subtilis to c. diffi ... | 1994 | 8058827 |
| identification of outbreak-associated and other strains of clostridium difficile by numerical analysis of sds-page protein patterns. | seventy-three cultures of clostridium difficile isolated both during, and in the period immediately following, an outbreak of infection in a group of three hospitals, were characterized by one-dimensional sodium dodecyl sulphate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (sds-page) of whole-cell proteins. each protein pattern was characterized by the presence of one or two dense bands which were highly reproducible. the protein patterns were used as the basis for a numerical analysis which divided the s ... | 1994 | 8062865 |
| clostridium difficile-associated diarrhoea: epidemiological data from western australia. | the incidence of clostridium difficile-associated diarrhoea (cdad) was investigated retrospectively at a 690-bed teaching hospital for the period 1983-92. our aims were to determine: (i) the distribution by age and sex of patients with cdad, (ii) the possibility of a seasonal trend and, (iii) the influence of infection control procedures, contamination of the hospital environment and the use of third-generation cephalosporins. the laboratory diagnosis of cdad was based on demonstration of the or ... | 1994 | 8062869 |
| clostridium difficile after antibiotic therapy. | | 1994 | 8068383 |
| possible red-man syndrome associated with systemic absorption of oral vancomycin in a child with normal renal function. | to report possible red-man syndrome (rms) associated with oral administration of vancomycin. | 1994 | 8068993 |
| clostridium difficile in a department of surgery. | the colonization and transmission of clostridium difficile strains was investigated at the department of surgery. anaerobes were isolated from fecal samples of 27 patients among 308 investigated (mean age: 59.5 years). the majority of them (22 out of 27 patients) received anti-microbial agents prior to investigation for clostridium difficile. eighteen of them had undergone various surgical procedures including laparotomies. only four clostridium difficile positive patients had diarrhea, but pseu ... | 1993 | 8072320 |
| hyperphosphorylation of calnexin, a chaperone protein, induced by clostridium difficile cytotoxin. | exposure of mccoy cultured cells to clostridium difficile cytotoxin b or okadaic acid (oa), a potent phosphatase inhibitor, results in similar morphological changes. using two-dimensional gel electrophoresis, we have detected a protein of approximately 77 kda, with a pi of 4.5 (termed pp77) which is hyperphosphorylated in both cases. the level of phosphorylation of pp77 is increased by 293% and 35% after treatment with c. difficile cytotoxin b or oa, respectively. this protein was identified by ... | 1994 | 8074658 |
| etiology and management of toxic megacolon in patients with human immunodeficiency virus infection. | we report six cases of toxic megacolon in patients with human immunodeficiency virus (hiv). one case, at an early stage of hiv infection, mimicked a severe attack of crohn's disease, with a negative search for infectious agents. subtotal colectomy was successfully performed with an uneventful postoperative course. the five other cases concerned patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome at a late stage of immunodeficiency. they were related to clostridium difficile or cytomegalovirus (cmv) ... | 1994 | 8076773 |
| two-year study of endemic enteric pathogens associated with acute diarrhea in new caledonia. | a longitudinal study of diarrheal disease among patients of all ages with acute diarrhea was carried out in new caledonia from january 1990 to december 1991. stool samples from 2,088 diarrheal patients were examined for parasites, rotavirus, and bacterial pathogens. potential sources of contamination (drinking water, seawater and bovine and porcine feces) were investigated. one or more enteric pathogens were identified in 41.8 and 40.6% of the persons with diarrhea, in 1990 and 1991, respectivel ... | 1994 | 8077399 |
| special organism isolation: attempting to bridge the gap. | | 1994 | 8077647 |
| wide diversity of clostridium difficile types at a tertiary referral hospital. | nosocomial clostridium difficile infection was investigated at a hospital with 15 cases of c. difficile diarrhea per 1000 discharges. from january 1991 to may 1991, patients admitted or transferred to five wards or units had weekly rectal swabs taken for culture; in addition, all cytotoxin-positive stools were cultured. restriction enzyme analysis (rea) was used for molecular typing. among 205 isolates from 39 patients with c. difficile diarrhea and 67 asymptomatically colonized, 55 distinct rea ... | 1994 | 8077719 |
| pseudomembranous colitis: a surgical disease? | pseudomembranous colitis (pmc) is an increasingly common nosocomial infection caused by clostridium difficile and its toxins. the disease is usually successfully treated with oral vancomycin. the toxic form of pmc, which requires surgical intervention, is uncommon and often carries a high mortality rate. the indications and recommended surgical procedure and the results of current surgical treatment remain unclear. | 1994 | 8079179 |
| decrease in nosocomial clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea by restricting clindamycin use. | to report the investigation and effective control of a nosocomial epidemic of clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea. | 1994 | 8080497 |
| vascular and glomerular effects of clostridium difficile toxin a peptide on the isolated rat kidney. | toxin a peptide from clostridium difficile caused damage and secretion in the intestinal mucosa. these effects are mediated in part by pro-inflammatory substances. in order to evaluate and compare the biologic effect of toxin a on renal vascular, glomerular and tubular functions, we studied this toxin in isolated rat kidneys. isolated kidneys from adult male wistar rats (260-320 g) were perfused with krebs-henseleit solution containing 60 mg/ml dialyzed bovine serum albumin. we studied the effec ... | 1994 | 8081300 |
| clostridium difficile nosocomial infections--still lethal and persistent. | | 1994 | 8083502 |
| a sustained outbreak of clostridium difficile in a general hospital: persistence of a toxigenic clone in four units. | to evaluate the endemicity and epidemiology of toxigenic clostridium difficile in a sustained outbreak of antibiotic-associated diarrhea. | 1994 | 8083503 |
| antibiotic-associated pseudomembranous enteritis due to clostridium difficile. | although pseudomembranous colitis is relatively common following antibiotic exposure, there have been few reported cases of pseudomembrane formation involving the small intestine. herein we report a case of pseudomembranous enteritis of the small and large intestine that occurred after antibiotic exposure. the etiologic organism appears to be clostridium difficile, as evidenced by the characteristic pseudomembranous lesions and a positive elisa for toxin a in an ileal tissue specimen. | 1994 | 8086563 |
| utility of newer techniques for classification and identification of pathogenic anaerobic bacteria. | results of genetic and biochemical analyses have broadened our understanding of taxonomic relationships among groups of anaerobic bacteria and have led to a better understanding of the pathogenesis of infection. conventional bacteriologic methods are still of prime importance for the detection and identification of anaerobic pathogens. the use of nucleic acid probes has so far been restricted to research laboratories. a polymerase chain reaction-generated probe would be most useful for the rapid ... | 1994 | 8086572 |
| clostridium difficile: history of its role as an enteric pathogen and the current state of knowledge about the organism. | clostridium difficile is the most frequently identified enteric pathogen in patients with antibiotic-associated diarrhea and colitis. it accounts for 10%-25% of all cases of antibiotic-associated diarrhea and virtually all cases of antibiotic-associated pseudomembranous colitis. clinical features that distinguish infection with c. difficile from that due to many other enteric pathogens are hyperpyrexia, leukemoid reactions, toxic megacolon, pseudomembranous colitis, hypoalbuminemia, and chronic ... | 1994 | 8086574 |
| genetic basis for antibiotic resistance in anaerobes. | this review focuses on genetic and molecular data regarding antibiotic resistance in anaerobes, particularly clostridium perfringens, clostridium difficile, bacteroides species, and prevotella species. the determinants of resistance are frequently transferable through a conjugation-like process; plasmid self-transfer, plasmid mobilization, or (in bacteroides species) chromosomal conjugative elements can be involved. the determinants can be localized on transposons. at the genetic level, resistan ... | 1994 | 8086579 |
| oral immunoglobulin a supplement in treatment of clostridium difficile enteritis. | | 1993 | 8095616 |
| [clostridium difficile in early childhood ulcerative pancolitis]. | ulcerative colitis is a rare disease in young infants. less than one per cent of cases occur during the first two years of life. we describe a male child who developed frequent bloody diarrhea at the age of 20 months. more common causes like infections or gastrointestinal food allergy were excluded. endoscopy and histopathological evaluations revealed ulcerative colitis of the entire colon. treatment with sulfasalazine and prednisone resulted in a clinical remission after seven weeks. the follow ... | 1993 | 8101635 |
| comparison of typing methods for clostridium difficile isolates. | a simple discriminative typing method for clostridium difficile has been developed. sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of whole-cell proteins and restriction enzyme analysis are relatively simple techniques but are difficult to evaluate, especially the restriction enzyme analysis. immunoblotting and restriction fragment length polymorphism typing facilitate simple discrimination of patterns. | 1993 | 8103774 |
| a molecular characterization of clostridium difficile isolates from humans, animals and their environments. | it is generally accepted that most patients with clostridium difficile-associated diarrhoea acquire the organism from the environment. recently we demonstrated that household pets may constitute a significant reservoir of c. difficile through gastrointestinal carriage in up to 39% of cats and dogs. these findings suggested that direct transmission from household pets, or contamination of the environment by them, may be a factor in the pathogenesis of c. difficile-associated diarrhoea. to investi ... | 1993 | 8104816 |
| clostridium difficile colonization in residents of long-term care facilities: prevalence and risk factors. | to determine the period prevalence of clostridium difficile disease and asymptomatic carriage in the residents of long-term care facilities (ltcf) and to characterize the risk factors for colonization or associated disease. | 1993 | 8104968 |
| kinetics of appearance of intestinal lesions in mice mono-associated with a lethal or non-lethal strain of clostridium difficile. | the kinetics of the appearance of intestinal lesions induced by orogastric inoculation of gnotobiotic mice with a lethal strain of clostridium difficile (vpi) that produced toxins a and b in vivo and in vitro was studied and compared with the lesions induced by non-lethal c. difficile strain 786 that produced toxins a and b in vitro but only toxin b in measurable amounts in vivo. different portions of the intestine were removed 12, 20, 26 and 30 h after inoculation and studied by scanning electr ... | 1994 | 8107057 |
| comparison of four methods in the diagnosis of clostridium difficile disease. | nine hundred forty-five stool specimens from patients suspected of having clostridium difficile disease were examined using a cell culture cytotoxicity assay (cta), two enzyme immunoassay (eia) kits (cytoclone for toxins a and b; vidas for toxin a) and a latex agglutination assay (cdt). one hundred nineteen specimens had positive titers (> or = 90) in the cta; clinical review of 16 discordant samples and 49 controls supported the significance of 90 as the positive cut-off titer. the performance ... | 1993 | 8112366 |
| growth inhibition of clostridium difficile by intestinal flora of infant faeces in continuous flow culture. | growth of clostridium difficile was inhibited more strongly in continuous flow (cf) culture with c. difficile-negative faeces of infants than with c. difficile-positive faeces. culture of faecal flora of infants yielded a greater variety of bacterial species in c. difficile-negative than in c. difficile-positive faeces. in the mixed cf culture of c. difficile with enterococcus avium, bacteroides distasonis, eubacterium lentum, c. ramosum, c. perfringens and either escherichia coli or klebsiella ... | 1994 | 8114067 |
| island flap anoplasty for anal canal stenosis and mucosal ectropion. | anoplasty is a technique used to treat patients with mucosal ectropion and anal canal stenosis. the island flap design has been demonstrated to have distinct advantages over the older forms of anoplasty. few reports have addressed the long-term results of this procedure. a review of all patients undergoing island flap anoplasty between 1987 and 1992 was performed. twenty-eight patients were identified. indications for anoplasty included anal stenosis in 20 patients and mucosal ectropion in eight ... | 1994 | 8116980 |
| toxins a and b of clostridium difficile. | the toxins produced by clostridium difficile share several functional properties with other bacterial toxins, like the heat-labile enterotoxin of escherichia coli and cholera toxin. however, functional and structural differences also exist. like cholera toxin, their main target is the disruption of the microfilaments in the cell. however, since these effects are not reversible, as found with cholera toxin, additional mechanisms add to the cytotoxic potential of these toxins. unlike most bacteria ... | 1994 | 8117467 |
| comparison of two commercially available enzyme immunoassays for detection of clostridium difficile in stool specimens. | clostridium difficile is the cause of most cases of pseudomembranous colitis, the most severe form of antibiotic-associated diarrhea. rapid diagnosis guides both the treatment and the control of nosocomial spread of infection. two enzyme immunoassay (eia) kits developed for the rapid detection of c. difficile toxin a in fecal specimens, premier (meridian diagnostics, cincinnati, ohio) and tox-a test (techlab, virginia polytechnic institute research park, blacksburg), were evaluated by using 410 ... | 1994 | 8126205 |
| [nosocomial epidemic outbreak of diarrhea from clostridium difficile. comparative study of diarrhea associated with the use of antibiotics]. | clostridium difficile is considered as one of the principal enteropathogens of nosocomial origin in developed countries in the last decade. no nosocomial outbreaks have been described in spain. | 1994 | 8127164 |
| effect of ceftibuten on the normal intestinal microflora. | 14 healthy volunteers were given 400 mg ceftibuten orally once daily for ten days. stool specimens were collected before, during and after ceftibuten administration. ceftibuten was well absorbed; on average 123 mg was excreted in urine 0-6 h after dosing, while only two volunteers had detectable concentrations of ceftibuten in faeces (< or = 3.2 mg/kg). there was an overgrowth of enterococci during the administration period, while the numbers of escherichia coli and anaerobic cocci were reduced. ... | 1993 | 8132366 |
| antibiotic-induced diarrhea: specificity of abdominal ct for the diagnosis of clostridium difficile disease. | to evaluate the specificity of abdominal computed tomography (ct) in the diagnosis of clostridium difficile disease. | 1994 | 8134552 |
| clostridium difficile toxin b acts on the gtp-binding protein rho. | clostridium difficile toxin b exhibits cytotoxic activity that is characterized by the disruption of the microfilamental cytoskeleton. here we studied whether the gtp-binding rho protein, which reportedly participates in the regulation of the actin cytoskeleton, is involved in the toxin action. toxin b treatment of chinese hamster ovary cells reveals a time- and concentration-dependent decrease in the adp-ribosylation of rho by clostridium botulinum c3 exoenzyme in the cell lysate. disruption of ... | 1994 | 8144660 |
| epidemiology, clinical manifestations, and outcome of clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea. | clostridium difficile gastrointestinal disease is an important nosocomial infection and is associated with recent antibiotic use. this study evaluated c. difficile-associated diarrhea (cdad) over a 2-yr period. | 1994 | 8147353 |
| a particle counting immunoassay for the direct detection of clostridium difficile serogroup specific antigen in faecal specimens. | the potential of a particle counting immunoassay (pacia) for the direct detection of clostridium difficile serogroup g specific antigen in faecal specimens was evaluated. f(ab')2 fragments from a rabbit anti-serogroup g antiserum were covalently coupled to carboxylated latex beads. this reagent was mixed with acid extracts of faecal specimens and the reaction was assayed with an optical counter which discriminated unagglutinated from agglutinated latex particles. culture for c. difficile, faecal ... | 1994 | 8151678 |
| [diarrhea associated with antibiotic therapy]. | the authors suggest rational procedures to prevent the antibiotic associated diarrhea (aad) clostridium difficile positive or not, considering its high cost (both to stay in hospital and for specific therapy). twenty-four cases of diarrhea starting during antibiotic therapy and until one month from its interruption was assessed. twelve (50%) was found clostridium difficile (+); 12 (50%) was clostridium difficile (-); no case of pseudomembranous colitis was found. two hospitalized patients shared ... | 1994 | 8152577 |
| practical considerations in the laboratory diagnosis of bacterial enteric infections. | diarrheal diseases caused by bacterial pathogens are important causes of morbidity in the united states, and considerable laboratory resources are spent to detect these enteric pathogens. this article reviews recent developments in the detection and identification of campylobacter spp, enterohemorrhagic escherichia coli, and clostridium difficile, and outlines cost-effective strategies for use of stool cultures. | 1994 | 8154450 |
| genotyping of clostridium difficile isolates. | arbitrarily primed polymerase chain reaction (ap-pcr) was used to genotype clostridium difficile isolates from various sources. four major molecular types were identified among strains from the american type culture collection previously typed by serogroup and from isolates from patients at the university of california, davis medical center, from a patient at a utah institution, and from the environment. these groups contained subgroups that displayed, in addition to the common group bands, at l ... | 1994 | 8158046 |
| reactive arthritis induced by clostridium difficile. | | 1994 | 8160472 |
| clostridium difficile colonization and diarrhea at a tertiary care hospital. | clostridium difficile is the major identifiable infectious cause of nosocomial diarrhea. a prospective study was conducted at new england deaconess hospital (boston) to examine risk factors for c. difficile carriage at both admission and follow-up. specimens from patients admitted to two wards (one medical, one surgical) and three intensive care units (two surgical, one medical) were cultured weekly until discharge. for 89 (18%) of 496 patient admissions, at least one culture was positive. the p ... | 1994 | 8161624 |
| soy fiber delays disease onset and prolongs survival in experimental clostridium difficile ileocecitis. | clostridium difficile colitis is a disabling complication in critically ill patients who commonly receive broad-spectrum antibiotics and liquid diets. to date, there is no experimental model specifically designed to investigate the effects of liquid diets on this type of colitis. the addition of fiber to liquid diets normalizes gut structure and improves absorptive function in selected conditions of intestinal dysfunction. the purposes of this study were the following: (1) to develop a reproduci ... | 1994 | 8164305 |
| effect of okadaic acid on the cytotoxic activity of clostridium difficile toxin b and clostridium sordellii toxin l. | clostridium difficile toxin b and clostridium sordellii toxin l, which are immunologically related toxins, possess a cytotoxic activity inducing depolymerization of microfilaments and cellular retraction of cell bodies that are different for toxin b- and toxin-l-treated cells. the biological mechanisms responsible for these effects are unknown, but a previous study revealed that both toxins induce modification of phosphorylation of cellular proteins extracted from toxin b- and toxin l-treated ce ... | 1993 | 8167958 |
| [nosocomial acquisition of clostridium difficile infections]. | clostridium difficile (cd) is associated with diarrhea in hospital patients receiving antibiotic therapy and may be nosocomially acquired. an outbreak of cd diarrhea was observed among elderly patients in acute hospital and geriatric rehabilitation wards. all but 1 patient presenting with diarrhea had a toxin-positive stool culture. of patients with cd toxin-positive cultures, 4 died, 5 recovered completely and 1 became a chronic carrier. effective preventive measures are needed to reduce nosoco ... | 1994 | 8168741 |
| [pseudomembranous colitis in patients with kidney failure]. | two cases of pseudomembranous colitis in patients with renal failure are presented. both patients were treated with antibiotics. clinical course, bacteriologic examination of feces, and endoscopy of the colon plays an important role in the diagnosis of this complication. no gut endoscopy was performed in both patients due to severe disease course. pseudomembranous colitis was diagnosed by clinical symptoms and bacteriologic examination of feces out of which c. difficile was isolated. teicoplanin ... | 1993 | 8170819 |
| [incidence and importance of clostridium difficile in patients treated with antibacterial therapy or perioperative preventive cefoxitin administration]. | clostridium difficile and/or toxin b were isolated from the faeces of 3 (1.6%) of 184 patients within the first two days of hospitalisation in the university of tübingen, gynaecological clinic. with following stool samples from a total of 117 patients the isolation rate of c. difficile was examined in relation to the treatment with antibiotics. from the first group of 61 patients, who had had gynaecological operations and were not treated with any antibiotic, the isolation rate of c. difficile r ... | 1994 | 8174919 |
| detection of clostridium difficile toxin by enzyme immunoassay, tissue culture test and culture. | clostridium difficile toxin is frequently encountered in patients with antibiotic-associated diarrhea. a commercially available enzyme immunoassay (eia) detecting toxins a and b was evaluated, screening 148 stool specimens specifically submitted for the detection of c. difficile. a sensitivity of 100% and a specificity of 97.5% were found compared to a tissue culture assay. the overall prevalence of c. difficile toxin was 22.1%. cephalosporins had been administered significantly more often to to ... | 1994 | 8181838 |
| aetiology of gastroenteritis at a major referral centre in saudi arabia. | to determine the causes of gastroenteritis at a major referral centre in saudi arabia, retrospective study was carried out on 58,110 fresh stools from 42,035 patients. examination of stool specimens for pathogens was based on the clinical judgement of the physician responsible, so that all specimens were not tested for the presence of all pathogen groups. bacterial enteropathogens were found in 7.7% of patients; salmonella species (51.7%) were found to be the most frequent pathogens followed by ... | 1994 | 8187944 |
| [susceptibility of clostridium difficile strains to teicoplanin and ramoplanin]. | the in vitro activity of teicoplanin and ramoplanin against 113 clostridium difficile strains isolated from different origins was determined. the minimum inhibitory concentrations (mics) of antibiotics were determined by the agar dilution method. mic of teicoplanin and ramoplanin were twofold lower for clostridium difficile strains isolated from patient with pseudomembranous colitis. no correlation between the origin of the strains toxigenicity and susceptibility to teicoplanin and ramoplanin wa ... | 1993 | 8189828 |
| clostridium difficile colitis. | | 1994 | 8190139 |
| clostridium difficile colitis. | | 1994 | 8190140 |
| clostridium difficile colitis. | | 1994 | 8190141 |
| ventricular arrhythmias associated with flosequinan. | | 1994 | 8193436 |
| investigation of an outbreak of clostridium difficile infection in a general hospital by numerical analysis of protein patterns by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. | one hundred forty-five cultures of clostridium difficile, including strains from an apparent nosocomial outbreak of infection, were characterized by one-dimensional sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of whole-cell proteins. each protein pattern was characterized by the presence of one to three dense bands which were highly reproducible. the first 100 strains (in chronological order) were used as the basis for a numerical analysis which divided the strains into 17 phenons ( ... | 1994 | 8195391 |
| lessons from diarrheal diseases: demography to molecular pharmacology. | from diarrheal diseases come profound lessons about health and population growth, microbial pathogenesis, and the molecular pharmacology of signal transduction. epidemics such as cholera, hemorrhagic colitis, salmonellosis, and cryptosporidiosis remind us of how interdependent we are, sharing enteric microbial flora on a global scale. diarrhea morbidity and mortality teach us that disease and poverty do not control but are associated with population overgrowth. great advances are being made in u ... | 1994 | 8195598 |
| oligosaccharide sequences attached to an inert support (synsorb) as potential therapy for antibiotic-associated diarrhea and pseudomembranous colitis. | toxin a produced by clostridium difficile, the causative agent of pseudomembranous colitis and antibiotic-associated diarrhea, was shown to bind to synthetic oligosaccharide sequences attached to an inert support (synsorb). the oligosaccharide sequences that bind to toxin a were related to sequences previously identified as potential receptors for the toxin. various synsorbs containing a variety of oligosaccharides were examined for their potential to neutralize toxin a activity from toxin-conta ... | 1994 | 8195606 |
| epidemic clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea: role of second- and third-generation cephalosporins. | to better define the role of multiple risk factors for cytotoxic clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea. | 1994 | 8201240 |
| a randomized placebo-controlled trial of saccharomyces boulardii in combination with standard antibiotics for clostridium difficile disease. | objective--to determine the safety and efficacy of a new combination treatment for patients with clostridium difficile-associated disease (cdd). the treatment combines the yeast saccharomyces boulardii with an antibiotic (vancomycin hydrochloride or metronidazole). design--a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled, parallel-group intervention study in patients with active cdd. patients received standard antibiotics and s boulardii or placebo for 4 weeks, and were followed up for an addition ... | 1994 | 8201735 |
| [mechanism on the production of clostridium difficile toxins]. | | 1994 | 8201770 |
| antibiotic-induced diarrhea and pseudomembranous colitis. | pseudomembranous colitis is commonly associated with the use of antibiotics but may follow administration of other drugs and has occurred in patients who have not received any medication. cases related to antibiotic administration are thought to be due to changes in normal intestinal flora that allow overgrowth of clostridium difficile and elaboration of toxin. clusters of cases in hospitals suggest nosocomial transmission of the bacteria. the stool cytotoxin assay is the most specific test for ... | 1994 | 8202415 |
| dithiothreitol generates an activated 250,000 mol. wt form of clostridium difficile toxin b. | the potent cytotoxin of clostridium difficile, toxin b, is internalized by endocytosis and activated intracellularly by an unidentified mechanism. here it is shown that dithiothreitol treatment of toxin b resulted in (1) a mol. wt of 250,000 which is the smallest species of this toxin shown to be cytotoxic; (2) an increased endpoint titre; and (3) translocation of plasma membrane-bound toxin across the membrane at ph 4.5. treatment with dithiothreitol can thus mimic intracellular activation of t ... | 1993 | 8212030 |
| susceptibilities of 428 gram-positive and -negative anaerobic bacteria to bay y3118 compared with their susceptibilities to ciprofloxacin, clindamycin, metronidazole, piperacillin, piperacillin-tazobactam, and cefoxitin. | the susceptibilities of 428 gram-negative and gram-positive anaerobes (including selected cefoxitin-resistant strains) to bay y3118 (a new fluoroquinolone), ciprofloxacin, clindamycin, metronidazole, cefoxitin, piperacillin, and piperacillin-tazobactam were tested. organisms comprised 115 bacteroides fragilis group, 116 non-b. fragilis bacteroides, prevotella, and porphyromonas spp., 40 fusobacteria, 58 peptostreptococci, 48 gram-positive non-spore-forming rods, and 51 clostridia. beta-lactamase ... | 1993 | 8215278 |
| prolonged carriage of clostridium difficile in hirschsprung's disease. | the role of clostridium difficile in the aetiology of diarrhoea in children with hirschsprung's disease was investigated in a prospective longitudinal study. in 64 children with hirschsprung's disease no significant difference was found in the isolation rate of c difficile in patients with diarrhoea (32%) and without diarrhoea (26%). comparable isolation rates were found in 47 control children with and without diarrhoea (27% and 16% respectively). the number of strains producing toxin b was simi ... | 1993 | 8215525 |
| clostridium difficile after haemolytic uraemic syndrome. | six children are described who developed diarrhoea associated with clostridium difficile during the course of haemolytic uraemic syndrome. the significance of this infection is discussed within the context of the pathophysiology of haemolytic uraemic syndrome. | 1993 | 8215530 |
| review of in vitro activity, pharmacokinetic characteristics, safety, and clinical efficacy of cefprozil, a new oral cephalosporin. | to review the pharmacokinetics, microbiology, clinical efficacy, safety, and tolerance of cefprozil, a new, broad-spectrum oral cephalosporin. | 1993 | 8219444 |
| in vitro activity of the new quinolone bay y 3118 against anaerobic bacteria. | the in vitro activity of bay y 3118 against anaerobic cocci, propionibacterium acnes, clostridium perfringens, clostridium difficile, bacteroides fragilis, other bacteroides spp. and fusobacteria was determined by an agar dilution method. this activity was compared with that of ciprofloxacin, ofloxacin, piperacillin, cefoxitin, imipenem, clindamycin and metronidazole. bay y 3118, imipenem, clindamycin and metronidazole were the most active agents tested. the in vitro activity of bay y 3118 again ... | 1993 | 8223667 |
| immunological comparison of intracellular toxin a and extracellular toxin a from clostridium difficile. | intracellular toxin a and extracellular toxin a of clostridium difficile were compared immunologically. immunodiffusion tests with anti-intracellular toxin a and anti-extracellular toxin a sera showed that these toxins were identical. in neutralization tests, both antisera neutralized the homologous and heterologous toxins with regard to cytotoxicity, mouse lethality and loop response at nearly the same titers. although intracellular toxin a lacks the hemagglutination (ha) activity, anti-intrace ... | 1993 | 8230809 |
| [prevalence of clostridium difficile and toxin a in feces of hiv infected patients]. | patients with aids are immunodeficient, receive multiple antibiotic treatments, occasionally anti-cancer chemotherapy and are often hospitalised; thus they are susceptible to develop a clostridium difficile infection. the aim of this study was to evaluate the role of c. difficile in diarrhoea in this patient population. therefore, c. difficile and toxin a which plays a major role in pathogenicity were examined in faecal samples of hiv infected patients. between january 1991 and june 1992, 102 st ... | 1993 | 8233645 |
| [survey with three epidemiological markers after 22 cases of diarrhea caused by clostridium difficile in a geriatric hospital]. | in a geriatric hospital of saint-etienne (charité), among 153 patients having presented a nosocomial diarrhea from september 1990 to august 1991 clostridium difficile (c.d.) has been isolated in 22 cases. two of the nine units of the hospital had the highest incidence rates: 4.6 and 3.7%. in the faeces of 16 patients, c.d. was toxinogenic. in all cases, except one, antibiotic preceded diarrhea. amoxicillin + clavulanic acid treatment was the most frequently responsible (65%). for detecting an ev ... | 1993 | 8233646 |
| [pseudomembranous colitis after surgery for a ruptured abdominal aortic aneurysm]. | we present a rare postoperative complication after surgical procedures for rupture of abdominal aortic aneurysms. the disease, a pseudomembranous colitis, was early recognized (by evidence of clostridium difficile after a coprocultive) and satisfactorily treated with vancomycin. from the literature review we found only a similar case but results were absolutely different from our case. | 1993 | 8239041 |
| an epidemiologic study of nosocomial infections in a pediatric long-term care facility. | to determine the incidence of hospital-acquired (nosocomial) infection in pediatric long-term care facilities. | 1993 | 8239048 |
| in vitro activity of new quinoxaline compounds against campylobacter species and clostridium difficile. | sc-44914 and sc-44942-a are two new quinoxaline compounds with a spectrum of activity similar to that of metronidazole. we studied the activity of sc-44914 and sc-44942-a against 35 campylobacter jejuni, 30 c. coli, and 20 clostridium (cl.) difficile and compared it with that of metronidazole by utilizing an agar dilution method. the quinoxalines had little activity against the c. jejuni and c. coli [minimum inhibitory concentration (mic)90 > or = 64 micrograms/ml]. sc-44914 and sc-44942-a had e ... | 1993 | 8243041 |