| cloning of a dna sequence unique to clostridium botulinum group i by selective hybridization. | nucleic acid sequences were isolated from a strain of clostridium botulinum type a by a selective hybridization method known as deletion enrichment. nontoxigenic c. sporogenes was used to produce a c. botulinum type a sequence-enriched library. a probe, pcbm44, which showed specific hybridization to a 4.0-kb hindiii fragment present in all of the c. botulinum type a strains tested was isolated, and there was no hybridization to any strains of c. sporogenes. upon further investigation, pcbm44 was ... | 1993 | 8349762 |
| similarity in nucleotide sequence of the gene encoding nontoxic component of botulinum toxin produced by toxigenic clostridium butyricum strain bl6340 and clostridium botulinum type e strain mashike. | the complete nucleotide and deduced amino acid sequence of the nontoxic component of botulinum type e progenitor toxin is determined in recombinant plasmid pu9buh containing about 6.0 kb hindiii fragment obtained from chromosomal dna of clostridium butyricum strain bl6340. the open reading frame (orf) of this nontoxic component gene is composed of 3,486 nucleotide bases (1,162 amino acid residues). the molecular weight calculated from deduced amino acid residues is estimated 13,6810.1. the prese ... | 1993 | 8355622 |
| colony immunoblot assay of botulinal toxin. | botulinal neurotoxin in and around colonies of clostridium botulinum types a, b, and e and of toxigenic clostridium butyricum was detected by an enzyme-linked immunoassay procedure whereby the toxin was transferred from the agar medium to a nitrocellulose support and the immobilized toxin was probed with type-specific antibodies. the method identified the toxin types of the colonies grown from a mixed inoculum of c. botulinum serotypes. the specificity of the antitoxins for type a and b toxins w ... | 1993 | 8357267 |
| enhancement of clostridium botulinum c3-catalysed adp-ribosylation of recombinant rhoa by sodium dodecyl sulfate. | the influence of sodium dodecyl sulfate (sds) on adp-ribosylation by clostridium botulinum c3 exoenzyme (c3) was studied. sds increased the adp-ribosylation of recombinant rhoa and human platelet cytosolic proteins maximally at 0.01% whereas higher concentrations of the detergent (> 0.01%) inhibited the adp-ribosylation. in contrast, adp-ribosylation of human platelet membranes and of recombinant rhob was inhibited by the detergent. the km for nad of the adp-ribosylation of rhoa was decreased by ... | 1993 | 8385945 |
| sprouting of mammalian motor nerve terminals induced by in vivo injection of botulinum type-d toxin and the functional recovery of paralysed neuromuscular junctions. | paralysis of the mouse levator auris longus muscle by in vivo injection of clostridium botulinum type-d neurotoxin (bont/d) triggered a marked outgrowth of the motor nerve from the original terminal arborization. the increase in total nerve terminal length was due to both increase in the number of terminal branches and in average branch length. asynchronous quantal transmitter release in response to nerve impulses was a prominent feature in paralysed junctions that started 24 h after poisoning a ... | 1993 | 8390032 |
| modeling lag phase of nonproteolytic clostridium botulinum toxigenesis in cooked turkey and chicken breast as affected by temperature, sodium lactate, sodium chloride and spore inoculum. | the length of the lag phase (lp) of toxigenesis in commercially cooked turkey meat stored under vacuum was determined as affected by 0, 1.2, 2 and 3% sodium lactate (l), 0, 1 and 2% nacl (s), spore (pool of nonproteolytic b and e strains: b2, b17, b197, b706, e211, e250, e ka-2 and e beluga) inoculum (i) of 10(-2) to 10(4), storage temperature (t) of 4, 8, 12, 16, 20 and 30 degrees c and their interactions. the time from inoculation to the detection of first toxic sample was defined as lp. using ... | 1993 | 8398625 |
| current microbiological considerations in food preservation. | changes in the composition and properties of certain foods, as well as development of food products to meet consumer demands relating to health, nutrition and convenience lead to concerns about the microbiological safety of such products. concerns also arise from emergence or recognition of the importance of certain microbial food pathogens or spoilage organisms, as well as from modifications in food processing, handling, storage and preparation procedures. these facts necessitate continuous ree ... | 1993 | 8398630 |
| production of monoclonal antibodies that inhibit adp-ribosylation of small gtp-binding proteins catalyzed by clostridium botulinum adp-ribosyltransferase c3. | four monoclonal antibodies that inhibited adp-ribosylation of 23 kda protein(s) of ascidian eggs catalyzed by clostridium botulinum adp-ribosyltransferase c3 were produced. they also inhibited c3-catalyzed adp-ribosylation of the 24 kda protein of rat liver cytosol. by the immunoprecipitation technique, it was found that they recognized small gtp-binding proteins of ascidian eggs and mammalian brains, but did not interact with the rat brain activator of the adp-ribosyltransferase reaction. the a ... | 1993 | 8405381 |
| effects of intrasphincteric botulinum toxin on the lower esophageal sphincter in piglets. | the toxin of clostridium botulinum (botx) inhibits the release of acetylcholine from nerve terminals and causes paralysis of skeletal muscle. the present study examined the hypothesis that botx may have a similar effect on gastrointestinal smooth muscle. | 1993 | 8405847 |
| gene probes for identification of the botulinal neurotoxin gene and specific identification of neurotoxin types b, e, and f. | a polymerase chain reaction method was developed for the specific detection of the botulinum neurotoxin (bont) gene of clostridium botulinum. degenerate oligonucleotide primers, designed from the nucleotide sequence of the heavy chain of the bont gene, amplified a specific fragment of approximately 1.1 kb from strains of c. botulinum toxin types a, b, e, f, and g and neurotoxin-producing strains of clostridium barati and clostridium butyricum, but no fragment was obtained from nontoxigenic strai ... | 1993 | 8408542 |
| sensitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for detection of clostridium botulinum neurotoxins a, b, and e using signal amplification via enzyme-linked coagulation assay. | a new immunoassay amplification method has been applied to the measurement of toxins a, b, and e from clostridium botulinum. the technique is a modified enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa) which relies on the detection of sandwich complexes on microtiter plates by a solid-phase coagulation assay known as elca, or enzyme-linked coagulation assay. in the method, a coagulation activating enzyme (rvv-xa) isolated from the venom of russell's viper is conjugated to affinity-purified horse antibo ... | 1993 | 8408563 |
| involvement of rho p21 and its inhibitory gdp/gtp exchange protein (rho gdi) in cell motility. | evidence is accumulating that rho p21, a ras p21-related small gtp-binding protein (g protein), regulates the actomyosin system. the actomyosin system is known to be essential for cell motility. in the present study, we examined the action of rho p21, its inhibitory gdp/gtp exchange protein (named rho gdi), its stimulatory gdp/gtp exchange protein (named smg gds), and clostridium botulinum adp-ribosyltransferase c3, known to selectively adp-ribosylate rho p21 and to impair its function, in cell ... | 1993 | 8417362 |
| identification of heterotrimeric and low molecular weight gtp-binding proteins in rabbit skeletal muscle longitudinal sarcoplasmic reticulum. | direct photoaffinity labeling of proteins of longitudinal sarcoplasmic reticulum (lsr) of rabbit skeletal muscle with [32p]gtp revealed gtp-binding proteins of about 52, 45 and 30 kda. adp-ribosylation with [32p]nad in the presence of cholera toxin (ctx) or pertussis toxin (ptx) indicates the existence of a ctx substrate (about 45 kda); no ptx substrates were observed. western blots of lsr probed with rm/1, an antiserum against a decapeptide from the c-terminus of gs alpha, showed an immunoreact ... | 1993 | 8418893 |
| a massive outbreak of type e botulism associated with traditional salted fish in cairo. | in april 1991, 91 hospitalized patients in cairo were reported to the egyptian ministry of health with botulism intoxication. to define the spectrum of illness and identify a food vehicle, 45 patients were interviewed and a case-control investigation was conducted among families of 5 hospitalized patients. clinical specimens and specimens of implicated food were tested for toxin and cultured for clostridium botulinum. hospitalized patients had symptoms consistent with botulism; 18 (20%) of 91 re ... | 1993 | 8421179 |
| [botulism in ammassalik]. | botulism is a rare and serious form of food poisoning and was diagnosed for the first time in the east coast of greenland. historical reports suggest that outbreaks of this condition have occurred previously in this region. in 1990, however, the presence of clostridium botulinum type e could be confirmed with certainty. eight individuals partook of a meal which consisted of raw seal meat and raw seal intestines. four of these developed symptoms of botulism and two of these required assisted vent ... | 1993 | 8421855 |
| purification and characterization of the ganglioside-binding fragment of clostridium botulinum type e neurotoxin. | a way of fragmentation of clostridium botulinum neurotoxin was carried out to elucidate the structure-function relationship of neurotoxin. the hitherto only plausible fragment was isolated from the trypsin-treated heavy chain of botulinum type e neurotoxin. in the presence of 4 m urea, one protein peak emerged from qae-sephadex column loaded with the heavy chain mildly treated with trypsin by elution with 0.1 m sodium chloride. although many protein bands were detected in sds-page of the treated ... | 1993 | 8427878 |
| regulation of cytoplasmic division of xenopus embryo by rho p21 and its inhibitory gdp/gtp exchange protein (rho gdi). | evidence is accumulating that the rho family, a member of the ras p21-related small gtp-binding protein superfamily, regulates cell morphology, cell motility, and smooth muscle contraction through the actomyosin system. the actomyosin system is also known to be essential for cytoplasmic division of cells (cytokinesis). in this study, we examined the action of rho p21, its inhibitory gdp/gtp exchange protein, named rho gdi, its stimulatory gdp/gtp exchange protein, named smg gds, and botulinum ad ... | 1993 | 8436590 |
| an unusual case of weakness and apnea in a 37-year-old female addict. | | 1993 | 8437414 |
| [discovery after botulinum poisoning: shops store smoked fish too long in too high temperatures]. | | 1993 | 8445968 |
| [botulism in infancy. a rare cause of floppy infant syndrome]. | in europe only a few cases of infantile botulism have been identified. a two month old infant fell ill with feeding difficulties and profound general weakness. clostridium botulinum and botulinal toxin, the causative agents, were isolated from the patients stool. we describe the typical clinical symptoms and the investigations confirming the diagnosis. | 1993 | 8446115 |
| the complete nucleotide sequence of the gene encoding the nontoxic component of clostridium botulinum type e progenitor toxin. | we have analysed the genes borne on a 6.0 kb hindiii fragment cloned from the chromosome of clostridium botulinum type e strain mashike. this fragment, cloned within plasmid pu9emh, contains part of the structural gene for botulinum toxin type e neurotoxin as well as the entire structural gene for a nontoxic component of botulinum type e progenitor neurotoxin gene, ent-120. ent-120 is transcribed in the same direction as the neurotoxin gene and consists of one open reading frame encoding 1162 am ... | 1993 | 8450310 |
| rho gene products, botulinum c3 exoenzyme and cell adhesion. | | 1993 | 8452758 |
| [food poisoning by clostridium botulinum type ii]. | | 1993 | 8453013 |
| a chimeric toxin to study the role of the 21 kda gtp binding protein rho in the control of actin microfilament assembly. | we have developed a new tool for studying the role of rho in actin stress fibre formation. clostridium botulinum exoenzyme c3 which affects actin microfilament assembly by adp-ribosylation of p21 rho was genetically fused in various ways to diphtheria toxin (dt). the resulting chimeric toxins were tested on vero cells. chimeras of c3 and both the a and b fragments of diphtheria toxin had reduced cell binding activities but were apparently able to penetrate into vero cells by the same mechanism a ... | 1993 | 8458345 |
| infant botulism: a review in south australia (1980-89). | between march 1980 and march 1989 there were six identified cases of infant botulism. the presenting symptoms were predominantly poor feeding, lethargy and constipation, and the presenting signs were predominantly hypotonia, weak gag reflex and respiratory difficulty. all required intensive care and prolonged hospital stays. recovery was eventually complete in all cases. infant botulism is an uncommon condition but early recognition with adequate intensive care usually results in complete recove ... | 1993 | 8461174 |
| adp-ribosylation of drosophila indirect-flight-muscle actin and arthrin by clostridium botulinum c2 toxin and clostridium perfringens iota toxin. | purified drosophila indirect-flight-muscle actin and arthrin, an actin-ubiquitin conjugate, were adp-ribosylated by clostridium botulinum c2 toxin and clostridium perfringens iota toxin. phalloidin treatment inhibited the adp-ribosylation of drosophila actin and arthrin. like actin, the adp-ribose-arthrin linkage was sensitive towards hydroxylamine treatment, indicating arginine as the amino acid acceptor. actin translated in vitro from the indirect-flight-muscle-specific gene act88f was adp-rib ... | 1993 | 8484722 |
| predictive modelling of growth, survival and inactivation of pathogenic and spoilage organisms in foods. | | 1993 | 8484921 |
| adp-ribosylation of the rhoa gene product by botulinum c3 exoenzyme causes swiss 3t3 cells to accumulate in the g1 phase of the cell cycle. | using botulinum c3 exoenzyme, which specifically adp-ribosylates the rho gene products (rho proteins), we examined the role of these proteins in cell cycle progression in swiss 3t3 cells. incubation of cell lysates with c3 exoenzyme revealed a single [32p]adp-ribosylated protein with an m(r) of 23k. this protein was identified as rhoa protein by isoelectric focusing and peptide mapping. when c3 exoenzyme was added to the culture, it adp-ribosylated the substrate protein in the cells and reduced ... | 1993 | 8502473 |
| the use of clostridium botulinum toxin in palatal myoclonus. a preliminary report. | palatal myoclonus is a rare syndrome characterized by involuntary rhythmical movements of the soft palate giving rise to clicking objective tinnitus. the intrusive nature of the tinnitus prompts patients to seek medical advice but to date no single treatment modality has been shown to be consistently effective. we present three cases in whom various management regimens were unsuccessful and in whom botulinum toxin injection to the palatal muscles was undertaken. all three cases were rendered fre ... | 1993 | 8509697 |
| [extrachromosomal genetic elements of clostridium botulinum. i. plasmids of toxigenic and atoxigenic strains of clostridium botulinum type a]. | plasmid profiles in fifteen toxigenic and six nontoxigenic strains of clostridium botulinum type a were investigated. the electrophoretic patterns of nucleic acids from the bacterial lysates were shown to vary in relation to the mode of bacterial cells lysis and the stage of microbial population growth. two toxigenic strains harbour a unique 3.9 md plasmid, five strains have a plasmid of about 6 md and seven other strains carry an 11.5 md plasmid. the nontoxigenic derivatives of two toxigenic st ... | 1993 | 8515745 |
| molecular characterization of two forms of nontoxic-nonhemagglutinin components of clostridium botulinum type a progenitor toxins. | the entire sequences of the type a nontoxic-nonhemagglutinin gene and an adjacent open reading frame designated as orf 22-a, which are located between the neurotoxin and the ha-35 genes were determined. sds-page and n-terminal amino acid sequence analyses of the purified type a progenitor toxins (12s, 16s and 19s) indicate that the nontoxic-nonhemagglutinins of 16s and 19s are single peptides of approximately 120k, but that of 12s has a cleavage at the site between pro-144 and phe-145 of this pr ... | 1995 | 8521962 |
| observations on the effect of the diluent used for diluting challenge toxin in the clostridium botulinum potency test. | clostridium botulinum vaccines were assayed for potency according to the method described in the european pharmacopoeia. this method uses 20 white mice which are vaccinated with a dilution of vaccine in 0.9% saline. twenty-one days later the vaccinated mice and ten unvaccinated control mice are challenged with c. botulinum toxin and observed for 7 days. in this study the challenge toxin was diluted in two separate diluents, 0.9% saline and peptone broth. more reproducible results were achieved w ... | 1995 | 8527126 |
| the typing of botulinal neurotoxins. | the serological identification of clostridium botulinum neurotoxin (bont) subtypes has shown to be elusive when current standard serologic tests are used. based on (1) the in vivo response expected on quantitative bont-antitoxin systems and (2) the actual and the hypothetical antigenic makeup of bont subtypes, a comprehensive method for bonts typing is proposed. | 1995 | 8527324 |
| studies on the active-site structure of c3-like exoenzymes: involvement of glutamic acid in catalysis of adp-ribosylation. | various c3-like adp-ribosyltransferases like clostridium botulinum exoenzyme c3, c limosum transferase, b cereus transferase and a transferase from staphylococcus aureus (edin) selectively modify the low-molecular mass gtp-binding proteins rhoa,b,c. uv-irradiation of c limosum transferase in the presence of [carbonyl-14c]nad resulted in radiolabeling of glu-174. concomitantly, adp-ribosyltransferase and nad glycohydrolase activities were inhibited. site-directed mutagenesis of glu-174 (e174d, e1 ... | 1995 | 8527485 |
| nuclear phospholipase d in madin-darby canine kidney cells. guanosine 5'-o-(thiotriphosphate)-stimulated activation is mediated by rhoa and is downstream of protein kinase c. | we have recently demonstrated the existence of an atp-activated phospholipase d (pld) in the nuclei of mdck-d1 cells (balboa, m. a., balsinde, j., dennis, e. a., and insel, p. a. (1995) j. biol. chem. 270, 11738-11740). we have now found that nuclear pld is synergistically activated by guanosine 5'-o-(thiotriphosphate) (gtp gamma s) and atp in a time- and concentration-dependent manner, but these compounds do not alter the sensitivity of the enzyme to activation by ca2+. the synergistic stimulat ... | 1995 | 8530380 |
| the treatment of congenital nystagmus with botox. | clostridium botulinum a exotoxin (botox) is the most potent toxin known to man. it produces a reversible paralysis of cholinergically innervated muscle, an effect useful in the management of non-accommodative strabismus and various disabling focal dystonias. in the present study, botulinum toxin (botox) was used to treat congenital nystagmus, injecting the toxin into multiple horizontal rectus muscles at the same treatment session. three of four patients achieved a significant enough change in a ... | 1995 | 8531035 |
| genome analysis of clostridium botulinum type a by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis. | genomic dna from type a clostridium botulinum was digested with restriction endonucleases that cut at rare sites, and the large fragments were separated by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis. of 15 restriction enzymes tested, mlui, rsrii, smai, nrui, kspi, naei, and xhoi generated satisfactory digestion patterns of genomic dna of various c. botulinum strains, enabling the use of the method for genomic fingerprinting. the genomes of four group i (type a) c. botulinum strains examined had similar re ... | 1995 | 8534108 |
| botulism: the present status of the disease. | the main form of human botulism throughout the world is the classic foodborne intoxication. would botulism is very rare, and most of the documented cases have been found in the united states. while infant botulism remains rare throughout the world, it has become the most frequent form of the disease in the united states in recent years. on very rare occasions botulism results from growth and toxin production in humans other than infants. botulism occurs in animals with much higher frequency. the ... | 1995 | 8542759 |
| two outbreaks of type c and type d botulism in sheep and goats in south africa. | two outbreaks of botulism in sheep and goats are described; in one, 329 out of 900 sheep in a feedlot died within 9 d of the onset of the disease and in the other, 100 sheep and goats out of 330 succumbed over a period of about 3 weeks. animals were found dead or died suddenly, without exhibiting clinical signs. others stood with lowered heads and showed drooling of saliva or a stiff gait. paresis and/or paralysis were frequent signs in the terminal stages of the disease. gross lesions such as t ... | 1995 | 8544166 |
| pasteurella multocida toxin, a potent intracellularly acting mitogen, induces p125fak and paxillin tyrosine phosphorylation, actin stress fiber formation, and focal contact assembly in swiss 3t3 cells. | treatment of swiss 3t3 cells with recombinant pasteurella multocida toxin (rpmt), a potent intracellularly acting mitogen, stimulated tyrosine phosphorylation of multiple substrates including bands of m(r) 110,000-130,000 and m(r) 70,000-80,000. tyrosine phosphorylation induced by rpmt occurred after a pronounced lag period (1 h) and was blocked by either lysosomotrophic agents or incubation at 22 degrees c. focal adhesion kinase (p125fak) and paxillin are prominent substrates for rpmt-stimulate ... | 1996 | 8550600 |
| active site mutation of the c3-like adp-ribosyltransferase from clostridium limosum--analysis of glutamic acid 174. | clostridium limosum adp-ribosyltransferase modifies low molecular mass gtp-binding proteins of the rho subtype family. here we cloned and sequenced the gene of the transferase and expressed it in escherichia coli. the gene encodes a protein of 250 amino acids (m(r) = 27,840), with a putative signal peptide of 45 amino acids, that shows about 60-65% identity with c3 transferases from clostridium botulinum. the mature c. limosum transferase was expressed as a maltose-binding fusion protein in e. c ... | 1996 | 8555186 |
| potent stimulation of murine b cells to proliferate and to secrete immunoglobulins by a lipoteichoic acid-like molecule produced by clostridium botulinum c and d. | bacterial products have served as important immunological tools to study lymphocyte activation. the lipopolysaccharides of the gram-negative bacteria are well known to be potent activators of b lymphocytes. several gram-positive bacteria produce exotoxins that are superantigens for t cells. in the present study, we demonstrate that the gram-positive bacteria clostridium botulinum c and d produce a high molecular weight mitogen (cb mitogen) that is a potent activator of murine b lymphocytes. the ... | 1995 | 8555978 |
| the high-affinity binding of clostridium botulinum type b neurotoxin to synaptotagmin ii associated with gangliosides gt1b/gd1a. | 125i-labeled botulinum type b neurotoxin was shown to bind specifically to recombinant rat synaptotagmins i and ii. binding required reconstitution of the recombinant proteins with gangliosides gt1b/gd1a. scatchard plot analyses revealed a single class of binding site with dissociation constants of 0.23 and 2.3 nm for synaptotagmin ii and synaptotagmin i, respectively, values very similar to those of the high- (0.4 nm) and low-affinity (4.1 nm) binding sites in synaptosomes. the high-affinity bi ... | 1996 | 8557112 |
| [recent food poisoning and molecular biology]. | | 1995 | 8568396 |
| characterization of nontoxic-nonhemagglutinin component of the two types of progenitor toxin (m and l) produced by clostridium botulinum type d cb-16. | a 9.8-kbp dna fragment which contained a neurotoxin gene and its upstream region was cloned from clostridium botulinum type d strain cb-16. nucleotide sequencing of the fragment revealed that genes encoding for hemagglutinin (ha) subcomponents and one for a nontoxic-nonhemagglutinin (ntnh) component were located upstream of the neurotoxin gene. this strain produced two toxins of different molecular size (approximately 300 kda and 500 kda) which were designated as progenitor toxins (m and l toxin ... | 1995 | 8569530 |
| beef allergy and the persian gulf syndrome. | it is suggested that the persian gulf syndrome (pgs) is caused by beef allergy. in the first symptomless phase, as a result of an energetic us army immunizing program, using sera with adjuvants to produce detectable antibody levels, the subjects not only developed immunity to the targeted substances, but also became sensitized to one or more of the other substances in the immunizing sera, and specifically to beef protein. the subjects remained healthy while in the war zone on a restricted diet e ... | 1995 | 8569540 |
| identification of a putative target for rho as the serine-threonine kinase protein kinase n. | rho, a ras-like small guanosine triphosphatase, has been implicated in cytoskeletal responses to extracellular signals such as lysophosphatidic acid (lpa) to form stress fibers and focal contacts. the form of rhoa bound to guanosine triphosphate directly bound to and activated a serine-threonine kinase, protein kinase n (pkn). activated rhoa formed a complex with pkn and activated it in cos-7 cells. pkn was phosphorylated in swiss 3t3 cells stimulated with lpa, and this phosphorylation was block ... | 1996 | 8571127 |
| inhibition of vanadate-induced astrocytic stress fiber formation by c3 adp-ribosyltransferase. | mechanisms of vanadate-induced actin reorganization were examined in cultured astrocytes. treatment of protoplasmic astrocytes with 0.5 mm dibutyryl camp (dbcamp) caused the disappearance of stress fibers (sfs) and focal adhesions (fas) accompanied with cellular stellation. a subsequent addition of 1 mm orthovanadate (vo4(3-) reorganized sfs and fas in dbcamp-treated cells. the newly formed fas had increased phosphotyrosine levels. vo4(3-) reorganized sfs and fas in stellate astrocytes induced b ... | 1996 | 8573156 |
| inhibition of receptor signaling to phospholipase d by clostridium difficile toxin b. role of rho proteins. | rho proteins have been reported to activate phospholipase d (pld) in in vitro preparations. to examine the role of rho proteins in receptor signaling to pld, we studied the effect of clostridium difficile toxin b, which glucosylates rho proteins, on the regulation of pld activity in human embryonic kidney (hek) cells stably expressing the m3 muscarinic acetylcholine receptor (machr). toxin b treatment of hek cells potently and efficiently blocked machr-stimulated pld. in contrast, basal and phor ... | 1996 | 8576201 |
| immunological characterization of the neurotoxin produced by clostridium botulinum type a associated with infant botulism in japan. | the neurotoxin associated with type a infant botulism in japan shows different antigenic properties from those produced by authentic strains. the monoclonal antibodies recognizing the light chain reacted to both neurotoxins, whereas half the antibodies recognizing the heavy chain reacted specifically to the respective neurotoxin. each neurotoxin showed its own manner of binding to brain synaptosomes. these results indicate that the distinguishable characteristics are ascribable to the heavy chai ... | 1995 | 8577267 |
| coronary vasoconstriction is the most probable cause of death of rats intoxicated with botulinolysin, a hemolysin produced by clostridium botulinum. | the pathophysiology of lethal intoxication by botulinolysin (blyn) was studied using anesthetized rats and isolated rat organs. intravenous injection of 10,000 and 1000 hemolytic units (hu) of blyn killed rats rapidly while 100 hu of the toxin did not. congestion and edema of lungs were observed at autopsies of the rats killed by intoxication. hemoglobinemia was obvious in rats injected with 1000 hu of blyn but not in rats with 10,000 hu. electrocardiograms of the intoxicated rats showed depress ... | 1995 | 8585092 |
| lysophosphatidic acid-induced neurite retraction in pc12 cells: control by phosphoinositide-ca2+ signaling and rho. | the endogenous phospholipid mediator lysophosphatidic acid (lpa) caused growth cone collapse, neurite retraction, and cell flattening in differentiated pc12 cells. neurite retraction was blocked by cytochalasin b and adp-ribosylation of the small-molecular-weight g protein rho by the clostridium botulinum c-3 toxin. lpa induced a transient rise in the level of inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate, and retraction was blocked by inhibitors of phospholipase beta. repeated application of lpa elicited homolo ... | 1996 | 8592123 |
| lysophosphatidic acid-induced neurite retraction in pc12 cells: neurite-protective effects of cyclic amp signaling. | effects of the cyclic amp second messenger system were studied on the retraction of neurites elicited by the phospholipid mediator lysophosphatidic acid (lpa) in pc12 cells. lpa stimulation inhibited adenylyl cyclase, indicating that the lpa receptor couples to the heterotrimeric gi proteins. however, pertussis toxin or expression of dominant negative ras did not prevent neurite retraction. in contrast, cholera toxin, forskolin, and application of dibutyryl-cyclic amp prevented neurite retractio ... | 1996 | 8592124 |
| molecular cloning of the gene encoding the mosaic neurotoxin, composed of parts of botulinum neurotoxin types c1 and d, and pcr detection of this gene from clostridium botulinum type c organisms. | the dna fragment common to the genes encoding botulinum neurotoxin types c1 (bn/c1) and d (bn/d) was amplified by pcr from the culture supernatant of clostridium botulinum type c strain 6813 (c6813) that was treated with either dnase i or proteinase k but not from the supernatant that was treated with both dnase i and proteinase k, suggesting the neurotoxin gene is located on a certain bacteriophage dna. thus, to isolate the neurotoxin gene, we performed pcr with the culture supernatant of c6813 ... | 1996 | 8593068 |
| rho-mediated protein tyrosine phosphorylation in lysophosphatidic-acid-induced tumor-cell invasion. | rat ascites hepatoma cell (mm1) invade a mesothelial cell monolayer in vitro in assay medium containing serum, but not in serum-free medium. serum could be completely replaced by 1-oleoyl lysophosphatidic acid (lpa) in inducing invasion. lpa-induced invasion was inhibited by genistein, a tyrosine-kinase inhibitor. protein tyrosine phosphorylation in response to lpa was thus analyzed in order to determine the molecular mechanism of invasion. lpa of invasion-inducible concentrations evoked a trans ... | 1996 | 8598314 |
| protein kinase a phosphorylation of rhoa mediates the morphological and functional effects of cyclic amp in cytotoxic lymphocytes. | we have observed that stimulation of human natural killer cells with dibutyryl camp (bt2camp) reproduced the effects of adp ribosylation of the gtp binding protein rhoa by clostridium botulinum c3 transferase: both agents induced similar morphological changes, inhibited cell motility and blocked the cytolytic function. we demonstrate here that camp-dependent protein kinase a (pka) phosphorylates rhoa in its c-terminal region, on serine residue 188. this phosphorylation does not affect the abilit ... | 1996 | 8599934 |
| the involvement of the rho gene product, a small molecular weight gtp-binding protein, in polyploidization of a human megakaryocytic cell line, cmk. | the role of rho proteins, which are ras p21-related small gtp-binding proteins, in megakaryocyte endomitosis was examined using a botulinum c3 exoenzyme (c3), a rho inactivating enzyme. the megakaryocytic leukemia cell line cmk expressed high levels of rhoa and rhoc mrnas, whereas rhob mrna was expressed at a very low level. the addition of c3 to the culture medium caused adp-ribosylation of the rho proteins in cmk cells in a dose- and time-dependent manner. this procedure also induced a higher ... | 1996 | 8608802 |
| autoregulation of actin synthesis by physiological alterations of the g-actin level in hepatocytes. | hypotonic treatment of cultured rat hepatocytes significantly decreased the monomeric g-actin level by 18% after 120 min while the level of filamentous f-actin remained essentially unchanged. simultaneously the level of cellular actin mrna was increased by 53%. incubation of hepatocytes for 120 min with the f-actin stabilizing toxin phalloidin from amanita phalloides led to a decrease of g-actin by 70% and an increase of f-actin by 55%. although the toxin dependent decrease of g-actin was much m ... | 1995 | 8611666 |
| molecular composition of clostridium botulinum type a progenitor toxins. | the molecular composition of progenitor toxins produced by a clostridium botulinum type a strain (a-nih) was analyzed. the strain produced three types of progenitor toxins (19 s, 16 s, and 12 s) as reported previously. purified 19 s and 16 s toxins demonstrated the same banding profiles on sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (sds-page), indicating that they consist of the same protein components. the nontoxic components of the 19 s and 16 s toxins are a nontoxic non-hemaggl ... | 1996 | 8613365 |
| inhibition of fc epsilon-ri-mediated activation of rat basophilic leukemia cells by clostridium difficile toxin b (monoglucosyltransferase) | treatment of rat basophilic leukemia (rbl) 2h3-hm1 cells with clostridium difficile toxin b (2 ng/ml), which reportedly depolymerizes the actin cytoskeleton, blocked [3h]serotonin release induced by 2,4-dinitrophenyl-bovine serum albumin, carbachol, mastoparan, and reduced ionophore a23187-stimulated degranulation by about 55-60%. in lysates of rbl cells, toxin b 14c-glucosylated two major and one minor protein. by using two-dimensional gel electrophoresis and immunoblotting, rhoa and cdc42 were ... | 1996 | 8631752 |
| genetic characterization of clostridium botulinum type a containing silent type b neurotoxin gene sequences. | a recent study detected genes encoding type b botulinum neurotoxin in some type a strains of clostridium botulinum that exhibit no type b toxin activity. in this study, we investigated the presence, structure, linkage, and organization of genes encoding botulinum neurotoxin (bont) and other components of the progenitor complex. sequence analysis showed that the silent bont/b gene is highly related to that from authentic proteolytic type b c. botulinum. however, a stop signal and deletions were f ... | 1996 | 8631890 |
| palatal myoclonus: treatment with clostridium botulinum toxin injection. | | 1996 | 8637761 |
| clostridium botulinum type c intoxication in feedlot steers being fed ensiled poultry litter. | | 1995 | 8640637 |
| leukotriene d4-induced mobilization of intracellular ca2+ in epithelial cells is critically dependent on activation of the small gtp-binding protein rho. | we have previously shown that the leukotriene d4 (ltd4)-induced mobilization of intracellular ca2+ in epithelial cells is mediated by a g-protein that is distinctly different from the pertussis toxin-sensitive g-protein that regulates the subsequent influx of ca2+. in the present study, we attempted to gain further knowledge about the mechanisms involved in the ltd4-induced mobilization of intracellular ca2+ in epithelial cells by investigating the effects of compactin, an inhibitor of the isopr ... | 1996 | 8645211 |
| characterization of component-i gene of botulinum c2 toxin and pcr detection of its gene in clostridial species. | botulinum c2 toxin is composed of two nonlinked protein components, component-i (light chain) and component-ii (heavy chain). it is produced by clostridium botulinum types c and d, and is thought to play a lethal pathogenic role. these biological activities of c2 toxin may be due to the adp-ribosylation of non-muscle actin by component-i of the toxin. we were able to isolate two overlapping gene fragments encoding component-i from the chromosomal dna of clostridium botulinum type c strain (c)-20 ... | 1996 | 8645309 |
| substrate residues n-terminal to the cleavage site of botulinum type b neurotoxin play a role in determining the specificity of its endopeptidase activity. | clostridium botulinum type b neurotoxin is a highly specific zinc-endopeptidase which cleaves vesicle-associated membrane protein (vamp/synaptobrevin), a critical component of the vesicle docking/fusion mechanism. in this study, substrate residues flanking the n-terminal side of the cleavage site are shown to play a key role in enzyme substrate recognition. two aspartate residues in this region are identified as critical determinants of the neurotoxin's specificity. these findings are discussed ... | 1996 | 8647267 |
| adp-ribosylation of the g protein rho inhibits integrin regulation of tumor cell growth. | using a gastric derived tumor line, we investigated the involvement of beta 1 integrin and rho in cell growth regulation in response to collagen. the addition of c3 exoenzyme from clostridium botulinum to specifically ribosylate and inhibit the function of the rho gene products inhibited cellular proliferation in a dose-dependent fashion. c3 exoenzyme exhibited broad cytostatic activity toward a number of tumor lines and induced g0/g1 accumulation, cyclin a inhibition, and pronounced alterations ... | 1996 | 8647863 |
| cholecystokinin-b/gastrin receptors mediate rapid formation of actin stress fibers. | specific receptors for brain-gut peptide hormones, cholecystokinin (cck) and gastrin, are expressed in a variety of human tumor cells. cck and gastrin promote the growth of nih3t3 cells into which the cck-b/gastrin receptor had been introduced via a eukaryotic expression vector. in this study, we have examined the effect of cck-8 on the actin cytoskeleton by using two mouse fibroblast cell lines expressing human cck-b/gastrin receptors. treatment with very low concentration of cck-8 (10(-10) m) ... | 1996 | 8649838 |
| use of enzyme-linked immunoassays for antibody to types c and d botulinum toxins for investigations of botulism in cattle. | the development of specific enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (elisa) for antibody to types c and d clostridium botulinum toxins for investigation of botulism in cattle is described. partially purified type c and d toxins were used as antigens to develop these elisas. specificity of the elisas was evaluated on sera from 333 adult beef and dairy cattle from areas with no history or evidence of botulism in animals or water birds. the test was also evaluated on sera from 41 herds that included her ... | 1996 | 8660200 |
| inhibition of nad+ glycohydrolase and adp-ribosyl cyclase activities of leukocyte cell surface antigen cd38 by gangliosides. | we have recently reported that gangliosides act as inhibitors of adp-ribosyltransferases and nad+ glycohydrolases (nadase) of pertussis toxin and the c3 exoenzyme from clostridium botulinum (hara-yokoyama, m., hirabayashi, y., irie, f., syuto, b., moriishi, k., sugiya, h., and furuyama, s. (1995) j. biol. chem. 270, 8115-8121). here, we investigated the effect of gangliosides on the enzymatic activity of leukocyte cell surface antigen cd38, which is identified as an ecto-nadase (kontani, k., nis ... | 1996 | 8662799 |
| evidence for rho-mediated agonist stimulation of phospholipase d in rat1 fibroblasts. effects of clostridium botulinum c3 exoenzyme. | small gtp-binding proteins of the rho family are implicated in the in vitro regulation of phosphatidylcholine hydrolysis by phospholipase d (pld). however, their role in agonist-stimulated pld activity in whole cells is not clear. the ribosyltransferase c3 from clostridium botulinum modifies rho proteins and inhibits their function. when introduced into rat1 fibroblasts by scrape-loading, c3 inhibited pld activity stimulated by lysophosphatidic acid (lpa), endothelin-1, or phorbol ester. neither ... | 1996 | 8662844 |
| phosphorylation of 25-kda synaptosome-associated protein. possible involvement in protein kinase c-mediated regulation of neurotransmitter release. | protein kinase c-mediated phosphorylation of a 25-kda synaptosome-associated protein (snap-25) was examined in living pc12 cells. phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate treatment enhanced high potassium-induced [3h]-norepinephrine release, and a 28-kda protein recognized by an anti-snap-25 antibody was phosphorylated on ser residues. the molecular size of the phosphorylated band decreased slightly following treatment with clostridium botulinum type a neurotoxin, whereas the band disappeared after treat ... | 1996 | 8662851 |
| in vitro activity of 1,3-beta-d-glucan synthase requires the gtp-binding protein rho1. | in the yeast saccharomyces cerevisiae, the family of rho genes are implicated in the control of morphogenetic events although the molecular targets of these gtp-binding proteins remain largely unknown. the activity of 1,3-beta-d-glucan synthase, the product of which is essential for cell wall integrity, is regulated by a gtp-binding protein, which we here present evidence to be rho1p. rho1p was found to copurify with fks1p, a glucan synthase subunit, in preparations of the enzyme purified by pro ... | 1996 | 8662910 |
| [a large outbreak of botulism caused by home cured ham consumption]. | | 1995 | 8663975 |
| inactivation of the small gtp binding protein rho induces multinucleate cell formation and apoptosis in murine t lymphoma el4. | the small g-protein rho regulates the actin microfilament-dependent cytoskeleton. exoenzyme c3 of clostridium botulinum adp-ribosylates rho at asn41, a modification that functionally inactivates rho. using a sindbis virus-based transient gene expression system, we studied the role of rho in murine el4 t lymphoma cells. we generated a double subgenomic infectious sindbis virus (dssin:c3) recombinant which expressed c3 in >95% of el4 cells. this intracellular c3 resulted in modification and inacti ... | 1996 | 8666781 |
| truncated, desensitization-defective neurokinin receptors mediate sustained map kinase activation, cell growth and transformation by a ras-independent mechanism. | we have used the neurokinin nk-2 receptor as a model to examine how receptor desensitization affects cellular responses. the liganded receptor transiently activates phospholipase c (plc) and is rapidly phosphorylated on ser/thr residues in its c-terminal domain. mutant receptors lacking this domain mediate persistent activation of plc. we now show that, in transfected rat-1 cells, mutant receptor mediates ligand-induced dna synthesis, morphological transformation and growth in soft agar, whereas ... | 1996 | 8670836 |
| detection of arginine-adp-ribosylated protein using recombinant adp-ribosylarginine hydrolase. | we made use of adp-ribosylarginine hydrolase to detect arginine-adp- ribosylated proteins. the hydrolase was expressed in escherichia coli as a protein fused with glutathione s-transferase (gst). the fusion protein gst-adp-ribosylarginine hydrolase catalyzed the hydrolysis of alpha-adp-ribosylarginine to produce adp-ribose and arginine. casein adp-ribosylated with [32p]nad and chicken heterophil arginine-specific adp-ribosyltransferase served as a substrate for the recombinant adp-ribosylarginin ... | 1995 | 8678289 |
| mosaic structures of neurotoxins produced from clostridium botulinum types c and d organisms. | we isolated the gene encoding a botulinum neurotoxin (bont) of 1285 amino acids with a molecular weight of 147,364 from the toxigenic bacteriophage d-sa of clostridium botulinum type d strain south african (dsa). the bont of dsa (bont/dsa) is composed of three regions on the basis of the homology to bont types c1 (bont/c1) and d (bont/d). the n-terminal (met-1 to val-522) and the c-terminal regions (trp-945 to glu-1285) have high identity to corresponding regions of bont/d (96% identity) and bon ... | 1996 | 8679691 |
| regulation of exocytosis by the small gtp-binding protein rho in rat basophilic leukemia (rbl-2h3) cells. | 1. we investigated the effect of clostridium botulinum c3 adp-ribosyltransferase upon beta-hexosaminidase release induced by various stimuli from streptolysin-o (0.5-1 u/ml)-permeabilized rat basophilic leukemia (rbl-2h3) cells. 2. the c3 transferase inhibited beta-hexosaminidase release induced by ca2+ or by guanosine-5'-(3-thiotriphosphate) (gtp gamma s) plus ca2+. 3. the c3 transferase also inhibited beta-hexosaminidase release induced by stimulating high affinity ige and m3 muscarinic acetyl ... | 1995 | 8690250 |
| growth cone collapse and inhibition of neurite growth by botulinum neurotoxin c1: a t-snare is involved in axonal growth. | the growth cone is responsible for axonal growth, where membrane expansion is most likely to occur. several recent reports have suggested that presynaptic proteins are involved in this process; however, the molecular mechanism details are unclear. we suggest that by cleaving a presynaptic protein syntaxin, which is essential in targeting synaptic vesicles as a target snap receptor (t-snare), neurotoxin c1 of clostridium botulinum causes growth cone collapse and inhibits axonal growth. video-enha ... | 1996 | 8698815 |
| antigen-antibody diffusion-limited binding kinetics for biosensors. a fractal analysis. | a fractal analysis is made for antigen-antibody binding kinetics for different biosensor applications available in the literature. both types of examples are considered wherein: (1) the antigen is in solution and the antibody is immobilized on the fiberoptic surface, and (2) the antibody is in solution and the antigen is immobilized on the fiberoptic surface. for example, when the antibody is immobilized on the surface, an increase in the antigen clostridium botulinum toxin a concentration in so ... | 1996 | 8702256 |
| growth of and toxin production by nonproteolytic clostridium botulinum in cooked puréed vegetables at refrigeration temperatures. | seven strains of nonproteolytic clostridium botulinum (types b, e, and f) were each inoculated into a range of anaerobic cooked puréed vegetables. after incubation at 10 degrees c for 15 to 60 days, all seven strains formed toxin in mushrooms, five did so in broccoli, four did so in cauliflower, three did so in asparagus, and one did so in kale. growth kinetics of nonproteolytic c. botulinum type b in cooked mushrooms, cauliflower, and potatoes were determined at 16, 10, 8, and 5 degrees c. grow ... | 1996 | 8702303 |
| involvement of rho p21 in cyclic strain-induced tyrosine phosphorylation of focal adhesion kinase (pp125fak), morphological changes and migration of endothelial cells. | the molecular mechanisms by which endothelial cells sense and respond to physical forces remain to be elucidated. recently we reported that cyclic strain-induced morphological change and migration of ec were regulated by the tyrosine phosphorylation of focal adhesion kinase (pp125fak) and paxillin. the aim of the present study was to clarify the role of the small gtp-binding protein rho p21 in ec exposed to cyclic strain. bovine aortic endothelial cells (ec) were subjected to 10% average strain ... | 1996 | 8702419 |
| involvement of the small gtpase rho in integrin-mediated activation of mitogen-activated protein kinase. | engagement and clustering of integrins triggers a number of intracellular signaling events, including activation of the mitogen-activated protein (map) kinases erk1 and erk2. to investigate the mechanism by which integrins mediate the activation of map kinases upon binding of nih 3t3 cells to fibronectin, we assessed the effects of both inhibiting and activating the small gtpase rho. we observed that inhibition of rho by the rho-specific inhibitor c3 exoenzyme or by a dominant negative rho a (rh ... | 1996 | 8702960 |
| expression of a 24 kda gtp-binding protein (gn24) is increased in lovastatin treated human erythroleukemia cells. | a major 27 kda particulate and a minor 24 kda cytosolic gtp-binding protein was detected in hel cells upon incubation with [alpha-32p]gtp of nitrocellulose blots containing polypeptides separated using sds-page. addition of lovastatin (30 microm) to hel cells in culture inhibited protein synthesis by approximately 35%. however, this treatment resulted in a 5-fold increase, as quantitated by [alpha-32p]gtp binding, in the amount of cytosolic 24 kda gtp-binding protein. addition of cycloheximide p ... | 1996 | 8709977 |
| [food poisoning and infection in 1994]. | | 1996 | 8711143 |
| mosaic type of the nontoxic-nonhemaggulutinin component gene in clostridium botulinum type a strain isolated from infant botulism in japan. | the gene encoding the nontoxic-nonhemaggulutinin (ntnh) component was amplified by the pcr technique using two primer sets and the dna template from clostridium botulinum type a strain 7i03-h isolated from infant botulism in japan. the nucleotide sequence revealed that the ntnh gene was composed of 1,193 amino acids with a molecular weight of 130868.08. furthermore, the n-terminal half side and c-terminal half side of the ntnh component were similar to the ntnh component of type c and type a, re ... | 1996 | 8713133 |
| endothelin-induced cytoskeletal actin re-organization in cultured astrocytes: inhibition by c3 adp-ribosyltransferase. | we investigated signal transduction mechanisms of endothelin (et) receptor-mediated actin re-organization of rat cultured astrocytes. staining of filamentous actin (f-actin) showed that stress fibers were a prominent cytoskeletal actin structure in protoplasmic astrocytes. a treatment with 0.5 mm dibutyryl camp (dbcamp) caused cytoplasmic retraction and disappearance of stress fibers of astrocytes. a subsequent addition of 1 nm et-3 after the dbcamp treatment expanded the cytoplasm and stimulate ... | 1996 | 8721674 |
| productive and non-productive binding of botulinum neurotoxin a to motor nerve endings are distinguished by its heavy chain. | botulinum neurotoxin type a, a di-chain protein produced by clostridium botulinum and responsible for botulism, blocks acetylcholine release from peripheral nerves by binding to the terminals, undergoing internalization and proteolyzing a protein essential for exocytosis. as butolinum neurotoxin is being used clinically for the treatment of dystonias and certain spasticities, deciphering the details of its specific targeting to cholinergic nerve endings has assumed great importance. thus, intera ... | 1996 | 8723765 |
| detection and identification of clostridium botulinum neurotoxins. | | 1996 | 8726084 |
| refinement and validation of an alternative bioassay for potency testing of therapeutic botulinum type a toxin. | the type a neurotoxin produced by clostridium botulinum is a potent neuromuscular blocking agent which causes paralysis by preventing the release of neurotransmitter from motor neurones. this property has led to the use of the toxin in the treatment of a number of neuromuscular diseases involving muscle spasms. at present, the only recognised assay with the specificity and sensitivity to estimate accurately the potency of botulinum toxin in clinical preparations is bioassay, in which lethality i ... | 1996 | 8737961 |
| investigation of animal botulism outbreaks by pcr and standard methods. | a double pcr procedure is proposed for identification of clostridium botulinum c and d. this method consists of a first pcr amplification with a degenerate primer pair able to amplify a 340 bp common dna fragment from botulinum neurotoxin (bont) c1 and d genes, followed by two subsequent pcr amplifications with two primer pairs specific for bont/c1 and d respectively (198 bp dna fragment). this method was found to be specific for c. botulinum c and d, amongst 81 strains of c. botulinum and 21 di ... | 1996 | 8739191 |
| spoilage and shelf-life extension of fresh fish and shellfish. | fresh fish and shellfish are highly perishable products due to their biological composition. under normal refrigerated storage conditions, the shelf life of these products is limited by enzymatic and microbiological spoilage. however, with increasing consumer demands for fresh products with extended shelf life and increasing energy costs associated with freezing and frozen storage, the fish-processing industry is actively seeking alternative methods of shelf life preservation and marketability o ... | 1996 | 8747101 |
| a survey of bacterial toxins involved in food poisoning: a suggestion for bacterial food poisoning toxin nomenclature. | there is at present no accepted nomenclature for bacterial protein toxins, although there have been several attempts at dividing them into groups by their mode of action. in this paper we will not try to describe all known bacterial protein toxins, but concentrate on the toxins involved in food poisoning. although most of these toxins are enterotoxins (protein exotoxins with the site of action on the mucosal cells of the intestinal tract) there are also other toxins involved in food poisoning, l ... | 1995 | 8750662 |
| membranes as a target for stress adaptation. | | 1995 | 8750671 |
| effect of sporulation temperature on some properties of spores of non-proteolytic clostridium botulinum. | | 1995 | 8750674 |
| [molecular structure and toxic action of clostridium botulinum neurotoxin]. | | 1996 | 8752376 |
| molecular detection of clostridium botulinum type e neurotoxin gene in smoked fish by polymerase chain reaction and capillary electrophoresis. | the polymerase chain reaction (pcr), a rapid, sensitive technique for amplifying target dna sequences of pathogenic microorganisms, was used to amplify clostridium botulinum type e neurotoxin gene fragments in smoked fish. other botulinal neurotoxin-producing strains, nontoxigenic strains, and food-related microorganisms did not yield nonspecific amplification products with this pcr assay. pcr products were analyzed by capillary electrophoresis (ce) using a low-viscosity entangled polymer system ... | 1996 | 8757444 |
| genetic characterisation of the botulinum toxin complex of clostridium botulinum strain nctc 2916. | an 8 kb segment of the clostridium botulinum nctc 2916 genome 5' to the type a botulinum neurotoxin gene has been sequenced revealing five open reading frames. four encode components (ha70, ha17, ha34 and ntnh/a) of the progenitor toxin complex. the product of the fifth, orfx, possesses a putative c-terminal helix-turn-helix motif, exhibits homology with known regulatory proteins (including msmr from streptococcus mutans, uvia from c. perfringens and orftxe1 located upstream of the c. difficile ... | 1996 | 8764477 |
| the management of chronic fissure in-ano with botulinum toxin. | five patients with a chronic fissure in-ano each received an injection of clostridium botulinum type a toxin into the lower internal anal sphincter. a mean lowering of maximum resting anal pressure by 23.3 (sem 5.6) cm h2o was achieved within seven days. maximum voluntary squeeze pressures were not significantly altered. anal compliance increased in all cases. healing of the fissure with an apparent reduction in anal sensation occurred in three of the patients and partial resolution of symptoms ... | 1996 | 8772071 |