| some new aspects of the pathology, pathogenesis, and aetiology of disseminated lung lesions in slaughter pigs. | from 40 pigs rejected for human consumption at slaughter due to an apparent presence of pyemic lung lesions (defined as disseminated processes containing pus and/or necrotic material), the lungs, spleen, liver, and kidneys were subjected to an extended macroscopic examination. several lung lesions were sampled from each animal for histological and bacteriological examination. samples from the kidneys and spleens were also subjected to bacteriological examination. at gross level, four groups of l ... | 2003 | 12887504 |
| the efficacy of trovafloxacin versus ceftriaxone in the treatment of experimental brain abscess/cerebritis in the rat. | current estimates of the mortality associated with brain abscesses range from 0-24%, with neurological sequellae in 30-55% of survivors. although the incidence of brain abscess appears to be increasing, likely due to an increase in the population of immunosuppressed patients, the condition is still sufficiently uncommon to make human clinical trials of therapy problematic. an animal model to study the efficacy of new treatment regimens, specifically, new antimicrobial agents is therefore necessa ... | 2003 | 12888116 |
| defense mechanisms of urinary bladder: studies on antimicrobial polypeptides from bladder mucosa. | the acid-soluble extract of the bladder mucosal surface was obtained by washing out the bladder with dilute acetic acid in the presence of protease inhibitors. the wash-out materials from rats, rabbits, pigs, and humans manifested strong bactericidal activity against e. coli in vitro. the ultrafiltrate of the human material, which contained two major peptides with apparent molecular masses of 6.7 kd and 8.5 kd, respectively, showed potent bactericidal activity against e. coli, pseudomonas aerugi ... | 1999 | 12899379 |
| intracellular staphylococcus aureus. a mechanism for the indolence of osteomyelitis. | staphylococcus aureus is the bacterial pathogen which is responsible for approximately 80% of all cases of human osteomyelitis. it can invade and remain within osteoblasts. the fate of intracellular staph. aureus after the death of the osteoblast has not been documented. we exposed human osteoblasts to staph. aureus. after infection, the osteoblasts were either lysed with triton x-100 or trypsinised. the bacteria released from both the trypsinised and lysed osteoblasts were cultured and counted. ... | 2003 | 12931819 |
| lipid rafts determine efficiency of nadph oxidase activation in neutrophils. | we have investigated the contribution of lipid rafts to activation of the nadph oxidase enzyme system in neutrophils. membrane-bound nadph oxidase subunits are present in the lipid raft compartment of neutrophils. cytosolic nadph oxidase components are mainly absent from but are recruited to rafts upon fcgamma receptor activation. in parallel, protein kinase c isotypes are recruited to the rafts. kinetic analysis of nadph oxidase activation revealed that rafts determine the onset but not the max ... | 2003 | 12935894 |
| the bactericidal and cytotoxic effects of antimicrobial wound cleansers. | objective: wound care is a part of daily activity for many athletic trainers. knowing which cleansers are effective against the bacteria that most commonly cause infection and whether they are toxic to healthy cells enables athletic trainers to make educated decisions on which cleanser to use. we compared the bactericidal effectiveness and cytotoxicity to human fibroblast cells of 4 cleansers at various dilutions. design and setting: a 4 x 4 factorial design was used for the cytotoxicity testing ... | 2002 | 12937444 |
| degradation of antimicrobial histatin-variant peptides in staphylococcus aureus and streptococcus mutans. | histidine-free variants of salivary histatin 5 have a broad antimicrobial activity against various bacteria. in relation to a possible therapeutic application, we were interested in the susceptibility of these small peptides (14 amino acids long) to microbial proteinases and whether this affects their antimicrobial activity. analyses by sds-page of supernatants of peptide-bacteria incubation showed a reduction in protein bands within 15 minutes' incubation, as a result of cellular internalizatio ... | 2003 | 12939363 |
| identification, structure and differential expression of novel pleurocidins clustered on the genome of the winter flounder, pseudopleuronectes americanus (walbaum). | antimicrobial peptides form one of the first lines of defense against invading pathogens by killing the microorganisms and/or mobilizing the host innate immune system. although over 800 antimicrobial peptides have been isolated from many different species, especially insects, few have been reported from marine fish. sequence analysis of two genomic clones (15.6 and 12.5 kb) from the winter flounder, pseudopleuronectes americanus (walbaum) resulted in the identification of multiple clustered gene ... | 2003 | 12950255 |
| bioactive alkyl phenols and embelin from oxalis erythrorhiza. | the benzoquinone embelin and four alkyl phenols were isolated from an argentinean collection of oxalis erythrorhiza. 3-heptadecyl-5-methoxy-phenol is reported for the first time. the structures were determined by spectroscopic methods. embelin presented inhibitory effect on methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus, escherichia coli and the dermatophytic fungi epidermophyton floccosum, microsporum canis, microsporum gypseum, trichophyton mentagrophytes and trichophyton rubrum with mics ranging ... | 2003 | 12963150 |
| [studies on the naturally acquired immunity against staphylococcus beta toxin in man and different species of animals]. | | 1953 | 13094182 |
| [the presence of micrococcus pyogenes in human feces]. | | 1953 | 13124827 |
| staphylococcus pyogenes: the antibiotic sensitivity of strains isolated from human carriers. | | 1954 | 13221813 |
| [bacteriophage typing and antibiotic sensitivity of m. pyogenes strains isolated from various human organs]. | | 1956 | 13369903 |
| [absorption, diffusion and elimination of novobiocin in man; in vitro activity in 50 strains of staphylococcus]. | | 1957 | 13418472 |
| the responsibility of spermine for the antibacterial action of human semen. | | 1957 | 13429207 |
| [staphylococcal immune-adhesion reaction in man]. | | 1957 | 13442210 |
| the virulence of staphylococcus pyogenes for man; a study of the problems of wound infection. | | 1957 | 13499821 |
| [notes on behavior of anti-influenza antibodies, o antistreptolysin and alpha-antistaphylolysin titers in asiatic influenza patients]. | | 1958 | 13510075 |
| importance of staphylococcus aureus in pneumonia in the 1957 epidemic of influenza a. | | 1958 | 13564806 |
| [micrococcus phogenes var. aureus in human faces]. | | 1958 | 13615796 |
| some physiological charcteristics of two sets of phage-propagating strains of staphylococcus aureus. | a number of physiological characteristics were studied on some 29 strains of phage-propagating staphylococci belonging to the basic international series and the seto-wilson bovine-adapted set. all the cultures except strain 73 were coagulase-positive, with reciprocal titers ranging from 2 to 8,192. strain 73 was again an exception with respect to phosphatase activity. group 1 yielded high values for both phosphatase and oxygen uptake but low values for extracellular protein. resistance to penici ... | 1963 | 13978076 |
| characteristics of a strain of staphylococcus aureus grown in vivo and in vitro. | beining, paul r. (the catholic university of america, washington, d.c.) and e. r. kennedy. characteristics of a strain of staphylococcus aureus grown in vivo and in vitro. j. bacteriol. 85:732-741. 1963.-a comparative survey was conducted on the characteristics of a strain of staphylococcus aureus after it had been grown in vitro (vsb) and after it had been collected from the peritoneal exudate of an infected guinea pig (gsb). both vsb and gsb strains gave the same results when studied in an ext ... | 1963 | 14044937 |
| dissociation of phagocytosis and intracellular killing of staphylococcus aureus by human blood leukocytes. | | 1963 | 14053299 |
| synergistic activity between pr8 influenza virus and staphylococcus aureus in the guinea pig. | | 1963 | 14071350 |
| in vitro phagocytosis of staphylococcus aureus with special reference to a possible antiphagocytic function of coagulase. | borchardt, kenneth a. (tulane university school of medicine, new orleans, la.), and william a. pierce, jr. in vitro phagocytosis of staphylococcus aureus with special reference to a possible antiphagocytic function of coagulase. j. bacteriol. 87:311-315. 1964.-rabbit antisera were prepared to staphylococcus aureus strains of bacteriophage types 81 and 42d with vaccines consisting of washed, heat-killed cells grown in media which either did or did not support coagulase formation. partially purifi ... | 1964 | 14151049 |
| phagocytosis and intracellular killing of staphylococcus aureus by human and rabbit blood leukocytes. | | 1964 | 14214395 |
| fate of staphylococcus aureus in bruised tissue. | this investigation was initiated to determine the fate and behavior of a virulent marker strain of staphylococcus aureus (ms) injected intramuscularly into both control and traumatized tissues. control tissues appeared to possess a clearing mechanism highly active against this organism, whereas bruised tissues stimulated and supported its growth. this stimulation may be due to the presence of extrastromal hemoglobin in the bruised areas. by use of the disc-sensitivity procedure, extrastromal hem ... | 1965 | 14264842 |
| the occurrence of staphylococcus aureus in mother's milk. | | 1959 | 14436208 |
| further studies on staphylococci in meats. iv. the bacteriophage pattern and antibiotic sensitivity of isolates from nonfrozen meats. | of 272 isolates of staphylococcus aureus recovered from 173 samples of 10 market meats from 27 stores, 173 (63.2%) were phage typable, employing 28 phages. sixty per cent of the phage-typable strains belonged to group iii, followed by 14.5% to mixed groups i and iii, 10.4% to group i, 8.7% to all mixed groups, 4.6% to group ii, and 1.7% to group iv. the most commonly recovered patterns were 83, 53/83, and other similar combinations of 53. the nonpigmented strains which did not have bound coagula ... | 1962 | 14451458 |
| staphylococcus aureus pericardial abscess in a patient with liver cirrhosis: case report. | pericardial abscess is a rare complication of staphylococcus aureus bacteremia. we report the case of a 40-year-old man with hepatitis c and liver cirrhosis who presented with high-grade fever and chest pain. transthoracic echocardiography showed a pericardial mass and computed tomographic scanning and transesophageal echocardiography confirmed the presence of a loculated fluid collection. his illness persisted despite i.v. antibiotics and video-assisted thoracoscopic drainage. the patient was c ... | 2003 | 14513994 |
| phage conversion of exfoliative toxin a in staphylococcus aureus isolated from cows with mastitis. | an exfoliative toxin produced by staphylococcus aureus is the causative agent of staphylococcal scalded-skin syndrome (ssss) in young children. recently, we reported that only few isolates of s. aureus from bovine mastitis contained the eta gene encoding exfoliative toxin a (eta) and produced eta in vitro. in this study, we isolated temperate phages from two eta-positive bovine isolates of s. aureus by treatment with mitomycin c. polymerase chain reaction (pcr) assay of the phage genomes suggest ... | 2003 | 14516710 |
| the effect of cyclosporine and tacrolimus on indigenous bacterial flora in human skin grafts. | allogeneic skin transplants require intensive immunosuppressive therapy. treatment protocols used for parenchymal organ grafts are not satisfactory to prevent skin graft rejection. another factor responsible for the destruction of allogeneic skin transplants is bacterial inflammation. temporary ischemia and the allogeneic reaction in transplanted skin cause increased permeability of the epidermis and the dermal capillaries, making skin grafts vulnerable to bacterial penetration. moreover, immuno ... | 2003 | 14529942 |
| negative regulation of interleukin-12 production by a rapamycin-sensitive signaling pathway: a brief communication. | interleukin-12 (il-12), an important cytokine in host defense against microbial pathogens, regulates natural killer and t-cell function(s) including the induction of gamma-interferon production. the major cellular sources of il-12 are monocytes/macrophages. bacteria, bacterial products, and intracellular parasites are the most efficient inducers of il-12 production. in the present study we show that a signal transduction pathway sensitive to rapamycin may have an important role in the regulation ... | 2003 | 14530510 |
| [treatment of a septic patient with acquired haemophilia]. | acquired haemophilia is a rare bleeding diathesis caused by auto-immune depletion of factor viii. it is characterised by spontaneous haemorrhagic syndrome, which can be fatal sometimes. | 2003 | 14550523 |
| [28-year-old patient with elevated serum ige levels and multiple refractory epidural and paravertebral abscesses. clinical manifestation of a job's syndrome?]. | the hyper-ige syndrome is a rare primary immunodeficiency characterized by recurrent staphylococcal infections and high levels of serum ige. | 2003 | 14551710 |
| molecular architecture of the regulatory locus sae of staphylococcus aureus and its impact on expression of virulence factors. | we characterized the sae operon, a global regulator for virulence gene expression in staphylococcus aureus. a tn917 sae mutant was obtained by screening a tn917 library of the agr mutant isp479mu for clones with altered hemolytic activity. sequence analysis of the sae operon revealed two additional open reading frames (orfs) (orf3 and orf4) upstream of the two-component regulatory genes saer and saes. four overlapping sae-specific transcripts (t1 to t4) were detected by northern blot analysis, a ... | 2003 | 14563862 |
| staphylococcal peptidoglycan suppresses production of interleukin-2 by t cells through a t cell-derived factor induced by direct contact between t cells and monocytes. | during the last 2 decades, the incidence of sepsis due to gram-positive bacteria has increased dramatically. nevertheless, effects of the cell-wall components that do not contain endotoxin, on immunity, are still largely unknown. here, we demonstrate, for the first time, that the gram-positive bacterial cell-wall component peptidoglycan (pgn) severely inhibits the production of interleukin (il)-2 by cultured human peripheral blood mononuclear cells stimulated with anti-cd3 and anti-cd28 antibodi ... | 2003 | 14593585 |
| in vitro studies of the pharmacodynamics of teicoplanin against staphylococcus aureus, staphylococcus epidermidis and enterococcus faecium. | to investigate the basic pharmacodynamic properties of teicoplanin in vitro for staphylococcus aureus, staphylococcus epidermidis and enterococcus faecium. | 2003 | 14616681 |
| a novel class of cysteine protease inhibitors: solution structure of staphostatin a from staphylococcus aureus. | a series of secreted proteases are included among the virulence factors documented for staphylococcus aureus. in light of increasing antibiotic resistance of this dangerous human pathogen, these proteases are considered as suitable targets for the development of novel therapeutic strategies. the recent discovery of staphostatins, endogenous, highly specific, staphylococcal cysteine protease inhibitors, opened a possibility for structure-based design of low molecular weight analogues. moreover, t ... | 2003 | 14621990 |
| enhancement of antimicrobial effects by glucocorticoids. | in the past few years a body of evidence has accumulated showing that stimulation of human astrocytes and microvascular endothelial cells with ifn-gamma induces a potent antibacterial and anti-parasitic effect. we have found that the ifn-gamma-mediated activation of the tryptophan-degrading enzyme indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (ido) is, at least in part, responsible for this antimicrobial activity. glucocorticoids are frequently used in inflammatory central nervous system diseases to reduce the in ... | 2005 | 14624357 |
| new antimicrobial cystatin c-based peptide active against gram-positive bacterial pathogens, including methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus and multiresistant coagulase-negative staphylococci. | we describe the synthesis and antibacterial properties of a novel antimicrobial peptidyl derivative, (2s)-2-(nalpha-benzyloxycarbonyl-arginyl-leucylamido-1-[(e)-cinnamoylamido]-3-methylbutane, structurally based upon the inhibitory centre of the human cysteine protease inhibitor, cystatin c. the derivative, here called cystapep 1, displayed antibacterial activity against several clinically important gram-positive bacteria. it displayed minimal inhibitory and bactericidal concentrations of about ... | 2003 | 14629266 |
| enzymatic and molecular characteristics of the efficiency and specificity of exfoliative toxin cleavage of desmoglein 1. | exfoliative toxins (ets) from staphylococcus aureus blister the superficial epidermis by hydrolyzing a single peptide bond, glu381-gly382, located between extracellular domains 3 and 4 of desmoglein 1 (dsg1). enzyme activity is dependent on the calcium-stabilized structure of dsg1. here we further define the characteristics of this cleavage. kinetic studies monitoring the cleavage of dsg1 by eta, etb, and etd demonstrated kcat/km values of 2-6 x 10(4) m(-1) s(-1), suggesting very efficient prote ... | 2004 | 14630910 |
| acute bacterial skin infections in pediatric medicine: current issues in presentation and treatment. | bacterial skin and skin structure infections commonly encountered in children include impetigo, folliculitis, furunculosis, carbuncles, wound infections, abscesses, cellulitis, erysipelas, scarlet fever, acute paronychia, and staphylococcal scalded skin syndrome. if diagnosed early and treated appropriately, these infections are almost always curable, but some have the potential to cause serious complications such as septicemia, nephritis, carditis and arthritis if diagnosis is delayed and/or tr ... | 2003 | 14632104 |
| new polyoxygenated farnesylcyclohexenones, deacetoxyyanuthone a and its hydro derivative from the marine-derived fungus penicillium sp. | new polyoxygenated farnesylcyclohexenones, 7-deacetoxyyanuthone a (1) and its 2,3-hydro derivative (2), were isolated together with the known farnesylquinones (3, 4) from a marine isolate of the genus penicillium. the structures of the new deacetoxyyanuthone a (1) and its 2,3-hydro derivative (2) were assigned by spectroscopic methods, including 2d nmr and cd for the cotton effect of alpha-epoxyketone experiments. compounds 1 and 3 showed moderate in vitro cytotoxicity in a panel of five human t ... | 2003 | 14640527 |
| synergy of in vitro thrombolytic action of combinations of recombinant staphylokinase and single-chain urokinase-type plasminogen activator. | kinetics of lysis of human plasma clots immersed in plasma were studied in vitro at 37 degrees c under the influence of recombinant staphylokinase, single-chain urokinase-type plasminogen activator (scu-pa), and their simultaneous and consecutive combinations. staphylokinase and scu-pa caused concentration- and time-dependent lysis of the clots; 32 nm staphylokinase and 75 nm scu-pa separately caused 50% lysis in 4 h. at these equally effective concentrations staphylokinase in 4 h induced a sign ... | 2003 | 14640969 |
| the biocompatibility of crosslinkable copolymer coatings containing sulfobetaines and phosphobetaines. | the comparison of copolymers containing sulfobetaine or phosphobetaine moieties for use as potential biocompatible coatings has been investigated. two statistical copolymers were produced by a free radical polymerisation technique, one based on a sulfobetaine and the other on a phosphobetaine, both with a silyl group component to allow thermal crosslinking after coating. pmma and glass discs were dip-coated with the polymers and their properties were compared to the uncoated controls. bacterial ... | 2004 | 14643593 |
| prevention of staphylococcus aureus infections among surgical patients: beyond traditional perioperative prophylaxis. | health care-related infections cause significant patient morbidity and mortality rates and add excess costs that frequently are not reimbursed. staphylococcus aureus has long been recognized as an important pathogen in human disease and is the most common cause of nosocomial infections. | 2003 | 14647028 |
| constitutive expression of pcsb suppresses the requirement for the essential vicr (yycf) response regulator in streptococcus pneumoniae r6. | we report several new findings about the function of the essential vicrk two-component regulatory system (tcs) in the human pathogen streptococcus pneumoniae. the vicr-encoded response regulator, vick-encoded histidine kinase and the protein encoded by the downstream vicx gene are the homologues of the yycf, yycg and yycj proteins, respectively, studied previously in bacillus subtilis and staphylococcus aureus. using a regulatable promoter, we demonstrated that the vick histidine kinase is condi ... | 2003 | 14651645 |
| cell entry and antimicrobial properties of eukaryotic cell-penetrating peptides. | antimicrobial drug action is limited by both microbial and host cell membranes. microbes stringently exclude the entry of most drugs, and mammalian membranes limit drug distribution and access to intracellular pathogens. recently, cell-penetrating peptides (cpps) have been developed as carriers to improve mammalian cell uptake. given that cpps are cationic and often amphipathic, similar to membrane active antimicrobial peptides, it may be possible to use cpp activity to improve drug delivery to ... | 2004 | 14656995 |
| inclusion of a non-immunoglobulin binding protein in two-site elisa for quantification of human serum proteins without interference by heterophilic serum antibodies. | measurement of human serum molecules with two-site elisa can be biased by the presence of human heterophilic anti-animal immunoglobulin antibodies (haia) that cause false-positive signals by cross-linking the monoclonal (mab) and/or polyclonal antibodies (pab) used for the pre- (capture) and post-analyte steps (detection). to evaluate a novel elisa format designed to avoid interference by haia, a target-specific non-immunoglobulin (ig) affinity protein (affibody) was used to replace one of the a ... | 2003 | 14659914 |
| [microbiological quality of human milk from a brazilian milk bank]. | the objectives of the present study were to determine the prevalence of potentially pathogenic microorganisms that indicate the hygienic and sanitary conditions of human milk samples collected at a human milk bank. | 2003 | 14666308 |
| role of siderophore biosynthesis in virulence of staphylococcus aureus: identification and characterization of genes involved in production of a siderophore. | molecular determinants underlying the production of siderophores in the human and animal pathogen staphylococcus aureus and the contribution of siderophore production to the virulence of this bacterium have, until now, remained undefined. here, we show that s. aureus strains rn6390 and newman produce siderophore when the cells are starved for iron. we further identified and characterized a nine-gene, iron-regulated operon, designated sbn and situated between sirabc and gale on the s. aureus chro ... | 2004 | 14688077 |
| human corneal stromal tissue concentration after consecutive doses of topically applied 3.3% vancomycin. | to evaluate vancomycin penetration into human corneal stromal tissue in patients treated with topical vancomycin eyedrops before penetrating keratoplasty (pkp). | 2004 | 14693765 |
| infectious endocarditis associated with subarachnoid hemorrhage, subdural hematoma and multiple brain abscesses. | hemorrhagic stroke is a complication of infectious endocarditis (ie), and severe hemorrhage accompanies staphylococcus aureus ie during early uncontrolled infection. however, subarachnoid hemorrhage (sah) or subdural hematoma is rare. a case of s. aureus ie associated with sah and subdural hematoma in the early stage is reported. a 54-year-old man with a history of mitral valve prolapse presented with fever. two days after the onset, he fell into a confused state with convulsion and left hemipar ... | 2003 | 14714968 |
| nadph oxidase is not required for spontaneous and staphylococcus aureus-induced apoptosis of monocytes. | reactive oxygen intermediates (roi) generated in the respiratory burst reaction are crucial for the killing of bacteria and fungi in phagocytes. the key enzyme for the respiratory burst reaction is the nadph oxidase. reactive oxygen intermediates have additionally been proposed to be of general importance for the expression of fas and soluble fas ligand (sfasl) and the subsequent induction of apoptosis. this conclusion has been drawn from the observation that neutrophils with an inborn lack of t ... | 2004 | 14730390 |
| mechanisms for impaired effector function in alveolar macrophages from marijuana and cocaine smokers. | lung macrophages provide a first line of host defense against inhaled pathogens and their function is impaired in the lungs of inhaled substance abusers. in order to investigate the mechanism for this impairment, alveolar macrophages (am) were recovered from nonsmokers (ns), regular tobacco smokers (ts), marijuana smokers (ms), or crack cocaine smokers (cs), and evaluated for their production of nitric oxide (no) and the role of no as an antimicrobial effector molecule. am from ns and ts efficie ... | 2004 | 14741433 |
| role of teichoic acids in staphylococcus aureus nasal colonization, a major risk factor in nosocomial infections. | colonization of the anterior nares in approximately 37% of the population is a major risk factor for severe staphylococcus aureus infections. here we show that wall teichoic acid (wta), a surface-exposed staphylococcal polymer, is essential for nasal colonization and mediates interaction with human nasal epithelial cells. wta-deficient mutants were impaired in their adherence to nasal cells, and were completely unable to colonize cotton rat nares. this study describes the first essential factor ... | 2004 | 14758355 |
| [investigate of nasopharyngeal flora in infants and children with influenza]. | to clarify the bacteriological interpretation of nasopharyngeal flora from infants and children with influenza (n = 38), nasopharyngeal swabs were obtained. from 38 patients, 83 strains of bacterias were obtained. chief pathogenic bacteria isolated from infants and children with influenza were b. catarrhalis (28 strains), s. pneumoniae (22 strains), h. influenzae (19 strains), s. aureus (6 strains) and chief nonpathogenic bacteria isolated from infants and children with influenza were corynebact ... | 2003 | 14768342 |
| staphylococcus aureus and lipopolysaccharide induce homologous tolerance but heterologous priming: role of interferon-gamma. | lipopolysaccharide (lps), the gram-negative bacterial cell wall component, induces tolerance to a secondary challenge of lps in macrophages (mphi) as evidenced by reduced inflammatory mediator production. however, it is uncertain if heat-killed (hk) gram-positive bacteria staphylococcus aureus (sa) can induce a similar tolerance and alter responses to lps. we hypothesized that hksa induces homologous tolerance and cross tolerance to lps stimulation in human promonocytic thp-1 cells. we measured ... | 2004 | 14770039 |
| three-color flow cytometry detection of virus-specific cd4+ and cd8+ t cells in the cat. | we describe a three-color flow cytometry assay for the detection of virus-specific cd4+ and cd8+ t cells in the cat. the assay is based upon detection of intracellular tnfalpha using the cross-reactive mab 6401.1111, raised against the human cytokine. allophycocyanin-conjugated mab 6401.1111 specifically stained feline tnfalpha-producing murine cells and also staphylococcus aureus enterotoxin b-stimulated feline t cells, thus providing formal evidence for cross-reactivity. by using the anti-tnfa ... | 2004 | 14871533 |
| the effects of shortening lactoferrin derived peptides against tumour cells, bacteria and normal human cells. | a number of shortened derivatives of the lactoferrin model peptide l12, pawrkafrwakrmlkkaa, were designed in order to elucidate the structural basis for antitumour activity of lactoferrin derivatives. three tumour cell lines were included in the study and toxicity determined by measuring lysis of human red blood cells and fibroblasts. the results demonstrated a strong correlation between antitumour activity and net positive charge, in which a net charge close to +7 was essential for a high antit ... | 2004 | 14959890 |
| [evaluation of a colorimetric method for studying the interaction between microorganisms and intestinal epithelial cells]. | the aim of the present study was to gain further insight on the reliability of the colorimetric determination of the activity of bacterial nitrate reductase to evaluate bacterial concentrations and interaction between microorganisms and enterocyte-like cells. nitrite produced after incubation of the samples with a nitrate-formate solution was determined with a diazotization reaction with sulphanilic acid and n-naphthyl-ethylene-diamonium dichloride. cell association assays were performed with di ... | 2003 | 14976870 |
| organ injury and cytokine release caused by peptidoglycan are dependent on the structural integrity of the glycan chain. | several studies have implicated a role of peptidoglycan (pepg) as a pathogenicity factor in sepsis and organ injury, in part by initiating the release of inflammatory mediators. we wanted to elucidate the structural requirements of pepg to trigger inflammatory responses and organ injury. injection of native pepg into anesthetized rats caused moderate but significant increases in the levels of alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, gamma-glutamyl transferase, and bilirubin (markers ... | 2004 | 14977933 |
| heterozygous toll-like receptor 2 polymorphism does not affect lipoteichoic acid-induced chemokine and inflammatory responses. | while transfection of tlr2 conveyed responsiveness to lipoteichoic acid (lta), the arg753gln polymorphic gene could not. lta induced a stronger chemokine and anti-inflammatory response than lipopolysaccharides did. blood from heterozygous polymorphic and wild-type donors reacted uniformly to lta and staphylococcus aureus. thus, one functional allele for toll-like receptor 2 suffices for full cytokine response. | 2004 | 14977997 |
| isda of staphylococcus aureus is a broad spectrum, iron-regulated adhesin. | as an important facet of host-pathogen interaction, staphylococcus aureus has the ability to adhere to human extracellular matrix (ecm) components via a range of surface proteins. here we have shown that isda has broad-spectrum ligand-binding activity, including fibrinogen and fibronectin. mapping studies revealed a distinct domain responsible for ligand binding. this domain is present in a number of iron-regulated proteins of s. aureus and in other gram-positive organisms. the isda gene is only ... | 2004 | 14982642 |
| chemotaxis inhibitory protein of staphylococcus aureus, a bacterial antiinflammatory agent. | leukocyte migration is a key event both in host defense against invading pathogens as well as in inflammation. bacteria generate chemoattractants primarily by excretion (formylated peptides), complement activation (c5a), and subsequently through activation of leukocytes (e.g., leukotriene b4, platelet-activating factor, and interleukin 8). here we describe a new protein secreted by staphylococcus aureus that specifically impairs the response of neutrophils and monocytes to formylated peptides an ... | 2004 | 14993252 |
| morphostructural damage and the inhibition of bacterial adhesiveness of staphylococcus aureus and moraxella catarrhalis induced by moxifloxacin. | the aim of this study was to investigate the ability of moxifloxacin to interfere with the mechanism of bacterial adhesion and disrupt the morphological and structural integrity of bacteria. three staphylococcus aureus and three moraxella catarrhalis strains were grown in the presence of 1/2-1/128 minimum inhibitory concentration (mic) serial dilutions and incubated with human epithelial cells. a significant decrease in adhesion was observed from 1/2 mic to 1/64 mic for s. aureus, and from 1/2 m ... | 2003 | 14998077 |
| differences in potency of intravenous polyspecific immunoglobulin g against streptococcal and staphylococcal superantigens: implications for therapy of toxic shock syndrome. | administration of intravenous polyspecific immunoglobulin g (ivig) has been proposed as adjunctive therapy for toxic shock syndrome caused by streptococcus pyogenes or staphylococcus aureus. we investigated whether superantigen-containing culture supernatants prepared from streptococcal isolates (n=21) and staphylococcal isolates (n=20) from cases of severe sepsis were inhibited to an equal extent by ivig in proliferation experiments that used human peripheral blood mononuclear cells. all 3 ivig ... | 2004 | 14999628 |
| [antistaphylococcal activity of the complex of natural cytokines]. | the in vitro study of the action of the complex of natural cytokines (cnc), or preparation superlymph, on different microbial test strains (staphylococcus aureus, escherichia coli, yeast-like fungi of the genus candida) was carried out. cnc suppressed the growth of s. aureus test culture, depending on the concentration of the preparation. the inhibiting effect was observed in the presence of ca and mg bivalent cations in the medium. under the chosen conditions of the experiment cnc did not inhib ... | 2004 | 15024983 |
| effects of the macrolide antibiotic, midecamycin, on staphylococcus aureus product-induced th2 cytokine response in patients with atopic dermatitis. | in the present study, the effects of the macrolide antibiotic, midecamycin (mdm), on the th2 cytokine response induced by the staphylococcus aureus products, staphylococcal enterotoxin b (seb), lipoteichoic acid (lta), and peptidoglycan (peg), was investigated in human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (pbmcs) from patients with atopic dermatitis (ad). mdm inhibited seb-induced mrna expression of the th2 cytokines interleukin-4 (il-4) and il-5 in pbmcs from patients with ad. furthermore, mdm al ... | 2004 | 15035853 |
| inhibitory effects of caesalpinia sappan on growth and invasion of methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus. | in the present study, we investigated antimicrobial activity of caesalpinia sappan against clinical isolates of methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus (mrsa) and effect of caesalpinia sappan extract on the invasion of mrsa to human mucosal fibroblasts (hmfs). chloroform, n-butanol, methanol, and aqueous extracts of the caesalpinia sappan showed antimicrobial activity against standard methicillin-sensitive staphylococcus aureus (mssa) as well as mrsa. methanol extract of caesalpinia sappan d ... | 2004 | 15036473 |
| potent and selective inhibitors of bacterial methionyl trna synthetase derived from an oxazolone-dipeptide scaffold. | the preparation and structure-activity relationships (sars) of potent and selective small molecule inhibitors of bacterial methionyl-trna synthetase (metrs) derived from an oxazolone-dipeptide scaffold are described. examples combine staphylococcus aureus metrs (sametrs) potency with selectivity over human metrs. as a result of the sar expansion compound 14a was identified, as a potent sametrs inhibitor (ic(50)=18 nm) having moderate inhibition of metrs derived from enterococci faecalis (ic(50)= ... | 2004 | 15050625 |
| the role of b cell cd22 expression in staphylococcus aureus arthritis and sepsis. | severe staphylococcus aureus infections give rise to a pronounced antigen-specific and polyclonal b cell response with elevated serum immunoglobulin levels. however, it has been difficult to correlate the antibody levels with the clinical outcome of sepsis and/or arthritis concerning both protection and pathogenic aspects. earlier studies have shown that macrophages and neutrophils are of great importance for bacterial clearance. however, deletion of the complete b cell compartment affected neit ... | 2004 | 15050965 |
| subdural empyema and cerebellar abscess due to chronic otitis media. | the infratentorial variety of the subdural empyema, with or without coexisting cerebellar abscess, is a rare clinical entity that carries a high mortality rate. we briefly describe the case of a 49-year-old man presented with severe debility, fever and an obviously neglected chronic otitis media. the patient had refused surgical treatment several months ago. after admission, his level of consciousness began to deteriorate, and the radiological studies showed infratentorial subdural suppuration e ... | 2004 | 15055872 |
| characterization of two proteins of staphylococcus aureus isolated from bovine clinical mastitis with homology to glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase. | staphylococcus aureus is the most common causative agent of bovine mastitis and vaccines developed to control this disease showed limited protection due in part to the lack of common antigens among the mastitis isolates. we isolated and identified two genes encoding proteins with glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (gapdh) activity from a s. aureus strain isolated from bovine clinical mastitis. the gapb and gapc proteins share considerable homology to the gapb and gapc products of human str ... | 2004 | 15066729 |
| in vitro studies on the impact of human serum on the antibacterial effect of faropenem. | the interaction between faropenem and serum in determining antibacterial effect was studied using three target pathogens and two different in vitro methodologies. strains of staphylococcus aureus, streptococcus pneumoniae, capsulate and non capsulate haemophilus influenzae, all faropenem mic 0.12 mg/l, were tested in a range of pharmacologically realistic faropenem concentrations with various proportions of serum up to 75%. using simulated serum bactericidal titres the presence of human serum re ... | 2004 | 15077995 |
| tracking human antigen-specific memory b cells: a sensitive and generalized elispot system. | in the interest of better understanding the role of human memory b cells in protection against disease, we developed an assay to quantitate antigen-specific memory b cells in human blood. this assay utilizes a 6-day polyclonal stimulation of pbmc followed by an antigen-specific elispot for the detection of memory b cells that have differentiated into antibody secreting cells (asc) in vitro. we have used this assay to demonstrate that the anthrax vaccine (ava; biothrax) elicits a substantial popu ... | 2004 | 15087226 |
| [acute transverse myelopathy associated to s. aureus: a difficult differential diagnosis]. | acute myelopathy includes a group of diseases with an important associated morbidity, thus early diagnosis and treatment is important. the most frequent etiology is extramedullary compression. magnetic resonance (mr) is the most suitable procedure in this type of disease since it also offers information on extramedullar lesions and makes it possible to assess spine involvement. we present the case of a 57 year-old man who was admitted because of back pain for several weeks and systemic infection ... | 2004 | 15088163 |
| caspase-8 activation precedes alterations of mitochondrial membrane potential during monocyte apoptosis induced by phagocytosis and killing of staphylococcus aureus. | human peripheral blood monocytes become apoptotic following phagocytosis and killing of staphylococcus aureus. although this type of monocyte apoptosis is known to be initiated by fas-fas ligand (fasl) interactions, the downstream signaling pathway has not been determined. in this work the involvement of mitochondria and the kinetics of caspase-8 and caspase-3 activation after phagocytosis of s. aureus were studied. caspase-8 activity was measured in cell lysates by using the fluorogenic substra ... | 2004 | 15102767 |
| human alpha -defensins neutralize fibrinolytic activity exerted by staphylokinase. | defensins, cationic peptides with bacteriolytic properties, are abundantly found at inflammation sites and in human coronary vessels. vascular occlusive diseases, such as myocardial infarction, pulmonary embolism, and peripheral arterial occlusion are presently treated by thrombolytic intervention using staphylokinase, a plasminogen activator of bacterial origin. in this study we assessed a possible interaction between defensins and staphylokinase, both molecules being present in an acutely ill ... | 2004 | 15116261 |
| gold nanoparticle-based detection of genomic dna targets on microarrays using a novel optical detection system. | the development of a nanoparticle-based detection methodology for sensitive and specific dna-based diagnostic applications is described. the technology utilizes gold nanoparticles derivatized with thiol modified oligonucleotides that are designed to bind complementary dna targets. a glass surface with arrays of immobilized oligonucleotide capture sequences is used to capture dna targets, which are then detected via hybridization to the gold nanoparticle probes. amplification with silver allows f ... | 2004 | 15128107 |
| inhibitory effect of furosemide on activation of human peripheral blood polymorphonuclear leukocytes stimulated with n-formyl-methionyl-leucyl-phenylalanine. | the clinical efficacy of inhalatory furosemide (fu) has been extensively studied in bronchial asthma patients but there are only a few studies addressing its action on cells participating in the underlying inflammatory process. therefore, we investigated the effect of fu on human peripheral blood polymorphonuclear leukocytes (pmnl) at concentrations that can be achieved in the bronchial lining fluid by inhalation, i.e. 10(-5), 10(-4) and 10(-3) m. the influence of fu on the following pmnl parame ... | 2004 | 15135322 |
| the von willebrand factor-binding protein (vwbp) of staphylococcus aureus is a coagulase. | staphylococcus aureus encodes a secreted von willebrand factor-binding protein (vwbp) of 482 amino acids. the n-terminal part of this protein is homologous to staphylocoagulase and therefore we investigated whether vwbp has coagulating activity. recombinant vwbp was shown to coagulate human and porcine plasma efficiently, but was less active against plasma from other species. the coagulation efficiency was concentration dependent, and could be inhibited by specific antibodies against vwbp. furth ... | 2004 | 15135538 |
| [the history of the development and changes of quinolone antibacterial agents]. | the quinolones, especially the new quinolones (the 6-fluoroquinolones), are the synthetic antibacterial agents to rival the beta-lactam and the macrolide antibacterials for impact in clinical usage in the antibacterial therapeutic field. they have a broad antibacterial spectrum of activity against gram-positive, gram-negative and mycobacterial pathogens as well as anaerobes. further, they show good-to-moderate oral absorption and tissue penetration with favorable pharmacokinetics in humans resul ... | 2003 | 15143768 |
| cases from the osler medical service at johns hopkins university. | presenting features: a 70-year-old african american man was admitted with a history of fever, chills, and malaise of several days' duration. his past medical history was notable for end-stage renal disease requiring hemodialysis, coronary artery disease, and aortic stenosis requiring a bioprosthetic aortic valve replacement. on the day of admission, the patient was noted to have a shaking chill while undergoing dialysis through his catheter and was admitted to the hospital. he complained of pain ... | 2004 | 15144915 |
| influence of protein binding under controlled conditions on the bactericidal activity of daptomycin in an in vitro pharmacodynamic model. | daptomycin exhibits bactericidal activity against clinically significant gram-positive bacteria despite being highly bound to human proteins. evaluations characterizing the effect of protein on daptomycin pharmacodynamics are warranted. | 2004 | 15150172 |
| chemotaxis inhibitory protein of staphylococcus aureus binds specifically to the c5a and formylated peptide receptor. | chemotaxis inhibitory protein of staphylococcus aureus (chips) is an exoprotein produced by several strains of s. aureus, and a potent inhibitor of neutrophil and monocyte chemotaxis toward c5a and formylated peptides like fmlp. these chemoattractants act on their target cells by binding and activating the c5ar and formylated peptide receptor (fpr), respectively. in the present report, we examined the mechanism by which chips affects both of these receptors. we showed that chips blocked binding ... | 2004 | 15153520 |
| differential regulation of cytokine and chemokine production in lipopolysaccharide-induced tolerance and priming. | lps pretreatment of human pro-monocytic thp-1 cells induces tolerance to secondary lps stimulation with reduced tnfalpha production. however, secondary stimulation with heat-killed staphylococcus aureus (hksa) induces priming as evidenced by augmented tnfalpha production. the pro-inflammatory cytokine, ifngamma, also abolishes suppression of tnfalpha in lps tolerance. the effect of lps tolerance on hksa and ifngamma-induced inflammatory mediator production is not well defined. we hypothesized th ... | 2004 | 15157897 |
| bacterial two-component and hetero-heptameric pore-forming cytolytic toxins: structures, pore-forming mechanism, and organization of the genes. | staphylococcal gamma-hemolysin (hlg), leukocidin (luk), and panton-valentine leukocidin (pvl) are two-component and hetero-oligomeric pore-forming cytolytic toxins (or cytolysin), that were first identified in bacteria. no information on the existence of hetero-oligomeric pore-forming cytolytic toxins in bacteria except for staphylococcal strains is available so far. hlg (hlg1 of 34 kda/hlg2 of 32 kda) effectively lyses erythrocytes from human and other mammalian species. luk (lukf of 34 kda/luk ... | 2004 | 15170101 |
| a novel carrier molecule for high-level expression of peptide antibiotics in escherichia coli. | peptide antibiotics are often hard to express in engineered bacteria at high level. according to the properties of peptide antibiotics, a heterologous protein pap3.30, encoded by orf30 of pseudomonas aeruginosa bacteriophage pap3, was selected as a carrier molecule. the gene of the carrier molecule was constructed into the plasmid pqe-32 to give rise to the vector pqe-pap30 for expression of peptide antibiotics in escherichia coli. a his-tagged fusion protein was genetically constructed with a p ... | 2004 | 15177279 |
| in vitro modeling of dental water line contamination and decontamination. | the contamination of dental unit water lines (duwl) is an emerging concern in dentistry. the aim of this study was to use an in vitro duwl to model microbial contamination and evaluate the decontamination efficacy of tetraacetylethylenediamine (taed) solutions. a duwl biofilm model used to simulate clinical conditions was used to generate a range of biofilms in duwl. three distinct biofilms were generated: (1) biofilm from water, (2) biofilm from a mix of water + contaminating human commensal ba ... | 2004 | 15183886 |
| prevalence of and risk factors for nasal colonization with staphylococcus aureus among human immunodeficiency virus-positive outpatients in singapore. | we studied the prevalence of and risk factors for staphylococcus aureus nasal colonization in hiv-positive outpatients in singapore. overall prevalence was 23% (45 of 195), with 3% (6 of 195) being mrsa. recent antibiotic use and hospitalization were independent predictors of mrsa colonization. isolates were genotypically identical to our hospital's inpatient circulating strain. | 2004 | 15188853 |
| [streptococcus salivarius meningitis after spinal anesthesia]. | streptococcus salivarius is a usual commensal of skin, gastrointestinal tract, genitourinary tract, oral cavity and paranasal sinuses. although it is usually considered to have low virulence, s. salivarius may cause life-threatening infections, particularly endocarditis. on the other hand, bacterial meningitis after spinal anesthesia is very rare, there being some reported cases caused by s. salivarius, s. mitis, staphylococcus aureus and enterococcus faecalis. we report a 57 year old man who de ... | 2004 | 15199424 |
| [probable toxic shock syndrome following pleural drainage]. | toxic shock syndrome (tss) is rare complication after minor surgical procedure. a 22-year-old man was admitted our hospital with spontaneous pneumothorax on the right side. few days after pleural drainage, he developed a high fever often over 40 degrees c and a rash, most demonstrating a truncal, "sunburn" pattern. initially, he was diagnosed as right pylothorax, but the clinical course was not typical and antibiotic treatment was not effective. two weeks later, desquamation of the hands and fee ... | 2004 | 15202275 |
| structural relationships and cellular tropism of staphylococcal superantigen-like proteins. | the staphylococcal superantigen-like proteins (ssls) are a family of polymorphic paralogs encoded in the staphylococcus aureus genome whose function is unknown. the crystal structure of ssl7 was determined and compared to that of ssl5 and that of a classical superantigen, streptococcal pyrogenic exotoxin. although the overall architecture of the superantigen family is retained in both ssl7 and ssl5, there are significant differences in the structures which suggest that the characteristic major h ... | 2004 | 15213171 |
| twinned or not twinned, that is the question: crystallization and preliminary crystallographic analysis of the 2f1(3)f1 module pair of human fibronectin. | human fibronectin (fn) is a large multidomain protein found in the extracellular matrix and plasma. it is involved in many cellular processes, including cell adhesion and migration during embryogenesis and wound healing. the ability to bind fn is a characteristic that has been demonstrated for a number of pathogens. for staphylococcus aureus and streptococcus pyogenes in particular, fn-binding bacterial proteins (fnbps) have been shown to mediate not only bacterial adhesion to host cells but als ... | 2004 | 15213410 |
| absorption of ester prodrugs in caco-2 and rat intestine models. | the aim of this study was to elucidate the absorption mechanism in caco-2 and rat intestine models in order to improve the accuracy of prediction of oral absorption of ester prodrugs. pivampicillin and cefcapene pivoxil hydrochloride (cfpn-pi), ester-type oral antibiotics, were chosen as model ester prodrugs. the level of esterase activity in caco-2 cells was lower than that measured in the rat jejunum when p-nitrophenyl acetate was used as a substrate. almost complete ester hydrolysis occurred ... | 2004 | 15215116 |
| enhanced pro-inflammatory cytokine production in galphai2-deficient mice on colitis prone and colitis resistant 129sv genetic backgrounds. | mice deficient in g-protein subunit alphai2 develop colitis closely resembling human ulcerative colitis when raised on 129svev background. when backcrossing the galphai2-deficiency into a 129svjbom genetic background, surprisingly, mice did not develop colitis. in vitro stimulation of splenocytes with formalin-killed staphylococcus aureus resulted in significantly increased production of interleukin-1beta, tumor necrosis factor, and interleukin-12p40 in galphai2(-/-) as compared to control mice. ... | 2004 | 15219458 |
| identification and characterization of bacterial-binding property in the type iii repeat domain of fibronectin. | to characterize fibronectin binding with granulicatella adiacens, a causative agent of infective endocarditis, monoclonal antibodies were generated against human fibronectin and selected for their capacity to inhibit the fibronectin binding of the organism. thermolysin and lysyl-endopeptidase digests of fibronectin were characterized by western blot. the epitope of inhibitory monoclonal antibody was found in the central portion of fibronectin known as the cell-binding domain, and not in the n-te ... | 2004 | 15219833 |
| epidemiology of community-acquired and nosocomial bloodstream infections in tropical australia: a 12-month prospective study. | to define the relative incidence of organisms causing blood stream infections in a tropical setting with a very low prevalence of human immunodeficiency virus infection (<1%). | 2004 | 15228489 |