| surface ultrastructure of sars coronavirus revealed by atomic force microscopy. | atomic force microscopy has been used to probe the surface nanostructures of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (sars-cov). single crown-like virion was directly visualized and quantitative measurements of the dimensions for the structural proteins were provided. a corona of large, distinctive spikes in the envelope was measured after treatment with hydroxyoctanoic acid. high-resolution images revealed that the surface of each single sars-cov was surrounded with at least 15 spherical ... | 2005 | 16309462 |
| adenovirus-mediated expression of the c-terminal domain of sars-cov spike protein is sufficient to induce apoptosis in vero e6 cells. | the pro-apoptotic properties of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (sars-cov) structural proteins were studied in vitro. by monitoring apoptosis indicators including chromatin condensation, cellular dna fragmentation and cell membrane asymmetry, we demonstrated that the adenovirus-mediated over-expression of sars-cov spike (s) protein and its c-terminal domain (s2) induce apoptosis in vero e6 cells in a time- and dosage-dependent manner, whereas the expression of its n-terminal domain ... | 2005 | 16310778 |
| the putative protein 6 of the severe acute respiratory syndrome-associated coronavirus: expression and functional characterization. | the sars-cov open reading frame 6 (orf6) is transcribed into mrna6 and encodes a putative 7.5 kda accessory protein, sars 6, with unknown function. in this study, we have confirmed the sars 6 protein expression in lung and intestine tissues of the sars patients and in sars-cov infected vero e6 cells by immunohistochemistry. further studies by immunoblot and confocal microscopy analyses revealed the expression and the endoplasmic reticulum (er) localization of the recombinant sars 6 protein in ma ... | 2005 | 16310783 |
| programmed ribosomal frameshifting in hiv-1 and the sars-cov. | ribosomal frameshifting is a mechanism of gene expression used by several rna viruses to express replicase enzymes. this article focuses on frameshifting in two human pathogens, the retrovirus human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1) and the coronavirus responsible for severe acute respiratory syndrome (sars). the nature of the frameshift signals of hiv-1 and the sars-cov will be described and the impact of this knowledge on models of frameshifting will be considered. the role of frameshiftin ... | 2006 | 16310880 |
| concentration and detection of sars coronavirus in sewage from xiao tang shan hospital and the 309th hospital of the chinese people's liberation army. | a worldwide outbreak of severe acute respiratory syndrome (sars) had been reported. over 8439 sars cases and 812 sars-related deaths were reported to the world health organization from 32 countries around the world up to 5 july 2003. the mechanism of transmission of sars-cov has been limited only to close contacts with patients. attention was focused on possible transmission by the sewage system because laboratory studies showed that patients excreted coronavirus rna in their stools in amoy gard ... | 2005 | 16312970 |
| neutralizing antibody response and sars severity. | using the taiwan nationwide laboratory-confirmed severe acute respiratory syndrome (sars) database, we analyzed neutralizing antibody in relation to clinical outcomes. with a linear mixed model, neutralizing antibody titer was shown to peak between week 5 and week 8 after onset and to decline thereafter, with a half-life of 6.4 weeks. patients with a longer illness showed a lower neutralizing antibody response than patients with a shorter illness duration (p = 0.008). when early responders were ... | 2005 | 16318725 |
| respiratory infections during sars outbreak, hong kong, 2003. | the effect of community hygienic measures during the outbreak of severe acute respiratory syndrome in hong kong was studied by comparing the proportion of positive specimens of various respiratory viruses in 2003 with those from 1998 to 2002. community hygienic measures significantly reduced the incidence of various respiratory viral infections. | 2005 | 16318726 |
| social factors associated with aids and sars. | we conducted a survey of 928 new york city area residents to assess knowledge and worry about aids and sars. specific sociodemographic groups of persons were more likely to be less informed and more worried about contracting the diseases. | 2005 | 16318735 |
| immunopathogenesis of coronavirus infections: implications for sars. | at the end of 2002, the first cases of severe acute respiratory syndrome (sars) were reported, and in the following year, sars resulted in considerable mortality and morbidity worldwide. sars is caused by a novel species of coronavirus (sars-cov) and is the most severe coronavirus-mediated human disease that has been described so far. on the basis of similarities with other coronavirus infections, sars might, in part, be immune mediated. as discussed in this review, studies of animals that are i ... | 2005 | 16322745 |
| preparation and evaluation of anti-sars coronavirus igy from yolks of immunized spf chickens. | severe acute respiratory syndrome (sars) is a recently discovered viral disease, characterized by fever, cough, acute fibrinous pneumonia and high infectivity. specific pathogen-free (spf) chickens were immunized with inactivated sars coronavirus and their eggs were harvested at regular intervals. yolk immunoglobulin (igy) was extracted using the water dilution method, followed by further purification on a sephadex g-75 column. sds-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (sds-page), western blot and ... | 2006 | 16325277 |
| preparation and evaluation of anti-sars coronavirus igy from yolks of immunized spf chickens. | severe acute respiratory syndrome (sars) is a recently discovered viral disease, characterized by fever, cough, acute fibrinous pneumonia and high infectivity. specific pathogen-free (spf) chickens were immunized with inactivated sars coronavirus and their eggs were harvested at regular intervals. yolk immunoglobulin (igy) was extracted using the water dilution method, followed by further purification on a sephadex g-75 column. sds-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (sds-page), western blot and ... | 2006 | 16325277 |
| from genome to drug lead: identification of a small-molecule inhibitor of the sars virus. | virtual screening, a fast, computational approach to identify drug leads [perola, e.; xu, k.; kollmeyer, t. m.; kaufmann, s. h.; prendergast, f. g. j. med. chem.2000, 43, 401; miller, m. a. nat. rev. drug disc.2002, 1 220], is limited by a known challenge in crystallographically determining flexible regions of proteins. this approach has not been able to identify active inhibitors of the severe acute respiratory syndrome-associated coronavirus (sars-cov) using solely the crystal structures of a ... | 2006 | 16325400 |
| solution structure of the x4 protein coded by the sars related coronavirus reveals an immunoglobulin like fold and suggests a binding activity to integrin i domains. | the sars related coronavirus genome contains a variety of novel accessory genes. one of these, called orf7a or orf8, code for a protein, known as 7a, u122 or x4. we set out to determine the three-dimensional structure of the soluble ectodomain of this type-i transmembrane protein by nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. the fold of the protein is the first member of a further variation of the immunoglobulin like beta-sandwich fold. because x4 does not reveal significant sequence homologies to ... | 2006 | 16328780 |
| the n-terminal octapeptide acts as a dimerization inhibitor of sars coronavirus 3c-like proteinase. | the 3c-like proteinase of severe acute respiratory syndrome (sars) coronavirus has been proposed to be a key target for structural-based drug design against sars. accurate determination of the dimer dissociation constant and the role of the n-finger (residues 1-7) will provide more insights into the enzyme catalytic mechanism of sars 3cl proteinase. the dimer dissociation constant of the wild-type protein was determined to be 14.0microm by analytical ultracentrifugation method. the n-finger frag ... | 2006 | 16329994 |
| handwashing practice and the use of personal protective equipment among medical students after the sars epidemic in hong kong. | hand hygiene is an important element of infection control. we conducted 2 surveys on hand hygiene practices and use of personal protective equipment among medical students during and after the outbreak of severe acute respiratory syndrome (sars) to study its impact on their personal hygiene practice when they contacted patients. | 2005 | 16330306 |
| study on substrate specificity at subsites for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 3cl protease. | autocleavage assay and peptide-based cleavage assay were used to study the substrate specificity of 3cl protease from the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus. it was found that the recognition between the enzyme and its substrates involved many positions in the substrate, at least including residues from p4 to p2'. the deletion of either p4 or p2' residue in the substrate would decrease its cleavage efficiency dramatically. in contrast to the previous suggestion that only small residue ... | 2005 | 16331324 |
| design and biological activities of novel inhibitory peptides for sars-cov spike protein and angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 interaction. | severe acute respiratory syndrome (sars) is an emerging infectious disease caused by a novel coronavirus (sars-cov). the binding of sars-cov spike (s) protein to cellular angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ace2) is the first step in sars-cov infection. therefore, we assayed the inhibitory effects of small peptides derived from s protein on the binding of s protein to ace2 and on the s-protein-pseudotyped retrovirus infectivity. sp-4 (residues 192-203), sp-8 (residues 483-494), and sp-10 (residues ... | 2006 | 16337697 |
| longitudinal analysis of severe acute respiratory syndrome (sars) coronavirus-specific antibody in sars patients. | the serum antibodies to severe acute respiratory syndrome (sars) coronavirus of 18 sars patients were checked at 1 month and every 3 months after disease onset. all of them except one, who missed blood sampling at 1 month, tested positive for the immunoglobulin g (igg) antibody at 1 month. fifteen out of 17 tested positive for the igm antibody at 1 month. the serum igm antibody of most patients became undetectable within 6 months after the onset of sars. the igg antibody of all 17 patients, whos ... | 2005 | 16339072 |
| sars coronavirus, but not human coronavirus nl63, utilizes cathepsin l to infect ace2-expressing cells. | viruses require specific cellular receptors to infect their target cells. angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ace2) is a cellular receptor for two divergent coronaviruses, sars coronavirus (sars-cov) and human coronavirus nl63 (hcov-nl63). in addition to hostcell receptors, lysosomal cysteine proteases are required for productive infection by some viruses. here we show that sars-cov, but not hcov-nl63, utilizes the enzymatic activity of the cysteine protease cathepsin l to infect ace2-expressing ce ... | 2006 | 16339146 |
| coronavirus pathogenesis and the emerging pathogen severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus. | coronaviruses are a family of enveloped, single-stranded, positive-strand rna viruses classified within the nidovirales order. this coronavirus family consists of pathogens of many animal species and of humans, including the recently isolated severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (sars-cov). this review is divided into two main parts; the first concerns the animal coronaviruses and their pathogenesis, with an emphasis on the functions of individual viral genes, and the second discusses t ... | 2005 | 16339739 |
| coronavirus pathogenesis and the emerging pathogen severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus. | coronaviruses are a family of enveloped, single-stranded, positive-strand rna viruses classified within the nidovirales order. this coronavirus family consists of pathogens of many animal species and of humans, including the recently isolated severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (sars-cov). this review is divided into two main parts; the first concerns the animal coronaviruses and their pathogenesis, with an emphasis on the functions of individual viral genes, and the second discusses t ... | 2005 | 16339739 |
| severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus membrane protein interacts with nucleocapsid protein mostly through their carboxyl termini by electrostatic attraction. | the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (sars-cov) membrane protein is an abundant virion protein, and its interaction with the nucleocapsid protein is crucial for viral assembly and morphogenesis. although the interacting region in the nucleocapsid protein was mapped to residues 168-208, the interacting region in the membrane protein and the interaction nature are still unclear. in this work, by using yeast two-hybrid and surface plasmon resonance techniques, the residues 197-221 of t ... | 2006 | 16343974 |
| modelling sars data using threshold geometric process. | during the outbreak of an epidemic disease, for example, the severe acute respiratory syndrome (sars), the number of daily infected cases often exhibit multiple trends: monotone increasing during the growing stage, stationary during the stabilized stage and then decreasing during the declining stage. lam first proposed modelling a monotone trend by a geometric process (gp) [x(i), i=1,2,...] directly such that [a(i-1)x(i), i=1,2,...] forms a renewal process for some ratio a>0 which measures the d ... | 2006 | 16345017 |
| a practical protocol for carbohydrate microarrays. | we have established a high-throughput biochip platform for constructing carbohydrate microarrays. using this technology, carbohydrate-containing macromolecules of diverse structures, including polysaccharides, natural glycoconjugates, and mono- and oligosaccharides coupled to carrier molecules, can be stably immobilized on a glass chip without chemical modification. here, we describe a practical protocol for this technology. we hope that anyone who has access to a standard cdna microarray facili ... | 2005 | 16350957 |
| severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 3a protein is released in membranous structures from 3a protein-expressing cells and infected cells. | severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (scov) accessory protein 3a is a virus structural protein. we demonstrate here that 3a protein was released efficiently in membranous structures from various cell lines expressing 3a protein. a subpopulation of the released 3a protein is associated with detergent-resistant membranes. the presence of the yxxphi and diacidic motifs, located within the cytoplasmic tail of the 3a protein, was not required for its efficient release. analysis of supernatan ... | 2006 | 16352545 |
| binding site-based classification of coronaviral papain-like proteases. | the coronavirus replicase gene encodes one or two papain-like proteases (termed pl1pro and pl2pro) implicated in the n-terminal processing of the replicase polyprotein and thus contributing to the formation of the viral replicase complex that mediates genome replication. using consensus fold recognition with the 3d-jury meta-predictor followed by model building and refinement, we developed a structural model for the single plpro present in the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (scov) ... | 2006 | 16358325 |
| sars coronavirus e protein in phospholipid bilayers: an x-ray study. | we investigated the structure of the hydrophobic domain of the severe acute respiratory syndrome e protein in model lipid membranes by x-ray reflectivity and x-ray scattering. in particular, we used x-ray reflectivity to study the location of an iodine-labeled residue within the lipid bilayer. the label imposes spatial constraints on the protein topology. experimental data taken as a function of protein/lipid ratio p/l and different swelling states support the hairpin conformation of severe acut ... | 2006 | 16361349 |
| how the sars coronavirus causes disease: host or organism? | the previous epidemic of severe acute respiratory syndrome (sars) has ended. however, many questions concerning how the aetiological agent, the novel sars coronavirus (cov), causes illness in humans remain unanswered. the pathology of fatal cases of sars is dominated by diffuse alveolar damage. specific histological changes are not detected in other organs. these contrast remarkably with the clinical picture, in which there are apparent manifestations in multiple organs. both pathogen and host f ... | 2006 | 16362992 |
| [sars coronavirus]. | sars is a new type of infectious pneumonia that emerged in china in november 2002. it spread around the world through an outbreak in hong kong in march 2003. patients were reported in 29 countries, and around 800 people died, although a majority of these cases were in asian countries. within a month after the virus that causes sars was isolated, its entire genome sequence became available. the result is the acknowledgement of a novel coronavirus, now called sars coronavirus (scov), that is diffe ... | 2005 | 16363682 |
| homozygous l-sign (clec4m) plays a protective role in sars coronavirus infection. | severe acute respiratory syndrome (sars) is caused by infection of a previously undescribed coronavirus (cov). l-sign, encoded by clec4m (also known as cd209l), is a sars-cov binding receptor that has polymorphism in its extracellular neck region encoded by the tandem repeat domain in exon 4. our genetic risk association study shows that individuals homozygous for clec4m tandem repeats are less susceptible to sars infection. l-sign is expressed in both non-sars and sars-cov-infected lung. compar ... | 2006 | 16369534 |
| history and recent advances in coronavirus discovery. | human coronaviruses, first characterized in the 1960s, are responsible for a substantial proportion of upper respiratory tract infections in children. since 2003, at least 5 new human coronaviruses have been identified, including the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus, which caused significant morbidity and mortality. nl63, representing a group of newly identified group i coronaviruses that includes nl and the new haven coronavirus, has been identified worldwide. these viruses are ass ... | 2005 | 16378050 |
| 7a protein of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus inhibits cellular protein synthesis and activates p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase. | it was recently shown that the 7a protein of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus induces biochemical changes associated with apoptosis. in this study, the mechanism by which the 7a protein induces apoptosis was examined. the 7a protein was tested for the ability to inhibit cellular gene expression because several proapoptotic viral proteins with this function have previously been identified. 7a protein inhibited expression of luciferase from an mrna construct that specifically measures ... | 2006 | 16378980 |
| monoclonal antibodies targeting the hr2 domain and the region immediately upstream of the hr2 of the s protein neutralize in vitro infection of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus. | we have previously shown that an escherichia coli-expressed, denatured spike (s) protein fragment of the severe acute respiratory coronavirus, containing residues 1029 to 1192 which include the heptad repeat 2 (hr2) domain, was able to induce neutralizing polyclonal antibodies (c. t. keng, a. zhang, s. shen, k. m. lip, b. c. fielding, t. h. tan, c. f. chou, c. b. loh, s. wang, j. fu, x. yang, s. g. lim, w. hong, and y. j. tan, j. virol. 79:3289-3296, 2005). in this study, monoclonal antibodies ( ... | 2006 | 16378996 |
| time course and cellular localization of sars-cov nucleoprotein and rna in lungs from fatal cases of sars. | cellular localization of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (sars-cov) in the lungs of patients with sars is important in confirming the etiological association of the virus with disease as well as in understanding the pathogenesis of the disease. to our knowledge, there have been no comprehensive studies investigating viral infection at the cellular level in humans. | 2006 | 16379499 |
| [development of infection pathology in china]. | | 2005 | 16383292 |
| clinical manifestations and inflammatory cytokine responses in patients with severe acute respiratory syndrome. | severe acute respiratory syndrome (sars) is a highly transmissible disease with significant morbidity and mortality. death from sars is most often due to rapidly progressive respiratory compromise (acute respiratory distress syndrome, ards) and subsequent multi-organ dysfunction. however, the mechanisms evoking respiratory distress and a fulminant systemic response remain unclear. in order to elucidate the pathogenic mechanisms of sars, we analyzed clinical manifestations and levels of serum cyt ... | 2005 | 16385373 |
| sars coronavirus nucleocapsid immunodominant t-cell epitope cluster is common to both exogenous recombinant and endogenous dna-encoded immunogens. | correspondence between the t-cell epitope responses of vaccine immunogens and those of pathogen antigens is critical to vaccine efficacy. in the present study, we analyzed the spectrum of immune responses of mice to three different forms of the sars coronavirus nucleocapsid (n): (1) exogenous recombinant protein (n-gst) with freund's adjuvant; (2) dna encoding unmodified n as an endogenous cytoplasmic protein (pn); and (3) dna encoding n as a lamp-1 chimera targeted to the lysosomal mhc ii compa ... | 2006 | 16387339 |
| anti-hiv, anti-poxvirus, and anti-sars activity of a nontoxic, acidic plant extract from the trifollium species secomet-v/anti-vac suggests that it contains a novel broad-spectrum antiviral. | enveloped animal viruses such as human immunodeficiency virus (hiv), hepatitis b virus, hepatitis c virus, human papillomavirus, marburg, and influenza are major public health concerns around the world. the prohibitive cost of antiretroviral (arv) drugs for most hiv-infected patients in sub-saharan africa and the serious side effects in those who have access to arv drugs make a compelling case for the study of complementary and alternative therapies. such therapies should have scientifically pro ... | 2005 | 16387696 |
| pyridine n-oxide derivatives are inhibitory to the human sars and feline infectious peritonitis coronavirus in cell culture. | evaluation of a wide variety of pyridine n-oxide derivatives on their inhibitory activity against feline coronavirus (fipv strain) and human sars-cov (frankfurt strain-1) in cell culture. | 2006 | 16387746 |
| immunogenicity and protective efficacy in monkeys of purified inactivated vero-cell sars vaccine. | in 2003, severe acute respiratory syndrome (sars) resulted in hundreds of infections and deaths globally. we aim to assess immunogenicity and protective efficacy of purified inactivated vero-cell sars vaccine in monkeys. | 2006 | 16388880 |
| immunogenicity and protective efficacy in monkeys of purified inactivated vero-cell sars vaccine. | in 2003, severe acute respiratory syndrome (sars) resulted in hundreds of infections and deaths globally. we aim to assess immunogenicity and protective efficacy of purified inactivated vero-cell sars vaccine in monkeys. | 2006 | 16388880 |
| evaluation of affymetrix severe acute respiratory syndrome resequencing genechips in characterization of the genomes of two strains of coronavirus infecting humans. | severe acute respiratory syndrome (sars) was discovered during a recent global outbreak of atypical pneumonia. a number of immunologic and molecular studies of the clinical samples led to the conclusion that a novel coronavirus (sars-cov) was associated with the outbreak. later, a sars resequencing genechip was developed by affymetrix to characterize the complete genome of sars-cov on a single genechip. the present study was carried out to evaluate the performance of sars resequencing genechips. ... | 2006 | 16391044 |
| virus safety of intravenous immunoglobulin: future challenges. | patients with immunodeficiencies or some types of autoimmune diseases are dependent on safe therapy with intravenous immunoglobulins. state-of-the-art manufacturing processes provide a high safety standard by incorporating virus elimination procedures into the manufacturing process. based on their mechanism, these procedures are grouped into three classes: partitioning, inactivation, and removal based on size. because of current socioeconomic and ecological changes, emerging pathogens continue t ... | 2005 | 16391410 |
| novel five-membered iminocyclitol derivatives as selective and potent glycosidase inhibitors: new structures for antivirals and osteoarthritis. | a novel 5-membered iminocyclitol derivative was found to be a potent and selective inhibitor of the glycoprotein-processing alpha-glucosidase with a ki value of 53 nm. this compound was further derivatized to antiviral agents against japanese encephalitis virus, dengue virus serotype 2 (den-2), human sars coronavirus, and human beta-hexosaminidase (ki = 2.6 nm), a new target for the development of osteoarthritis therapeutics. | 2006 | 16397876 |
| data from 11 years of molecular typing infectious bronchitis virus field isolates. | in 1993, a new molecular typing method for infectious bronchitis virus (ibv) was introduced. this method uses reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (rt-pcr) and restriction fragment length polymorphism (rflp) analysis of the spike gene to obtain rflp patterns that correlate with serotype. using that test at the poultry diagnostic and research center (pdrc, university of georgia, athens, ga), we have identified a total of 1523 ibv isolates in the past 11 yr. the data were obtained from ... | 2005 | 16405010 |
| sars: clinical presentation, transmission, pathogenesis and treatment options. | sars (severe acute respiratory syndrome) appeared as the first emerging infectious disease of this century. it is fortunate that the culprit virus can be grown without much difficulty from a commonly used cell line, allowing an unlimited supply of isolates for further molecular studies and leading to the development of sensitive diagnostic assays. how the virus has successfully jumped the species barrier is still a mystery. the superspreading events that occurred within hospital, hotel and high- ... | 2006 | 16411895 |
| murine encephalitis caused by hcov-oc43, a human coronavirus with broad species specificity, is partly immune-mediated. | the human coronavirus hcov-oc43 causes a significant fraction of upper respiratory tract infections. most coronaviruses show a strong species specificity, although the sars-coronavirus crossed species from palm civet cats to infect humans. similarly, hcov-oc43, likely a member of the same coronavirus group as sars-cov, readily crossed the species barrier as evidenced by its rapid adaptation to the murine brain [mcintosh, k., becker, w.b., chanock, r.m., 1967. growth in suckling-mouse brain of "i ... | 2006 | 16413043 |
| important role for the transmembrane domain of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus spike protein during entry. | the spike protein (s) of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (sars-cov) is responsible for receptor binding and membrane fusion. it contains a highly conserved transmembrane domain that consists of three parts: an n-terminal tryptophan-rich domain, a central domain, and a cysteine-rich c-terminal domain. the cytoplasmic tail of s has previously been shown to be required for assembly. here, the roles of the transmembrane and cytoplasmic domains of s in the infectivity and membrane fusio ... | 2006 | 16415007 |
| [receptor-binding ability of fragments 260-600 and 397-796 of sars-associated coronavirus spike protein]. | to investigate the interaction between the host cell and the truncated s fragments to identify the receptor-binding domain of the spike (s) protein of sars-associated coronavirus (sars-cov). | 2005 | 16415994 |
| [detection of sars coronavirus rna]. | | 2005 | 16416820 |
| significant redox insensitivity of the functions of the sars-cov spike glycoprotein: comparison with hiv envelope. | the capacity of the surface glycoproteins of enveloped viruses to mediate virus/cell binding and membrane fusion requires a proper thiol/disulfide balance. chemical manipulation of their redox state using reducing agents or free sulfhydryl reagents affects virus/cell interaction. conversely, natural thiol/disulfide rearrangements often occur during the cell interaction to trigger fusogenicity, hence the virus entry. we examined the relationship between the redox state of the 20 cysteine residues ... | 2006 | 16418166 |
| longitudinal profile of antibodies against sars-coronavirus in sars patients and their clinical significance. | severe acute respiratory syndrome (sars) is a newly discovered disease caused by a novel coronavirus. the present study studied the longitudinal profile of antibodies against sars-coronavirus (sars-cov) in sars patients and evaluated the clinical significance of these antibodies. | 2006 | 16423201 |
| the expression of membrane protein augments the specific responses induced by sars-cov nucleocapsid dna immunization. | nucleocapsid protein plays a critical role in sars-cov pathogenesis, and high-level anti-nucleocapsid antibodies are detected in the patients infected by severe acute respiratory syndrome-associated coronavirus (sars-cov). several studies have shown that there exists an interaction between nucleocapsid (n) and membrane (m) protein. in this paper, we investigate whether the expression of membrane protein can affect the immune responses induced by nucleocapsid dna immunization. two recombinant pla ... | 2006 | 16423399 |
| serum proteomic fingerprints of adult patients with severe acute respiratory syndrome. | severe acute respiratory syndrome (sars) is an emerging infectious disease caused by a new coronavirus strain, sars-cov. specific proteomic patterns might be present in serum in response to the infection and could be useful for early detection of the disease. | 2006 | 16423906 |
| nasopharyngeal detection of severe acute respiratory syndrome-associated coronavirus rna in health-care workers. | | 2006 | 16424407 |
| colonization of severe acute respiratory syndrome-associated coronavirus among health-care workers screened by nasopharyngeal swab. | to report the efficacy and findings of a large-scale preventive screening program for severe acute respiratory syndrome-associated coronavirus (sars-cov) using amplification of the virus from a nasopharyngeal swab (nps) obtained from the health-care workers (hcws). | 2006 | 16424418 |
| the nucleocapsid protein of severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus inhibits the activity of cyclin-cyclin-dependent kinase complex and blocks s phase progression in mammalian cells. | deregulation of the cell cycle is a common strategy employed by many dna and rna viruses to trap and exploit the host cell machinery toward their own benefit. in many coronaviruses, the nucleocapsid protein (n protein) has been shown to inhibit cell cycle progression although the mechanism behind this is poorly understood. the n protein of severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus (sars-cov) bears signature motifs for binding to cyclin and phosphorylation by cyclin-dependent kinase (cdk) and ... | 2006 | 16431923 |
| amino terminus of the sars coronavirus protein 3a elicits strong, potentially protective humoral responses in infected patients. | the 3a protein of severe acute respiratory syndrome (sars)-associated coronavirus is expressed and transported to the plasma membrane in tissue cells of infected patients. its short n-terminal ectodomain was found to elicit strong humoral responses in half of the patients who had recovered from sars. the ectodomain-specific antibodies from the convalescent-phase plasma readily recognized and induced destruction of 3a-expressing cells in the presence of the human complement system, demonstrating ... | 2006 | 16432024 |
| antiviral applications of rnai for coronavirus. | until the appearance of severe acute respiratory syndrome (sars), caused by the sars coronavirus (sars-cov) in early 2003, coronavirus infection was not considered to be serious enough to be controlled by either vaccination or specific antiviral therapy. it is now believed that the availability of antiviral drugs effective against sars-cov will be crucial for the control of future sars outbreaks. recently, rna interference has been successfully used as a more specific and efficient method for ge ... | 2006 | 16433589 |
| china: open season. | | 2006 | 16437080 |
| inhibitory effects of anti-sars traditional chinese medicines on the uv irradiation of lambda-lysogen. | by using lambda-lysogen as a model, the inhibitory effects of anti-severe acute respiratory syndrome (sars) traditional chinese medicines (tcms) prescription i on the uv irradiation were investigated in this present study. it was found that the prescription i possessed obvious inhibitory effects on the uv induction of lambda-lysogen, the inhibitory rate reaching 83.87%. among five medicinal herbs prescribed in that formula, herba patriniae, radix astragali and radix glycyrrhizae played important ... | 2006 | 16437747 |
| clinical and laboratory features in the early stage of severe acute respiratory syndrome. | to characterize the clinical and laboratory features of severe acute respiratory syndrome (sars) in the early stage and to compare them with those of patients initially suspected of having sars who were later determined to have other febrile diseases. | 2006 | 16440123 |
| development of human monoclonal antibodies against diseases caused by emerging and biodefense-related viruses. | polyclonal antibodies have a century-old history of being effective against some viruses; recently, monoclonal antibodies (mabs) have also shown success. the humanized mab synagis (palivizumab), which is still the only mab against a viral disease approved by the us fda, has been widely used as a prophylactic measure against respiratory syncytial virus infections in neonates and immunocompromised individuals. the first fully human mabs against two other paramyxoviruses, hendra and nipah virus, wh ... | 2006 | 16441209 |
| characterization of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus membrane protein. | the coronavirus membrane protein (m) is the key player in the assembly of virions at intracellular membranes between endoplasmic-reticulum and golgi-complex. using a newly established human monoclonal anti-m antibody we detected glycosylated and nonglycosylated membrane-associated m in severe acute respiratory syndrome-associated coronavirus (sars-cov) infected cells and in purified virions. further analyses revealed that m contained a single n-glycosylation site at asparagine 4. recombinant m w ... | 2006 | 16442106 |
| patent pools and diagnostic testing. | there is increasing concern that overlapping patents in the field of genetics will create a costly and legally complex situation known as a patent thicket, which, along with the associated issues of accumulating royalty payments, can act as a disincentive for innovation. one potential means of preventing this is for the patent holders to enter into a so-called patent pool, such as those established in the electronics and telecommunications industries. precedents for these also exist in the field ... | 2006 | 16443296 |
| emerging viral diseases and infectious disease risks. | new pathogens and antimicrobial-resistant forms of older pathogens continue to emerge, some with the potential for rapid, global spread and high morbidity and mortality. pathogens can emerge either through introduction into a new population or when the interaction with the vector changes; emergence is also influenced by microbiological adaptation and change, global travel patterns, domestic and wild animal contact and other variants in human ecology and behaviour. quick, decisive action to detec ... | 2006 | 16445811 |
| a self-tuning method for one-chip snp identification. | current methods for interpreting oligonucleotide-based snp-detection microarrays, snp chips, are based on statistics and require extensive parameter tuning as well as extremely high-resolution images of the chip being processed. we present a method, based on a simple data-classification technique called nearest-neighbors that, on haploid organisms, produces results comparable to the published results of the leading statistical methods and requires very little in the way of parameter tuning. furt ... | 2004 | 16448001 |
| synthesis of cyclopentenyl carbocyclic nucleosides as potential antiviral agents against orthopoxviruses and sars. | a practical and convenient methodology for the synthesis of chiral cyclopentenol derivative (+)-12a has been developed as the key intermediate that was utilized for the synthesis of biologically active carbocyclic nucleosides. the selective protection of allylic hydroxyl group followed by the ring-closing metathesis (rcm) reaction with grubbs catalysts provided (+)-12a on a 10 g scale with 52% overall yield from d-ribose (4). the key intermediate (+)-12a was utilized for the synthesis of unnatur ... | 2006 | 16451078 |
| design and synthesis of dipeptidyl glutaminyl fluoromethyl ketones as potent severe acute respiratory syndrome coronovirus (sars-cov) inhibitors. | this paper describes the design and synthesis of dipeptidyl n,n-dimethyl glutaminyl fluoromethyl ketones (fmk) as severe acute respiratory syndrome coronovirus (sars-cov) inhibitors. the compounds were tested against sars-cov-induced cell death in vero or caco2 cells as a measurement of the inhibiting effects of the compounds on the replication of the virus. z-leu-gln(nme(2))-fmk (6a) was found to be a potent inhibitor with low toxicity in cells, protecting cells with an ec(50) value of 2.5 micr ... | 2006 | 16451084 |
| therapy with a severe acute respiratory syndrome-associated coronavirus-neutralizing human monoclonal antibody reduces disease severity and viral burden in golden syrian hamsters. | immunotherapy with monoclonal antibodies (mabs) offers safe interventions for the prevention of infection in patients after organ transplantation and for the treatment of cancers and autoimmune diseases. mab 201 is a severe acute respiratory syndrome-associated coronavirus (sars-cov)-specific mab that prevents establishment of viral replication in vitro and prevents viral replication in vivo when administered prophylactically. the efficacy of mab 201 in the treatment of sars was evaluated in gol ... | 2006 | 16453264 |
| epidemiological and genetic correlates of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus infection in the hospital with the highest nosocomial infection rate in taiwan in 2003. | taiwan experienced a series of outbreaks of nosocomial severe acute respiratory syndrome (sars) infections in 2003. two months after the final outbreak, we recruited 658 employees from the hospital that suffered the first and most severe sars infections to help us investigate epidemiological and genetic factors associated with the sars coronavirus (sars-cov). sars-cov infections were detected by using enzyme immunoassays and confirmed by a combination of western blot assays, neutralizing antibod ... | 2006 | 16455884 |
| regulation of p90rsk phosphorylation by sars-cov infection in vero e6 cells. | the 90 kda ribosomal s6 kinases (p90rsks) are a family of broadly expressed serine/threonine kinases with two kinase domains activated by extracellular signal-regulated protein kinase in response to many growth factors. our recent study demonstrated that severe acute respiratory syndrome (sars)-coronavirus (cov) infection of monkey kidney vero e6 cells induces phosphorylation and dephosphorylation of signaling pathways, resulting in apoptosis. in the present study, we investigated the phosphoryl ... | 2006 | 16458888 |
| specific epitopes of the structural and hypothetical proteins elicit variable humoral responses in sars patients. | severe acute respiratory syndrome (sars) is an infectious disease which was caused by a novel coronavirus (sars-cov). sars has caused an outbreak in the world during 2003 and 2004, with 8098 individuals being infected and a death toll of 774 in 28 regions around the world. specific humoral responses to viral infection remain unclear. objective: to analyse the antigenicity of the sars-cov genome and identify potential antigenic epitopes in the structural proteins. | 2006 | 16461566 |
| [antiretroviral drugs in severe acute respiratory syndrome]. | inhibition of viral assembly (protease inhibitors) and of fusion of viral and target membranes (fusion inhibitors) are general approaches to antiviral treatment, not specific for hiv. nonetheless, the agents that induce these phenomena are most often specific for a given virus or virus family. drugs developed for hiv treatment were reevaluated for use against severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus (sars-cov) during and after the epidemic in 2003, in view of the absence of any other availa ... | 2006 | 16462674 |
| automated extraction protocol for quantification of sars-coronavirus rna in serum: an evaluation study. | we have previously developed a test for the diagnosis and prognostic assessment of the severe acute respiratory syndrome (sars) based on the detection of the sars-coronavirus rna in serum by real-time quantitative reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (rt-pcr). in this study, we evaluated the feasibility of automating the serum rna extraction procedure in order to increase the throughput of the assay. | 2006 | 16466582 |
| lightup probes in clinical diagnostics. | the lightup probe technology has now matured and reached the phase where it has been implemented in commercial reagent kits, i.e. the ressq product line. several properties of the lightup probes make them particularly suitable for clinical settings. for instance, extraordinary shelf life and a chemical stability that allows convenient fridge storage. the origin of the higher stability of lightup probe kits compared to others, based on alternative probe technologies, is partly the relatively good ... | 2006 | 16466783 |
| promoter activity of sars coronavirus 5' utr sequence in eukaryotic cells. | to investigate 5'utr sequence in different sars-cov isolates, to identify the secondary structure, and to test the promoter activity of the cdna sequence corresponding to sars-cov 5'utr in eukaryotic cells. | 2006 | 16468630 |
| risk of ruling out severe acute respiratory syndrome by ruling in another diagnosis: variable incidence of atypical bacteria coinfection based on diagnostic assays. | severe acute respiratory syndrome (sars) caused the first epidemic of the 21st century and continues to threaten the global community. | 2006 | 16470249 |
| glycosylation of the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus triple-spanning membrane proteins 3a and m. | the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (sars-cov) open reading frame 3a protein has recently been shown to be a structural protein. the protein is encoded by one of the so-called group-specific genes and has no sequence homology with any of the known structural or group-specific proteins of coronaviruses. it does, however, have several similarities to the coronavirus m proteins; (i) they are triple membrane spanning with the same topology, (ii) they have similar intracellular localiza ... | 2006 | 16474139 |
| characterization of the antiviral effects of interferon-alpha against a sars-like coronoavirus infection in vitro. | interferon (ifn)-alphas bind to and activate their cognate cell surface receptor to invoke an antiviral response in target cells. well-described receptor-mediated signaling events result in transcriptional regulation of ifn sensitive genes, effectors of this antiviral response. results from a pilot study to evaluate the clinical efficacy of ifn-alpha treatment of sars patients provided evidence for ifn-inducible resolution of disease. in this report we examined the contribution of ifn-inducible ... | 2006 | 16474437 |
| evaluation of measures to reduce international spread of sars. | mathematical models are used to quantify the effect of border control measures in reducing the international spread of sars. border screening is shown to play a relatively minor role in reducing disease spread. assuming detection rates similar to those reported for arrival screening in australia, screening can detect up to 10% (95% ci 3-23) of infected travellers, and reduce the probability of a large outbreak by up to 7% (95% ci 2-17). rapid reductions in the time to diagnosis and effective fac ... | 2006 | 16476169 |
| comparative evaluation of two severe acute respiratory syndrome (sars) vaccine candidates in mice challenged with sars coronavirus. | two different severe acute respiratory syndrome (sars) vaccine strategies were evaluated for their ability to protect against live sars coronavirus (cov) challenge in a murine model of infection. a whole killed (inactivated by beta-propiolactone) sars-cov vaccine and a combination of two adenovirus-based vectors, one expressing the nucleocapsid (n) and the other expressing the spike (s) protein (collectively designated ad s/n), were evaluated for the induction of serum neutralizing antibodies an ... | 2006 | 16476986 |
| the catalysis of the sars 3c-like protease is under extensive regulation by its extra domain. | the 3c-like protease of the severe acute respiratory syndrome (sars) coronavirus has a c-terminal extra domain in addition to the chymotrypsin-fold adopted by picornavirus 3c proteases hosting the complete catalytic machinery. previously we identified the extra domain to be involved in enzyme dimerization which has been considered essential for the catalytic activity. in an initial attempt to map out the extra-domain residues critical for dimerization, we have systematically generated 15 point m ... | 2006 | 16478476 |
| two-year prospective study of the humoral immune response of patients with severe acute respiratory syndrome. | in a cohort study of 56 convalescent patients with severe acute respiratory syndrome (sars), titers of immunoglobulin g (igg) antibodies and neutralizing antibodies (nabs) against sars-associated coronavirus were assessed at regular intervals (at 1, 4, 7, 10, 16, and 24 months after the onset of disease) by use of enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and neutralization assay. igg antibody and nab titers were highly correlated, peaking at month 4 after the onset of disease and decreasing thereafter. ... | 2006 | 16479513 |
| cytokine regulation in sars coronavirus infection compared to other respiratory virus infections. | the pathogenesis of severe acute respiratory syndrome (sars) is poorly understood and cytokine dysregulation has been suggested as one relevant mechanism to be explored. we compared the cytokine profile in caco2 cells after infection of sars coronavirus (sars-cov) with other respiratory viruses including respiratory syncytial virus (rsv), influenza a virus (fluav), and human parainfluenza virus type 2 (hpiv2). interferon (ifn) system (production and response) was not suppressed by sars-cov infec ... | 2006 | 16482545 |
| absence of infection in asymptomatic contacts of index sars case in france. | the first case of severe acute respiratory syndrome (sars) in france was diagnosed in march 2003. we conducted a serological survey to assess whether or not asymptomatic persons who had been in contact with this patient during his infectious stage had been infected. they were interviewed and asked to provide a blood sample for sars coronavirus immunoglobulin g antibody testing. despite the likely high infectivity of the sars patient, no asymptomatic sars infection was found in any of the 37 cont ... | 2006 | 16484730 |
| sars-cov infection in a restaurant from palm civet. | epidemiologic investigations showed that 2 of 4 patients with severe acute respiratory syndrome (sars) identified in the winter of 2003-2004 were a waitresss at a restaurant in guangzhou, china, that served palm civets as food and a customer who ate in the restaurant ashort distance from animal cages. all 6 palm civets at the restaurant were positive for sars-associated coronavirus (sars-cov). partial spike (s) gene sequences of sars-cov from the 2 patients were identical to 4 of 5 sgene viral s ... | 2005 | 16485471 |
| inhibition of cell proliferation by sars-cov infection in vero e6 cells. | severe acute respiratory syndrome (sars) is caused by sars-coronavirus (sars-cov). infection of vero e6 cells with sars-cov inhibits cell proliferation. our previous study indicated that akt, which is poorly phosphorylated in confluent cultures of vero e6 cells, is phosphorylated and then dephosphorylated upon infection by sars-cov. in the present study, we showed that a serine residue of akt was phosphorylated in vero e6 cells in subconfluent culture and that akt was dephosphorylated rapidly af ... | 2006 | 16487305 |
| seroprevalence of igg antibodies to sars-coronavirus in asymptomatic or subclinical population groups. | we systematically reviewed the current understanding of human population immunity against sars-cov in different groups, settings and geography. our meta-analysis, which included all identified studies except those on wild animal handlers, yielded an overall seroprevalence of 0.10% [95% confidence interval (ci) 0.02-0.18]. health-care workers and others who had close contact with sars patients had a slightly higher degree of seroconversion (0.23%, 95% ci 0.02-0.45) compared to healthy blood donor ... | 2006 | 16490123 |
| inactivation of sars coronavirus by means of povidone-iodine, physical conditions and chemical reagents. | the efficacy of several povidone-iodine (pvp-i) products, a number of other chemical agents and various physical conditions were evaluated for their ability to inactivate the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (sars-cov). treatment of sars-cov with pvp-i products for 2 min reduced the virus infectivity from 1.17 x 10(6) tcid(50)/ml to below the detectable level. the efficacy of 70% ethanol was equivalent to that of pvp-i products. fixation of sars-cov-infected vero e6 cells with a fix ... | 2006 | 16490989 |
| sars-associated coronavirus replication in cell lines. | given the potential for laboratory-associated severe acute respiratory syndrome-associated coronavirus (sars-cov) infections, we must know which cell lines are susceptible to the virus. we investigated 21 cell lines routinely used for virus isolation or research. after infection with sars-cov, cells were observed for cytopathic effects, and quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction was used to measure ongoing viral replication. an indirect immunofluorescence assay was also used as a confi ... | 2006 | 16494729 |
| immunological characterizations of the nucleocapsid protein based sars vaccine candidates. | the recombinant nucleocapsid (rn) protein of the coronavirus (cov) responsible for severe acute respiratory syndrome (sars) was cloned and expressed in escherichia coli, extracted from cell lysates containing 6m urea, then purified by ni(2+)-affinity chromatography. in animal immunogenicity studies, we found that most anti-rn protein antibodies were igg2a in balb/c mice vaccinated with rn emulsified in montanide isa-51 containing the synthetic oligodeoxynucleotide, cpg. in contrast, anti-rn prot ... | 2006 | 16494977 |
| a recombinant baculovirus-expressed s glycoprotein vaccine elicits high titers of sars-associated coronavirus (sars-cov) neutralizing antibodies in mice. | a recombinant sars-cov spike (s) glycoprotein vaccine produced in insect cells in a pre-clinical development stage is described. a truncated version of s glycoprotein, containing only the ecto-domain, as well as a his-tagged full-length version were cloned and expressed in a serum-free insect cell line, expressf+. the proteins, purified to apparent homogeneity by liquid column chromatography, were formulated without adjuvant at 3, 9, 27, and 50 microg per dose in phosphate saline and used to imm ... | 2006 | 16497416 |
| linking bats to emerging diseases. | | 2006 | 16497913 |
| voucher specimens for sars-linked bats. | | 2006 | 16497914 |
| identification of hepta- and octo-uridine stretches as sole signals for programmed +1 and -1 ribosomal frameshifting during translation of sars-cov orf 3a variants. | programmed frameshifting is one of the translational recoding mechanisms that read the genetic code in alternative ways. this process is generally programmed by signals at defined locations in a specific mrna. in this study, we report the identification of hepta- and octo-uridine stretches as sole signals for programmed +1 and -1 ribosomal frameshifting during translation of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (sars-cov) orf 3a variants. sars-cov orf 3a encodes a minor structural prote ... | 2006 | 16500894 |
| modeling the early events of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus infection in vitro. | the clinical picture of severe acute respiratory syndrome (sars) is characterized by pulmonary inflammation and respiratory failure, resembling that of acute respiratory distress syndrome. however, the events that lead to the recruitment of leukocytes are poorly understood. to study the cellular response in the acute phase of sars coronavirus (sars-cov)-host cell interaction, we investigated the induction of chemokines, adhesion molecules, and dc-sign (dendritic cell-specific icam-3-grabbing non ... | 2006 | 16501078 |
| going to bat. | | 2006 | 16502604 |
| [some medical staff positive for serum sars coronavirus antibody igg have only mild symptoms]. | to identify patients with sars coronavirus infection who have only mild symptoms. | 2006 | 16503535 |
| biochemical and functional characterization of the membrane association and membrane permeabilizing activity of the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus envelope protein. | a diverse group of cytolytic animal viruses encodes small, hydrophobic proteins to modify host cell membrane permeability to ions and small molecules during their infection cycles. in this study, we show that expression of the sars-cov e protein in mammalian cells alters the membrane permeability of these cells. immunofluorescent staining and cell fractionation studies demonstrate that this protein is an integral membrane protein. it is mainly localized to the er and the golgi apparatus. the pro ... | 2006 | 16507314 |