| cyto- and genotoxic effects of novel aromatic nitroxide radicals in vitro. | because of the increasing interest in the use of nitroxide radicals as antioxidants and probes for various applications in biological systems, the question of their toxicity is of paramount importance. cytotoxicity and mutagenicity studies have been extensively performed with the commercially available aliphatic nitroxides, and the general outcome is that these compounds are nonmutagenic and relatively noncytotoxic. in this study, the cytotoxicity and genotoxicity of a new class of aromatic nitr ... | 2000 | 10699743 |
| use of an attenuated leishmanial parasite as an immunoprophylactic and immunotherapeutic agent against murine visceral leishmaniasis. | the ability of the leishmanial parasite ur6 to act as an immunoprophylactic and immunotherapeutic agent against leishmania donovani infection in balb/c mice was investigated. unlike the virulent l. donovani ag83 (mohom/in/1983/ag83), ur6 given through intracardiac route failed to induce visceral infection, but when it was injected subcutaneously, ur6 induced a short-lived and localized self-healing skin lesion. priming of peritoneal macrophages with ur6 in vitro induced superoxide (o(2)(-)) gene ... | 2000 | 10702498 |
| a dual role for src homology 2 domain-containing inositol-5-phosphatase (ship) in immunity: aberrant development and enhanced function of b lymphocytes in ship -/- mice. | in this report, we demonstrate that the src homology 2 domain-containing inositol-5-phosphatase (ship) plays a critical role in regulating both b cell development and responsiveness to antigen stimulation. ship(-/-) mice exhibit a transplantable alteration in b lymphoid development that results in reduced numbers of precursor b (fraction c) and immature b cells in the bone marrow. in vitro, purified ship(-/)- b cells exhibit enhanced proliferation in response to b cell receptor stimulation in bo ... | 2000 | 10704460 |
| mast cells are essential for early onset and severe disease in a murine model of multiple sclerosis. | in addition to their well characterized role in allergic inflammation, recent data confirm that mast cells play a more extensive role in a variety of immune responses. however, their contribution to autoimmune and neurologic disease processes has not been investigated. experimental allergic encephalomyelitis (eae) and its human disease counterpart, multiple sclerosis, are considered to be cd4(+) t cell-mediated autoimmune diseases affecting the central nervous system. several lines of indirect e ... | 2000 | 10704463 |
| fcgamma receptor iib-deficient mice develop goodpasture's syndrome upon immunization with type iv collagen: a novel murine model for autoimmune glomerular basement membrane disease. | the combination of hemorrhagic pneumonitis and rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis is a characteristic feature of goodpasture's syndrome (gps), an autoimmune disease resulting from the interaction of pathogenic anti-collagen type iv (c-iv) antibodies with alveolar and glomerular basement membranes. lack of a suitable animal model for this fatal disease has hampered both a basic understanding of its etiology and the development of therapeutic strategies. we now report a novel model for gps usi ... | 2000 | 10704470 |
| t-cell tolerance induction is normal in the (nzb x nzw)f1 murine model of systemic lupus erythematosus. | the (new zealand black (nzb) x new zealand white (nzw))f1 (nzb/w) mouse strain spontaneously develops an autoimmune disease characterized by anti-dsdna antibody production and glomerulonephritis. although evidence suggests that production of pathogenic autoantibodies is t-cell dependent, the immunological defects that lead to activation of these autoreactive t cells are unknown. in particular, it has not been resolved whether autoreactive t cells become activated in these mice because of a gener ... | 2000 | 10712663 |
| evidence for multiple cd95-cd95 ligand interactions in anteriorchamber-associated immune deviation induced by soluble protein antigen. | we have investigated whether cd95-cd95 ligand interactions are important in anterior chamber-associated immune deviation (acaid) induced by soluble protein antigen, and if so, to identify the participating cells on which these molecules are expressed. peritoneal exudate cells as antigen-presenting cells (apc) obtained from b6.lpr/lpr, b6.gld/gld and c57bl/6 mice were cultured with ovalbumin (ova) and transforming growth factor-beta2 (tgf-beta2) overnight, then injected intravenously into c57bl/6 ... | 2000 | 10712676 |
| vaccination with feline immunodeficiency virus induces cd4 epitope masking by soluble factors. | soluble factors are important effector mechanisms to control for lentiviral replication. vaccination of cats with recombinant outer surface proteins (su) of the fiv envelope protein in combination with complete freund adjuvant (cfa) and rabies nucleocapsid (nc) protein led to significantly reduced viral loads [leutenegger, c.m., hofmann-lehmann, r., holznagel, e., cuisinier, a.m., wolfensberger, c., duquesne, v., cronier, j., allenspach, k., aubert, a., ossent, p. , lutz, h., 1998. aids res. hum ... | 2000 | 10713346 |
| inhibition of adjuvant-induced inflammatory hyperalgesia in rats by local injection of neurotrophin-3. | the induction of nerve growth factor (ngf) in inflammatory tissue has been shown to be involved in hyperalgesia. in the present study, the role of neurotrophin-3 (nt-3) in the regulation of inflammatory hyperalgesia was analyzed. inflammatory hyperalgesia was induced by intraplantar injection of complete freund's adjuvant (cfa) to the rat hind paw. nt-3 levels in the plantar skin were much higher than ngf levels (1.24 and 0.14 ng/g tissue, respectively) before cfa injection, but decreased signif ... | 2000 | 10713396 |
| genomic organization of the dog dystroglycan gene dag1 locus on chromosome 20q15.1-q15.2. | dystroglycan is a laminin binding protein, which provides a structural link between the subsarcolemmal cytoskeleton and the extracellular matrix. it is also involved in the organization of basement membranes. so far the genomic organization of the dystroglycan gene dag1 has not been completely investigated. here we report the cloning and sequencing of 162 kb of dog genomic dna containing the complete approximately 71-kb canine dag1 gene, which consists of three exons, with the translation start ... | 2000 | 10720570 |
| epitope mapping of the outer membrane protein p5-homologous fimbrin adhesin of nontypeable haemophilus influenzae. | to identify potential immunodominant and/or adhesin binding domains of the outer membrane protein p5-homologous fimbrin adhesin of nontypeable haemophilus influenzae (nthi), three sets of synthetic peptides were synthesized and assayed in an adherence inhibition assay, by western blotting, and in a biomolecular interaction analysis (bia) system. the first series of 34 8- to 10-mer peptides represented the entire mature protein sequentially. the second set of four peptides (each 19 to 28 residues ... | 2000 | 10722609 |
| immunogenicity and efficacy in aotus monkeys of four recombinant plasmodium falciparum vaccines in multiple adjuvant formulations based on the 19-kilodalton c terminus of merozoite surface protein 1. | the immunogenicity and protective efficacy of four versions of recombinant c-terminal 19-kda epidermal growth factor-like region of the major surface protein 1 (rmsp1(19)) of plasmodium falciparum was studied in aotus monkeys. vaccination with each of the four rmsp1(19) constructs elicited high levels of antibodies to msp1(19) but only one construct, the 19-kda fragment expressed as a secreted fusion protein from saccharomyces cerevisiae (yp30p2msp1(19)), induced a high degree of protective immu ... | 2000 | 10722622 |
| identification of a mhc class ii-restricted human gp100 epitope using dr4-ie transgenic mice. | cd4+ t cells play a central role in the induction and persistence of cd8+ t cells in several models of autoimmune and infectious disease. to improve the efficacy of a synthetic peptide vaccine based on the self-ag, gp100, we sought to provide ag-specific t cell help. to identify a gp100 epitope restricted by the mhc class ii allele with the highest prevalence in patients with malignant melanoma (hla-drb1*0401), we immunized mice transgenic for a chimeric human-mouse class ii molecule (dr4-ie) wi ... | 2000 | 10725708 |
| internalization of leishmania mexicana complex amastigotes via the fc receptor is required to sustain infection in murine cutaneous leishmaniasis. | we show here that maintenance of leishmania infections with leishmania mexicana complex parasites (leishmania amazonensis and leishmania pifanoi) is impaired in the absence of circulating antibody. in these studies, we used mice genetically altered to contain no circulating antibody, with and without functional b cells. this experimental design allowed us to rule out a critical role for b cell antigen presentation in leishmania pathogenesis. in addition, we show that mice lacking the common gamm ... | 2000 | 10727468 |
| pathogenic role of sef14, sef17, and sef21 fimbriae in salmonella enterica serovar enteritidis infection of chickens. | very little is known about the contribution of surface appendages of salmonella enterica serovar enteritidis to pathogenesis in chickens. this study was designed to clarify the role of sef14, sef17, and sef21 fimbriae in serovar enteritidis pathogenesis. stable, single, defined sefa (sef14), agfa (sef17), and fima (sef21) insertionally inactivated fimbrial gene mutants of serovar enteritidis were constructed. all mutant strains invaded caco-2 and ht-29 enterocytes at levels similar to that of th ... | 2000 | 10742278 |
| the role of lipopolysaccharide injected systemically in the reactivation of collagen-induced arthritis in mice. | 1. we investigated the role of bacterial lipopolysaccharide (lps) in the reactivation of autoimmune disease by using collagen-induced arthritis (cia) in mice in which autoimmunity to the joint cartilage component type ii collagen (cii) was involved. 2. cia was induced by immunization with cii emulsified with complete freund's adjuvant at the base of the tail (day 0) followed by a booster injection on day 21. varying doses of lps from e. coli were i.p. injected on day 50. 3. arthritis began to de ... | 2000 | 10742285 |
| aerococcus urinae in urinary tract infections. | aerococcus urinae is a rarely reported pathogen, possibly due to difficulties in the identification of the organism. a. urinae is a gram-positive coccus that grows in pairs and clusters, produces alpha-hemolysis on blood agar, and is negative for catalase and pyrrolidonyl aminopeptidase. some of these characteristics and its being absent from the databases of most commercial identification systems could allow a. urinae to be misidentified as a streptococcus, enterococcus, or staphylococcus. we r ... | 2000 | 10747177 |
| tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (trail) is an inhibitor of autoimmune inflammation and cell cycle progression. | the tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (trail) induces apoptosis of tumor cells but not normal cells; its role in normal nontransformed tissues is unknown. we report here that chronic blockade of trail in mice exacerbated autoimmune arthritis, and that intraarticular trail gene transfer ameliorated the disease. in vivo, trail blockade led to profound hyperproliferation of synovial cells and arthritogenic lymphocytes and heightened the production of cytokines and autoantibodi ... | 2000 | 10748228 |
| local application of capsaicin into the draining lymph nodes attenuates expression of adjuvant-induced arthritis. | adjuvant-induced experimental arthritis (aa) was examined in adult male lewis rats after isolated capsaicin (caps)-induced loss of small, nonmyelinated, afferent fibers in lymph nodes draining the site of adjuvant challenge. aa was induced by intradermal injection of freund's complete adjuvant (cfa) into the subplantar area of the right hind paw. controls received similar injections of mineral oil, the vehicle for cfa. one day later, half of the cfa-treated rats and half of the mineral oil-treat ... | 2000 | 10754399 |
| genetic mapping of a naturally occurring hereditary renal cancer syndrome in dogs. | canine hereditary multifocal renal cystadenocarcinoma and nodular dermatofibrosis (rcnd) is a rare, naturally occurring inherited cancer syndrome observed in dogs. genetic linkage analysis of an rcnd-informative pedigree has identified a linkage group flanking rcnd (chp14-c05.377-c05.414-fh2383-c05. 771-[rcnd-cph18]-c02608-glut4-tp53-zube ca6-aht141-fh2140-fh2594) thus localizing the disease to a small region of canine chromosome 5. the closest marker, c02608, is linked to rcnd with a recombinat ... | 2000 | 10759551 |
| h-ns is a repressor of the proteus mirabilis urease transcriptional activator gene urer. | expression of proteus mirabilis urease is governed by urer, an arac-like positive transcriptional activator. a poly(a) tract nucleotide sequence, consisting of a(6)ta(2)ca(2)tggta(5)ga(6)tga(5), is located 16 bp upstream of the sigma(70)-like urer promoter p2. since poly(a) tracts of dna serve as binding sites for the gene repressor histone-like nucleoid structuring protein (h-ns), we measured beta-galactosidase activity of wild-type escherichia coli mc4100 (h-ns(+)) and its isogenic derivative ... | 2000 | 10762273 |
| characterization of conserved t- and b-cell epitopes in plasmodium falciparum major merozoite surface protein 1. | vaccines for p. falciparum will need to contain both t- and b-cell epitopes. conserved epitopes are the most desirable, but they are often poorly immunogenic. the major merozoite surface protein 1 (msp-1) is currently a leading vaccine candidate antigen. in this study, six peptides from conserved or partly conserved regions of msp-1 were evaluated for immunogenicity in b10 congenic mice. following immunization with the peptides, murine t cells were tested for the ability to proliferate in vitro ... | 2000 | 10768960 |
| coimmunization with complementary glucosyltransferase peptides results in enhanced immunogenicity and protection against dental caries. | peptide constructs from the catalytic (cat) and glucan-binding (glu) regions of the mutans streptococcal glucosyltransferase enzymes (gtf) can provide immunity to dental caries infection. a strategy of coimmunization was tested to determine whether protection could be enhanced. rats were immunized with one of the previously described peptide constructs from the cat or glu region of the gtf of mutans streptococci or coimmunized with a combination of these constructs (cat-glu). coimmunized animals ... | 2000 | 10768962 |
| passive transfer of antiserum specific for immunogens derived from a nontypeable haemophilus influenzae adhesin and lipoprotein d prevents otitis media after heterologous challenge. | we recently determined that passive transfer of serum directed against a synthetic peptide called lb1 or a recombinant fusion protein immunogen [lpd-lb1(f)(2,1,3)] could prevent otitis media after challenge with a homologous nontypeable haemophilus influenzae (nthi) isolate. nthi residing in the nasopharynx was rapidly cleared from this site, thus preventing it from ascending the eustachian tube and inducing otitis media in chinchillas compromised by an ongoing viral upper respiratory tract infe ... | 2000 | 10768970 |
| identification of a gene within a pathogenicity island of enterotoxigenic escherichia coli h10407 required for maximal secretion of the heat-labile enterotoxin. | studies of the pathogenesis of enterotoxigenic escherichia coli (etec) have largely centered on extrachromosomal determinants of virulence, in particular the plasmid-encoded heat-labile (lt) and heat-stable enterotoxins and the colonization factor antigens. etec causes illnesses that range from mild diarrhea to severe cholera-like disease. these differences in disease severity are not readily accounted for by our current understanding of etec pathogenesis. here we demonstrate that tia, a putativ ... | 2000 | 10768971 |
| role of passive t-cell death in chronic experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. | the mechanisms of chronic disease and recovery from relapses in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (eae), an animal model of multiple sclerosis, are unknown. deletion of myelin-specific lymphocytes by apoptosis may play a role in termination of the inflammatory response. one pathway of apoptosis is the passive cell death or "cell death by neglect" pathway, which is under the control of the bcl family of genes. to investigate the role of passive cell death pathway in eae, we used mice with ... | 2000 | 10772655 |
| enterotoxigenic escherichia coli secretes active heat-labile enterotoxin via outer membrane vesicles. | escherichia coli and other gram-negative bacteria produce outer membrane vesicles during normal growth. vesicles may contribute to bacterial pathogenicity by serving as vehicles for toxins to encounter host cells. enterotoxigenic e. coli (etec) vesicles were isolated from culture supernatants and purified on velocity gradients, thereby removing any soluble proteins and contaminants from the crude preparation. vesicle protein profiles were similar but not identical to outer membranes and differed ... | 2000 | 10777535 |
| antihyperalgesic effects of delta opioid agonists in a rat model of chronic inflammation. | opioid receptors in the brain activate descending pain pathways to inhibit the nociceptive response to acute noxious stimuli. the aim of the present study was to clarify the role of supraspinal opioid receptors in modulating the nociceptive response to persistent inflammation in rats. subcutaneous administration of 50 microl of complete freund's adjuvant (cfa) into the plantar surface of the hindpaw induced a significant decrease in paw withdrawal latency to thermal stimuli (p<0.01) at 24 h post ... | 2000 | 10780972 |
| safety and immunogenicity of an oral, inactivated enterotoxigenic escherichia coli plus cholera toxin b subunit vaccine in bangladeshi adults and children. | we have compared the b cell responses evoked in bangladeshi, adults (n=11, median age 25 years) and children (n=21, median age 4.5 years), 7 days after intake of each of two doses of an oral, inactivated enterotoxigenic escherichia coli (etec) vaccine composed of formalin-killed etec strains expressing the colonization factors, cfa/i, cfa/ii and cfa/iv together with 1 mg of recombinant cholera toxin b-subunit (rctb). the vaccine was well tolerated and only gave rise to negligible side effects. p ... | 2000 | 10781858 |
| identification of enterotoxigenic escherichia coli harboring longus type iv pilus gene by dna amplification. | dna amplification of lnga, the structural gene of longus type iv pilus produced by human enterotoxigenic escherichia coli (etec) was achieved by the use of specific oligonucleotide primers designed from the nucleotide sequence of lnga. a 630-bp fragment representing the entire lnga gene was amplified in eight prototype strains previously characterized as longus positive. five etec strains producing colonization factor antigen iii (cfa iii) (also a type iv pilus) were also positive by pcr, confir ... | 2000 | 10790096 |
| induction and suppression of collagen-induced arthritis is dependent on distinct fcgamma receptors. | receptors for immunoglobulin (ig)g (fcgammars) are important for the antibody-mediated effector functions of the immune system. fcgammari and fcgammariii trigger cell activation through a common gamma chain, whereas fcgammarii acts as a negative regulator of antibody production and immune complex-triggered activation. here we describe the in vivo consequences of fcgammar deficiency in a mouse model of human rheumatoid arthritis. fcrgamma chain-deficient mice on arthritis-susceptible dba/1 backgr ... | 2000 | 10790435 |
| fatty acid membrane composition and activation of glycine-betaine transport in lactococcus lactis subjected to osmotic stress. | lactococcus lactis subsp. cremoris ncdo763 accumulates glycine-betaine (betaine) when submitted to an osmotic stress with nacl. betaine transport activity increases with the extent of the osmotic upshock but also with growth temperature, and supplementation of the medium by tween-80. fatty acid analysis of the lipid fraction of l. lactis ncdo763 reveals significant modifications of the fatty acid composition of the membrane when cells are submitted to osmotic stress, high temperature or tween-80 ... | 2000 | 10791716 |
| the heat-stable antigen determines pathogenicity of self-reactive t cells in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. | induction of myelin-specific cd4 t cells is a pivotal event in the development of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (eae). other checkpoints in eae pathogenesis have not been clearly defined, although multiple genetic loci are known to influence eae development. we report here that targeted mutation of the heat-stable antigen (hsa) abrogates development of eae despite a complete lack of effect on induction of autoimmune t cells. to test whether t-cell expression of hsa is sufficient, we ... | 2000 | 10791997 |
| experimental allergic neuritis in the sjl/j mouse: induction of severe and reproducible disease with bovine peripheral nerve myelin and pertussis toxin with or without interleukin-12. | we report a reproducible model of experimental allergic neuritis (ean) with severe clinical signs and consistent pathological features in mice. pertussis toxin (pt) in the presence or absence of murine recombinant interleukin-12 (mril-12) was used as an adjuvant with bovine peripheral nerve myelin (bpnm) to induce clinical ean in sjl/j mice. after immunization with a combination of bpnm in complete freund's adjuvant (cfa) and pt, mice developed severe consistent signs of ean. the additional trea ... | 2000 | 10808045 |
| human nerve growth factor protects common marmosets against autoimmune encephalomyelitis by switching the balance of t helper cell type 1 and 2 cytokines within the central nervous system. | multiple sclerosis is a demyelinating disorder of the central nervous system (cns), in which an immune attack directed against myelin constituents causes myelin destruction and death of oligodendrocytes, the myelin-producing cells. here, the efficacy of nerve growth factor (ngf), a growth factor for neurons and oligodendrocytes, in promoting myelin repair was evaluated using the demyelinating model of experimental allergic encephalomyelitis (eae) in the common marmoset. surprisingly, we found th ... | 2000 | 10811872 |
| extending the cd4(+) t-cell epitope specificity of the th1 immune response to an antigen using a salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium delivery vehicle. | we analyzed the cd4 t-cell immunodominance of the response to a model antigen (ag), male, when delivered by an attenuated strain of salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium (sl3261*pmale). compared to purified male ag administered with adjuvant, the mapping of the peptide-specific proliferative responses showed qualitative differences when we used the salmonella vehicle. we observed the disappearance of one out of eight male peptides' t-cell reactivity upon sl3261*pmale immunization, but this phe ... | 2000 | 10816447 |
| mucosal and systemic immune responses to chimeric fimbriae expressed by salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium vaccine strains. | recombinant live oral vaccines expressing pathogen-derived antigens offer a unique set of attractive properties. among these are the simplicity of administration, the capacity to induce mucosal and systemic immunity, and the advantage of permitting genetic manipulation for optimal antigen presentation. in this study, the benefit of having a heterologous antigen expressed on the surface of a live vector rather than intracellularly was evaluated. accordingly, the immune response of mice immunized ... | 2000 | 10816454 |
| cs22, a novel human enterotoxigenic escherichia coli adhesin, is related to cs15. | enterotoxigenic escherichia coli (etec) expresses a broad spectrum of o:h antigens. serogroup o20 is one of the most prevalent among the etec strains lacking any of the defined colonization factors (cfs), in argentina. an o20:h- strain, arg-3, adhered to caco-2 cells and exhibited a thermoregulated 15.7-kda protein band upon sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (sds-page). an antiserum against this protein inhibited arg-3 adhesion to caco-2 cells and bound to very thin fibri ... | 2000 | 10816474 |
| schistosoma mansoni phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase, a novel egg antigen: immunological properties of the recombinant protein and identification of a t-cell epitope. | in schistosomiasis mansoni, hepatic granulomatous inflammation surrounding parasite eggs is mediated by cd4(+) t helper (th) cells sensitized to schistosomal egg antigens (sea). we previously showed that a prominent lymphoproliferative response of cd4(+) th cells from schistosome-infected c57bl/6 (bl/6) mice was directed against a 62-kda component of sea. a partial amino acid sequence of the 62-kda component was found to be identical with one present in the enzyme phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykina ... | 2000 | 10816489 |
| curli loci of shigella spp. | an unstable chromosomal element encoding multiple antibiotic resistance in shigella flexneri serotype 2a was found to include sequences homologous to the csg genes encoding curli in escherichia coli and salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium. as curli have been implicated in the virulence of serovar typhimurium, we investigated the csg loci in all four species of shigella. dna sequencing and pcr analysis showed that the csg loci of a wide range of shigella strains, of diverse serotypes and diff ... | 2000 | 10816548 |
| antigenic epitopes regulate the phenotype of cd8+ ctl primed by exogenous antigens. | we previously reported that insulin-specific, mhc class i-restricted ctl precursors can be primed by injecting c57bl/6 mice with bovine insulin in cfa. these bovine insulin-primed ctl displayed a type 0 ctl phenotype, producing il-4, il-5, il-10, low levels of ifn-gamma, but no tnf-alpha. by contrast, ctl generated from c57bl/6 mice primed with ova in cfa produced ifn-gamma and tnf-alpha but no il-4, il-5, or il-10 and therefore were classified as type 1 ctl. although cd4+ t cell subsets have be ... | 2000 | 10820246 |
| retinoid-mediated inhibition of interleukin-12 production in mouse macrophages suppresses th1 cytokine profile in cd4(+) t cells. | interleukin-12 (il-12) plays a central role in the immune system by driving the immune response towards t helper 1 (th1) type responses characterized by high ifn-gamma and low il-4 production. in this study we investigated whether retinoid-mediated inhibition of interleukin-12 production in mouse macrophages could regulate cytokine profile of antigen (ag)-primed cd4(+) th cells. pretreatment with retinoids (9-cis-ra, all-trans-ra, ttnpb) significantly inhibited il-12 production by mouse macropha ... | 2000 | 10821786 |
| [the effect of active immunization with a conjugate of dopamine and bovine serum albumin on the development of an experimental mptp-induced depressive syndrome and on the monoamine metabolism in the brain of rats]. | active immunization with dopamine conjugated with bovine serum albumin (da-bsa) or bsa with complete freund's adjuvant (cfa) partly suppressed the development of the mptp-induced depressive syndrome in rats preventing the appearance of "behavioral despair" symptoms: increase in immobility time and higher index of depression in forced-swim test. in da-bsa-immunized rats the content of dopa, da, hva, na, and 5-hn in caudate putamen and that of na in the frontal cortex was increased, while in bsa-i ... | 2000 | 10822848 |
| identification of arthrobacter oxydans, arthrobacter luteolus sp. nov., and arthrobacter albus sp. nov., isolated from human clinical specimens. | five arthrobacter isolates from clinical specimens were studied by phenotypic, chemotaxonomic, and genetic characterization. two strains had characteristics consistent with those of arthrobacter oxydans. one strain was related to a. citreus; however, dna-dna hybridization and phenotypic characteristics indicated that this strain belongs to a new species, for which the name arthrobacter luteolus sp. nov. is proposed. two strains were closely related to a. cumminsii by 16s rrna gene sequencing, bu ... | 2000 | 10835019 |
| human antibody response to longus type iv pilus and study of its prevalence among enterotoxigenic escherichia coli in bangladesh by using monoclonal antibodies. | mouse monoclonal antibodies (mabs) were derived against longus (cs20), a type iv pilus expressed by human enterotoxigenic escherichia coli (etec). one mab (ica39) detected longus in 56 (8.5%) of 662 etec isolates obtained from a routine surveillance of diarrheal stools from children and adults. five patients with diarrhea from whom longus-positive etec were isolated were also recruited. of these 61 isolates, 50 were positive for other colonization factors (cfs; 61% for cfa/ii and 21% for cfa/i), ... | 2000 | 10837196 |
| possibility of active targeting to tumor tissues with liposomes. | in terms of active targeting by immunoliposomes, two anatomical compartments are considerable for targeting sites. one is located a readily accessible site in intravascular, and another is a much less accessible target site located in the extravascular. however, it was made clear that the active targeting with immunoliposomes is determined by two kinetically competing processes, such as binding to the target site and uptake by the res. to overcome these contradictions, we have designed a new typ ... | 1999 | 10837782 |
| floating cultivation of marine cyanobacteria using coal fly ash. | the aim of this study was to develop improved methodologies for bulk culturing of biotechnologically useful marine cyanobacteria in the open ocean. we have investigated the viability of using coal fly ash (cfa) blocks as the support medium in a novel floating culture system for marine micro-algae. the marine cyanobacterium synechococcus sp. nkbg 040607 was found to adhere to floating cfa blocks in liquid culture medium. maximum density of attached cells of 2.0 x 10(8) cells/cm2 was achieved usin ... | 2000 | 10849778 |
| virulence of the phytopathogen pseudomonas syringae pv. maculicola is rpon dependent. | we cloned the rpon (ntra and glnf) gene encoding sigma(54) from the phytopathogen pseudomonas syringae pv. maculicola strain es4326. the p. syringae es4326 rpon gene complemented pseudomonas aeruginosa, escherichia coli, and klebsiella aerogenes rpon mutants for a variety of rpon mutant phenotypes, including the inability to utilize nitrate as sole nitrogen source. dna sequence analysis of the p. syringae es4326 rpon gene revealed that the deduced amino acid sequence was most similar (86% identi ... | 2000 | 10852883 |
| experimental immune-mediated blepharoconjunctivitis in rats induced by immunization with ragweed pollen. | a study was performed to compare the effects of immunization with ragweed pollen (rw) in two different adjuvants on the characteristics of a previously described model of experimental immune-mediated blepharoconjunctivitis (ec) in rats. | 2000 | 10853935 |
| the abundant larval transcript-1 and -2 genes of brugia malayi encode stage-specific candidate vaccine antigens for filariasis. | lymphatic filariasis is a major tropical disease caused by the mosquito-borne nematodes brugia and wuchereria. about 120 million people are infected and at risk of lymphatic pathology such as acute lymphangitis and elephantiasis. vaccines against filariasis must generate immunity to the infective mosquito-derived third-stage larva (l3) without accentuating immunopathogenic responses to lymphatic-dwelling adult parasites. we have identified two highly expressed genes, designated abundant larval t ... | 2000 | 10858234 |
| adjuvant activity of a nontoxic mutant of escherichia coli heat-labile enterotoxin on systemic and mucosal immune responses elicited against a heterologous antigen carried by a live salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium vaccine strain. | systemic and mucosal antibody responses against both the major subunit of colonization factor antigen i (cfa/i) of enterotoxigenic escherichia coli (etec) and the somatic lipopolysaccharide expressed by recombinant bivalent salmonella vaccine strains were significantly enhanced by coadministration of a detoxified derivative with preserved adjuvant effects of the etec heat-labile toxin, lt((r192g)). the results further support the adjuvant effects of lt((r192g)) and represent a simple alternative ... | 2000 | 10858258 |
| coupling of peripheral tolerance to endogenous interleukin 10 promotes effective modulation of myelin-activated t cells and ameliorates experimental allergic encephalomyelitis. | several immune-based approaches are being considered for modulation of inflammatory t cells and amelioration of autoimmune diseases. the most recent strategies include simulation of peripheral self-tolerance by injection of adjuvant free antigen, local delivery of cytokines by genetically altered t cells, and interference with the function of costimulatory molecules. although promising results have been obtained from these studies that define mechanisms of t cell modulation, efficacy, practicali ... | 2000 | 10859329 |
| immunization and infection change the number of recombination activating gene (rag)-expressing b cells in the periphery by altering immature lymphocyte production. | recombination activating gene (rag) expression in peripheral b cells increases after immunization with (4-hydroxy-3-nitrophenyl) acetyl coupled to chicken gamma globulin (np-cgg) in alum. this increase could result from reinduction of rag expression or, alternatively, from accumulation of rag-expressing immature b cells in the periphery. we have used mice that carry a green fluorescent protein (gfp) rag indicator transgene (rag2-gfp) to characterize the rag-expressing b cells in immunized spleen ... | 2000 | 10859336 |
| t cell immunity to copolymer 1 confers neuroprotection on the damaged optic nerve: possible therapy for optic neuropathies. | we recently reported that the posttraumatic spread of degeneration in the damaged optic nerve can be attenuated by the adoptive transfer of autoimmune t cells specific to myelin basic protein. however, it would be desirable to obtain immune neuroprotection free of any possible autoimmune disease. in an attempt to obtain disease-free immune neuroprotection, we used the synthetic four-amino acid polymer copolymer 1 (cop-1), which is known not to be encephalitogenic despite its cross-reactivity wit ... | 2000 | 10861010 |
| dendritic cells in the induction of protective and nonprotective anticryptococcal cell-mediated immune responses. | dendritic cells (dc) can be divided into three subsets, langerhans cells, myeloid dc (mdc), and lymphoid dc (ldc), based upon phenotypic and functional differences. we hypothesized that different dc subsets are associated with the development of protective vs nonprotective cell-mediated immune (cmi) responses against the fungal pathogen, cryptococcus neoformans. to test this, mice were immunized with protective and/or nonprotective immunogens, and dc subsets in draining lymph nodes were assessed ... | 2000 | 10861048 |
| immunohistopathological reactions for liver-specific membrane lipo-protein in experimental autoimmune hepatitis. | antibody to the hepatocyte membrane protein, was induced in inbred strain c57bl/6 and c3h mice by immunisation with 100,000 g supernatant of syngeneic liver homogenate in cfa. three weekly intraperitoneal injection of 200 ul of liver homogenate with cfa for continuous 4 weeks gave the best possible result. histopathological changes were characterised mainly by perivascular inflammatory infiltrates and hepatocyte necrosis which mimicked human autoimmune hepatitis. in one of the immunological para ... | 1999 | 10862286 |
| il-4 gene therapy for collagen arthritis suppresses synovial il-17 and osteoprotegerin ligand and prevents bone erosion. | bone destruction is the most difficult target in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis (ra). here, we report that local overexpression of il-4, introduced by a recombinant human type 5 adenovirus vector (ad5e1mil-4) prevents joint damage and bone erosion in the knees of mice with collagen arthritis (cia). no difference was noted in the course of cia in the injected knee joints between ad5e1mil-4 and the control vector, but radiographic analysis revealed impressive reduction of joint erosion and ... | 2000 | 10862785 |
| myelin/oligodendrocyte glycoprotein-induced autoimmune encephalomyelitis in common marmosets: the encephalitogenic t cell epitope pmog24-36 is presented by a monomorphic mhc class ii molecule. | immunization of common marmosets (callithrix jacchus) with a single dose of human myelin in cfa, without administration of bordetella pertussis, induces a form of autoimmune encephalomyelitis (eae) resembling in its clinical and pathological expression multiple sclerosis in humans. the eae incidence in our outbred marmoset colony is 100%. this study was undertaken to assess the genetic and immunological basis of the high eae susceptibility. to this end, we determined the separate contributions o ... | 2000 | 10878388 |
| identification of cd4+ t cell epitopes from ny-eso-1 presented by hla-dr molecules. | in previous studies, the shared cancer-testis ag, ny-eso-1, was demonstrated to be recognized by both abs and cd8+ t cells. gene expression of ny-eso-1 was detected in many tumor types, including melanoma, breast, and lung cancers, but was not found in normal tissues, with the exception of testis. in this study, we describe the identification of mhc class ii-restricted t cell epitopes from ny-eso-1. candidate cd4+ t cell peptides were first identified using hla-dr4 transgenic mice immunized with ... | 2000 | 10878395 |
| the role of cd154-cd40 versus cd28-b7 costimulatory pathways in regulating allogeneic th1 and th2 responses in vivo. | we used signal transducer and activator of transcription 4 (stat4) and stat6 gene knockout (-/-) mice as recipients of fully mismatched cardiac allografts to study the role of t-cell costimulatory pathways in regulating allogeneic t-helper 1 (th1) versus th2 responses in vivo. stat4(-/-) mice have impaired th1 responses, whereas stat6(-/-) mice do not generate normal th2 responses. cardiac allografts from c57bl/6 mice were transplanted into normal wild-type (wt), stat4(-/-), and stat6(-/-) balb/ ... | 2000 | 10880049 |
| the tyrosine kinase inhibitor tyrphostin ag126 reduces the development of acute and chronic inflammation. | protein tyrosine kinases help to regulate the expression of many genes that play important roles in inflammation. here we investigate the effects of the tyrosine kinase inhibitor tyrphostin ag126 in two animal models of acute and chronic inflammation, carrageenan-induced pleurisy and collagen-induced arthritis. we report here that tyrphostin ag126 (given at 1, 3, or 10 mg/kg i.p. in the pleurisy model or 5 mg/kg i.p. every 48 hours in the arthritis model) exerts potent anti-inflammatory effects ... | 2000 | 10880385 |
| a b cell superantigen-induced persistent "hole" in the b-1 repertoire. | the bacterial toxin protein a from staphylococcus aureus (spa) interacts with b cell antigen receptors encoded by variable region heavy chain (v(h)) clan iii genes via a v region framework surface that has been highly conserved during the evolution of the adaptive immune system. we have investigated the consequences of exposure to this prototypic b cell superantigen, and found that treatment of neonates or adults induces a t cell-independent deletion of a large supraclonal set of susceptible b c ... | 2000 | 10880529 |
| taci is a traf-interacting receptor for tall-1, a tumor necrosis factor family member involved in b cell regulation. | we and others recently reported tumor necrosis factor (tnf) and apoptosis ligand-related leukocyte-expressed ligand 1 (tall-1) as a novel member of the tnf ligand family that is functionally involved in b cell proliferation. transgenic mice overexpressing tall-1 have severe b cell hyperplasia and lupus-like autoimmune disease. here, we describe expression cloning of a cell surface receptor for tall-1 from a human burkitt's lymphoma raji cell library. the cloned receptor is identical to the previ ... | 2000 | 10880535 |
| potent adjuvant effect by anti-cd40 in collagen-induced arthritis. enhanced disease is accompanied by increased production of collagen type-ii reactive igg2a and ifn-gamma. | collagen type ii-induced arthritis (cia) is an experimental model of rheumatoid arthritis, an autoimmune inflammatory disease of the peripheral joints in humans. cd40 interaction with its ligand cd154 (cd40l) has been shown to be an obligatory step in the initiation of autoimmune disease in several animal models. in this study we report on the effect of cd40 stimulation in cia induced by immunization with type ii collagen (cii) in cfa or ifa. we found that the administration of stimulatory anti- ... | 2000 | 10882055 |
| serum igm repertoire reactions to mbp/cfa immunization reflect the individual status of eae susceptibility. | lewis rats develop experimental allergic encephalomyelitis (eae) in response to immunization with myelin basic protein (mbp) in cfa, while fischer rats are usually resistant. these strains, while comparably producing anti-mbp antibodies, also differ in their repertoire reactions to immunization, as measured by patterns of serum igm reactivity with various autologous proteins. we have now scored igm repertoire reactions to mbp/cfa immunization after treatments that alter eae susceptibility in eit ... | 2000 | 10882058 |
| hydroxyzine inhibits experimental allergic encephalomyelitis (eae) and associated brain mast cell activation. | experimental allergic encephalomyelitis (eae) has been used as an animal model for the human demyelinating disease multiple sclerosis (ms). in acute ms or eae, early disruption in the integrity of the blood-brain-barrier (bbb) precedes brain infiltration by inflammatory cells or any clinical evidence of disease. bbb permeability could be affected by vasoactive mediators and cytokines released from perivascular brain mast cells. we investigated the number and degree of activation of brain mast ce ... | 2000 | 10884588 |
| characterisation of a mouse monoclonal anti-idiotype reactive with a v region sequence commonly used by human immunoglobulins. | a mouse monoclonal antibody (2c7/igg2b kappa) has been described recently, which is directed against the major house dust mite allergen der p 1, and whose epitope specificity is representative of a major component of the human ige anti-der p 1 response. | 2000 | 10889906 |
| targeted inactivation of the tetraspanin cd37 impairs t-cell-dependent b-cell response under suboptimal costimulatory conditions. | cd37 is a membrane protein of the tetraspanin superfamily, which includes cd9, cd53, cd63, cd81, and cd82. many of these molecules are expressed on leukocytes and have been implicated in signal transduction, cell-cell interactions, and cellular activation and development. we generated and analyzed mice deficient for cd37. despite the high expression of cd37 on cells of the immune system, no changes in development and cellular composition of lymphoid organs were observed in mice lacking cd37. ana ... | 2000 | 10891477 |
| metabolic instability of escherichia coli cyclopropane fatty acid synthase is due to rpoh-dependent proteolysis. | cyclopropane fatty acids (cfas) are generally synthesized as bacterial cultures enter stationary phase. in escherichia coli, the onset of cfa synthesis results from increased transcription of cfa, the gene encoding cfa synthase. however, the increased level of cfa synthase activity is transient; the activity quickly declines to the basal level. we report that the loss of cfa activity is due to proteolytic degradation dependent on expression of the heat shock regulon. cfa synthase degradation is ... | 2000 | 10894739 |
| vibrio cholerae h-ns silences virulence gene expression at multiple steps in the toxr regulatory cascade. | h-ns is an abundant nucleoid-associated protein involved in the maintenance of chromosomal architecture in bacteria. h-ns also has a role in silencing the expression of a variety of environmentally regulated genes during growth under nonpermissive conditions. in this study we demonstrate a role for h-ns in the negative modulation of expression of several genes within the toxr virulence regulon of vibrio cholerae. deletion of hns resulted in high, nearly constitutive levels of expression of the g ... | 2000 | 10894740 |
| incomplete freund's adjuvant reduces diabetes in the non-obese diabetic mouse. | as the study of type 1 diabetes moves towards preventive therapy, the role of adjuvants needs to be addressed. incomplete freund's adjuvant (ifa) is thought of as "immunologically inert" as, unlike complete fa (cfa), it has no components designed to provoke an immune response. we investigated the effect of ifa as an immunomodulator on the disease process leading to type 1 diabetes in the non-obese diabetic (nod) mouse. 24 nod mice were injected intradermally (i.d.) at 8 and 12 weeks of age with ... | 2000 | 10898548 |
| safety and immunogenicity of two different lots of the oral, killed enterotoxigenic escherichia coli-cholera toxin b subunit vaccine in israeli young adults. | enterotoxigenic escherichia coli (etec) is one of the leading causes of diarrhea among israeli soldiers serving in field units. two double-blind placebo-controlled, randomized trials were performed among 155 healthy volunteers to evaluate the safety and immunogenicity of different lots of the oral, killed etec vaccine consisting of two doses of whole cells plus recombinantly produced cholera toxin b subunit (rctb). the two doses of vaccine lot e005 and the first dose of vaccine lot e003 were wel ... | 2000 | 10899847 |
| ctla-4 down-regulates the protective anticryptococcal cell-mediated immune response. | cell-mediated immune (cmi) responses defined by delayed-type hypersensitivity (dth) reactivity to cryptococcal culture filtrate antigen (cnef) can be either protective or nonprotective against an infection with cryptococcus neoformans. the protective and nonprotective anticryptococcal dth responses are induced by different immunogens and have differing activated-t-cell profiles. this study examined the effects of blockade of the interaction between cytotoxic t lymphocyte antigen 4 (ctla-4) and i ... | 2000 | 10899865 |
| 15-deoxy-delta(12,14)-pgj(2) induces synoviocyte apoptosis and suppresses adjuvant-induced arthritis in rats. | peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (ppars) are members of the nuclear hormone receptor superfamily and have a dominant regulatory role in adipocyte and monocyte differentiation. ppar-gamma agonists are also negative regulators of macrophage activation and have modulatory effects on tumorigenesis. in this study we demonstrate that synovial tissue localized expression of ppar-gamma in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (ra). we detected markedly enhanced expression of ppar-gamma in macrop ... | 2000 | 10903334 |
| systemically derived large intestinal cd4(+) th2 cells play a central role in stat6-mediated allergic diarrhea. | systemically primed balb/c mice developed severe diarrhea after repeated oral administration of ovalbumin (ova). histological analysis demonstrated that dramatic infiltration of eosinophils and mast cells occurred in the large intestine but not in the small intestine of mice with diarrhea. interestingly, cd4(+) alphabeta t cells of the large intestine secreted il-4 and il-13 at high levels. identically treated stat6 gene-disrupted mice failed to develop ova-induced diarrhea. further, treatment o ... | 2000 | 10903335 |
| retroviral gene therapy with an immunoglobulin-antigen fusion construct protects from experimental autoimmune uveitis. | immunoglobulins can serve as tolerogenic carriers for antigens, and b cells can function as tolerogenic antigen-presenting cells. we used this principle to design a strategy for gene therapy of experimental autoimmune uveitis, a cell-mediated autoimmune disease model for human uveitis induced with the uveitogenic interphotoreceptor retinoid-binding protein (irbp). a retroviral vector was constructed containing a major uveitogenic irbp epitope in frame with mouse igg1 heavy chain. this construct ... | 2000 | 10903340 |
| in vivo sequential study of skeletal muscle capillary permeability in diabetic rats: effect of anthocyanosides. | alterations in the capillary filtration of macromolecules are well documented in diabetic patients and experimental diabetes. various flavonoids including anthocyanosides and ginkgo biloba extracts have been shown to be effective against experimentally induced capillary hyperfiltration. the aim of the present study was to test the effects of anthocyanosides on capillary filtration in diabetic rats. for this purpose, we have validated the use of our previously described in vivo method for measure ... | 2000 | 10909999 |
| c-c chemokine-encoding dna vaccines enhance breakdown of tolerance to their gene products and treat ongoing adjuvant arthritis. | depending on the method of immunization, a single administration of cfa may result in the development of a local inflammatory process or chronic polyadjuvant-induced arthritis (aa). we administered naked dna vaccines encoding mip-1 alpha, mcp-1, mip-1 beta, and rantes to lewis rats and confirmed that each of these vaccines induced immunological memory to the corresponding gene product. upon induction of disease, this memory effectively inhibited the development of the autoimmune condition. self- ... | 2000 | 10930439 |
| augmented expression of daintain/allograft inflammatory factor-1 is associated with clinical disease: dynamics of daintain/allograft inflammatory factor-1 expression in spleen, peripheral nerves and sera during experimental autoimmune neuritis. | experimental autoimmune neuritis (ean) is an animal model of guillain-barré syndrome, characterized by inflammation and demyelination of the peripheral nervous system (pns). daintain/allograft inflammatory factor-1 (daintain/aif-1) is a novel interferon-gamma-inducible protein expressed by macrophages during organ specific autoimmune diseases. to study the involvement of daintain/aif-1 in ean we induced ean in lewis rats by immunizing with bovine pns myelin (bpm) and complete freund's adjuvant ( ... | 2000 | 10931378 |
| role for p53 in the recovery of transcription and protection against apoptosis induced by ultraviolet light. | we have previously suggested that the inhibition of rna polymerase ii-mediated transcription after exposure to uv light promotes the accumulation of p53 and the induction of apoptosis (oncogene 13, 823-831). however, it was not clear whether p53 induction was contributing to apoptosis. here we report that apoptosis is triggered at lower uv doses in p53-deficient li-fraumeni syndrome (lfs) and human papillomavirus (hpv) e6 expressing fibroblasts than in normal cells, suggesting that p53 can be pr ... | 1999 | 10935482 |
| immune responses in nucleus basalis magnocellularis-lesioned rats exposed to chronic isolation stress. | the present study was designed to establish the influence of chronic social isolation stress on humoral and cellular immunity in nucleus basalis magnocellularis (nbm)-lesioned rats. therefore, ten days after bilateral electrolytic lesions of nbm, adult male wistar rats were immunized with bovine serum albumin in complete freund's adjuvant (bsa-cfa) and placed individually or in groups of five rats during 21 days. on days 10 and 21 after immunization, the arthus and delayed hypersensitivity skin ... | 1999 | 10938557 |
| genetic evidence that transcription activation by rhas involves specific amino acid contacts with sigma 70. | rhas activates transcription of the escherichia coli rhabad and rhat operons in response to l-rhamnose and is a member of the arac/xyls family of transcription activators. we wished to determine whether sigma(70) might be an activation target for rhas. we found that sigma(70) k593 and r599 appear to be important for rhas activation at both rhabad and rhat, but only at truncated promoters lacking the binding site for the second activator, crp. to determine whether these positively charged sigma(7 ... | 2000 | 10940041 |
| activation of transcription factors of nuclear factor kappa b, activator protein-1 and octamer factors in hyperalgesia. | involvement of c-fos and neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nnos) in the hyperalgesia induced by complete freund adjuvant (cfa) has been reported. in this paper, we attempted to investigate whether the transcription factors regulating the gene expression of c-fos and nnos, including activator protein-1 (ap-1), nuclear factor kappa b (nf-kappa b), and octamer factors (oct), are activated by cfa during the development of hyperalgesia. the electrophoretic mobility shift assay (emsa) was used to determ ... | 2000 | 10940358 |
| immunological properties of a single-chain fragment of the anti-idiotypic antibody aca125. | vaccination with anti-idiotypic antibodies has been described as a promising concept for treatment of several malignant diseases. the murine monoclonal anti-idiotypic antibody aca125 imitates a specific epitope of the tumor-associated antigen ca125 expressed by 80% of ovarian carcinomas. in the first clinical trial it could be shown that mab aca125 is able to elicit anti-anti-idiotypic antibodies (ab3) with anti-ca125 specificity in patients with advanced ovarian cancer. in order to improve the ... | 2000 | 10941901 |
| antibody production in mice deficient for complement receptors 1 and 2 can be induced by igg/ag and ige/ag, but not igm/ag complexes. | deficiencies in c factors c2, c3, or c4 as well as lack of c receptors 1 and 2 (cr1/2) lead to impaired ab production. classical pathway activation plays a major role, as mice deficient in factor b, a key factor in the alternative pathway, have normal ab production. abs in complex with their specific ag are known to feedback regulate the ab response, and enhanced responses are initiated by igm, ige, and igg. igm acts via the c system, whereas ige and igg can operate independently of c via fc rec ... | 2000 | 10946263 |
| attenuated shigella flexneri 2a vaccine strain cvd 1204 expressing colonization factor antigen i and mutant heat-labile enterotoxin of enterotoxigenic escherichia coli. | a multivalent live oral vaccine against both shigella spp. and enterotoxigenic escherichia coli (etec) is being developed based on the hypothesis that protection can be achieved if attenuated shigellae express etec fimbrial colonization factors and genetically detoxified heat-labile toxin from a human etec isolate (lth). two detoxified derivatives of lth, lthk63 and lthr72, were engineered by substitution-serine to lysine at residue 63, or lysine to arginine at residue 72. the genes encoding the ... | 2000 | 10948101 |
| modulation of cardiocyte functional activity by antibodies against trypanosoma cruzi ribosomal p2 protein c terminus. | antibodies against the trypanosoma cruzi ribosomal p2beta protein (tcp2beta) have been associated with the chronic cardiac pathology of chagas' disease in humans. using synthetic peptides spanning the entire tcp2beta molecule, we investigated their epitope recognition by antibodies from mice chronically infected with t. cruzi and from mice immunized with two recombinant tcp2betas. we found clear differences in epitope recognition between antibodies from t. cruzi-infected mice and mice immunized ... | 2000 | 10948133 |
| regulation of cytokine expression in mice immunized with cryptococcal polysaccharide, a glucuronoxylomannan (gxm), associated with peritoneal antigen-presenting cells (apc): requirements for gxm, apc activation, and interleukin-12. | mice immunized with peritoneal exudate cells (pec; used as antigen-presenting cells [apc]) that are pulsed ex vivo with cryptococcal capsular polysaccharide, a glucuronoxylomannan (gxm), exhibit increased survival times and delayed-type hypersensitivity reactions when they are infected with cryptococcus neoformans. these responses are gxm specific. the present study revealed that gxm-apc immunization enhanced development of anticryptococcal type-1 cytokine responses (interleukin-2 [il-2] and gam ... | 2000 | 10948138 |
| transcutaneous immunization with bacterial adp-ribosylating exotoxins, subunits, and unrelated adjuvants. | we have recently described a needle-free method of vaccination, transcutaneous immunization, consisting of the topical application of vaccine antigens to intact skin. while most proteins themselves are poor immunogens on the skin, we have shown that the addition of cholera toxin (ct), a mucosal adjuvant, results in cellular and humoral immune responses to the adjuvant and coadministered antigens. the present study explores the breadth of adjuvants that have activity on the skin, using diphtheria ... | 2000 | 10948159 |
| virulence genes in environmental strains of vibrio cholerae. | the virulence of a pathogen is dependent on a discrete set of genetic determinants and their well-regulated expression. the ctxab and tcpa genes are known to play a cardinal role in maintaining virulence in vibrio cholerae, and these genes are believed to be exclusively associated with clinical strains of o1 and o139 serogroups. in this study, we examined the presence of five virulence genes, including ctxab and tcpa, as well as toxr and toxt, which are involved in the regulation of virulence, i ... | 2000 | 10966424 |
| analysis of the cellular infiltrate in the iris during experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. | previous studies have shown that experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (eae) and anterior uveitis (au) develop in lewis rats immunized with myelin basic protein (mbp). the purpose of this study was to characterize the dynamics, distribution, and phenotype of infiltrating cells in the iris during eae-associated au. | 2000 | 10967057 |
| molecular analysis and chromosomal assignment of the canine calc-i/alpha-cgrp gene. | we have isolated a recombinant phage harboring the canine calc-i/alpha-cgrp gene. the gene spans a region of approx. 5.3 kb and consists of six exons with sizes ranging from 95 bp (exon 2) and 494 bp (exon 4). by alternative splicing, two transcripts with orfs of 390 and 384 nt are generated. these encode either the 32-amino acid-long hormone calcitonin (calc) or the neurotransmitter calcitonin gene-related peptide (alpha-cgrp) with a length of 37 amino acids after proteolytic processing of prec ... | 2000 | 10967131 |
| a targeted dna vaccine encoding fas ligand defines its dual role in the regulation of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. | this study used naked dna vaccination to induce breakdown of tolerance to self and thus elicit immunological memory to native, membrane-bound fas ligand (fasl). upon induction of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (eae), this memory was turned on to provide protective immunity. fasl-specific autoantibodies isolated from protected animals differentially downregulated the in vitro production of tnf-alpha, but not ifn-gamma, by cultured t cells. these autoantibodies were highly protective wh ... | 2000 | 10974020 |
| interactions of pseudomonas syringae pv. glycinea with host and nonhost plants in relation to temperature and phytotoxin synthesis. | pseudomonas syringae pv. glycinea pg4180 causes bacterial blight of soybean and produces the phytotoxin coronatine (cor) in a temperature-dependent manner. cor consists of a polyketide, coronafacic acid (cfa), and an amino acid derivative, coronamic acid, and is produced optimally at 18 degrees c whereas no detectable synthesis occurs at 28 degrees c. we investigated the impact of temperature on pg4180 during compatible and incompatible interactions with soybean and tobacco plants, respectively. ... | 2000 | 10975652 |
| erythropoietin crosses the blood-brain barrier to protect against experimental brain injury. | erythropoietin (epo), recognized for its central role in erythropoiesis, also mediates neuroprotection when the recombinant form (r-hu-epo) is directly injected into ischemic rodent brain. we observed abundant expression of the epo receptor at brain capillaries, which could provide a route for circulating epo to enter the brain. in confirmation of this hypothesis, systemic administration of r-hu-epo before or up to 6 h after focal brain ischemia reduced injury by approximately 50-75%. r-hu-epo a ... | 2000 | 10984541 |
| role of cytochrome p4501a1 in biotransformation of a tissue specific sarcomagen n-methyldibenzo[c,g]carbazole. | 7h-dibenzo[c,g]carbazole (dbc) is a potent liver and skin carcinogen, while its synthetic methyl derivative n-methyldibenzo[c,g]carbazole (medbc) is tissue specific sarcomagen. it is supposed that sarcomagenic activity of dbc depends on biotransformation at ring-carbon atoms, as with pah, whereas the heterocyclic nitrogen plays an important role in liver carcinogenicity. the objective of this study was to elucidate the role of cytochrome p4501a1 in metabolic activation of sarcomagenic derivative ... | 2000 | 10984687 |
| is1414, an escherichia coli insertion sequence with a heat-stable enterotoxin gene embedded in a transposase-like gene. | enteroaggregative escherichia coli (eaec) heat-stable enterotoxin 1 (east1) was originally discovered in eaec but has also been associated with enterotoxigenic e. coli (etec). multiple genomic restriction fragments from each of three etec strains of human origin showed homology with an east1 gene probe. a single hybridizing fragment was detected on the plasmid of etec strain 27d that also encodes heat-stable enterotoxin ib and colonization factor antigen i. we isolated and characterized this fra ... | 2000 | 10992475 |
| immunization with alpha-toxin toxoid protects the cornea against tissue damage during experimental staphylococcus aureus keratitis. | alpha-toxin is a major virulence factor in staphylococcus aureus keratitis. active or passive immunization with alpha-toxin toxoid could protect against corneal damage. results show that either form of immunization did not kill bacteria but did significantly protect against corneal pathology, especially epithelial erosion. | 2000 | 10992521 |
| enterotoxin-specific immunoglobulin e responses in humans after infection or vaccination with diarrhea-causing enteropathogens. | cholera toxin (ct)-specific antibody responses of the immunoglobulin e (ige) isotype in the sera of adult patients suffering from infection with either vibrio cholerae o1, v. cholerae o139, or enterotoxigenic escherichia coli (etec) were analyzed and compared with those in the sera of volunteers immunized with a bivalent b subunit o1/o139 whole-cell cholera vaccine. a significant ige response to ct was observed in 90% of the patients with v. cholerae o1 infection (18 of 20; p = <0.001) and 95% o ... | 2000 | 10992527 |
| cc chemokine receptor 2 is critical for induction of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. | experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (eae) is a cd4(+) t lymphocyte-mediated disease of the central nervous system (cns) characterized by mononuclear cell infiltration, demyelination, and paralysis. we previously demonstrated a role for chemokines in acute and relapsing eae pathogenesis. presently, we investigated the role of cc chemokine receptor 2 (ccr2) in acute eae. ccr2(-/-) mice did not develop clinical eae or cns histopathology, and showed a significant reduction in t cell- and cns-i ... | 2000 | 10993920 |