| prospective study of the evaluation of hepatitis c virus infectivity in a high-purity, solvent/detergent-treated factor viii concentrate: parallel evaluation of other markers for lipid-enveloped and non-lipid-enveloped viruses. the ad hoc study group of the fondazione dell'emofilia. | this prospective study was carried out with the aim of evaluating the efficacy of solvent/detergent inactivation of the hepatitis c virus (hcv) as applied to a chromatographic factor viii concentrate. in parallel, the markers for other viruses, either lipid-enveloped (human immunodeficiency virus types 1 and 2 [hiv-1 and -2] and hepatitis b virus [hbv]) or non-lipid-enveloped viruses (such as b19 parvovirus and hepatitis a virus [hav]) were evaluated. the study included 14 hemophilia centers, wh ... | 1993 | 8236421 |
| rna-dependent cleavage of vp0 capsid protein in provirions of hepatitis a virus. | stable provirions of hepatitis a virus containing up to 62% vp0 were purified from infected bs-c-1 cells by sucrose density gradient ultracentrifugation, and conversion of these provirions to virions through maturation cleavage of vp0 capsid protein was demonstrated. vp0 cleavage was slow but linear over 7 days at 37 degrees, with mature virions containing between 3 and 7 copies of vp0 in separate experiments. cleavage of approximately 25% of vp0 molecules (15 copies) was accompanied by a twofol ... | 1993 | 8249284 |
| detection of hepatitis a virus in sewage sludge by antigen capture polymerase chain reaction. | antigen capture polymerase chain reaction (pcr) was tested as a sensitive and rapid method for detecting hepatitis a virus (hav) in raw sewage sludge. the antigen capture pcr was performed both with and without solid-phase virus-catching monoclonal antibodies. similar results proved that both methods were equally sensitive. sewage sludge samples from different regions in germany were examined for evidence of hav contamination by antigen capture pcr. this method of detection was compared with tha ... | 1993 | 8250546 |
| comparative in vivo efficiencies of hand-washing agents against hepatitis a virus (hm-175) and poliovirus type 1 (sabin). | the abilities of 10 hygienic hand-washing agents and tap water (containing approximately 0.5 ppm of free chlorine) to eliminate strain hm-175 of hepatitis a virus (hav) and poliovirus (pv) type 1 (sabin) were compared by using finger pad and whole-hand protocols with three adult volunteers. a mixture of the two viruses was prepared in a 10% suspension of feces, and 10 microliters of the mixture was placed on each finger pad. the inoculum was allowed to dry for 20 min, and the contaminated area w ... | 1993 | 8250567 |
| hepatitis a virus 3c proteinase: some properties, crystallization and preliminary crystallographic characterization. | several isoforms of the wild-type and three mutant hepatitis a virus (hav) 3c proteinases have been isolated and characterized. the active site cysteine residue (residue 172) was found to be responsible for the formation of some of these isoforms. the double mutant c24s/c172a of the hav 3c proteinase, in which both cysteine residues have been replaced by site-directed mutagenesis, was crystallized. the crystals belong to the hexagonal space group p6(1)22 (or its enantiomorph, p6(5)22) with unit ... | 1993 | 8254682 |
| attenuated hepatitis a virus: genetic determinants of adaptation to growth in mrc-5 cells. | a live candidate hepatitis a virus vaccine, developed from the hm-175 strain and adapted to growth in primary african green monkey kidney (agmk) cells, was adapted to growth in mrc-5 cells. the nucleotide sequence of the mrc-5 cell-adapted virus was determined and compared with the known sequence of the agmk cell-adapted virus. thirteen unique mutations, which occurred during passage in mrc-5 cells, were identified. four of the unique mutations were located in a cluster in the 5' noncoding regio ... | 1994 | 8254724 |
| nucleotide sequence of wild-type hepatitis a virus gbm in comparison with two cell culture-adapted variants. | in order to study cell tropism and attenuation of hepatitis a virus (hav), the genome of hav wild-type gbm and two cell culture-adapted variants, gbm/frhk and gbm/hfs, were cloned and sequenced after amplification by reverse transcriptase-pcr. during virus cultivation, the hav variant gbm/frhk had a strict host range for frhk-4 cells, in contrast to gbm/hfs, which can be grown in hfs and frhk-4 cells. the hav variant gbm/hfs was shown to be attenuated when inoculated into chimpanzees (b. flehmig ... | 1994 | 8254770 |
| [detection of hepatitis a virus by riboprobe labeled with digoxigenin: comparison of methods]. | a riboprobe (rna probe), corresponding to the 5' end of the hm175 hepatitis a virus (hav) genome, was synthetized in vitro and was digoxigenin-labeled. then the riboprobe was used to detect the cf53 hav strain. conditions of virus denaturation (with or without sds and proteinase k, timing of assay) to release viral rna were tested by dot-blot hybridization on a ten fold dilution of hav suspension. densitometric measures of dot-blot spots allowed to appreciate optimization of the method. sensitiv ... | 1993 | 8255617 |
| fast growth of a brazilian hepatitis a virus (haf-203) in a primate cell line. | a hepatitis a virus (hav, haf-203) isolated in brazil was submitted to 8 serial passages through fetal rhesus kidney cells (frhk-4). the kinetics of replication were monitored by enzyme immunoassay (eia-havag) and cdna-rna dot blot hybridization. the maximum level of rna, which was observed 21 days post-infection (p.i.) during the 3rd passage, when havag was still undetectable by eia, served as a basis to establish subsequent passages every 21 days p.i. this schedule of passage resulted in a pro ... | 1993 | 8257921 |
| [hereditable characteristics of attenuated live hepatitis a virus h2 strain]. | the toxicity of attenuated hepatitis a virus h2 strain was not increased in testing kmb 17 cells of 5 consecutive generations of monkeys at 36 degrees c. after injection of attenuated live hepatitis a virus h2 strain in humans, no abnormality was noted. serum hepatitis a antigen was positive after 38 children aged 3-9 years were given oral 10(6.5) tckd50, whereas it was 100% positive in the group of same age after percutaneous vaccination. noninfection of oral administration is an important here ... | 1993 | 8258101 |
| proteinase 3c of hepatitis a virus (hav) cleaves the hav polyprotein p2-p3 at all sites including vp1/2a and 2a/2b. | thus far, the only virus-encoded proteinase of hepatitis a virus (hav) detected is 3c, which was shown to catalyze proteolysis of most of the suggested cleavage sites within the hav precursor polyprotein. to elucidate whether or not hav proteinase 3c and its precursors are involved in processing of the yet unidentified sites in the polyprotein p2-p3, the genomic region of 3c including flanking sequences were expressed in a bacterial system and by cell-free translation. in both systems 2a-reactiv ... | 1994 | 8259663 |
| bactericidal, virucidal, and mycobactericidal activities of reused alkaline glutaraldehyde in an endoscopy unit. | baths with 2% alkaline glutaraldehyde are often reused for 14 days to decontaminate flexible fiberoptic endoscopes (ffes) between patients, but the effect of such reuse on the disinfectant's activity has not been known. many busy endoscopy units also disinfect ffes with contact times shorter than those recommended by the disinfectant manufacturer. we therefore collected samples of the disinfectant over the 14-day reuse period from two manual and one automatic bath used for bronchoscopes and gast ... | 1993 | 8263184 |
| sensitive assays for hepatitis a antibodies. | two commercial assay kits for detecting antibody to hepatitis a virus (anti-hav) have been modified in order to increase their sensitivity. these modifications are made by less dilution of the test serum, in the case of abbott havab-m assay, or by an increase in the volumetric ratio of the test serum to the labeled anti-hav in the case of the abbott havab assay. these modifications result in 5- to 20-fold increases in test sensitivity and enable the detection of anti-hav at 2-3 weeks following v ... | 1993 | 8263501 |
| serologic markers of viral hepatitis a, b, c, and d in patients with hemophilia. | forty-one patients with hemophilia a were studied for the prevalence of serological markers for hepatitis a, hepatitis b, hepatitis c (non-a and non-b hepatitis), and delta hepatitis (hepatitis d). ten of 41 (24.4%) patients demonstrated hepatitis a antibody and 31 of 41 (75.6%) patients had a serologic marker for previous hepatitis b infection; four of these 31 patients (13%) also demonstrated antibody to delta agent (hepatitis d). thirty-seven of 41 (90.2%) patients demonstrated antibody for h ... | 1993 | 8263502 |
| changing seroepidemiology of hepatitis a virus infection in thailand. | hepatitis a is an infectious disease commonly found in many developing countries. the infection usually is asymptomatic in children and only a small percentage has clinical hepatitis of varying severity. hepatitis a infection becomes more symptomatic with increasing age. we studied hepatitis a antibody prevalence in many population groups of thailand and investigated the changing patterns of hepatitis a antibody in comparison with previous seroepidemiological surveys in the past decade. the anti ... | 1993 | 8266225 |
| [a preliminary report on the prevalence of different types of hepatitis in adult patients with acute sporadic hepatitis in beijing area]. | in order to investigate the prevalence of different types of viral hepatitis in beijing area, the markers of viral hepatitis a, b, c and e were detected on 72 adult patients with acute viral hepatitis in the infectious diseases department of our hospital. the results showed that 26.4% of the cases had hav infection, 8.3% hbv infection, 18.1% hcv infection and 31.9% hev infection. it is shown that the prevalence of hev infection in beijing area is high. | 1993 | 8269760 |
| idiopathic autoimmune chronic hepatitis triggered by hepatitis a. | hepatitis a virus (hav) infection is a well-recognized cause of acute hepatitis with jaundice in adults. however, chronic sequelae of hav infection are so rare and so poorly defined that their existence remains speculative. in this report we describe a middle-aged woman in whom serologically defined acute hepatitis a appeared to trigger the onset of autoimmune chronic active hepatitis. this and two previously reported cases suggest that in certain individuals, presumably with a genetic predispos ... | 1994 | 8273775 |
| molecular biology of viral hepatitis and hepatocellular carcinoma. | five viruses are the major causes of hepatitis. these viruses are totally unrelated to each other in structure and mode of replication despite the similarity in the acute syndrome produced by each virus. hav is a single-stranded rna virus that has a very stable capsid and whose proteins are derived from a single polyprotein. hbv is a dna virus that replicates through an rna intermediate. hcv is a labile single-stranded rna virus whose proteins are derived from a polyprotein. hdv is a defective r ... | 1993 | 8275664 |
| the changing epidemiology of hepatitis a in italy. | in 1990, the prevalence of antibodies to hepatitis a virus infection (anti-hav) was assayed by the elisa method on a national sample of 1000 recruits aged 18-24 years. the overall prevalence was 29.4% (22.4% in the northern and central regions, 32.2% in the south and islands; p < 0.01). compared with a similar study conducted in 1981, the results show a marked reduction in anti-hav prevalence (from 66.3% to 29.4%; p < 0.01). these findings reflect the improved sanitation standards in italy and i ... | 1993 | 8280898 |
| phosphorus-31 nuclear magnetic resonance in vivo spectroscopy of human liver during hepatitis a virus infection. | to evaluate the changes in hepatocellular phospholipid metabolism during hepatitis virus infection, 26 patients with acute viral hepatitis a were studied by means of phosphorus-31 nuclear magnetic resonance (31p-nmr) spectroscopy. the spectroscopy of liver showed six signal components in all patients as well as in the normal volunteers. during the early phase of illness, the phosphomonoester (pme)-phosphodiester (pde) ratios in the patients became markedly greater than the ratios in the controls ... | 1994 | 8281864 |
| seroepidemiology of hepatitis a and hepatitis b virus infection in a gurkha community in singapore. | the overall prevalence of hepatitis a virus (hav) infection among the gurkhas and their families stationed in singapore was 83.2%, with antibody to hav detected in 67 (38.1%) of 176 children under 5 years of age, 121 (76.6%) of 158 children between 5 and 14 years, and 600 (97.9%) of 613 older children and adults over age 15 years. children born in singapore (102/223 or 45.7%) had a significantly lower crude prevalence than those born in nepal (85/110 or 77.3%) (p < 0.000001). the age-adjusted di ... | 1993 | 8283176 |
| use of genomic probes to detect hepatitis a virus and enterovirus rnas in wild shellfish and relationship of viral contamination to bacterial contamination. | genomic probes were used to investigate hepatitis a virus (hav) and enterovirus rnas in two types of shellfish from natural beds (atlantic coast, france). after elution concentration, nucleic acid extracted by proteinase k and purified by phenol-chloroform and ethanol precipitation was assayed by dot blot hybridization. the probes used were a specific hav probe corresponding to the 3' end (3d polymerase coding region) and an enterovirus probe corresponding to the 5' noncoding region. the method ... | 1993 | 8285700 |
| [synthesis and antigenic activity of peptides from the c-terminal part of the ns4-protein of the hepatitis a virus]. | a set of four peptides from the hcv ns4-protein c-terminal region (aa 1921-1940) were obtained by solid-phase synthesis using activated esters and symmetrical anhydrides of boc-amino acids. peptide 1921-1940 has demonstrated a positive reaction in elisa with individual anti-hcv-positive sera from patients with acute and chronic hepatitis c (80% and 56%, respectively). we analysed the antigenic properties of the peptide 1921-1940 and its fragments and suggested at least two antibody recognizing s ... | 1993 | 8285926 |
| in vitro characterization of an internal ribosomal entry site (ires) present within the 5' nontranslated region of hepatitis a virus rna: comparison with the ires of encephalomyocarditis virus. | the lengthy 5' nontranslated region (5'ntr) of hepatitis a virus (hav) forms a highly ordered secondary structure, which has been suggested to play an important role in controlling viral translation by allowing for translation initiation by internal ribosome entry. to test this hypothesis, synthetic bicistronic rnas, with all or part of the hav 5'ntr in the intercistronic space, were translated in rabbit reticulocyte lysates. in the presence of an upstream cistron designed to block ribosomal sca ... | 1994 | 8289336 |
| expression of hepatitis a virus precursor protein p3 in vivo and in vitro: polyprotein processing of the 3cd cleavage site. | hepatitis a virus (hav) cdnas encoding the p3 region proteins were expressed in vivo and in vitro to characterize the hav 3d protein and to identify the cleavage site between 3c and 3d. protein coding sequences were placed under control of a t7 promoter and an emcv translational initiation signal. t7 rna polymerase was provided by simultaneous infection of transfected bs-c-1 cells with a recombinant vaccinia virus vtf7-3 (t. r. fuerst et al., proc. natl. acad. sci. usa 83, 8122-8126, 1986). effi ... | 1994 | 8291234 |
| [human viruses in the coastal environment of a croatian harbor]. | the authors submit the results of a survey on the viral pollution of the costal environment in the vicinity of a croatian harbour on the northern adriatic sea. the presence of human viruses was established in 22% of the sea water samples, 54% of the fluffy sediments samples, 44% of the sandy sediments samples and 26% of the batches of shell-fishes. hepatitis a virus and rotavirus antigens determined by immuno-electro-osmophoresis made up 76.3% and 15.2% of the positive results respectively, wher ... | 1993 | 8296035 |
| hepatitis a virus-associated cholecystitis. | | 1994 | 8304658 |
| prevalence of hepatitis virus infections in albanian refugees. | a sample of 393 albanian refugees, including both children and adults, was tested for serological hav, hbv, hdv and hcv markers. a high prevalence of infection with both the hepatitis a and b viruses was found, while hdv and hcv infections were uncommon. the overall prevalence of anti-hav was 96%; it was very high in children 0-10 years, suggesting that hav infection is largely acquired during childhood and that poor ambiental conditions influence the spreading of this viral infection. one or mo ... | 1993 | 8307139 |
| viral hepatitis in bucharest. | a seroprevalence survey of viral hepatitis was conducted in bucharest, romania, between april and july 1990 on a systematic sample of 1355 persons drawn from the general population and groups at higher risk of infection. sera were tested for hepatitis a, b, and c (hav, hbv and hcv, resp.) markers using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa) method. the prevalences of hav and hbv markers were high in all groups. a total of 47% of the adults from the general population and 39.8% of the child ... | 1993 | 8313496 |
| [thrombocytopenic purpura and acute nephropathy associated with circulating immune complexes in hepatitis a virus infection]. | | 1993 | 8321060 |
| foodborne hepatitis a--missouri, wisconsin, and alaska, 1990-1992. | person-to-person spread is the predominant mode of transmission of hepatitis a virus (hav) infection. however, based on findings for national surveillance for viral hepatitis, since 1983, 3%-8% of reported hepatitis a cases have been associated with suspected or confirmed foodborne or waterborne outbreaks (1). this report summarizes three recent foodborne outbreaks of hepatitis a and addresses the prevention of this problem. | 1993 | 8321179 |
| epidemiology of helicobacter pylori: the indian scenario. | to compare the age-related prevalence of helicobacter pylori in populations from developing and developed nations to determine the possible mode of transmission. | 1993 | 8330925 |
| aplastic anaemia complicating hepatitis a virus infection. | we report three patients with aplastic anaemia complicating hepatitis a virus infection. the pathogenesis and management of this rare complication which usually carries a poor prognosis, are briefly discussed. | 1993 | 8370095 |
| secular trends in hepatitis a virus infection among alaska natives. | to assess the epidemiologic characteristics of the population susceptible to hepatitis a virus (hav) infection and determine the natural history of infection, a retrospective survey was done using banked serum specimens. a random sample of 4030 alaska natives statewide was selected, stratified by year of birth and community of residence. overall, 1988 serum samples (49.3%) tested positive for antibody to hav (anti-hav). past hav infection was strongly age-related, increasing from 7% in persons b ... | 1993 | 8376812 |
| proteins specifically binding to the 3' untranslated region of hepatitis a virus rna in persistently infected cells. | establishment of persistency is the common result of hepatitis a virus (hav) infection in most hav/cell culture systems. previous studies provided evidence that shortly before or concomitantly with establishment of persistent infections synthesis of viral rna is down-regulated. this may be an effect of regulating factors. using rna/protein binding assays it was shown that, at the critical time during virus replication, proteins accumulate which interact specifically with a distinct nucleotide se ... | 1993 | 8380325 |
| partial characterization of hepatitis a viruses from three intermediate passage levels of a series resulting in adaptation to growth in cell culture and attenuation of virulence. | viruses from passages 9/10, 21, and 32 of a serially passaged human isolate of hepatitis a virus, strain hm-175, were partially sequenced and compared for their abilities to grow in cell cultures and to cause disease in primates. viruses from all passages grew more efficiently in cell culture than did the wild-type virulent virus from which they were derived, and all displayed some degree of attenuation of virulence for primates. within the 5' noncoding region and the 2b2c region of the hav geno ... | 1993 | 8380839 |
| simple haemadherence test for the detection of class-specific immunoglobulins to hepatitis a virus. | the ability of hepatitis a virus (hav) to agglutinate human erythrocytes was used to develop igm and igg antibody capture haemadherence tests (machat and gachat). haemadherence was dependent on the ph of the red cell suspension and was best in the ph range 5.4 to 5.8. the tests were applied to serum, urine, and saliva specimens from individuals susceptible to, or with recent or past infection with hav. haemadherence test reactivities were compared with results obtained with igm and igg antibody ... | 1993 | 8380840 |
| urticaria and acute hepatitis a virus infection. | urticaria has been described only rarely in patients with hepatitis a virus infection, although its association with acute hepatitis b virus infection is well recognized. a young male homosexual presented with hepatitis and urticaria, which proved to be an acute hepatitis a virus infection. in one study of a foodborne outbreak of hepatitis a virus, 2/130 patients developed hives. a few other isolated cases of presumed hepatitis a virus infection and urticaria have been reported, but this is the ... | 1993 | 8380951 |
| search for intrafamilial transmission of hepatitis c virus in hemophilia patients. | this study was performed to determine the risk of family members of anti-hepatitis c virus (hcv)-positive hemophilia patients (index patients) for infection with hcv compared with the risk of acquiring hepatitis b virus (hbv), human immunodeficiency virus (hiv), and hepatitis a virus (hav) infection. all index patients (n = 141) were found to be positive by first and second generation anti-hcv enzyme immunoassays (eias). among their household contacts (n = 228), 224 were negative and 1 positive ... | 1993 | 8381312 |
| primary cleavage of the hav capsid protein precursor in the middle of the proposed 2a coding region. | portions of the p1 and p2 hepatitis a virus (hav) polyprotein were generated by in vitro translation of cdna transcripts and analyzed for a primary cleavage reaction that would release the capsid protein precursor. no autocatalytic activity was observed on either side of the 2a coding sequence. incubation of these proteins with an extract containing active hav 3c protease, however, resulted in cleavage at a position approximately 40 amino acids downstream of the previously proposed p1-2a junctio ... | 1993 | 8382411 |
| expression of hepatitis a virus poly(u) polymerase in the periplasmic space of escherichia coli. | a cdna containing almost all of the hepatitis a virus (hav) p3 sequences was expressed as a fusion protein with protein a. a novel poly(u) polymerase activity was detected in the periplasmic space of escherichia coli cells transformed with this plasmid, and this activity showed many of the expected properties of a picornavirus 3dpol. a number of hav-specific polypeptides were detected in these cells, and it is unclear which of these was responsible for the polymerase activity. | 1993 | 8383186 |
| preparation and immunogenicity of an inactivated hepatitis a vaccine. | a hepatitis a vaccine was prepared by formaldehyde inactivation of purified hepatitis a virus (hav) lsh/s strain grown on human diploid mrc-5 cells. the vaccine was devoid of residual infectivity in vitro and failed to induce in marmoset monkeys any pathological features or variations of haematological and clinical chemistry values. infectious hav particles were not detected in faeces and sera of the vaccinated primates by elisa or after passages in mrc-5 cells. the immunogenicity of the vaccine ... | 1993 | 8383387 |
| adult use of hepatitis a vaccine in developed countries. | in the industrialized countries of europe, north america and australia, the incidence and prevalence of hepatitis a decreased significantly during recent decades. in the high-endemicity areas of africa, asia and south america, hepatitis a is still transmitted during infancy or early childhood and usually leads to asymptomatic infection or only mild disease. the majority of infections in developed countries, however, now occur in young adults of whom 70-80% develop more severe icteric disease. ma ... | 1993 | 8383389 |
| single and booster dose responses to an inactivated hepatitis a virus vaccine: comparison with immune serum globulin prophylaxis. | pre- and postexposure prophylaxis against hepatitis a virus (hav) infection with immune serum globulin (ig) is only effective for 4-6 months. we compared the safety, tolerability and immunogenicity of a single i.m. injection of ig with a single and booster dose of an inactivated hepatitis a virus vaccine (ihav) in adults. healthy volunteers (18-50 years) received a single ig i.m. injection (n = 30), or ihav i.m. (n = 15) at 0 and 24 weeks, or placebo (n = 4) at the same intervals. anti-hav seroc ... | 1993 | 8383390 |
| identification of a trans-acting activity from liver that stimulates hepatitis a virus translation in vitro. | hepatitis a virus (hav), a picornavirus, is the causative agent of infectious hepatitis, generally a self-limiting disease of the liver. recently, sequences within the 5' noncoding region that affect the translation of the viral genome have been identified using in vitro systems. in this report we demonstrate that extracts prepared from mouse liver cytoplasm specifically stimulate hav rna translation in a rabbit reticulocyte lysate in vitro. this activity appears to act specifically on hav seque ... | 1993 | 8384746 |
| identification of the hepatitis a virus internal ribosome entry site: in vivo and in vitro analysis of bicistronic rnas containing the hav 5' noncoding region. | hepatitis a virus (hav), a rna virus of positive polarity, contains a long 5' noncoding region (5'ncr) that lacks the characteristic m7gpppn cap group of most eukaryotic messages. by creating bicistronic constructs that contain the bacterial chloramphenicol acetyltransferase gene followed by the hav 5'ncr and the luciferase gene we have demonstrated by assaying in vitro and in vivo that ribosome entry for translation initiation occurs via binding to sequences within the hav 5'ncr. using mutation ... | 1993 | 8384758 |
| hepatitis a sero-epidemiology in singapore: a changing pattern. | sera from 896 healthy volunteers between 15 and 56 years old were tested in 1987-1991 for immunoglobulin g antibody against the hepatitis a virus (igg anti-hav). the overall seroprevalence rate of igg anti-hav was 27%: it increased from 0.9% in the 10-19 years age group to 48.1% in the 40-49 years age group and was 100% in subjects over 50 years. there was no difference in anti-hav seroprevalence between the sexes (29% among men and 26% among women) and races. a downward trend in anti-hav seropr ... | 1993 | 8385369 |
| histopathological and immunohistochemical studies of hepatitis a virus infection in marmoset callithrix jacchus. | samples of serum, feces and liver tissue and organs of six cotton-eared marmosets callithrix jacchus infected intravenously with two different strains of hepatitis a virus (hav), were studied by conventional histologic techniques, by serological techniques and by immunocytochemical methods, such as immunofluorescence (if) and peroxidase-antibody techniques. hepatitis a antigen (haag) was detectable in daily collected stools, in liver biopsy obtained sequentially, and in organs collected at necro ... | 1993 | 8385516 |
| cell-free translation and proteolytic processing of the hepatitis a virus polyprotein. | virus-encoded proteinase activity of hepatitis a virus (hav) was studied in vitro. genomic regions coding for segments of the viral polyprotein were expressed by in vitro transcription and translation in rabbit reticulocyte lysates. polyproteins translated from synthetic transcripts encoding p1-p2 or delta vp1-p2 were not processed indicating that no proteolytic activity is encoded within p2 of hav, in contrast to other picornaviruses. proteinase activity was, however, detected in the genomic re ... | 1993 | 8385696 |
| characterization of the immune response of volunteers vaccinated with a killed vaccine against hepatitis a. | to characterize the immune response elicited by the hepatitis a virus (hav) vaccine, the sera of 79 subjects who received two vaccine doses at an interval of 1 month and a booster dose 6 months after the first dose, were analysed by elisa, radioimmunofocus inhibition test (rifit) and by a competition monoclonal antibody assay using two neutralizing mabs (k3-4c8 and b5-b3), which recognize different epitopes. the data show that 93.6% of the volunteers responded after one dose, as detected by elis ... | 1993 | 8385844 |
| acute sporadic hepatitis e in an egyptian pediatric population. | a study was conducted to determine the etiology of acute hepatitis among 261 children (age range 1-11 years) living in cairo, egypt. a blood sample was obtained from each subject when initially evaluated and a questionnaire was used to collect demographic and risk factor data. sera were tested by enzyme immunoassay for acute hepatitis a (anti-hepatitis a virus igm), hepatitis b (anti-hepatitis b core antigen igm and hepatitis b surface antigen [hbsag]), hepatitis c (total anti-hcv), delta hepati ... | 1993 | 8385885 |
| prevalence of hepatitis a antibodies in swiss travellers. | to assess the prevalence of antibodies to hepatitis a virus (anti-hav) in future travellers, all visitors to the zurich university vaccination center in july/august 1990 were invited to participate in a cross-sectional study. a total of 1126 future travellers were recruited to have a blood sample drawn and to complete a brief questionnaire. among these, 35 refused or were excluded, thus 1091 were evaluated. the overall prevalence of anti-hav was 16.5%. this rate was 5.9% in future travellers bor ... | 1993 | 8386103 |
| an outbreak of hepatitis a among homosexual men in melbourne. | to describe an outbreak of hepatitis a virus (hav) infection that occurred in melbourne in 1991. | 1993 | 8387627 |
| prevalence of antibody to hepatitis a virus among children in trabzon, turkey. | | 1993 | 8387965 |
| synthesis and assembly of hepatitis a virus-specific proteins in bs-c-1 cells. | to determine the mechanism for the delayed and inefficient replication of the picornavirus hepatitis a virus in cell culture, we studied the kinetics of synthesis and assembly of virus-specific proteins by metabolic labeling of infected bs-c-1 cells with l-[35s]methionine and l-[35s]cysteine. sedimentation, electrophoresis, and autoradiography revealed the presence of virions, provirions, procapsids, and 14s (pentameric) subunits. virions and provirions contained vp1, vp0, vp2, and vp3; procapsi ... | 1993 | 8388489 |
| [the effect of anti-hepatitis immunoglobulins on the intensity of the immunity to the hepatitis a virus]. | | 1993 | 8388594 |
| solid-phase antibody capture hemadsorption assay for detection of hepatitis a virus immunoglobulin m antibodies. | a solid-phase antibody capture hemadsorption (spach) assay was developed to detect hepatitis a virus (hav)-specific immunoglobulin m (igm) antibodies in sera from humans recently infected with hepatitis. the assay is performed with microtiter plates coated with anti-human igm antibodies to capture igm antibodies from the test sera. hav-specific igm antibody is detected by the addition of hav hemagglutinating antigen and goose erythrocytes. hemadsorption of erythrocytes to antigen-antibody comple ... | 1993 | 8388890 |
| 2b and 2c mutations are essential but mutations throughout the genome of hav contribute to adaptation to cell culture. | chimeric viruses constructed from various portions of two infectious cdna clones representing the genomes of the wild-type and cell culture-adapted mutants of the hm-175 strain of hepatitis a virus were compared for their ability to replicate in cultures of fetal rhesus kidney cells. mutations located in either the 5' or 3' third of the genome could markedly enhance growth in vitro but only when they were combined with mutations in the p2 region within either the 2b or the 2c gene. therefore, mu ... | 1993 | 8389072 |
| analysis of a potential myristoylation site in hepatitis a virus capsid protein vp4. | the vp4 capsid protein of several picornaviruses has been shown to be myristoylated at an n-terminal glycine residue. myristoylation occurs after removal of an initial methionine residue or a leader peptide, resulting in the exposure of an n-terminal eight amino acid myristoylation signal including a consensus g-x-x-x-t/s motif. analysis of the amino acid sequence of hepatitis a virus (hav) capsid protein reveals a potential myristoylation site beginning at position 5 of the vp4 sequence. to ass ... | 1993 | 8389076 |
| conserved tertiary structural elements in the 5' nontranslated region of cardiovirus, aphthovirus and hepatitis a virus rnas. | statistical analyses of rna folding in 5' nontranslated regions (5'ntr) of encephalomyocarditis virus, theiler's murine encephalomyelitis virus, foot-and-mouth disease virus, and hepatitis a virus indicate that two highly significant folding regions occur in the 5' and 3' portions of the 5'ntr. the conserved tertiary structural elements are predicted in the unusual folding regions (ufr) for these viral rnas. the theoretical, common structural elements predicted in the 3' parts of the 5'ntr occur ... | 1993 | 8389442 |
| antibody response to nonstructural proteins of hepatitis a virus following infection. | the nonstructural proteins of hepatitis a virus (hav), produced during active virus replication, are alternative antigens that could be used to differentiate disease from inactivated vaccine-induced antibodies. an assay based on immune precipitation of proteins translated from transcripts of the p2 region of viral cdna was used to evaluate the development of antibodies after natural infection or vaccination. antibodies against p2 proteins were found in all sera from clinical cases of hepatitis a ... | 1993 | 8390561 |
| hepatitis a virus identification in an outbreak by enzymatic amplification. | from april 28th to may 22nd, 1987, the medical authority identified 13 cases (6 symptomatic cases) of hepatitis a (ha) in a school and in a college of rome. the principal risk factor was determined to be "full-time presence at the state school and boarders at the college". the distribution of ha cases suggested a person to person contact; anti-hepatitis a virus igm were identified in 12 out of 13 cases with high levels of transaminases. during the disease epidemic, water samples were taken from ... | 1993 | 8390942 |
| mutations in the 3a genomic region of two cytopathic strains of hepatitis a virus isolated in italy. | two strains of hepatitis a virus (hav) were isolated in cell culture and found to induce a cytopathic effect at early passages. the nucleotide sequences of the 5' non-translated region (5'ntr) and of genes 2b, 2c, 3a and 3b were determined for these strains and found to contain mutations similar to those detected in cell-culture adapted variants of hav strain hm175. in addition, gene 3a shows a deletion of three aspartic acid residues near the n-terminus of the polypeptide. in combination with v ... | 1993 | 8391192 |
| detection of hepatitis a virus in concentrated river water by polymerase chain reaction. | sensitive and specific techniques are needed to detect hepatitis a virus in environmental samples. pcr was used on concentrated river samples. in the analysis of 13 samples, two were positive by elisa (15.3%), three were positive on cell culture (23%), five were positive by hybridization (38.4%) and height with pcr (67%). | 1993 | 8391266 |
| hepatitis a vaccination. | the safety and immunogenicity of an inactivated hepatitis a virus vaccine were assessed in 101 healthy adults. seronegative persons with normal serum aminotransferase levels were grouped according to age: group 1 (n = 24) and group 3 (n = 22) were between 18 and 40 years of age, and group 2 (n = 25) and group 4 (n = 30) were older than 40 years. groups 1 and 2 received vaccine on a 0-, 1-, and 2-month schedule (schedule a), and groups 3 and 4 received the vaccine on a 0-, 1-, and 12-month schedu ... | 1993 | 8393253 |
| synthesis of immunogenic hepatitis a virus particles by recombinant baculoviruses. | recombinant baculoviruses were constructed which contained the hepatitis a virus (hav) open reading frame (orf) under the control of the polyhedrin promoter. northern blot analysis with an hav-specific oligonucleotide probe demonstrated a single transcript large enough to include the hav orf in spodoptera frugiperda cells infected with these recombinants. immunoblots revealed a 220 kda protein representing the hav polyprotein. in addition, proteins which co-migrated with hav capsid proteins, and ... | 1993 | 8393604 |
| [observation of live, attenuated hepatitis a vaccines in humans]. | hepatitis a viruses l-a-1 and mbb strains were attenuated by serial passages in laboratory, then appropriately attenuated strains were screened based on marmosets experiments. three live attenuated vaccine lots l-a-1/p14, l-a-1/p21, mbb/p13 (35 degrees c) were prepared respectively. three vaccine lots titer were 10(5.5), 10(5.0), 10(4.5) tcid50/ml. each vaccine lot was inoculated into 2 adults and 8 children 1.0 ml intramuscularly in the upper arm. all volunteers were closely observed for 4 week ... | 1993 | 8394801 |
| depression of the immune response to an inactivated hepatitis a vaccine administered concomitantly with immune globulin. | inactivated hepatitis a virus (hav) vaccine is given in a three-dose schedule. when rapid protection is needed, injection of immune globulin (ig) concomitantly with the first dose could provide passive protection until adequate active antibody response has developed. a possible effect of ig on the immune response to the vaccine was studied in healthy volunteers; 28 received vaccine alone, and 34 received the first dose simultaneously with 5 ml of ig. a control group received hepatitis b vaccine, ... | 1993 | 8394864 |
| a new method of rna preparation for detection of hepatitis a virus in environmental samples by the polymerase chain reaction. | a new method based on rna preparation from shellfish by polyethylene glycol (peg) precipitation and trichloroacetic acid (tca) extraction was developed for the detection of hepatitis a virus (hav) by the polymerase chain reaction (pcr). the extraction provides high yield and the extracted rna is undegraded. this method proved to be particularly useful for detection of rna viruses from environmental samples by pcr. | 1993 | 8395540 |
| rescue, expression, and analysis of a neutralizing human anti-hepatitis a virus monoclonal antibody. | a human anti-hepatitis a virus mab was rescued from a hybridoma cell line by conventional cdna cloning, and expressed in cho cells. the full nucleotide sequences of the mab h and l chains were determined, revealing a vhi/v lambda ii v region combination. comparisons with germline v genes suggest that the v regions had undergone somatic mutations characteristic of an ag-driven immune response. a comparison of the binding to hepatitis a virus between mab derived from the cho cells and the original ... | 1993 | 8395549 |
| hepatitis a virus infections in belgian children. | in childhood hav infection most often passes subclinically. in this study we evaluate the percentages of clinically and subclinically developing hav infections and the age distribution of the prevalence of immunity to hav. the study population (n = 1,008) included newborns, children and teenagers up to 20 years of age from the brussels area. sera were randomly collected at a general hospital. subjects were stratified into six age groups. among children and teenagers, the overall prevalence of an ... | 1993 | 8396071 |
| safety and immunogenicity of hepatitis a vaccine in healthy adult volunteers. | the immunogenicity and adverse reaction of an inactivated hepatitis a (ha) vaccine were investigated. sixty healthy adult volunteers who lacked antibody to ha virus (anti-hav) received three doses of vaccine containing 720 enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa) units (el.u) according to a 0, 1 and 6 month schedule. blood tests for serum liver enzymes and anti-hav were performed at screening 7 days prior to, and 1, 6 and 7 months after the first dose. anti-hav was tested by radio immunoassay a ... | 1993 | 8397010 |
| hepatitis a virus infection. risk to sewage workers unproved. | | 1993 | 8400988 |
| hepatitis a virus infection. no conclusive link to factor viii. | | 1993 | 8400989 |
| hepatitis a virus infection. should susceptible homosexual men be offered immunization. | | 1993 | 8400990 |
| prevalence of antibodies to hepatitis a virus in health care workers. | | 1993 | 8404927 |
| hepatitis a: hepatotropism and influence on myelopoiesis. | immunopathologic mechanisms leading to liver tissue injury in hepatitis caused by hepatitis a virus (hav) were studied in an autologous in vitro model. data show virus-specific killing by liver-infiltrating t lymphocytes in man and support the hypothesis that hepatocellular damage as well as efficient elimination of virus-infected hepatocytes is mediated by hla-restricted, hav-specific cd8+ t lymphocytes. furthermore, experimental results demonstrate that human interferon-gamma produced by hav-s ... | 1993 | 8407240 |
| time course of hepatitis a antibody production after active, passive and active/passive immunisation: the results are highly dependent on the antibody test system used. | two commercially available automated test systems for hepatitis a antibody, havab imx (abbott) and enzymun anti-hav (boehringer) were evaluated in a study of active, passive and active/passive immunisation against hepatitis a. the inactivated hepatitis a vaccine epaxal berna and the hepatitis a immunoglobulin preparation globuman were products of the swiss serum and vaccine institute. although both hepatitis a antibody test kits were standardised with the same international who standard hepatiti ... | 1993 | 8408443 |
| fulminant hepatic failure with massive necrosis as a result of hepatitis a infection. | fulminant hepatic failure as a result of hepatitis a is a rarely diagnosed complication entity in developed countries. with the advent of specific serologic markers for acute hepatitis a virus infection, the incidence and pathology of fulminant hepatitis a can be more clearly defined. we describe four patients (one adult, three children; two males and two females, ages 2 1/2-58 years) referred to our institution for orthotopic liver transplantation subsequent to fulminant hepatic failure followi ... | 1993 | 8409320 |
| cell type-specific proteins which interact with the 5' nontranslated region of hepatitis a virus rna. | the 5' nontranslated region (5'ntr) of hepatitis a virus (hav) rna contains structural elements which facilitate 5' cap-independent initiation of virus translation and are likely to interact with cellular proteins functioning as translation initiation factors. to define these interactions, we characterized the binding of ribosome-associated proteins from several cell types to synthetic rnas representing segments of the 5'ntr by using a uv cross-linking/label transfer assay. four major proteins ( ... | 1993 | 8411373 |
| secular trend and geographical variation in hepatitis a infection and hepatitis b carrier rate among adolescents in taiwan: an island-wide survey. | during the last two decades an economic boom has occurred in taiwan, a region where the prevalence of both hepatitis a and b virus infection was formerly very high. to examine the impact of socioeconomic developments on the secular trend and geographical variation in hepatitis a and b virus infection, 875 adolescents selected randomly from 20 junior high schools were studied. serum samples collected from the subjects were tested for hepatitis a antibody (anti-hav) and hepatitis b surface antigen ... | 1993 | 8423454 |
| hepatitis a post-viral encephalitis. | we report a seven-year-old girl who developed a hepatitis a viral infection and encephalitis. the patient developed fever, abdominal pains and jaundice. five days later she became delirious, combative, and did not respond to verbal commands. laboratory studies showed elevated liver enzymes and elevated serum immunoglobulin m (igm) and immunoglobulin g (igg) antibodies to hepatitis a virus. cerebrospinal fluid contained igg antibodies to hepatitis a virus but not igm antibodies. polymerase chain ... | 1993 | 8424315 |
| hepatitis a virus anicteric encephalitis coexistent with hepatitis c virus infection. | a 34-yr-old male presented with acute encephalitis. the encephalitis was due to an anicteric hepatitis a virus infection superimposed upon coexistent hepatitis c virus infection. neurologic syndromes due to hepatitis a virus infection have all been associated with jaundice. neurologic complications of hepatitis c virus infections have not been described. identification of hepatitis a virus as an etiology of viral encephalitis can reduce the need for extensive costly evaluations, and unnecessary ... | 1993 | 8424434 |
| evaluation of inactivated hepatitis a vaccine in canadians 40 years of age or more. | to assess the side effects and immune responses after three serial doses of a new inactivated hepatitis a vaccine in people 40 years of age or more. | 1993 | 8431816 |
| vertical transmission of hepatitis a resulting in an outbreak in a neonatal intensive care unit. | vertical transmission of hepatitis a virus (hav) has not been reported. from 25 october to 15 november 1989, 10 cases of symptomatic hav infection occurred among neonatal intensive care unit (nicu) staff. testing of other nicu staff and patients identified 4 infected infants. hepatitis a among staff was associated with caring for 1 of these infants, infant a (relative risk [rr], undefined; p = .05). risk of illness was greater for staff who did not routinely wash their hands after treating infan ... | 1993 | 8440928 |
| viral hepatitis and drugs: a continuing problem. | a seroepidemiological survey of a group of drug abusers has been carried out to determine the prevalence of hepatitis c virus and hepatitis b virus, hepatitis d virus, hepatitis a virus infection markers in sera, as well as to evaluate the role of potential risk factors. a total of 645 symptomless subjects with a history of injecting heroin were recruited as volunteers from methadone maintenance centres in rome. for all hepatitis viruses the total figures showed high prevalence rates giving cons ... | 1993 | 8449633 |
| immunogenicity of inactivated hepatitis a vaccine in children. | inactivated hepatitis a vaccine is now becoming available in many countries. | 1993 | 8462802 |
| [molecular epidemiology of hepatitis a virus]. | the genome of hepatitis a virus (hav) is a linear plus-strand rna molecule of 7,500 nucleotides and it shares common strategies of construction and function of the picornavirus family. since it has a unique nucleotide sequence homology, hav has been classified in the genus of hepatovirus, newly added to the family. nucleotide sequence of the putative vp1/2a junction area was found variable and a 168 nucleotide portion of the region has been compared with many hav sequences obtained from all over ... | 1993 | 8464144 |
| prevention of acute and chronic liver disease through immunization: hepatitis b and beyond. | liver disease caused by hepatotrophic viruses imposes a substantial burden on health care resources. persistent infections from hepatitis b virus (hbv), hepatitis c virus, and hepatitis delta virus result in chronic liver disease, while hepatitis a virus and hepatitis e virus produce a self-limited disease. effective hepatitis b vaccines that provide long-term protection against chronic hbv infection have been available for > 10 years, while inactivated hepatitis a vaccines have recently been sh ... | 1993 | 8515136 |
| hepatitis a antibody titres after infection and immunization: implications for passive and active immunization. | titres of antibodies against hepatitis a virus (hav) were determined in patients, in donors, and in volunteers after active, passive, and combined immunization. highest titres were found in recently infected persons: in 109 igm anti-hav positive persons, the geometric mean titre (gmt) was 15,400 miu/ml. the gmt in 265 anti-hav positive blood donors was 10,700 miu/ml. the anti-hav seroprevalence in 19,746 donors increases with age: at the age of 40 years, 50% have antibodies. titres after active, ... | 1993 | 8515245 |
| clinical evaluation of viral safety of coagulation factor viii and ix concentrates. | virucidal methods to inactivate infectious agents are based on various methods of heating or chemically treating plasma concentrates of coagulation factors viii and ix used in the treatment of hemophilia a and b. this clinical evaluation of the viral safety of such 'treated' concentrates is mainly based on the prospective study of previously untreated hemophiliacs by means of clinical and serological markers of viral infection. although there have been a few focal episodes of human immunodeficie ... | 1993 | 8517048 |
| the picornaviral 3c proteinases: cysteine nucleophiles in serine proteinase folds. | the 3c proteinases are a novel group of cysteine proteinases with a serine proteinase-like fold that are responsible for the bulk of polyprotein processing in the picornaviridae. because members of this viral family are to blame for several ongoing global pandemic problems (rhinovirus, hepatitis a virus) as well as sporadic outbreaks of more serious pathologies (poliovirus), there has been continuing interest over the last two decades in the development of antiviral therapies. the recent determi ... | 1995 | 8520469 |
| intragastric infection induced in marmosets (callithrix jacchus) by a brazilian hepatitis a virus (haf-203). | several species of non-human primates have been used in studies on experimental infection with hepatitis a virus (hav). attempts to infect a south-american marmoset (callithrix jacchus) with a brazilian hav isolate (haf-203) are described here. four seronegative animals were inoculated intragastrically and one was sacrificed on day 11, 20, 47 and 62 after infection. one uninfected animal was included as control. liver, small intestine, lymph node, spleen and kidney samples were collected for his ... | 1995 | 8520524 |
| anti-hepatitis a antibody titers after passive immunization with hepatitis a hyperimmune globulin. | | 1995 | 8525412 |
| relation between autoimmune liver diseases and viral hepatitis: clinical and serological characteristics in 859 patients. | an etiopathological link between hepatitis virus infection and autoimmune liver disease, in particular autoimmune hepatitis has been suggested. in some patients features of both viral and autoimmune disease are present. we have studied 352 patients with autoimmune liver disease and 507 patients with viral hepatitis for diagnostic characteristics as well as for evidence of an etiological connection. 38 of the 201 patients with hepatitis c (19%) and 42 of the 306 patients with hepatitis b (14%) ha ... | 1995 | 8525656 |
| direct sequencing of hepatitis a virus strains isolated during an epidemic in france. | direct sequencing of pcr products was used to study the vp1 region of the hepatitis a virus (hav) genome (position 2199 to 2356) of nine strains isolated from human stools collected during a hepatitis a epidemic (western france, 1992), three strains from environmental samples (1990, 1991, and 1992), and two hav cell culture isolates (the french strain cf53/lyon and strain clf). these viruses differed from cf53/lyon (genotype i) by between 1 and 10.3%, and results indicated the existence of two g ... | 1995 | 8526512 |
| transient hepatic fibrin-ring granulomas in a patient with acute hepatitis a. | a case of acute hepatitis a associated with fibrin-ring granulomas in the liver is presented. because a relationship between acute hepatitis a infection and granuloma formation had not previously been established, liver specimens were examined from both the hepatitic and recovery phases. numerous fibrin-ring granulomas were observed in the parenchyma during the hepatitic phase. the cellular components of the granulomas were largely macrophages and cd4-positive t-cells. granulomas had disappeared ... | 1995 | 8531599 |
| use of digoxigenin-labeled rna probe to test hepatitis a virus antiviral drugs. | a nucleic acid hybridization assay was used to evaluate inhibitory activity of antiviral compounds against hepatitis a virus (hav) in cell culture and compared to radioimmunoassay by analysis of variance procedure. the 5' genomic end of the hm-175 strain was used as digoxigenin-labeled rna probe. dot-blot examination showed a reduction of detectable hav rna in infected cells when treated with amphotericin b. an antiviral dose-effect was shown by statistical analysis of densitometric measures of ... | 1995 | 8532379 |
| [serum hepatitis b markers: atypical patterns detected at the hospital insular de gran canaria]. | two atypical serological markers of hepatitis b virus (hbv) infection were detected in 19 patients during a 18-month period study. pattern 1 (10 patients) was consistent with hbv-2 infection. reactivity of hbsag was confirmed by neutralization tests; the absence of other markers was also verified, included anti-hbcigm. three of the patients were classified in high risk groups and seven in the low risk groups for hepatitis b; in none of them was co-infection with hepatitis a virus (hav) detected. ... | 1995 | 8532922 |
| role of the pyrimidine-rich tract on the translation of 'chimeric' polio-hepatitis a mrnas with engineered 5'-terminal untranslated regions. | the 5'-terminal untranslated region (5'-utr) of picornavirus rna contains a series of cis-acting elements required for the internal initiation of translation, including a pyrimidine-rich tract (prt), which in entero- and rhinoviruses is located about 20 nts upstream from a silent aug triplet in the vicinity of the translation initiation site. in hepatitis a virus (hav) rna, the prt is only 12 nts upstream from the legitimate aug initiation codon, and a second, longer prt in a region far removed ... | 1995 | 8533464 |