| identification and molecular characterization of two acetylcholinesterases from the salmon louse, lepeophtheirus salmonis. | acetylcholinesterase (ache) is an important enzyme in cholinergic synapses. most arthropods have two genes (ace1 and ace2), but only one encodes the predominant synaptic ache, the main target for organophosphates. resistance towards organophosphates is widespread in the marine arthropod lepeophtheirus salmonis. to understand this trait, it is essential to characterize the gene(s) coding for ache(s). the full length cdna sequences encoding two aches in l. salmonis were molecularly characterized i ... | 2015 | 25938836 |
| angiotensin-converting enzymes modulate aphid-plant interactions. | angiotensin-converting enzymes (aces) are key components of the renin-angiotensin system in mammals. however, the function of ace homologs in insect saliva is unclear. aphids presumably deliver effector proteins via saliva into plant cells to maintain a compatible insect-plant interaction. in this study, we showed that ace modulates aphid-plant interactions by affecting feeding behavior and survival of aphids on host plants. three ace genes were identified from the pea aphid acyrthosiphon pisum ... | 2015 | 25744345 |
| identification and comparative analysis of subolesin/akirin ortholog from ornithodoros turicata ticks. | subolesin is an evolutionary conserved molecule in diverse arthropod species that play an important role in the regulation of genes involved in immune responses, blood digestion, reproduction and development. in this study, we have identified a subolesin ortholog from soft ticks ornithodoros turicata, the vector of the relapsing fever spirochete in the united states. | 2015 | 25889484 |
| molecular characterization of a defensin gene from a hard tick, dermacentor silvarum. | ticks are distributed worldwide and considered as vectors of many human diseases. tick defensins, a family of antimicrobial peptides, form the first line of defense against pathogens. | 2015 | 25588982 |
| r2 dynamics in triops cancriformis (bosc, 1801) (crustacea, branchiopoda, notostraca): turnover rate and 28s concerted evolution. | the r2 retrotransposon is here characterized in bisexual populations of the european crustacean triops cancriformis. the isolated element matches well with the general aspects of the r2 family and it is highly differentiated from that of the congeneric north american triops longicaudatus. the analysis of 5' truncations indicates that r2 dynamics in t. cancriformis populations show a high turnover rate as observed in drosophila simulans. for the first time in the literature, though, individuals h ... | 2010 | 20628416 |
| theileria, babesia, and anaplasma detected by pcr in ruminant herds at bié province, angola. | distribution of anaplasma spp., babesia spp., theileria spp., and ehrlichia ruminantium, was for the first time studied in bié province, central angola. we examined 76 blood samples of cattle originated from seven farms, and 13 blood samples of goats from two farms employing molecular genetic tools (pcr). most prevalent was a. ovis-infection in goats (100%) and a. marginale-infection in cattle (38% of examined animals, and six out of seven farms). b. bigemina-infection was detected in only one s ... | 0 | 23193527 |
| biocontrol of pigeon tick argas reflexus (acari: argasidae) by entomopathogenic fungus metarhizium anisopliae (ascomycota: hypocreales). | the pigeon tick argas reflexus is a pathogen-transmitting soft tick that typically feeds on pigeons, but can also attack humans causing local and systemic reactions. chemical control is made difficult due to environmental contamination and resistance development. as a result, there is much interest in increasing the role of other strategies like biological control. in this study, the efficacy of three strains (v245, 685 and 715c) of entomopathogenic fungus metarhizium anisopliae for biological c ... | 2011 | 24031777 |
| detection of rickettsia parkeri from within piura, peru, and the first reported presence of candidatus rickettsia andeanae in the tick rhipicephalus sanguineus. | domestic farm animals (n=145) were sampled for the presence of ectoparasites in northwestern peru during march, 2008. ninety domestic animals (62%) were positive for the presence of an ectoparasite(s) and produced a total collection of the following: 728 ticks [amblyomma maculatum, anocentor nitens, rhipicephalus (boophilus) microplus, rhipicephalus sanguineus, and otobius megnini], 12 lice (haematopinus suis), and 3 fleas (ctenocephalides felis). a rickettsia genus-specific qpcr assay was perfo ... | 2013 | 23488453 |
| the genome of the crustacean parhyale hawaiensis, a model for animal development, regeneration, immunity and lignocellulose digestion. | the amphipod crustacean parhyale hawaiensis is a blossoming model system for studies of developmental mechanisms and more recently regeneration. we have sequenced the genome allowing annotation of all key signaling pathways, transcription factors, and non-coding rnas that will enhance ongoing functional studies. parhyale is a member of the malacostraca clade, which includes crustacean food crop species. we analysed the immunity related genes of parhyale as an important comparative system for the ... | 2016 | 27849518 |
| saliva of rhipicephalus (boophilus) microplus (acari: ixodidae) inhibits classical and alternative complement pathways. | rhipicephalus (boophilus) microplus is the main ectoparasite affecting livestock worldwide. for a successful parasitism, ticks need to evade several immune responses of their hosts, including the activation of the complement system. in spite of the importance of r. microplus, previous work only identified one salivary molecule that blocks the complement system. the current study describes complement inhibitory activities induced by r. microplus salivary components and mechanisms elicited by puta ... | 2016 | 27515662 |
| molecular identification of anaplasma marginale in two autochthonous south american wild species revealed an identical new genotype and its phylogenetic relationship with those of bovines. | anaplasma marginale is a well-known cattle pathogen of tropical and subtropical world regions. even though, this obligate intracellular bacterium has been reported in other host species different than bovine, it has never been documented in myrmecophaga tridactyla (giant anteater) or hippocamelus antisense (taruca), which are two native endangered species. | 2016 | 27229471 |
| molecular epidemiology of theileria equi in horses and their association with possible tick vectors in the state of rio de janeiro, brazil. | the aim of this study was to detect theileria equi (laveran 1901) dna in horses and ticks using real-time pcr and to list the factors associated with infection in animals located in the seropedica and petropolis municipalities of the state of rio de janeiro. we tested blood samples from 314 horses and samples from 300 ticks, including 191 amblyomma cajennense, 104 dermacentor nitens, and 5 ixodida larvae. factors inherent to the horse, the ownership, and animal management were obtained from an e ... | 2013 | 23474658 |
| comparative genomic analysis and phylogenetic position of theileria equi. | transmission of arthropod-borne apicomplexan parasites that cause disease and result in death or persistent infection represents a major challenge to global human and animal health. first described in 1901 as piroplasma equi, this re-emergent apicomplexan parasite was renamed babesia equi and subsequently theileria equi, reflecting an uncertain taxonomy. understanding mechanisms by which apicomplexan parasites evade immune or chemotherapeutic elimination is required for development of effective ... | 2012 | 23137308 |
| ehrlichia ruminantium infects rhipicephalus microplus in west africa. | the invasion of west africa by rhipicephalus microplus during the past decade has changed the ecological situation of the agent of heartwater ehrlichia ruminantium in this area. before, its local vector, amblyomma variegatum, was the most abundant tick species found on livestock. today, the abundance of the r. microplus is one magnitude higher than that of a. variegatum in many west-african localities. we investigated the potential of this new ecological situation to impact the circulation of e. ... | 2016 | 27334439 |
| the venomous cocktail of the vampire snail colubraria reticulata (mollusca, gastropoda). | hematophagy arose independently multiple times during metazoan evolution, with several lineages of vampire animals particularly diversified in invertebrates. however, the biochemistry of hematophagy has been studied in a few species of direct medical interest and is still underdeveloped in most invertebrates, as in general is the study of venom toxins. in cone snails, leeches, arthropods and snakes, the strong target specificity of venom toxins uniquely aligns them to industrial and academic pur ... | 2015 | 26054852 |
| in vitro acaricidal activity of atropa belladonna and its components, scopolamine and atropine, against rhipicephalus (boophilus) microplus. | in vitro efficacy of methanolic extract of atropa belladonna and its components scopolamine and atropine was assessed against rhipicephalus (boophilus) microplus. five concentrations of the extract (1.25%, 2.5%, 5%, 10%, and 20%) were used whereas scopolamine and atropine were each tested at 0.1%. in adult immersion test, the extract was lethal to ticks at 20% concentration. the lc50 and lc95 values were determined as 6.875% and 17.306%, respectively. the extract caused a significant reduction ( ... | 2014 | 25516877 |
| first molecular detection of rickettsia africae in ticks from the union of the comoros. | rickettsia africae is the agent of african tick bite fever, a disease transmitted by ticks in sub-saharan africa. in union of the comoros, a recent study reported the presence of a rickettsia africae vector but no information has been provided on the circulation of the pathogenic agent in this country. | 2014 | 25245895 |
| new data regarding distribution of cattle ticks in the south-western indian ocean islands. | recent studies have produced new insight into the origin and distribution of some cattle ticks in the south-western indian ocean islands. rhipicephalus appendiculatus, introduced from tanzania in 2002, is now well established on grande comore but has not yet reached the other islands of the archipelago (mohéli, anjouan and mayotte). only one of the two clades identified in africa has settled so far. amblyomma variegatum, which was not supposed to be able to persist in the antananarivo region (13 ... | 2013 | 24016261 |
| simukunin from the salivary glands of the black fly simulium vittatum inhibits enzymes that regulate clotting and inflammatory responses. | black flies (diptera: simuliidae) feed on blood, and are important vectors of onchocerca volvulus, the etiolytic agent of river blindness. blood feeding depends on pharmacological properties of saliva, including anticoagulation, but the molecules responsible for this activity have not been well characterized. | 2012 | 22383955 |
| thrombin inhibitors from different animals. | venous and arterial thromboembolic diseases are still the most frequent causes of death and disability in high-income countries. clinical anticoagulants are inhibitors of enzymes involved in the coagulation pathway, such as thrombin and factor x(a). thrombin is a key enzyme of blood coagulation system, activating the platelets, converting the fibrinogen to the fibrin net, and amplifying its self-generation by the activation of factors v, viii, and xi. thrombin has long been a target for the deve ... | 2010 | 20976270 |
| evasins: therapeutic potential of a new family of chemokine-binding proteins from ticks. | blood-sucking parasites, such as ticks, remain attached to their hosts for relatively long periods of time in order to obtain their blood meal without eliciting an immune response. one mechanism used to avoid rejection is the inhibition of the recruitment of immune cells, which can be achieved by a class of chemokine-binding proteins (ckbps) known as evasins. we have identified three distinct evasins produced by the salivary glands of the common brown dog tick, rhipicephalus sanguineus. they dis ... | 2016 | 27375615 |
| deep sequencing analysis of the ixodes ricinus haemocytome. | ixodes ricinus is the main tick vector of the microbes that cause lyme disease and tick-borne encephalitis in europe. pathogens transmitted by ticks have to overcome innate immunity barriers present in tick tissues, including midgut, salivary glands epithelia and the hemocoel. molecularly, invertebrate immunity is initiated when pathogen recognition molecules trigger serum or cellular signalling cascades leading to the production of antimicrobials, pathogen opsonization and phagocytosis. we pres ... | 2015 | 25970599 |
| tissue- and time-dependent transcription in ixodes ricinus salivary glands and midguts when blood feeding on the vertebrate host. | ixodes ricinus is a tick that transmits the pathogens of lyme and several arboviral diseases. pathogens invade the tick midgut, disseminate through the hemolymph, and are transmitted to the vertebrate host via the salivary glands; subverting these processes could be used to interrupt pathogen transfer. here, we use massive de novo sequencing to characterize the transcriptional dynamics of the salivary and midgut tissues of nymphal and adult i. ricinus at various time points after attachment on t ... | 2015 | 25765539 |
| rhipicephalus microplus serine protease inhibitor family: annotation, expression and functional characterisation assessment. | rhipicephalus (boophilus) microplus evades the host's haemostatic system through a complex protein array secreted into tick saliva. serine protease inhibitors (serpins) conform an important component of saliva which are represented by a large protease inhibitor family in ixodidae. these secreted and non-secreted inhibitors modulate diverse and essential proteases involved in different physiological processes. | 2015 | 25564202 |
| functional characterisation of a nicotinic acetylcholine receptor α subunit from the brown dog tick, rhipicephalus sanguineus. | ticks and tick-borne diseases have a major impact on human and animal health worldwide. current control strategies rely heavily on the use of chemical acaricides, most of which target the cns and with increasing resistance, new drugs are urgently needed. nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nachrs) are targets of highly successful insecticides. we isolated a full-length nachr α subunit from a normalised cdna library from the synganglion (brain) of the brown dog tick, rhipicephalus sanguineus. phyl ... | 2013 | 24291321 |
| an insight into the microbiome of the amblyomma maculatum (acari: ixodidae). | the aim of this study was to survey the bacterial diversity of amblyomma maculatum koch, 1844, and characterize its infection with rickettsia parkeri. pyrosequencing of the bacterial 16s rrna was used to determine the total bacterial population in a. maculatum. pyrosequencing analysis identified rickettsia in a. maculatum midguts, salivary glands, and saliva, which indicates successful trafficking in the arthropod vector. the identity of rickettsia spp. was determined based on sequencing the ric ... | 0 | 24605461 |
| insecticide and repellent mixture pour-on protects cattle against animal trypanosomosis. | african animal trypanosomosis (aat), transmitted by tsetse flies and tick-borne diseases are the main constraints to livestock production in sub-saharan africa. vector control methods such as pour-on offer individual protection against ticks but not against tsetse so far, for which protection has always been communal, through a reduction of their density. the latter requires the treatment of a large part of the herd in a given landscape and is not instantaneous. | 2016 | 28027324 |
| occurrence of ticks in cattle in the new pastoral farming areas in rufiji district, tanzania. | ticks and tick-borne diseases plus trypanosomosis are a constraint to cattle rearing in tanzania. rufiji district was not known for important ticks infesting cattle because inhabitants were not engaged in keeping livestock. not only has settlement of pastoralists and cattle in rufiji increased the number of cattle but also cattle have been the source of bringing in and spreading of ticks. this study investigated tick species that have been introduced and managed to establish themselves in the ne ... | 2016 | 27990463 |
| paralog analyses reveal gene duplication events and genes under positive selection in ixodes scapularis and other ixodid ticks. | hard ticks (family ixodidae) are obligatory hematophagous ectoparasites of worldwide medical and veterinary importance. the haploid genomes of multiple species of ixodid ticks exceed 1 gbp, prompting questions regarding gene, segmental and whole genome duplication in this phyletic group. the availability of the genome assembly for the black legged tick, ixodes scapularis, and transcriptome datasets for multiple species of ticks offers an opportunity to assess the contribution of gene duplication ... | 2016 | 26984180 |
| community structure, seasonal variations and interactions between native and invasive cattle tick species in benin and burkina faso. | the variation of tick abundance on ruminants had received little attention in west africa before rhipicephalus (boophilus) microplus started to invade this region in the early 2000s. ten years later, r. microplus was suspected to have replaced the native ticks. in addition to testing this hypothesis, this study investigated the interactions between native and invasive ticks and the relative role of climatic and geographical variables in the variations of tick community composition (beta diversit ... | 2016 | 26819238 |
| development of a generic ehrlichia fret-qpcr and investigation of ehrlichioses in domestic ruminants on five caribbean islands. | the ehrlichia are obligate intracellular gram-negative tick-borne bacteria that are important human and animal pathogens. there is a need for assays to rapidly and reliably detect and differentiate the five generally recognized species into groups in a single reaction: e. canis, e. chaffeensis, e. ewingii, e. muris and e. ruminantium. | 2015 | 26438311 |
| laboratory evaluation of efficacy and persistence of a 1% w/w fipronil pour-on formulation (topline®) against glossina palpalis gambiensis, diptera: glossinidae. | one zebu bull of 365 kg live weight was treated along the back line with 36 ml of fipronil as a pour-on formulation. long-lasting mortalities of glossina palpalis gambiensis were recorded despite exposure to sunlight and regular rinsing with 50 l of water during the following 5 months. significantly higher mortalities were still observed even 140, 170 and 190 days after treatment following their triple releases or triple feeding of caged tsetse on the treated bull. mortalities of 70, 80 and 44%, ... | 2015 | 25944739 |
| in vitro effect of the ethanolic extract of tephrosia vogelii on rhipicephalus sanguineus in abomey-calavi. | ticks are vectors of several diseases, of which many are zoonosis transmissible to humans. the use of tephrosia leafs' extract as a low cost acaricide is spreading among farmers in central kenya. | 0 | 26101758 |
| tick-borne haemoparasites in african buffalo (syncerus caffer) from two wildlife areas in northern botswana. | the african buffalo (syncerus caffer) is a host for many pathogens known to cause economically important diseases and is often considered an important reservoir for livestock diseases. theileriosis, heartwater, babesiosis and anaplasmosis are considered the most important tick-borne diseases of livestock in sub-saharan africa, resulting in extensive economic losses to livestock farmers in endemic areas. information on the distribution of tick-borne diseases and ticks is scarce in northern botswa ... | 2015 | 25589064 |
| influence of the biotope on the tick infestation of cattle and on the tick-borne pathogen repertoire of cattle ticks in ethiopia. | the majority of vector-borne infections occur in the tropics, including africa, but molecular eco-epidemiological studies are seldom reported from these regions. in particular, most previously published data on ticks in ethiopia focus on species distribution, and only a few molecular studies on the occurrence of tick-borne pathogens or on ecological factors influencing these. the present study was undertaken to evaluate, if ticks collected from cattle in different ethiopian biotopes harbour (had ... | 2014 | 25248165 |
| identification of rhipicephalus microplus genes that modulate the infection rate of the rickettsia anaplasma marginale. | arthropod vectors transmit a diversity of animal and human pathogens, ranging from rna viruses to protozoal parasites. chemotherapeutic control of pathogens has classically focused either on insecticides that kill the vector itself or antimicrobials for infected patients. the limitation of the former is that it targets both infected and uninfected vectors and selects for resistant populations while the latter requires prompt and accurate diagnosis. an alternative strategy is to target vector mol ... | 2014 | 24608654 |
| ixodid ticks of traditionally managed cattle in central nigeria: where rhipicephalus (boophilus) microplus does not dare (yet?). | ticks and tick-borne diseases (tbds) undermine cattle fitness and productivity in the whole of sub-saharan africa, including nigeria. the aim of this study was to document the composition of tick species, assessing the burden of infestation, in traditionally managed cattle in an area of central nigeria where acaricides have not been used historically. | 2013 | 23758913 |
| tick infestations in extensively grazed cattle and efficacy trial of high-cis cypermethrin pour-on preparation for control of ticks in mvomero district in tanzania. | this study aimed at determining the extent of tick infestations in extensively grazed cattle and assess the efficacy of ecotix® acaricide (2.5% high cis cypermethrin) in mvomero district in tanzania. a total of 1200 tanzanian short horn zebu (tshz) from two farms in two villages were qualitatively assessed for tick infestations and 40 animals (grouped in 10s from each farm) were separated in their herds and quantitatively examined to establish the tick load. the animals were grouped in treatment ... | 2012 | 23164198 |
| using the dfci gene index databases for biological discovery. | the dfci gene index web pages provide access to analyses of ests and gene sequences for nearly 114 species, as well as a number of resources derived from these. each species-specific database is presented using a common format with a home page. a variety of methods exist that allow users to search each species-specific database. methods implemented currently include nucleotide or protein sequence queries using wu-blast, text-based searches using various sequence identifiers, searches by gene, ti ... | 0 | 20205187 |
| transcriptome analysis of loxosceles laeta (araneae, sicariidae) spider venomous gland using expressed sequence tags. | the bite of spiders belonging to the genus loxosceles can induce a variety of clinical symptoms, including dermonecrosis, thrombosis, vascular leakage, haemolysis, and persistent inflammation. in order to examine the transcripts expressed in venom gland of loxosceles laeta spider and to unveil the potential of its products on cellular structure and functional aspects, we generated 3,008 expressed sequence tags (ests) from a cdna library. | 2008 | 18547439 |
| evolution and origin of merlin, the product of the neurofibromatosis type 2 (nf2) tumor-suppressor gene. | merlin, the product of the neurofibromatosis type 2 (nf2) tumor suppressor gene, belongs to the ezrin-radixin-moesin (erm) subgroup of the protein 4.1 superfamily, which links cell surface glycoproteins to the actin cytoskeleton. while merlin's functional activity has been examined in mammalian and drosophila models, little is understood about its evolution, diversity, and overall distribution among different taxa. | 2005 | 16324214 |
| cattle tick vaccine researchers join forces in catvac. | a meeting sponsored by the bill & melinda gates foundation was held at the avanti hotel, mohammedia, morocco, july 14-15, 2015. the meeting resulted in the formation of the cattle tick vaccine consortium (catvac). | 2016 | 26911668 |
| serological and molecular diagnostic surveys combined with examining hematological profiles suggests increased levels of infection and hematological response of cattle to babesiosis infections compared to native buffaloes in egypt. | babesiosis threatens the development of the cattle and buffaloes industries in egypt and improved control is needed. the main objectives of this study are surveying the presence of bovine babesiosis in distinct selected bovine and buffalo populations in egypt using novel molecular and previously validated serological methods, while also comparing the occurrence of hematological alterations among babesia infected cattle and buffalos. | 2015 | 26062684 |
| rhipicephalus (boophilus) microplus aquaporin as an effective vaccine antigen to protect against cattle tick infestations. | vaccination as a control method against the cattle tick, rhipicephalus (boophilus) microplus has been practiced since the introduction of two products in the mid-1990s. there is a need for a vaccine that could provide effective control of r. microplus in a more consistent fashion than existing products. during our transcriptome studies of r. microplus, several gene coding regions were discovered to encode proteins with significant amino acid similarity to aquaporins. | 2014 | 25306139 |
| multiple mutations in the para-sodium channel gene are associated with pyrethroid resistance in rhipicephalus microplus from the united states and mexico. | acaricide resistant rhipicephalus microplus populations have become a major problem for many cattle producing areas of the world. pyrethroid resistance in arthropods is typically associated with mutations in domains i, ii, iii, and iv of voltage-gated sodium channel genes. in r. microplus, known resistance mutations include a domain ii change (c190a) in populations from australia, africa, and south america and a domain iii mutation (t2134a) that only occurs in mexico and the u.s. | 2014 | 25266983 |
| modeling the impact of climate and landscape on the efficacy of white tailed deer vaccination for cattle tick control in northeastern mexico. | cattle ticks are distributed worldwide and affect animal health and livestock production. white tailed deer (wtd) sustain and spread cattle tick populations. the aim of this study was to model the efficacy of anti-tick vaccination of wtd to control tick infestations in the absence of cattle vaccination in a territory where both host species coexist and sustain cattle tick populations. agent-based models that included land cover/landscape properties (patch size, distances to patches) and climatic ... | 2014 | 25047078 |
| analysis of immunogenic relevant proteins in rhipicephalus (boophilus) annulatus tick. | considering the importance of ticks as a main group transmitting pathogen organisms, this study designed to recognize immunogenic proteins in different tissues of rhipicephalus (boophilus) annulatus tick and to find out if there are common proteins in these tissues. | 2012 | 23293777 |
| in-vitro assessment of the acaricidal properties of artemisia annua and zataria multiflora essential oils to control cattle ticks. | the aim of this study was to investigate the 'acaricidal effect' of zataria multiflora and artemisia annua essential oils on rhipicephalus (boophilus) annulatus. | 0 | 22347275 |
| an aspartic protease of the scabies mite sarcoptes scabiei is involved in the digestion of host skin and blood macromolecules. | scabies is a disease of worldwide significance, causing considerable morbidity in both humans and other animals. the scabies mite sarcoptes scabiei burrows into the skin of its host, obtaining nutrition from host skin and blood. aspartic proteases mediate a range of diverse and essential physiological functions such as tissue invasion and migration, digestion, moulting and reproduction in a number of parasitic organisms. we investigated whether aspartic proteases may play role in scabies mite di ... | 2013 | 24244770 |
| why so many unknown genes? partitioning orphans from a representative transcriptome of the lone star tick amblyomma americanum. | genomic resources within the phylum arthropoda are largely limited to the true insects but are beginning to include unexplored subphyla, such as the crustacea and chelicerata. investigations of these understudied taxa uncover high frequencies of orphan genes, which lack detectable sequence homology to genes in pre-existing databases. the ticks (acari: chelicerata) are one such understudied taxon for which genomic resources are urgently needed. ticks are obligate blood-feeders that vector major d ... | 2013 | 23445305 |
| probing neuropeptide signaling at the organ and cellular domains via imaging mass spectrometry. | imaging mass spectrometry (ims) has evolved to be a promising technology due to its ability to detect a broad mass range of molecular species and create density maps for selected compounds. it is currently one of the most useful techniques to determine the spatial distribution of neuropeptides in cells and tissues. although ims is conceptually simple, sample preparation steps, mass analyzers, and software suites are just a few of the factors that contribute to the successful design of a neuropep ... | 2012 | 22465716 |
| reverse genetics system for severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome virus. | severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome virus (sftsv) is an emerging tick-borne pathogen that was first reported in china in 2009. phylogenetic analysis of the viral genome showed that sfts virus represents a new lineage within the phlebovirus genus, distinct from the existing sandfly fever and uukuniemi virus groups, in the family bunyaviridae. sfts disease is characterized by gastrointestinal symptoms, chills, joint pain, myalgia, thrombocytopenia, leukocytopenia, and some hemorrhagic mani ... | 2014 | 25552716 |
| evaluation and comparison of the potential of two ferritins as anti-tick vaccines against haemaphysalis longicornis. | tick control is an essential aspect of controlling the spread of tick-borne diseases affecting humans and animals, but it presently faces several challenges. development of an anti-tick vaccine is aimed at designing cost-effective and environmentally friendly protection against ticks and tick-borne diseases as an alternative to the use of chemical acaricides. a single vaccine from the tick midgut protein bm86 is currently available for field applications, but its efficacy is limited to only some ... | 2014 | 25306467 |
| phytotherapeutic activity of euphorbia cyparissias extracts on ixodidae (acari) female ticks. | given its numerous biologically active components, euphorbiaceae has been found to be a large plant family and polyvalent with quite interesting therapeutic activity that can be studied. | 2014 | 25392580 |
| knockdown of the rhipicephalus microplus cytochrome c oxidase subunit iii gene is associated with a failure of anaplasma marginale transmission. | rhipicephalus microplus is an obligate hematophagous ectoparasite of cattle and an important biological vector of anaplasma marginale in tropical and subtropical regions. the primary determinants for a. marginale transmission are infection of the tick gut, followed by infection of salivary glands. transmission of a. marginale to cattle occurs via infected saliva delivered during tick feeding. interference in colonization of either the tick gut or salivary glands can affect transmission of a. mar ... | 2014 | 24878588 |
| proteomic analysis of cattle tick rhipicephalus (boophilus) microplus saliva: a comparison between partially and fully engorged females. | the cattle tick rhipicephalus (boophilus) microplus is one of the most harmful parasites affecting bovines. similarly to other hematophagous ectoparasites, r. microplus saliva contains a collection of bioactive compounds that inhibit host defenses against tick feeding activity. thus, the study of tick salivary components offers opportunities for the development of immunological based tick control methods and medicinal applications. so far, only a few proteins have been identified in cattle tick ... | 2014 | 24762651 |
| novel rickettsia raoultii strain isolated and propagated from austrian dermacentor reticulatus ticks. | continuous culture of tick cell lines has proven a valuable asset in isolating and propagating several different vector-borne pathogens, making it possible to study these microorganisms under laboratory conditions and develop serological tests to benefit public health. we describe a method for effective, cost- and labor-efficient isolation and propagation of rickettsia raoultii using generally available laboratory equipment and rhipicephalus microplus cells, further demonstrating the usefulness ... | 2016 | 27809928 |
| in vitro effect of seven essential oils on the reproduction of the cattle tick rhipicephalus microplus. | the acaricidal effect of seven essential oils was examined in vitro against the cattle tick (rhipicephalus microplus). engorged female ticks were manually collected in farms of southern brazil and placed into petri dishes (n = 10) in order to test the following oils: juniper (juniperus communis), palmarosa (cymbopogon martinii), cedar (cedrus atlantica), lemon grass (cymbopogon citratus), ginger (zingiber officinale), geranium (pelargonium graveolens) and bergamot (citrus aurantium var bergamia) ... | 2016 | 27857849 |
| evaluation of the in vitro expression of atp binding-cassette (abc) proteins in an ixodes ricinus cell line exposed to ivermectin. | ticks are among the most important vectors of pathogens causing human and animal disease. acaricides are used to control tick infestation, although there are increasing reports of resistance. recently, over-expression of atp-binding cassette (abc) transporter proteins (p-glycoproteins, pgp) has been implicated in resistance to the acaricide ivermectin in the ticks rhipicephalus (boophilus) microplus and rhipicephalus sanguineus sensu lato. ixodid tick cell lines have been used to investigate dru ... | 2016 | 27090214 |
| acquisition of exogenous haem is essential for tick reproduction. | haem and iron homeostasis in most eukaryotic cells is based on a balanced flux between haem biosynthesis and haem oxygenase-mediated degradation. unlike most eukaryotes, ticks possess an incomplete haem biosynthetic pathway and, together with other (non-haematophagous) mites, lack a gene encoding haem oxygenase. we demonstrated, by membrane feeding, that ticks do not acquire bioavailable iron from haemoglobin-derived haem. however, ticks require dietary haemoglobin as an exogenous source of haem ... | 2016 | 26949258 |
| targeted silencing of the aquaporin 2 gene of rhipicephalus (boophilus) microplus reduces tick fitness. | ticks are blood-feeding arthropods that can affect human and animal health both directly by blood-feeding and indirectly by transmitting pathogens. the cattle tick rhipicephalus (boophilus) microplus is one of the most economically important ectoparasites of bovines worldwide and it is responsible for the transmission of the protozoan babesia bovis, the etiological agent of bovine babesiosis. aquaporins (aqps) are water channel proteins implicated in physiological mechanisms of osmoregulation. m ... | 2015 | 26626727 |
| recent advances in single-cell maldi mass spectrometry imaging and potential clinical impact. | single-cell analysis is gaining popularity in the field of mass spectrometry as a method for analyzing protein and peptide content in cells. the spatial resolution of maldi mass spectrometry (ms) imaging is by a large extent limited by the laser focal diameter and the displacement of analytes during matrix deposition. owing to recent advancements in both laser optics and matrix deposition methods, spatial resolution on the order of a single eukaryotic cell is now achievable by maldi ms imaging. ... | 0 | 21999830 |
| parasite infection of public databases: a data mining approach to identify apicomplexan contaminations in animal genome and transcriptome assemblies. | contaminations from various exogenous sources are a common problem in next-generation sequencing. another possible source of contaminating dna are endogenous parasites. on the one hand, undiscovered contaminations of animal sequence assemblies may lead to erroneous interpretation of data; on the other hand, when identified, parasite-derived sequences may provide a valuable source of information. | 2017 | 28103801 |
| borrelia miyamotoi disease: neither lyme disease nor relapsing fever. | borrelia miyamotoi disease (bmd) is a newly recognized borreliosis globally transmitted by ticks of the ixodes persulcatus species complex. once considered to be a tick symbiont with no public health implications, b miyamotoi is increasingly recognized as the agent of a nonspecific febrile illness often misdiagnosed as acute lyme disease without rash, or as ehrlichiosis. the frequency of its diagnosis in the northeastern united states is similar to that of human granulocytic ehrlichiosis. a diag ... | 2015 | 26593262 |
| antihistamine response: a dynamically refined function at the host-tick interface. | ticks counteract host inflammatory responses by secreting proteins from their saliva that compete for histamine binding. among these tick salivary proteins are lipocalins, antiparallel beta-barrel proteins that sequester small molecules. a tick salivary lipocalin has been structurally resolved and experimentally shown to efficiently compete for histamine with its native receptor (e.g., h1 histamine receptor). to date, molecular dynamics simulations focus on protein-protein and protein-ligand int ... | 2014 | 25358914 |
| anaplasma phagocytophilum infection in domestic animals in ten provinces/cities of china. | a nationwide epidemiologic investigation of domestic animal infections has been conducted in nine provinces and one city during 2007-2010. serum samples from a total of 707 goats, 433 cattle, and 219 dogs were collected for detecting anaplasma phagocytophilum igg antibody by immunofluorescence assays and the average seroprevalences were 10.05% for dogs, 3.82% for goats, and 0.69% for cattle, respectively. a total of 472 goats, 201 cattle, 102 dog blood clots, and 1,580 ticks were collected for p ... | 0 | 22764312 |
| anaplasma marginale: diversity, virulence, and vaccine landscape through a genomics approach. | in order to understand the genetic diversity of a. marginale, several efforts have been made around the world. this rickettsia affects a significant number of ruminants, causing bovine anaplasmosis, so the interest in its virulence and how it is transmitted have drawn interest not only from a molecular point of view but also, recently, some genomics research have been performed to elucidate genes and proteins with potential as antigens. unfortunately, so far, we still do not have a recombinant a ... | 2016 | 27610385 |
| association of anaplasma marginale strain superinfection with infection prevalence within tropical regions. | strain superinfection occurs when a second strain infects a host already infected with and having mounted an immune response to a primary strain. the incidence of superinfection with anaplasma marginale, a tick-borne rickettsial pathogen of domestic and wild ruminants, has been shown to be higher in tropical versus temperate regions. this has been attributed to the higher prevalence of infection, with consequent immunity against primary strains and thus greater selective pressure for superinfect ... | 2015 | 25793966 |
| novel immunomodulators from hard ticks selectively reprogramme human dendritic cell responses. | hard ticks subvert the immune responses of their vertebrate hosts in order to feed for much longer periods than other blood-feeding ectoparasites; this may be one reason why they transmit perhaps the greatest diversity of pathogens of any arthropod vector. tick-induced immunomodulation is mediated by salivary components, some of which neutralise elements of innate immunity or inhibit the development of adaptive immunity. as dendritic cells (dc) trigger and help to regulate adaptive immunity, the ... | 2013 | 23825947 |
| expression patterns of anaplasma marginale msp2 variants change in response to growth in cattle, and tick cells versus mammalian cells. | antigenic variation of major surface proteins is considered an immune-evasive maneuver used by pathogens as divergent as bacteria and protozoa. likewise, major surface protein 2 (msp2) of the tick-borne pathogen, anaplasma marginale, is thought to be involved in antigenic variation to evade the mammalian host immune response. however, this dynamic process also works in the tick vector in the absence of immune selection pressure. we examined msp2 variants expressed during infection of four tick a ... | 2012 | 22558307 |
| sarcoptes scabiei: genomics to proteomics to biology. | the common scabies mite, sarcoptes scabiei is a cosmopolitan parasite of humans and other mammals. an annotated genome of sarcoptes scabiei var. canis has been deposited in the national center for biotechnology information (ncbi) and vectorbase and a proteomic analysis of proteins in extracts of mite bodies and eggs from this strain has been reported. here we mined the data to identify predicted proteins that are known to be involved in specific biological processes in other animals. | 2016 | 27371026 |
| identification and evaluation of vaccine candidate antigens from the poultry red mite (dermanyssus gallinae). | an aqueous extract of the haematophagous poultry ectoparasite, dermanyssus gallinae, was subfractionated using anion exchange chromatography. six of these subfractions were used to immunise hens and the blood from these hens was fed, in vitro, to poultry red mites. mite mortality following these feeds was indicative of protective antigens in two of the subfractions, with the risks of mites dying being 3.1 and 3.7 times higher than in the control group (p<0.001). a combination of two-dimensional ... | 2015 | 26296690 |
| adrenergic ligands that block oviposition in the cattle tick rhipicephalus microplus affect ovary contraction. | the tyraminergic/octopaminergic system is central for the control of arthropod oviposition. previous works demonstrated that the pharmacological perturbation of this system inhibits oviposition in the cattle tick rhipicephalus microplus. in this work, we describe a physiologically active whole-mount preparation of the contractile tick ovary that allows the quantitative videometrical analysis of ovary contraction in response to different compounds. eight adrenergic ligands known to inhibit ovipos ... | 2015 | 26456007 |
| first detection of heartland virus (bunyaviridae: phlebovirus) from field collected arthropods. | heartland virus (hrtv), the first pathogenic phlebovirus (family: bunyaviridae) discovered in the united states, was recently described from two missouri farmers. in 2012, we collected 56,428 ticks representing three species at 12 sites including both patients' farms. amblyomma americanum and dermacentor variabilis accounted for nearly all ticks collected. ten pools composed of deplete nymphs of a. americanum collected at a patient farm and a nearby conservation area were reverse transcription-p ... | 2013 | 23878186 |
| new species of ehrlichia isolated from rhipicephalus (boophilus) microplus shows an ortholog of the e. canis major immunogenic glycoprotein gp36 with a new sequence of tandem repeats. | ehrlichia species are the etiological agents of emerging and life-threatening tick-borne human zoonoses that inflict serious and fatal infections in companion animals and livestock. the aim of this paper was to phylogeneticaly characterise a new species of ehrlichia isolated from rhipicephalus (boophilus) microplus from minas gerais, brazil. | 2012 | 23231731 |
| transcriptional profiling of the murine cutaneous response during initial and subsequent infestations with ixodes scapularis nymphs. | ixodes scapularis ticks are hematophagous arthropods capable of transmitting many infectious agents to humans. the process of blood feeding is an extended and continuous interplay between tick and host responses. while this process has been studied extensively in vitro, no global understanding of the host response to ticks has emerged. | 2012 | 22309607 |
| brown spider (loxosceles genus) venom toxins: tools for biological purposes. | venomous animals use their venoms as tools for defense or predation. these venoms are complex mixtures, mainly enriched of proteic toxins or peptides with several, and different, biological activities. in general, spider venom is rich in biologically active molecules that are useful in experimental protocols for pharmacology, biochemistry, cell biology and immunology, as well as putative tools for biotechnology and industries. spider venoms have recently garnered much attention from several rese ... | 2011 | 22069711 |
| gene-knockdown in the honey bee mite varroa destructor by a non-invasive approach: studies on a glutathione s-transferase. | the parasitic mite varroa destructor is considered the major pest of the european honey bee (apis mellifera) and responsible for declines in honey bee populations worldwide. exploiting the full potential of gene sequences becoming available for v. destructor requires adaptation of modern molecular biology approaches to this non-model organism. using a mu-class glutathione s-transferase (vdgst-mu1) as a candidate gene we investigated the feasibility of gene knockdown in v. destructor by double-st ... | 2010 | 20712880 |
| in vitro establishment and propagation of a brazilian strain of anaplasma marginale with appendage in ide8 (ixodes scapularis) cells. | a brazilian isolate of anaplasma marginale with appendage was successfully established and maintained in vitro in a tick cell line (ide8). infection was confirmed by optical and transmission electron microscopy. in addition, primers msp1anf2 and msp1anr2 amplified products from dna extracted from infected ide8 cells. comparisons with partial sequences of the msp1α gene and the complete genome of a. marginale confirmed that the sequences of amplified fragments were from the a. marginale genome. t ... | 2009 | 24031379 |
| widespread movement of invasive cattle fever ticks (rhipicephalus microplus) in southern texas leads to shared local infestations on cattle and deer. | rhipicephalus (boophilus) microplus is a highly-invasive tick that transmits the cattle parasites (babesia bovis and b. bigemina) that cause cattle fever. r. microplus and babesia are endemic in mexico and ticks persist in the united states inside a narrow tick eradication quarantine area (teqa) along the rio grande. this containment area is threatened by unregulated movements of illegal cattle and wildlife like white-tailed deer (wtd; odocoileus virginianus). | 2014 | 24742041 |
| emergence of multi-acaricide resistant rhipicephalus ticks and its implication on chemical tick control in uganda. | acaricide failure has been on the rise in the western and central cattle corridor of uganda. in this study, we identified the tick species associated with acaricide failure and determined their susceptibility to various acaricide molecules used for tick control in uganda. | 2016 | 26727991 |
| invasive potential of cattle fever ticks in the southern united states. | for >100 years cattle production in the southern united states has been threatened by cattle fever. it is caused by an invasive parasite-vector complex that includes the protozoan hemoparasites babesia bovis and b. bigemina, which are transmitted among domestic cattle via rhipicephalus tick vectors of the subgenus boophilus. in 1906 an eradication effort was started and by 1943 boophilus ticks had been confined to a narrow tick eradication quarantine area (teqa) along the texas-mexico border. ho ... | 2014 | 24742062 |
| selection and validation of reference genes for functional studies in the calliphoridae family. | the genera cochliomyia and chrysomya contain both obligate and saprophagous flies, which allows the comparison of different feeding habits between closely related species. among the different strategies for comparing these habits is the use of qpcr to investigate the expression levels of candidate genes involved in feeding behavior. to ensure an accurate measure of the levels of gene expression, it is necessary to normalize the amount of the target gene with the amount of a reference gene having ... | 2014 | 25373149 |
| tryptogalinin is a tick kunitz serine protease inhibitor with a unique intrinsic disorder. | a salivary proteome-transcriptome project on the hard tick ixodes scapularis revealed that kunitz peptides are the most abundant salivary proteins. ticks use kunitz peptides (among other salivary proteins) to combat host defense mechanisms and to obtain a blood meal. most of these kunitz peptides, however, remain functionally uncharacterized, thus limiting our knowledge about their biochemical interactions. | 2013 | 23658744 |
| vaccine efficacy of bm86 ortholog of h. a. anatolicum, rhaa86 expressed in prokaryotic expression system. | the use of tick vaccine in controlling ticks and tick borne diseases has been proved effective in integrated tick management format. for the control of h. a. anatolicum, bm86 ortholog of h. a. anatolicum was cloned and expressed as fusion protein in e. coli as e. coli-pethaa86. the molecular weight of the rhaa86 was 97 kda with a 19 kda fusion tag of thioredoxin protein. the expressed protein was characterized immunologically and vaccine efficacy was evaluated. after 120 hours of challenge, only ... | 2010 | 20721331 |
| dynamic evolution of immune system regulators: the history of the interferon regulatory factor family. | this manuscript presents the first extensive phylogenetics analysis of a key family of immune regulators, the interferon regulatory factor (irf) family. the irf family encodes transcription factors that play important roles in immune defense, stress responses, reproduction, development, and carcinogenesis. several times during their evolution, the irf genes have undergone expansion and diversification. these genes were also completely lost on two separate occasions in large groups of metazoans. ... | 2009 | 19638535 |
| genetic analysis and epidemiology of crimean congo hemorrhagic fever viruses in baluchistan province of pakistan. | pakistan is considered as an endemic country for crimean-congo hemorrhagic fever with numerous outbreaks and sporadic cases reported during the past two decades. majority of cases are reported from baluchistan province with subsequent transmissions to non-endemic regions mainly through infected animals directly or via infested ticks. we hereby describe the molecular investigations of cchf cases reported during 2008 in quetta city of baluchistan province. | 2013 | 23641865 |
| efficacy of slow-release collar formulations of imidacloprid/flumethrin and deltamethrin and of spot-on formulations of fipronil/(s)-- methoprene, dinotefuran/pyriproxyfen/permethrin and (s) -methoprene/amitraz/fipronil against rhipicephalus sanguineus and ctenocephalides felis felis on dogs. | two studies evaluating the efficacy of an imidacloprid/flumethrin collar (seresto®, bayer animal health, ivp), a deltamethrin collar (scalibor®, msd, cp1), a fipronil/(s)-methoprene spot-on (frontline combo®, merial, cp2), a dinotefuran/pyriproxyfen/permethrin spot-on (vectra 3d®, ceva, cp3) and an amitraz/fipronil/(s)-methoprene spot-on (certifect®, merial, cp4/cp5) against repeated infestations with rhipicephalus sanguineus and ctenocephalides felis felis on dogs were conducted over periods of ... | 2012 | 22520338 |
| anthelmintic effect of bacillus thuringiensis strains against the gill fish trematode centrocestus formosanus. | parasitic agents, such as helminths, are the most important biotic factors affecting aquaculture, and the fluke centrocestus formosanus is considered to be highly pathogenic in various fish species. there have been efforts to control this parasite with chemical helminthicides, but these efforts have had unsuccessful results. we evaluated the anthelmintic effect of 37 strains of bacillus thuringiensis against c. formosanus metacercariae in vitro using two concentrations of total protein, and only ... | 2016 | 27294137 |
| development of a pan-babesia fret-qpcr and a survey of livestock from five caribbean islands. | babesia spp. are tick-borne protozoan hemoparasites and the second most common blood-borne parasites of mammals, in particular domestic animals. we used the clustal multiple alignment program and 18s rrna gene sequences of 22 babesia species from genbank to develop a pcr that could detect a wide variety of babesia spp. in a single reaction. the pan-babesia fret-qpcr we developed reliably detected b. gibsoni, b. canis, b. vogeli, b. microti, b. bovis, and b. divergens under controlled conditions ... | 2015 | 26423577 |
| characterisation of dermanyssus gallinae glutathione s-transferases and their potential as acaricide detoxification proteins. | glutathione s-transferases (gsts) facilitate detoxification of drugs by catalysing the conjugation of the reduced glutathione (gsh) to electrophilic xenobiotic substrates and therefore have a function in multi-drug resistance. as a result, knowledge of gsts can inform both drug resistance in, and novel interventions for, the control of endo- and ectoparasite species. acaricide resistance and the need for novel control methods are both pressing needs for dermanyssus gallinae, a highly economicall ... | 2015 | 26112960 |
| general properties and phylogenetic utilities of nuclear ribosomal dna and mitochondrial dna commonly used in molecular systematics. | to choose one or more appropriate molecular markers or gene regions for resolving a particular systematic question among the organisms at a certain categorical level is still a very difficult process. the primary goal of this review, therefore, is to provide a theoretical information in choosing one or more molecular markers or gene regions by illustrating general properties and phylogenetic utilities of nuclear ribosomal dna (rdna) and mitochondrial dna (mtdna) that have been most commonly used ... | 0 | 10634037 |
| high quality draft genome sequence and description of occidentia massiliensis gen. nov., sp. nov., a new member of the family rickettsiaceae. | the family rickettsiaceae currently includes two genera: orientia that contains one species, orientia tsutsugamushi, and rickettsia that contains 28 species. occidentia massiliensis gen. nov., sp. nov. strain os118(t) is the type strain of o. massiliensis gen. nov., sp. nov., the type species of the new genus occidentia gen. nov. within the family rickettsiaceae. this strain, whose genome is described here, was isolated in france from the soft tick ornithodoros sonrai collected in senegal. o. ma ... | 2014 | 25780502 |
| haemaphysalis longicornis ticks as reservoir and vector of severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome virus in china. | severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome (sfts) is an emerging hemorrhagic fever in east asia caused by sfts virus (sftsv), a newly discovered phlebovirus. the haemaphysalis longicornis tick has been suspected to be the vector of sftsv. to determine whether sftsv can be transmitted among ticks, from ticks to animals, and from animals to ticks, we conducted transmission studies between developmental stages of h. longicornis ticks and between ticks and mice. using reverse transcription pcr, we ... | 0 | 26402039 |
| severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome in japan and public health communication. | a fatal case of severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome was reported in japan in 2013. the ensuing process of public communication offers lessons on how to balance public health needs with patient privacy and highlights the importance of multilateral collaborations between scientific and political communities. | 0 | 25695132 |
| the role of dmcatd, a cathepsin d-like peptidase, and acid phosphatase in the process of follicular atresia in dipetalogaster maxima (hemiptera: reduviidae), a vector of chagas' disease. | in this work, we have investigated the involvement of dmcatd, a cathepsin d-like peptidase, and acid phosphatase in the process of follicular atresia of dipetalogaster maxima, a hematophagous insect vector of chagas' disease. for the studies, fat bodies, ovaries and hemolymph were sampled from anautogenous females at representative days of the reproductive cycle: pre-vitellogenesis, vitellogenesis as well as early and late atresia. real time pcr (qpcr) and western blot assays showed that dmcatd ... | 2015 | 26091289 |
| transcriptomic responses to emamectin benzoate in pacific and atlantic canada salmon lice lepeophtheirus salmonis with differing levels of drug resistance. | salmon lice lepeophtheirus salmonis are an ecologically and economically important parasite of wild and farmed salmon. in scotland, norway, and eastern canada, l. salmonis have developed resistance to emamectin benzoate (emb), one of the few parasiticides available for salmon lice. drug resistance mechanisms can be complex, potentially differing among populations and involving multiple genes with additive effects (i.e., polygenic resistance). indicators of resistance development may enable early ... | 2014 | 25685190 |
| age and prior blood feeding of anopheles gambiae influences their susceptibility and gene expression patterns to ivermectin-containing blood meals. | ivermectin has been proposed as a novel malaria transmission control tool based on its insecticidal properties and unique route of acquisition through human blood. to maximize ivermectin's effect and identify potential resistance/tolerance mechanisms, it is important to understand its effect on mosquito physiology and potential to shift mosquito population age-structure. we therefore investigated ivermectin susceptibility and gene expression changes in several age groups of female anopheles gamb ... | 2015 | 26471037 |
| genomic identification of a putative circadian system in the cladoceran crustacean daphnia pulex. | essentially nothing is known about the molecular underpinnings of crustacean circadian clocks. the genome of daphnia pulex, the only crustacean genome available for public use, provides a unique resource for identifying putative circadian proteins in this species. here, the daphnia genome was mined for putative circadian protein genes using drosophila melanogaster queries. the sequences of core clock (e.g. clock, cycle, period, timeless and cryptochrome 2), clock input (cryptochrome 1) and clock ... | 2011 | 21798832 |
| transfected babesia bovis expressing a tick gst as a live vector vaccine. | the rhipicephalus microplus tick is a notorious blood-feeding ectoparasite of livestock, especially cattle, responsible for massive losses in animal production. it is the main vector for transmission of pathogenic bacteria and parasites, including babesia bovis, an intraerythrocytic apicomplexan protozoan parasite responsible for bovine babesiosis. this study describes the development and testing of a live b. bovis vaccine expressing the protective tick antigen glutathione-s-transferase from hae ... | 2016 | 27911903 |