| intestinal parasitic infection and associated symptoms in children attending day care centres in trujillo, venezuela. | to examine the presence of intestinal protozoan and helminth infections and their association with clinical signs and symptoms in children in trujillo, venezuela. | 2003 | 12667154 |
| polyclonal fab phage display libraries with a high percentage of diverse clones to cryptosporidium parvum glycoproteins. | the protozoan parasite cryptosporidium parvum is regarded as a major public health problem world-wide, especially for immunocompromised individuals. although no effective therapy is presently available, specific immune responses prevent or terminate cryptosporidiosis and passively administered antibodies have been found to reduce the severity of infection. therefore, as an immunotherapeutic approach against cryptosporidiosis, we set out to develop c. parvum-specific polyclonal antibody libraries ... | 2003 | 12670513 |
| cryptosporidiosis associated with animal contacts. | transmission of cryptosporidium sp. within the general public was studied. we were looking for a possible risk of infection associated with animal contacts. investigation of the animal contacts of affected individuals led to the formulation of the hypothesis that animals are a source of cryptosporidiosis. the research was done in the region of ljubljana, an area with 587,000 inhabitants during a period of three years. stool specimens of 338 persons with acute enteric diseases were positive for c ... | 2003 | 12674690 |
| effect of particles on the recovery of cryptosporidium oocysts from source water samples of various turbidities. | cryptosporidium parvum can be found in both source and drinking water and has been reported to cause serious waterborne outbreaks which threaten public health safety. the u.s. environmental protection agency has developed method 1622 for detection of cryptosporidium oocysts present in water. method 1622 involves four key processing steps: filtration, immunomagnetic separation (ims), fluorescent-antibody (fa) staining, and microscopic evaluation. the individual performance of each of these four s ... | 2003 | 12676662 |
| molecular analysis of the 18s rrna gene of cryptosporidium parasites from patients with or without human immunodeficiency virus infections living in kenya, malawi, brazil, the united kingdom, and vietnam. | an 840-bp fragment of the 18s rrna gene was used to identify cryptosporidium spp. recovered from human immunodeficiency virus (hiv)-infected and -uninfected patients from kenya, malawi, brazil, the united kingdom, and vietnam. initial identification was by ziehl-neelsen acid-fast staining. confirmation was by nested pcr, targeting the most polymorphic region of the 18s rrna gene. genotyping was by restriction endonuclease digestion of the pcr product followed by nucleotide sequencing. among 63 i ... | 2003 | 12682130 |
| faecal contamination of greywater and associated microbial risks. | the faecal contamination of greywater in a local treatment system at vibyåsen, north of stockholm, sweden was quantified using faecal indicator bacteria and chemical biomarkers. bacterial indicator densities overestimated the faecal load by 100-1000-fold when compared to chemical biomarkers. based on measured levels of coprostanol, the faecal load was estimated to be 0.04 g person(-1) day(-1). prevalence of pathogens in the population and the faecal load were used to form the basis of a screenin ... | 2003 | 12688699 |
| is drinking water a risk factor for endemic cryptosporidiosis? a case-control study in the immunocompetent general population of the san francisco bay area. | cryptosporidiosis, caused by cryptosporidium, is an enteric illness that has received much attention as an infection of immunocompromised persons as well as in community outbreaks (frequently waterborne). there are, however, no studies of the risk factors for sporadic community-acquired cryptosporidiosis in the immunocompetent us population. we undertook a case-control study in the san francisco bay area as part of a national study sponsored by the centers for disease control and prevention to a ... | 2003 | 12689343 |
| rapid detection of biofilms and adherent pathogens using scanning confocal laser microscopy and episcopic differential interference contrast microscopy. | knowledge of biofilm structure and function has changed significantly in the last few years due to advances in light microscopy. one pertinent example is the use of scanning confocal laser microscopy (sclm) to visualise corrosion pits caused by the biofilm mosaic footprint on corroding metal surfaces. nevertheless, sclm has some limitations as to its widespread use, including cost, inability to observe motile bacteria and eukaryotic grazers within biofilms, and difficulty to scan a curved surfac ... | 2003 | 12701914 |
| development of an immunosensor based on pressure transduction. | traditional strategies for signal transduction in immunosensors are based on piezoelectric, thermometric, electrochemical, magnetic and optical methods. the use of pressure as a signal transduction method in immunosensors has not been reported previously. an immunosensor incorporating the detection of a change in pressure as the signal-transducing mechanism was investigated. a commercially available ultra-low pressure sensor was used in conjunction with a sealed chamber to assess the feasibility ... | 2003 | 12706594 |
| nucleotide changes within three cryptosporidium parvum surface protein encoding genes differentiate genotype i from genotype ii isolates. | | 2003 | 12706801 |
| [giardiasis: a parasitic disease of continued topicality. study of prevalence among a selected adult population] | we studied the prevalence of giardia intestinalis in five patients risk groups including institutionalised psychiatric of elderly subjects, hiv-positive immunocompromised patients, immigrants from developing countries and travellers to tropical countries. stool specimens of 1319 subjects were studied. stools were collected in triplicate from each subject. the presence of bacteria, viruses and parasites was evaluated. a direct smear examination from fresh faecal specimens and after concentration ... | 2000 | 12709600 |
| reversible sclerosing cholangitis secondary to cryptosporidiosis in a renal transplant patient. | cryptosporidium parvum is a well-known cause of chronic diarrhea. in human immunodeficiency virus (hiv)-infected patients as well as in other immunocompromised patients it has also been shown to cause sclerosing cholangitis. we report a case of reversible c. parvum-induced sclerosing cholangitis in a renal transplant patient. this 40-year-old female received a renal transplant 9 years prior to presentation. she had no history of liver disease and was doing well on tacrolimus, prednisone, and aza ... | 2003 | 12713884 |
| increase of th1 type cytokine mrna expression in peripheral blood lymphocytes of calves experimentally infected with cryptosporidium parvum. | the expression of the messenger rna of interleukin-12 (il-12), interferon-gamma, interleukin-4, interleukin-6, and interleukin-10 was examined by reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction in peripheral blood lymphocytes of calves that were orally inoculated with cryptosporidium parvum oocysts. in all of the calves, gene expression of interleukin-12, interleukin-6, and interferon-gamma was observed at delivery and this expression was repressed within the next 24h. in calves inoculated with ... | 2003 | 12719145 |
| [cryptosporidiosis]. | | 2003 | 12722289 |
| a microscopic system with a dual band filter for the simultaneous enumeration of cryptosporidium parvum oocysts and sporozoites. | | 2003 | 12727266 |
| characterization of factors favoring the expression of soluble protozoan tubulin proteins in escherichia coli. | the alpha- and beta-tubulin genes of the parasitic protozoa giardia duodenalis, cryptosporidium parvum, and encephalitozoon intestinalis have been overexpressed in soluble form using escherichia coli-based expression systems. several expression systems were compared in terms of the amount of soluble protein produced with different fusion partners, strains of e. coli bl21, and expression temperatures. the cleavability of the fusion partner was also assessed in terms of post-expression application ... | 2003 | 12729732 |
| enteric pathogens and soil: a short review. | it is known that soil is a recipient of solid wastes able to contain enteric pathogens in high concentrations. although the role of soil as a reservoir of certain bacterial pathogens is not in question, recent findings show that soil may have a larger role in the transmission of enteric diseases than previously thought. many of the diseases caused by agents from soil have been well characterized, although enteric diseases and their link to soil have not been so well studied. gastrointestinal inf ... | 2003 | 12730707 |
| an immunomagnetic separation-real-time pcr method for quantification of cryptosporidium parvum in water samples. | the protozoan parasite cryptosporidium parvum is known to occur widely in both raw and drinking water and is the cause of waterborne outbreaks of gastroenteritis throughout the world. the routinely used method for the detection of cryptosporidium oocysts in water is based on an immunofluorescence assay (ifa). it is both time-consuming and nonspecific for the human pathogenic species c. parvum. we have developed a taqman polymerase chain reaction (pcr) test that accurately quantifies c. parvum oo ... | 2003 | 12732419 |
| a rapid method for identifying diversity within pcr amplicons using a heteroduplex mobility assay and synthetic polynucleotides: application to characterisation of dsrna elements associated with cryptosporidium. | a 173-bp fragment of the small extra-chromosomal double-stranded rna (dsrna) element of cryptosporidium parvum was generated by reverse transcriptase pcr from nucleic acid extracted from whole faeces of 18 epidemiologically unrelated cases of cryptosporidiosis. eleven different sequences were detected and two selected as reference dna in a heteroduplex mobility assay (hma). although sequence diversity was detected, this was difficult to characterise because of the similarity in electrophoretic m ... | 2003 | 12732426 |
| cell culture-taqman pcr assay for evaluation of cryptosporidium parvum disinfection. | cryptosporidium parvum represents a challenge to the water industry and a threat to public health. in this study, we developed a cell culture-quantitative pcr assay to evaluate the inactivation of c. parvum with disinfectants. the assay was validated by using a range of disinfectants in common use in the water industry, including low-pressure uv light (lp-uv), ozone, mixed oxidants (miox), and chlorine. the assay was demonstrated to be reliable and sensitive, with a lower detection limit of a si ... | 2003 | 12732515 |
| electrophoretic analysis of genetic variability within cryptosporidium parvum from imported and autochthonous cases of human cryptosporidiosis in the united kingdom. | cryptosporidium parvum oocyst dna samples (n = 184) from humans with cryptosporidiosis contracted during foreign travel or during outbreaks in the united kingdom were characterized genetically and categorized by single-strand conformation polymorphism (sscp)-based analysis of the small-subunit gene (pssu) (approximately 300 bp) and second internal transcribed spacer (pits-2) (approximately 230 bp) of nuclear ribosomal dna. the two recognized genotypes (types 1 and 2) of c. parvum could be readil ... | 2003 | 12732542 |
| recovery and enumeration of cryptosporidium parvum from animal fecal matrices. | accurate quantification of cryptosporidium parvum oocysts in animal fecal deposits on land is an essential starting point for estimating watershed c. parvum loads. due to the general poor performance and variable recovery efficiency of existing enumeration methods, protocols were devised based on initial dispersion of oocysts from feces by vortexing in 2 mm tetrasodium pyrophosphate, followed by immunomagnetic separation. the protocols were validated by using an internal control seed preparation ... | 2003 | 12732556 |
| giardia and cryptosporidium in pristine protected catchments in central eastern australia. | we report the first confirmed records of the pathogenic protozoa giardia lamblia and cryptosporidium parvum from small remote streams in pristine protected areas in australia, beyond the reach of urban or agricultural contamination. | 2003 | 12733790 |
| a novel multiplex polymerase chain reaction approach for detection of four human infective cryptosporidium isolates: cryptosporidium parvum, types h and c, cryptosporidium canis, and cryptosporidium felis in fecal and soil samples. | a nested multiplex polymerase chain reaction (pcr) approach was adopted for the simultaneous detection of 4 human infective genotypes of the protozoan parasite cryptosporidium. specific pcr primers were designed for the heat shock protein 70 gene of 2 genotypes of cryptosporidium parvum (human and bovine types), cryptosporidium canis, and cryptosporidium felis. these 4 genotypes have all been found in human fecal samples. the primers amplified dna fragments of specific sizes, each representing a ... | 2003 | 12735348 |
| long-lasting anticryptosporidial activity of nitazoxanide in an immunosuppressed rat model. | cryptosporidium parvum, tyzzer, 1912 is identified as a common cause of diarrhoea in immunocompetent individuals. in immunocompromised, especially hiv-infected subjects, cryptosporidiosis causes severe chronic diarrhoea. in this study, nitazoxanide (ntz) was compared for curative activity with sinefungin (snf) and paromomycin (prm) in immunosuppressed rats, a screening model for anticryptosporidial agents. ntz at either 50 mg/kg/day, 100 mg/kg/day or 200 mg/kg/day resulted in seven days in a dos ... | 2003 | 12735719 |
| comparative study of the prophylactic and therapeutic effects of paromomycin, recombinant il-12 alone or in combination against cryptosporidium parvum infection in immunosuppressed mice. | administration of paromomycin (100 mg/kg orally) for 10 days, ril-12 (0.5 ug/mouse s.c.) for 3 consecutive days or combination of both was evaluated before and after infection with c. parvum using immunosuppressed mice model. a total of 110 suckling albino mice were immunosuppressed by hydrocortisone acetate and infected with 10(6) cryptosporidium oocysts. assesment of drug efficacy was done by estimating the oocyst count in stool using modified ziehl neelsen technique, the histopathological exa ... | 2003 | 12739805 |
| nosocomial sources of cryptosporidial infection in newly admitted patients in ain shams university pediatric hospital. | cryptosporidium parvum has a world wide distribution. numerous nosocomial outbreaks of cryptosporidiosis have occurred, also numerous well documented water born outbreaks have occurred. the present study included 104 patients and 27 contacts, both were subjected to stool examination by mzn stain. elisa for detection of cryptosporidium ag in stool was further carried out for the patients developing diarrhea after admission (12), patients admitted with diarrhea (17), and for contacts. twenty four ... | 2003 | 12739810 |
| effect of aerobic and anaerobic digestion on the viability of cryptosporidium parvum oocysts and ascaris suum eggs. | the viability of cryptosporidium parvum oocysts and ascaris suum eggs inoculated into aerobic and anaerobic digesters was measured. the digesters were maintained at 37 degrees c, 47 degrees c, and 55 degrees c, with 10-day detention times. eggs and oocysts were added to each digester in a single spike or in chambers placed in the digesters for varying periods. oocysts were inactivated very rapidly in all systems as determined by a dye permeability assay, > 99% inactivated after 10 days at 37 deg ... | 2003 | 12745337 |
| a theoretical approach to assess microbial risks due to failures in drinking water systems. | a failure in treatment or in the distribution network of a surface water-works could have serious consequences due to the variable raw water quality in combination with an extended distribution. the aim of this study was to examine the theoretical impact of incidents in the drinking water system on the annual risk of infection in a population served by a large water treatment plant in sweden. reported incidents in the system were examined and a microbial risk assessment that included three patho ... | 2003 | 12745338 |
| development of a ct equation for the inactivation of cryptosporidium oocysts with chlorine dioxide. | cryptosporidium parvum, a protozoan parasite, has been implicated in a number of waterborne disease outbreaks and is difficult to inactivate using free chlorine. it appears, however, to be inactivated more easily by other oxidants such as chlorine dioxide or ozone. a major element of the epa (us epa) strategy for controlling c. parvum (oocysts) in drinking water is the possible use of ct (concentration of disinfectant in mg/l times time in minutes) values. to support this strategy a ct equation, ... | 2003 | 12753856 |
| environmental dispersal of cryptosporidium parvum oocysts and cross transmission in cultured bivalve molluscs. | two commercially valuable mollusc species ( ostrea edulisand tapes decussatus) were experimentally contaminated with cryptosporidium parvum oocysts. a direct immunofluorescent antibody technique and inclusion/exclusion of the fluorogenic vital dye propidium iodide were used to test for the presence and viability of the oocysts, showing that transmission of contamination occurred between coexisting species. there was a decrease in the viability of oocysts in the initially uncontaminated molluscs ... | 2003 | 12756549 |
| role of murine intestinal intraepithelial lymphocytes and lamina propria lymphocytes against primary and challenge infections with cryptosporidium parvum. | to investigate the role of intestinal lamina propria lymphocytes (lpl) and intraepithelial lymphocytes (iel) in controlling cryptosporidium parvum infection, changes in their phenotypes and functional properties were studied after induction of primary and challenge infections in immunocompetent mice. as shown by oocyst-shedding patterns, the challenge-infected group recovered more rapidly from infection than did the primary-infected group. in lpl, proportions of activated cd4+, cd25+, igg1+, iga ... | 2003 | 12760640 |
| recombinant bovine herpesvirus-1 expressing p23 protein of cryptosporidium parvum induces neutralizing antibodies in rabbits. | in order to develop a vaccine against cryptosporidiosis in cattle, we constructed a recombinant bovine herpesvirus-1 (bhv-1) expressing an immunodominant surface protein, p23, of cryptosporidium parvum sporozoites. in the recombinant virus, the p23 gene under the control of a cag promoter and a gene coding for an enhanced green fluorescent protein were integrated into the gg gene of bhv-1. despite a low frequency of homologous recombination, cloning of the recombinants was easy because of the sp ... | 2003 | 12760641 |
| cryptosporidium parvum infection in gene-targeted b cell-deficient mice. | the importance of b cells in host resistance to, and recovery from, cryptosporidium parvum infection was examined in gene-targeted b cell-deficient (mumt-/-) mice. neonatal mumt-/- mice infected with c. parvum at 5 days of age completely cleared the infection by day 20 pi. the kinetics of infection and clearance were similar to those seen with age-matched c57bl/6 control mice. furthermore, b cells were not required to clear existing c. parvum infection in adult mice. reconstitution of persistent ... | 2003 | 12760662 |
| polymerase chain reaction for the detection of cryptosporidium spp. in cat feces. | the objective of this study was to compare a polymerase chain reaction (pcr) assay and a monoclonal antibody-based immunofluorescence assay (ifa) for detection of cryptosporidium parvum in cat feces. eight c. parvum-naive dsh cats were orally inoculated with 1 x 10(6) oocysts of a c. parvum human isolate. fecal samples were collected before inoculation, daily for the next 30 days, and twice weekly until day 85. methylprednisolone acetate was administered at 20 mg/kg i.m. on days 85, 92, and 99. ... | 2003 | 12760674 |
| intra-isolate variation of cryptosporidium parvum small subunit ribosomal rna genes from human hosts in england. | cryptosporidium parvum is a protozoan parasite responsible for a number of water-borne outbreaks of human gastrointestinal infection. the importance of this parasite for human health has led to several investigations into its epidemiology. in the present study, sequence and pcr-rflp analyses were performed on cloned ssu rrna genes from human and bovine c. parvum isolates. each cloned gene was assigned a genotype using asei restriction digestion profiles. although sequence heterogeneity was obser ... | 2003 | 12764612 |
| removal of viable and inactivated cryptosporidium by dual- and tri-media filtration. | the limited efficacy of disinfectants, other than ultraviolet irradiation and ozonation, as a barrier against cryptosporidium parvum in drinking water treatment has underscored the increased importance of oocyst removal by filtration. currently, no reliable surrogates have been identified for c. parvum removal by filtration. as a result, evaluations of the cryptosporidium removal by treatment operations have been performed using oocysts. it has typically been assumed that chemically inactivated ... | 2003 | 12767303 |
| preferential transport of cryptosporidium parvum oocysts in variably saturated subsurface environments. | when oocysts of the protozoan cryptosporidium parvum contaminate drinking water supplies, they can cause outbreaks of cryptosporidiosis, a common waterborne disease. of the different pathways by which oocysts can wind up in drinking water, one has received little attention to date; that is, because soils are often considered to be perfect filters, the transport of oocysts through the subsoil to groundwater is generally ignored. to evaluate the significance of this pathway, a series of laboratory ... | 2003 | 12772956 |
| prevalence and infection pattern of naturally acquired giardiasis and cryptosporidiosis in range beef calves and their dams. | the prevalence and infection pattern of naturally acquired giardiasis and cryptosporidiosis in 20 ranch raised beef calves and their dams from birth to weaning was determined. rectal fecal samples were collected from calves at 3 days of age and weekly thereafter; cows' fecal samples were collected at the time of calving, 1 week later and four times during the summer grazing period. blood samples were collected from the calves at 3 days of age to determine igg(1) concentrations. giardia lamblia c ... | 2003 | 12781473 |
| genetic diversity of cryptosporidium spp. in cattle in michigan: implications for understanding the transmission dynamics. | epidemiological and molecular data on 248 bovine, 17 human, and 16 water samples of cryptosporidium spp. collected from the lower peninsula of michigan between 1997 and 2000 were analysed. cryptosporidium parvum bovine genotype and cryptosporidium andersoni were found in 56 and four cattle samples, respectively. a total of six c. parvum subgenotypes were found in 34 bovine samples, and five of the eight farms had two or three subgenotypes in cattle. six water samples from these farms had c. ande ... | 2003 | 12783304 |
| the role of cryptosporidium parvum-derived phospholipase in intestinal epithelial cell invasion. | in the cryptosporidium parvum-infected intestinal epithelial cell, the parasite occupies an unusual extracytoplasmic location at the luminal surface, but how the invading zoites interact with the host cell to achieve this niche is poorly understood. this study examined the role of secretory phospholipase a(2) (spla(2)), a known virulence factor for several pathogenic microorganisms, in establishing c. parvum intracellularly. initially, it was established that there was spla(2) activity in homoge ... | 2003 | 12783305 |
| infectivity of cryptosporidium parvum genotype i in conventionally reared piglets and lambs. | parasites of the genus cryptosporidium are intracellular parasites that occur throughout the animal kingdom and have been reported in many species of mammals, including human. most infections in humans are caused by two c. parvum genotypes, genotype i and genotype ii; these are the human and the bovine (zoonotic) genotypes, respectively. successful experimental infection of cryptosporidium parvum genotype i "human genotype" is described in four conventionally reared piglets and in a lamb. the in ... | 2003 | 12783313 |
| molecular characterization of isolates of waterborne cryptosporidium spp. collected during an outbreak of gastroenteritis in south burgundy, france. | in september 2001, a waterborne outbreak of gastroenteritis occurred in eastern france. of 31 fecal samples from symptomatic individuals, 19 tested positive for cryptosporidium with two pcrs targeting the hsp70 and the 18s rrna genes of cryptosporidium: sequencing of the pcr fragments produced sequences identical to that of cryptosporidium parvum genotype 1. | 2003 | 12791906 |
| subgenotype analysis of cryptosporidium isolates from humans, cattle, and zoo ruminants in portugal. | cryptosporidium parvum and cryptosporidium hominis isolates from human immunodeficiency virus-infected patients, cattle, and wild ruminants were characterized by pcr and dna sequencing analysis of the 60-kda glycoprotein gene. seven alleles were identified, three corresponding to c. hominis and four corresponding to c. parvum. one new allele was found (iid), and one (iib) had only been found in portugal. isolates from cattle and wild ruminants clustered in two alleles. in contrast, human isolate ... | 2003 | 12791920 |
| cryptosporidium parvum: infectivity and pathogenicity of the 'porcine' genotype. | genetic studies have demonstrated profound differences between the 'porcine' genotype of cryptosporidium parvum, versus 'human' and 'bovine' genotypes. the study analysed infectivity and pathogenicity of the 'porcine' genotype (cpp-13 isolate) of c. parvum, and compared the results with published data on the 'bovine' genotype (cpb-0 isolate). this was investigated in calves and piglets from commercial herds. piglets were mildly affected by the cpp-13 isolate, contrary to piglets infected with th ... | 2003 | 12793644 |
| structure of the cryptosporidium parvum microneme: a metabolically and osmotically labile apicomplexan organelle. | from an em study of thin sections, the rod-like microneme organelles within conventionally glutaraldehyde fixed cryptosporidium parvum sporozoites have been shown to undergo a shape change to a more spherical structure when the sporozoites age in vitro for a period of approximately 12 to 24 h. this correlates with the shape change of intact sporozoites, from motile hence viable thin banana-shaped cells to swollen pear-shaped cells, shown by differential interference contrast light microscopy of ... | 2003 | 12801539 |
| aids-associated diarrhea and wasting in northeast brazil is associated with subtherapeutic plasma levels of antiretroviral medications and with both bovine and human subtypes of cryptosporidium parvum. | advanced hiv infection is frequently complicated by diarrhea, disruption of bowel structure and function, and malnutrition. resulting malabsorption of or pharmacokinetic changes in antiretroviral agents might lead to subtherapeutic drug dosing and treatment failure in individual patients, and could require dose adjustment and/or dietary supplements during periods of diarrheal illness. we determined the plasma levels of antiretroviral medications in patients that had already been started on medic ... | 2003 | 12807688 |
| viability and infectivity of cryptosporidium parvum oocysts detected in river water in hokkaido, japan. | the viability and infectivity of cryptosporidium parvum (c. parvum) oocysts, detected in water samples collected from river water in hokkaido, were investigated using severe combined immunodeficient (scid) mice. the water samples collected from september 27 through october 10, 2001 by filtration using cuno cartridge filters were purified and concentrated by the discontinuous centrifugal flotation method. from 1.2 x 10 (5) liters of the raw river water, approximately 2 x 10(4) oocysts were obtain ... | 2003 | 12808210 |
| in vitro and in vivo efficacy of alpha-cyclodextrin for treatment of experimental cryptosporidiosis. | the efficacy of alpha-cyclodextrin against infection by cryptosporidium parvum was evaluated using in vitro and in vivo models. cyclodextrins are water-soluble cyclic hexamers of glucose units with hydrophobic cavities capable of solubilizing lipophiles and are widely used as drug excipients in the pharmaceutical industry. the viability of purified c. parvum oocysts, exposed for 30, 60, 90, 120 min and 24h to different concentrations of alpha-cyclodextrin (2.5, 5, 7.5, 10, 12.5 and 15%), was eva ... | 2003 | 12809750 |
| indinavir reduces cryptosporidium parvum infection in both in vitro and in vivo models. | the use of highly active antiretroviral therapy in persons with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome has reduced the prevalence of infection with cryptosporidium parvum and the length and severity of its clinical course. this effect has in most cases been attributed to the recovery of the host immunity; however, some works suggest that human immunodeficiency virus protease inhibitors, indinavir in particular, which is one of the human immunodeficiency virus protease inhibitors used in highly activ ... | 2003 | 12814654 |
| an immunomagnetic separation-reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (ims-rt-pcr) test for sensitive and rapid detection of viable waterborne cryptosporidium parvum. | the public health problem posed by the waterborne parasite cryptosporidium parvum incited the water supply industry to develop very accurate analytical tools able to assess the presence of viable oocysts in drinking water. in this study, we report the development of a viability assay for c. parvum oocysts based on immunomagnetic separation and reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (ims-rt-pcr). the detection limit of the ims-rt-pcr assay, which targets the hsp70 heat shock-induced mrna ... | 2003 | 12823191 |
| inactivation and potential repair of cryptosporidium parvum following low- and medium-pressure ultraviolet irradiation. | this study investigated the level of inactivation and the potential for cryptosporidium parvum to repair following low doses (1 and 3mj/cm(2)) of ultraviolet (uv) irradiation from both low- and medium-pressure uv lamps. cryptosporidium parvum oocysts suspended in phosphate buffered saline were exposed to uv using a bench-scale collimated beam apparatus. oocyst suspensions were incubated at 5 degrees c or 25 degrees c under light and dark conditions up to 120 h (5 days) following exposure to uv i ... | 2003 | 12834745 |
| influence of surface characteristics on the stability of cryptosporidium parvum oocysts. | microelectrophoresis is a common technique for probing the surface chemistry of the cryptosporidium parvum oocyst. results of previous studies of the electrophoretic mobility of c. parvum oocysts in which microelectrophoresis was used are incongruent. in this work we demonstrated that capillary electrophoresis may also be used to probe the surface characteristics of c. parvum oocysts, and we related the surface chemistry of c. parvum oocysts to their stability in water. capillary electrophoresis ... | 2003 | 12839749 |
| optimization of a reusable hollow-fiber ultrafilter for simultaneous concentration of enteric bacteria, protozoa, and viruses from water. | the detection and identification of pathogens from water samples remain challenging due to variations in recovery rates and the cost of procedures. ultrafiltration offers the possibility to concentrate viral, bacterial, and protozoan organisms in a single process by using size-exclusion-based filtration. in this study, two hollow-fiber ultrafilters with 50,000-molecular-weight cutoffs were evaluated to concentrate microorganisms from 2- and 10-liter water samples. when known quantities (10(5) to ... | 2003 | 12839786 |
| identification of cryptosporidium spp. oocysts in united kingdom noncarbonated natural mineral waters and drinking waters by using a modified nested pcr-restriction fragment length polymorphism assay. | we describe a nested pcr-restriction fragment length polymorphism (rflp) method for detecting low densities of cryptosporidium spp. oocysts in natural mineral waters and drinking waters. oocysts were recovered from seeded 1-liter volumes of mineral water by filtration through polycarbonate membranes and from drinking waters by filtration, immunomagnetizable separation, and filter entrapment, followed by direct extraction of dna. the dna was released from polycarbonate filter-entrapped oocysts by ... | 2003 | 12839797 |
| cryptosporidium parvum invasion of biliary epithelia requires host cell tyrosine phosphorylation of cortactin via c-src. | cryptosporidium parvum invasion of epithelia requires polymerization of host cell actin at the attachment site. we analyzed the role of host cell c-src, a cytoskeleton-associated protein tyrosine kinase, in c. parvum invasion of biliary epithelia. | 2003 | 12851885 |
| substance p expression correlates with severity of diarrhea in cryptosporidiosis. | cryptosporidiosis, caused by cryptosporidium parvum, is self-limited in immunocompetent hosts but may cause chronic diarrhea in patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (aids). substance p (sp), a neuropeptide belonging to the tachykinin family, is expressed in gastrointestinal tract and can cause electrogenic chloride anion secretion. therefore, we studied sp mrna and protein expression in jejunal tissue samples of patients with aids with naturally occurring chronic cryptosporidiosis an ... | 2003 | 12854086 |
| coinfection by cryptosporidium parvum and porcine circovirus type 2 in weaned pigs. | routine histopathological diagnosis of one representative 3-month-old pig from a group suffering from diarrhoea revealed a massive degree of parasitation by cryptosporidium parvum, with a concomitant infection by porcine circovirus type 2 (pcv2), that was confirmed by immunohistochemical procedures. the areas of intestine where parasites were more numerous presented abundant pcv2 infected cells in mucosa and submucosa. the concurrence of c. parvum, a rare primary intestinal pathogen in post-wean ... | 2003 | 12864903 |
| chemical and microbiological qualities of the east river (dongjiang) water, with particular reference to drinking water supply in hong kong. | currently, about 80% of drinking water in hong kong is abstracted from the east river (dongjiang) that is located in the mainland side of china. literature records and monitoring results of 2000-2001 confirmed that the lower section of the dongjiang had been contaminated by organic and inorganic pollutants. statistical analyses showed that the increases of total cadmium, copper and zinc in the surface layer of sediment of hong kong reservoirs from 1994 to 2001 were positively correlated (signifi ... | 2003 | 12867174 |
| recovery and detection of cryptosporidium parvum oocysts from water samples using continuous flow centrifugation. | continuous flow centrifugation (cfc) was used in conjunction with immunomagnetic separation (ims) and immunofluorescence microscopy (ifa) and nested pcr to recover and detect oocysts of cryptosporidium parvum and cysts of giardia intestinalis from 10l volumes of source water samples. using a spiking dose of 100 oocysts, nine of 10 runs were positive by ifa, with a mean recovery of 4.4+/-2.27 oocysts; when another 10 runs were analyzed using nested pcr to the trap c-1 and cp41 genes, nine of 10 w ... | 2003 | 12867321 |
| effect of turbulent gas-liquid contact in a static mixer on cryptosporidium parvum oocyst inactivation by ozone. | static mixers may be used to dissolve gaseous ozone in water treatment facilities in order to provide protection against the waterborne parasite cryptosporidium parvum. the objective of this study was to determine the effect of a brief exposure to turbulent gas-liquid mixing conditions in a static mixer on inactivation of c. parvum oocysts by ozone. inactivation measured in an ozone contacting apparatus that employed a static mixer for ozone dissolution was compared to predictions based on a pre ... | 2003 | 12867328 |
| association between parasitic intestinal infections and acute or chronic diarrhoea in hiv-infected patients in caracas, venezuela. | a cross sectional survey was conducted to determine the association between enteric parasites and diarrhoea in hiv-infected adults in caracas. three hundred and four patients were evaluated: 104 had acute diarrhoea, 113 chronic diarrhoea and 87 were controls. isopora belli infection was associated with acute (p = 0.022) and chronic diarrhoea (p = 0.003), entamoeba histolytica/dispar infection was also associated with both acute (p = 0.015) and chronic diarrhoea (p = 0.017). strongyloides stercor ... | 2003 | 12869231 |
| integrated mapping, chromosomal sequencing and sequence analysis of cryptosporidium parvum. | the apicomplexan cryptosporidium parvum is one of the most prevalent protozoan parasites of humans. we report the physical mapping of the genome of the iowa isolate, sequencing and analysis of chromosome 6, and approximately 0.9 mbp of sequence sampled from the remainder of the genome. to construct a robust physical map, we devised a novel and general strategy, enabling accurate placement of clones regardless of clone artefacts. analysis reveals a compact genome, unusually rich in membrane prote ... | 2003 | 12869580 |
| interleukin-4 and transforming growth factor beta have opposing regulatory effects on gamma interferon-mediated inhibition of cryptosporidium parvum reproduction. | it was shown previously that enterocytes activated by gamma interferon (ifn-gamma) are efficient effector cells in the killing of cryptosporidium parvum. how this function is regulated is not clearly understood, but transforming growth factor beta (tgf-beta) and the th2 regulatory cytokines may play a role. using an in vitro cell culture system, we investigated how the key regulatory cytokines interleukin-4 (il-4), il-10, il-13, and tgf-beta might modulate the effect of ifn-gamma in inducing res ... | 2003 | 12874337 |
| epidemiology and control of intestinal parasites with nitazoxanide in children in mexico. | the purpose of this study was to evaluate the efficacy and the tolerance of nitazoxanide in children as a single broad-spectrum antiparasitic agent in the treatment of mixed parasite infections with both intestinal protozoa and helminths. two hundred seventy-two children (age range = 2-14 years) participated in this study. we systematically surveyed every household head using questionnaires designed to obtain information about household socioeconomic status and hygiene. parasitic infections were ... | 2003 | 12875284 |
| the effect of gamma-irradiation on the viability of cryptosporidium parvum. | cryptosporidium parvum is 1 of the major causative organisms in waterborne diarrheal illness. not only does c. parvum spread ubiquitously in our environment, it is also highly resistant to harsh environmental conditions and disinfectants. therefore, a control measure for this protozoon is urgently required. this study investigated the effect of gamma-irradiation, in the range of 1,000-50,000 gy, on the viability of c. parvum oocysts. oocyst viability was determined by a combined indirect immunof ... | 2003 | 12880278 |
| cryptosporidium and host resistance: historical perspective and some novel approaches. | cryptosporidium parvum is recognized as a major cause of diarrheal disease in neonatal bovine calves. in addition, this protozoan parasite has emerged as an important cause of disease in both immunocompromised and immunocompetent humans. despite years of research, no consistently effective means of prevention or treatment are readily available for cryptosporidiosis in any species. infection through ingestion of contaminated water has been widely documented; c. parvum was reported to be responsib ... | 2003 | 12885209 |
| cryptosporidium parvum in children with diarrhea in mulago hospital, kampala, uganda. | a cross-sectional case-control study (ratio = 3:1) was conducted over a 15-month period to determine the prevalence and consequences of cryptosporidiosis in hospitalized diarrheic children (0-5 years old) at mulago hospital in kampala, uganda. cryptosporidium parvum was detected and genotyped among 2,446 children of whom 1,779 (72.7%) had diarrhea, and 667 (27.3%) were age- and sex-matched controls. of the 1,779 children with diarrhea, 532 (29.9%) had persistent (> 14 days) diarrhea and 1,247 (7 ... | 2003 | 12887032 |
| effect of antiretroviral protease inhibitors alone, and in combination with paromomycin, on the excystation, invasion and in vitro development of cryptosporidium parvum. | with the spread of the human immunodeficiency virus in the early 1980s, cryptosporidiosis was regarded as an aids-defining disease. as an opportunistic pathogen, the intestinal parasite cryptosporidium parvum became an important cause of chronic diarrhoea, leading to high morbidity and mortality in immunocompromised patients. to date, no effective chemotherapy is available. with the introduction of protease inhibitors (pis) in highly active antiretroviral therapy (haart), the incidence of crypto ... | 2003 | 12888587 |
| prevalence of coccidia parasites (protozoa) in red squirrels (sciurus vulgaris): effects of host phenotype and environmental factors. | we investigated the relative importance of environmental factors versus host phenotype in determining parasite prevalence in eurasian red squirrels (sciurus vulgaris). one hundred and forty-three fecal samples of 116 different squirrels collected in 2000 and 2001 from five study areas in the italian alps, were examined for intestinal protozoans. two species of eimeria were present with a medium to high prevalence in both years and in all areas, while two other species were rare, occurring only i ... | 2003 | 12898385 |
| improved quantitative estimates of low environmental loading and sporadic periparturient shedding of cryptosporidium parvum in adult beef cattle. | our primary goal was to generate an accurate estimate of the daily environmental loading rate of cryptosporidium parvum oocysts for adult beef cattle, using immunomagnetic separation coupled with direct immunofluorescence microscopy for a highly sensitive diagnostic assay. an additional goal was to measure the prevalence and intensity of fecal shedding of c. parvum oocysts in pre- and postparturient cows as an indicator of their potential to infect young calves. this diagnostic method could dete ... | 2003 | 12902248 |
| intraspecies polymorphism of cryptosporidium parvum revealed by pcr-restriction fragment length polymorphism (rflp) and rflp-single-strand conformational polymorphism analyses. | a glycoprotein (cpgp40/15)-encoding gene of cryptosporidium parvum was analyzed to reveal intraspecies polymorphism within c. parvum isolates. forty-one isolates were collected from different geographical origins (japan, italy, and nepal) and hosts (humans, calves, and a goat). these isolates were characterized by means of dna sequencing, pcr-restriction fragment length polymorphism (pcr-rflp), and rflp-single-strand conformational polymorphism (rflp-sscp) analyses of the gene for cpgp40/15. the ... | 2003 | 12902263 |
| infectious cryptosporidium parvum oocysts in final reclaimed effluent. | water samples collected throughout several reclamation facilities were analyzed for the presence of infectious cryptosporidium parvum by the focus detection method-most-probable-number cell culture technique. results revealed the presence of infectious c. parvum oocysts in 40% of the final disinfected effluent samples. sampled effluent contained on average seven infectious oocysts per 100 liters. thus, reclaimed water is not pathogen free but contains infectious c. parvum. | 2003 | 12902296 |
| [detection of parasites and symptoms of parasitic diseases. 2: parasites of the gastrointestinal tract, tissue and organ parasites, ecto- and skin parasites]. | intestinal parasites are giardia lamblia, cryptosporidium parvum, entamoeba histolytica, hookworms, ascaris, tape worms and others. as to organ parasites, their life-threatening courses are pointed out: amebiasis in the intestine, liver, lung and brain, toxoplasmosis in the brain, lung and heart muscle, including the danger for the child of a pregnant woman with an acute infection, west african sleeping sickness with encephalitis, the east african form with polyserositis, south american chagas' ... | 2003 | 12914402 |
| evidence for the absence of an intestinal adaptive mechanism to compensate for c. parvum-induced amino acid malabsorption in suckling rats. | in order to assess the impact of cryptosporidium parvum on host intestinal physiology, we investigated absorption of the two principal amino acids in dam's milk (leucine, glutamate), using ussing chambers and rt-pcr analyses. experiments were performed in both heavily (ileum) and mildly (duodenum) infected segments of the small intestine at the peak of infection [day 8 post-infection (pi)] and after spontaneous clearance of the parasite (day 17 pi). at day 8 pi, amino acid fluxes across the muco ... | 2003 | 12923633 |
| evaluation of fenbendazole for treatment of giardia infection in cats concurrently infected with cryptosporidium parvum. | to determine whether fenbendazole effectively eliminates giardia organisms from chronically infected cats that have a concurrent cryptosporidium parvum infection. | 2003 | 12926597 |
| cryptosporidium parvum cpn60 targets a relict organelle. | chaperonin 60 (cpn60) is a well-established marker protein for eukaryotic mitochondria and plastids. in order to determine whether the small double-membrane-bounded organelle posterior to the nucleus in the apicomplexan cryptosporidium parvum is a mitochondrion, the cpn60 gene of c. parvum sporozoites ( cpcpn60) was analyzed and antibodies were generated for localization of the peptide. sequence and phylogenetic analyses indicated that cpcpn60 is a mitochondrial isotype and that antibodies again ... | 2003 | 12928750 |
| host cell fate on cryptosporidium parvum egress from mdck cells. | cryptosporidium parvum is an intracellular protozoan parasite that causes a severe diarrheal illness of unclear etiology. also unclear is the fate of the host cell upon parasite egress. we show in an mdck cell model that the host cell is killed upon parasite egress; this death is necrotic, rather than apoptotic, in nature. | 2003 | 12933897 |
| detection of cryptosporidium parvum in secondary effluents using a most probable number-polymerase chain reaction assay. | polymerase chain reaction (pcr) was used to detect cryptosporidium parvum oocysts in secondary effluent samples collected from activated-sludge facilities. serial dilutions of the purified nucleic acid extracts from the samples were made and pcr was conducted to estimate the c. parvum oocyst concentration via a poisson distribution-based most probable number (mpn). the degree of oocysts associated with wastewater particles was also evaluated. the sensitivity of the mpn-pcr assay was 20 oocysts/p ... | 2003 | 12934822 |
| understanding the role of the cd40--cd40l interaction in resistance to parasitic infections. | | 2003 | 12940960 |
| calcium regulation in protozoan parasites. | the calcium ion (ca(2+)) is used as a major signaling molecule in a diverse range of eukaryotic cells including several human parasitic protozoa, such as trypanosoma cruzi, trypanosoma brucei, leishmania spp, plasmodium spp, toxoplasma gondii, cryptosporidium parvum, entamoeba histolytica, giardia lamblia and trichomonas vaginalis. ca(2+) is critical for invasion of intracellular parasites, and its cytosolic concentration is regulated by the concerted operation of several transporters present in ... | 2003 | 12941405 |
| survey of cryptosporidium parvum genotypes in humans from the uk by mutation scanning analysis of a heat shock protein gene region. | a mutation scanning-selective sequencing approach was employed for the genotypic identification and differentiation of cryptosporidium parvum isolates. genomic dna samples (n=158) from cryptosporidium oocysts from humans with clinical cryptosporidiosis (following recent foreign travel or during different outbreaks) in the uk were subjected to pcr-based single-strand conformation polymorphism (sscp) analysis of a heat shock protein 70 gene region (p-hsp70; 448 bp). samples representing different ... | 2003 | 12944113 |
| characterization of s-adenosylmethionine synthetase in cryptosporidium parvum (apicomplexa). | the s-adenosylmethionine synthetase gene of the apicomplexan cryptosporidium parvum (cpsams), an agent of diarrhea in immunocompromised and healthy humans and animals is described. cpsams is a single-copy, intronless gene of 1221 bp encoding a polypeptide of 406 amino acids with a molecular mass of 44.8 kda. the gene is at-rich (61.8%). cpsams was expressed in escherichia coli tb1 cells as a fusion with maltose binding protein. the activity of the recombinant fusion was assayed, and was found to ... | 2003 | 12951252 |
| protein prenyltransferases: anchor size, pseudogenes and parasites. | lipid modification of eukaryotic proteins by protein prenyltransferases is required for critical signaling pathways, cell cycle progression, cytoskeleton remodeling, induction of apoptosis and vesicular trafficking. this review analyzes the influence of distinct states of sequential posttranslational processing that can be obtained after single or double prenylation, reversible palmitoylation, proteolytic cleavage of the c-terminus and possible reversible carboxymethylation. this series of modif ... | 2003 | 12956414 |
| real-time pcr for quantification of giardia and cryptosporidium in environmental water samples and sewage. | the protozoan pathogens giardia lamblia and cryptosporidium parvum are major causes of waterborne enteric disease throughout the world. improved detection methods that are very sensitive and rapid are urgently needed. this is especially the case for analysis of environmental water samples in which the densities of giardia and cryptosporidium are very low. primers and taqman probes based on the beta-giardin gene of g. lamblia and the cowp gene of c. parvum were developed and used to detect dna co ... | 2003 | 12957899 |
| development and evaluation of a seminested pcr for detection and differentiation of babesia gibsoni (asian genotype) and b. canis dna in canine blood samples. | canine babesiosis has recently been recognized as an emerging infectious disease of dogs in north america. we sought to develop a seminested pcr to detect and differentiate babesia gibsoni (asian genotype), b. canis subsp. vogeli, b. canis subsp. canis, and b. canis subsp. rossi dna in canine blood samples. an outer primer pair was designed to amplify an approximately 340-bp fragment of the 18s rrna genes from b. gibsoni (asian genotype), b. canis subsp. vogeli, b. canis subsp. rossi, and b. can ... | 2003 | 12958243 |
| cohort study of guinean children: incidence, pathogenicity, conferred protection, and attributable risk for enteropathogens during the first 2 years of life. | we recruited 200 children shortly after birth and collected stool specimens weekly, irrespective of whether the children had diarrhea, until up to 2 years of age. all children were recruited during the first year of the study and were monitored for a median of 18.4 months. to measure pathogenicity, the odds ratio for diarrhea, adjusted for age, sex, and coinfections with other enteropathogens, was determined by logistic regression. standard estimation of the population attributable risk indicate ... | 2003 | 12958251 |
| enhanced detection of cryptosporidium parvum in the acid-fast stain. | | 1999 | 12968749 |
| effects of purine nucleosides on the in vitro growth of cryptosporidium parvum. | the effect of purine nucleosides on the in vitro growth of cryptosporidium parvum was studied. culturing the parasite in thp-1 cells for 72 h in growth medium supplemented with adenosine or inosine improved the parasite yields especially in the first 48 h. similar results were obtained with parasites cultured in madin-darby bovine kidney cells and incubated for 24 h with inosine. the addition of inosine to 72-h cultures enhanced the growth of c. parvum in thp-1 cells, especially the trophic stag ... | 2003 | 13129605 |
| complete recovery from cryptosporidium parvum infection with gastroenteritis and sclerosing cholangitis after successful bone marrow transplantation in two brothers with x-linked hyper-igm syndrome. | we describe two brothers who suffered from hyper-igm syndrome (higm1) with similar clinical features: recurrent infections, especially cryptosporidium gastroenteritis with cholangitis. their activated t cells did not express cd40l. nucleotide sequencing revealed a mutation in both boys with respect to intron 4 and exon 5 boundaries of the cd40l gene in xq26. they underwent successful bone marrow transplantation (bmt) from hla-geno-identical siblings. the cryptosporidium infection and cholangitis ... | 2003 | 13130323 |
| rapid displacement of cryptosporidium parvum type 1 by type 2 in mixed infections in piglets. | genotypes 1 and 2 of cryptosporidium parvum are the primary types associated with infections in humans, with type 1 being by far the predominant genotype. the frequency of mixed infection with both genotypes in humans is relatively rare, while type 1, which experimentally infects other mammals, has been found to naturally infect almost exclusively humans. one possible explanation for the absence of type 1 in other mammals and the low frequency of mixed infections in humans is the inability of ty ... | 2003 | 14500498 |
| expression of cpgp40/15 in toxoplasma gondii: a surrogate system for the study of cryptosporidium glycoprotein antigens. | cryptosporidium parvum is a waterborne enteric coccidian that causes diarrheal disease in a wide range of hosts. development of successful therapies is hampered by the inability to culture the parasite and the lack of a transfection system for genetic manipulation. the glycoprotein products of the cpgp40/15 gene, gp40 and gp15, are involved in c. parvum sporozoite attachment to and invasion of host cells and, as such, may be good targets for anticryptosporidial therapies. however, the function o ... | 2003 | 14500524 |
| effect of organic acids and hydrogen peroxide on cryptosporidium parvum viability in fruit juices. | cryptosporidium parvum has historically been associated with waterborne outbreaks of diarrheal illness. foodborne cryptosporidiosis has been associated with unpasteurized apple cider. infectious oocysts are shed in the feces of common ruminants like cattle and deer in and near orchards. in this study, the ability of organic acids and hydrogen peroxide (h2o2) added to fruit juice to inhibit the survival of c. parvum was analyzed. oocyst viability was analyzed by a cell culture infectivity assay w ... | 2003 | 14503720 |
| prophylactic use of decoquinate for infections with cryptosporidium parvum in experimentally challenged neonatal calves. | to evaluate the effect of daily oral administration of decoquinate to neonatal calves experimentally challenged with various numbers of cryptosporidium parvum oocysts. | 2003 | 14507102 |
| the homologous and interspecies transmission of cryptosporidium parvum and cryptosporidium meleagridis. | experimental infections have been performed in several mammals and birds to determine the host's specificity for cryptosporidium parvum (of human and bovine origin) and for cryptosporidium meleagridis (isolated from broiler chicken). the c. parvum infection (of human origin) was established also in calves (bos taurus), lambs (ovis aries), mice (mus musculus), and rats (ratus norvegicus), but not in broiler chickens (gallus domestica). the c. parvum infection (of bovine origin), was achieved in c ... | 2003 | 14510055 |
| a bayesian method of estimating kinetic parameters for the inactivation of cryptosporidium parvum oocysts with chlorine dioxide and ozone. | the main objective of this paper is to use bayesian methods to estimate the kinetic parameters for the inactivation kinetics of cryptosporidium parvum oocysts with chlorine dioxide or ozone which are characterized by the delayed chick-watson model, i.e., a lag phase or shoulder followed by pseudo-first-order rate of inactivation. as the length of the lag phase (ct(lag)) is not known, bayesian statistics provides a more accurate approach than traditional statistical methods to fitting the delayed ... | 2003 | 14511724 |
| apoptosis of intestinal crypt epithelium after cryptosporidium parvum infection. | using a neonatal mouse model of cryptosporidium parvum infection, we investigated whether apoptosis of epithelial cells was induced in the small intestine. at the time when the number of c. parvum oocysts in the ileum was maximal, columnar goblet cells and absorptive cells showed a decrease in the ileal epithelium that was accompanied by a significant reduction in the height of the villi. a few apoptotic epithelial cells were also observed in the vicinity of the basal crypts where c. parvum was ... | 2003 | 14513402 |
| long-term study of cryptosporidium prevalence on a lowland farm in the united kingdom. | a longitudinal sample survey testing for cryptosporidium in livestock and small wild mammals conducted over 6 years (1992-1997) on a lowland farm in warwickshire, england, has shown the parasite to be endemic and persistently present in all mammalian categories. faecal samples were taken throughout the year and oocysts concentrated by a formal ether sedimentation method for detection by immunofluorescence staining using a commercially available genus specific monoclonal antibody. cryptosporidium ... | 2003 | 14519315 |
| multilocus genotyping of cryptosporidium parvum type 2: population genetics and sub-structuring. | cryptosporidium parvum is an intracellular protozoan parasite that infects the gastrointestinal tract of humans and other mammals. it has significant economic importance as a pathogen of livestock and, as there is no effective treatment or vaccine available, understanding transmission routes and identifying sources of infection is key to preventing future outbreaks and controlling this disease. in this study we have determined the multilocus genotype (mlg) of 240 c. parvum type 2 (bovine) isolat ... | 2003 | 14522184 |
| treatment of cd40 ligand deficiency by hematopoietic stem cell transplantation: a survey of the european experience, 1993-2002. | cd40 ligand (cd40l) deficiency causes recurrent sinopulmonary infection, pneumocystis carinii pneumonia, and cryptosporidium parvum infection. approximately 40% to 50% of patients survive to the third decade: long-term survival is unclear. hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (hsct) is curative. we present a retrospective analysis of 38 european patients undergoing hsct for cd40l deficiency in 8 european countries between 1993 and 2002. donor stem cell source included 14 hla-identical sibling ... | 2004 | 14525761 |